Ephemera
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This currency was entered into circulation 1951-1954 and used in 18 countries on US Military bases. The color and design of this note is really cool and vibrant. I barely touched vibrance. Cropped to maintain Macro Monday size rules. HMM
I sent this photo to Yorksire Photography Union competition in 2020 and catch the certificate for me :-D
Happy Smile on Saturday and I wish you A Very Happy Ester!
I was packing all my stuff for the move and dug this out. It's my mum's leaving certificate for Communist Young Group for exceeding the age. Urh... right, but how communist does that look? Classic!
I've never wanted special recognition. Even in high school, I declined a nomination to National Honor Society.
But, the volunteer dinner, held at the zoo on Friday night, was different. A banquet hall filled with people who have made contributions, mostly quietly and behind the scenes, is about community, not self-promotion. Community is something I value.
The volunteer coordinator made this certificate on her computer. It says, "Camera Connoisseur." A token, reminding me that community is happening. I can get into that.
HSS!
Teachers present certificates to graduating students in front of the whole school and recognize their hard work.
We're Here! : doughnuts DRIVE ME nutts!
Running out of ideas for your 365 project? Join We're Here!
Strobist: AB1600 with gridded 60 X30 softbox camera right. Triggered by Cybersync.
I reported my encounter with the banded Piping Plover (see below in comments) in Texas to the USGS. They told me it would be 2-4 weeks to hear back, but I just got the info back on this cute little plover. It was banded in 2012 in North Dakota so looks like it is about 4 years old.
As part of my symbolic Platinum Adoption of Bei Bei, I received this personalized adoption certificate along with his photo
"(The Critic is a place of constructive and motivational animating aid.)"
"(El Crítico es un lugar de animación constructiva y motivadora)"
My congratulations for your excellent work in this photograph, it is great the presentation of the perspective, as it is also extraordinary work in color and light. Considering your very interesting work in editing and presentation we have decided that you get the third place in this month of February, 2017
The Critical.
Mr. José Balsas García is the winner of the bronze trophy and third place in the month of February 2017
Flicks' friend, I urge you that if you are going to say something positive or negative about this award, please go directly to the winner and say something there, the page where the photo is:
www.flickr.com/photos/145780914@N08/31470696362/in/pool-e...
Amigo y amigas de Flicks, les pido encarecidamente que si van a decir algo positivo o negativo de este premio, tengan la bondad de ir directamente al ganador y ahi digan algo, la pagina donde esta la foto es esta:
www.flickr.com/photos/145780914@N08/31470696362/in/pool-e...
_______________________________________
Position number three is a privileged position, which tells you that you must understand why you are there.
In many competitions of art, photographs, athletics, etc., this position reiterates that you must attend more about what possibly happened to you, and how you should improve yourself. But this position tells you that you no lost the competition, but that you are a possible chosen to be a winner of the first or second place in the near future.
_______________________________________
La posición número tres es una posición privilegiada, que te dice que debes de entender por que tu estas ahi.
En muchas competencias de arte, fotografías, atletismo, etc, esta posición te reitera que debes de atender mas sobre lo que posiblemente te sucedio, y como debes de mejorarte. Pero esta posición no te dice que perdiste la competencia, si no que eres un posible elegido para ser un ganador del primero o segundo lugar en un futuro próximo.
_______________________________________
I created this self-awarded certificate in Apple's Word App using the Certificate template.
_____________
I know, decluttering or neatening can be and often is overwhelming. Especially during this COVID-19 pandemic. My Aide, Heather, insists I make three piles, the third pile being
'3. Not Sure'
Here is my shortened process:
1. Discard Now!
2. Must keep and I know where to put it (30 second limit to think of a place or it goes to the Discard Now pile.)
Much to my surprise, I have discovered that once an item is discarded, I never regret or miss it. And it feels so good to have a completely decluttered area‼️🌹
Certificate of Excellence- World Book of Records, London given for performing Music and Dance by more than 200 artists together at International Day of Yoga 2025 in Bengaluru city.
Please understand that this certificate is part of a work of appreciation that I do between my wife and me.
The photos that I choose, enter into a photographic quality analysis within the different modalities and if they are artistically fit within what is "photography".
My job is to analyze the quality of the photo, its framing, dynamics, artistic style, perspective, color balance, light compensation and mainly the edition.
The work my wife does is to analyze the effect of the visual balance and the process of psychic acceptance within the natural phenomena of consciousness.
This is to give you some kind of appreciative motivation in your photographs, "which I consider to be of great value for everyone who receives a certificate"
This critical work that we do in private and without attacking the sensitivity of people, is done between my wife and me.
We are based on an emotional motivation and of course without any kind of monetary or recognition interest.
The Critic is a "Group of appreciation and constructive criticism"
Por favor, entiendan que este certificado es parte de un trabajo de apreciacion que hago entre mi esposa y yo.
Las fotos que yo escojo, entran en un analisis de calidad fotografica dentro de las distintas modalidades y si son aptas artísticamente dentro de lo que es "fotografia".
Mi trabajo es analizar la calidad de la foto, su encuadre, dinámica, estilo artístico, perspectiva, balance del color, compensación de la luz y principalmente la edicion.
El trabajo que hace mi esposa es analizar el efecto del visual balance y el proceso de aceptación psíquica dentro de los fenómenos naturales de la consciencia.
Esto es para darles a ustedes algun tipo de motivación apreciativa en vuestras fotografías, "cosa que considero de gran valor para cada cual que reciba un certificado"
Este trabajo de crítica que lo hacemos en privado y sin atacar la sensibilidad de las personas, es hecho entre mi esposa y yo.
Nos basados en una motivación anímica y como es natural sin ningún tipo de interés monetario o de reconocimiento.
El Critico es un "Grupo de apreciacion y crítica constructiva"
Winner in the month of July 2017
"(The Critic is a place of constructive and motivational animating aid.)"
"(El Crítico es un lugar de animación constructiva y motivadora)"
My congratulations for your excellent work in this photograph at night, perfect visual balance, light compensation and great color, as well as wonderful wideangle.
Considering your very interesting work in editing and presentation we have decided that you get the second place in this month of February, 2017
The Critical.
VaqueroFrancis is the winner of the silver trophy and second place in the month of February 2017
Flicks' friend, I urge you that if you are going to say something positive or negative about this award, please go directly to the winner and say something there, the page where the photo is:
www.flickr.com/photos/francisvaquero/31607347095/in/pool-...
Amigo y amigas de Flickr, les pido encarecidamente que si van a decir algo positivo o negativo de este premio, tengan la bondad de ir directamente al ganador y ahi digan algo, la pagina donde esta la foto es esta:
www.flickr.com/photos/francisvaquero/31607347095/in/pool-...
Winner of the Third Place in The Critic in July 2017
Please understand that this certificate is part of a work of appreciation that I do between my wife and me.
The photos that I choose, enter into a photographic quality analysis within the different modalities and if they are artistically fit within what is "photography".
My job is to analyze the quality of the photo, its framing, dynamics, artistic style, perspective, color balance, light compensation and mainly the edition.
The work my wife does is to analyze the effect of the visual balance and the process of psychic acceptance within the natural phenomena of consciousness.
This is to give you some kind of appreciative motivation in your photographs, "which I consider to be of great value for everyone who receives a certificate"
This critical work that we do in private and without attacking the sensitivity of people, is done between my wife and me.
We are based on an emotional motivation and of course without any kind of monetary or recognition interest.
The Critic is a "Group of appreciation and constructive criticism"
Por favor, entiendan que este certificado es parte de un trabajo de apreciacion que hago entre mi esposa y yo.
Las fotos que yo escojo, entran en un analisis de calidad fotografica dentro de las distintas modalidades y si son aptas artísticamente dentro de lo que es "fotografia".
Mi trabajo es analizar la calidad de la foto, su encuadre, dinámica, estilo artístico, perspectiva, balance del color, compensación de la luz y principalmente la edicion.
El trabajo que hace mi esposa es analizar el efecto del visual balance y el proceso de aceptación psíquica dentro de los fenómenos naturales de la consciencia.
Esto es para darles a ustedes algun tipo de motivación apreciativa en vuestras fotografías, "cosa que considero de gran valor para cada cual que reciba un certificado"
Este trabajo de crítica que lo hacemos en privado y sin atacar la sensibilidad de las personas, es hecho entre mi esposa y yo.
Nos basados en una motivación anímica y como es natural sin ningún tipo de interés monetario o de reconocimiento.
El Critico es un "Grupo de apreciacion y crítica constructiva"
_______________________________________
Important note:
"Position number three is a privileged position, which tells you that you must understand why you are there.
In many competitions of art, photographs, athletics, etc., this position reiterates that you must attend more about what possibly happened to you, and how you should improve yourself. But this position tells you that you no lost the competition, but that you are a possible chosen to be a winner of the first or second place in the near future."
_______________________________________
Nota importante:
"La posición número tres es una posición privilegiada, que te dice que debes de entender por que tu estas ahi.
En muchas competencias de arte, fotografías, atletismo, etc, esta posición te reitera que debes de atender mas sobre lo que posiblemente te sucedio, y como debes de mejorarte. Pero esta posición no te dice que perdiste la competencia, si no que eres un posible elegido para ser un ganador del primero o segundo lugar en un futuro próximo."
_______________________________________
Winner of the second place of the month of June 2017 in The Critic.
Your photograph has been chosen winner of the "Second Place" after having undergone a comparative check, among the other photographs chosen, it has been considered that the edition is excellent, together with a brilliant compensation of the light, it is also very elegantly achieved the balance visual.
This is the winner of the Second Place
_______________________________________
"(The Critic is a place of constructive and motivational animating aid.)"
"(El Crítico es un lugar de animación constructiva y motivadora)"
Please understand that this certificate is part of a work of appreciation that I do between my wife and me.
The photos that I choose, enter into a photographic quality analysis within the different modalities and if they are artistically fit within what is "photography".
My job is to analyze the quality of the photo, its framing, dynamics, artistic style, perspective, color balance, light compensation and mainly the edition.
The work my wife does is to analyze the effect of the visual balance and the process of psychic acceptance within the natural phenomena of consciousness.
This is to give you some kind of appreciative motivation in your photographs, "which I consider to be of great value for everyone who receives a certificate"
This critical work that we do in private and without attacking the sensitivity of people, is done between my wife and me.
We are based on an emotional motivation and of course without any kind of monetary or recognition interest.
The Critic is a "Group of appreciation and constructive criticism"
Por favor, entiendan que este certificado es parte de un trabajo de apreciacion que hago entre mi esposa y yo.
Las fotos que yo escojo, entran en un analisis de calidad fotografica dentro de las distintas modalidades y si son aptas artísticamente dentro de lo que es "fotografia".
Mi trabajo es analizar la calidad de la foto, su encuadre, dinámica, estilo artístico, perspectiva, balance del color, compensación de la luz y principalmente la edicion.
El trabajo que hace mi esposa es analizar el efecto del visual balance y el proceso de aceptación psíquica dentro de los fenómenos naturales de la consciencia.
Esto es para darles a ustedes algun tipo de motivación apreciativa en vuestras fotografías, "cosa que considero de gran valor para cada cual que reciba un certificado"
Este trabajo de crítica que lo hacemos en privado y sin atacar la sensibilidad de las personas, es hecho entre mi esposa y yo.
Nos basados en una motivación anímica y como es natural sin ningún tipo de interés monetario o de reconocimiento.
El Critico es un "Grupo de apreciacion y crítica constructiva"
Je remercie Maître Himanshu Agrawal de m'avoir permis de participer au concours avec le:"Paper Art Museaum",j'ai donc gagné un prix avec mon "Dollar Bill Pig" merci mon ami Hadi Tahir pour le diagramme.... Et merci aussi Maître Wonseon Seo pour sa coordination et sa gentillesse.
I thank Master Himanshu Agrawal for allowing me to participate in the contest with the "Paper Art Museaum", so I won a prize with my "Dollar Bill Pig" thank you my friend Hadi Tahir for the diagram .... And thank you Also Master Wonseon Seo for his coordination and his kindness.
_______ "WHY ARE WE DOING THIS"______
Please understand that this certificate is part of a work of appreciation that we do together, my wife and I.
The photos that I choose, enter into a photographic quality analysis within the different modalities and if they are artistically fit within what is "photography".
"My wife's job is to analyze the effect of
the so-called visual balance and the process of psychic acceptance within the natural phenomena of consciousness. "
"My job is to analyze the quality of photography, its framing, dynamics, artistic style, perspective, color balance, light compensation and especially the edition that plays an important role."
* (This is to give you some kind of appreciative motivation in your photographs, "something that I consider of great value for everyone who receives a certificate"
This critical work that we do in private and without attacking the sensitivity of people, is done between my wife and me.
We are based on an emotional motivation and of course without any kind of monetary interest or recognition.) *
"The Critic is a "Group of appreciation and constructive criticism"
------------------------------*The Critic*-----------------------------
_________"POR QUE HACEMOS ESTO"________
Por favor, entiendan que este certificado es parte de un trabajo de apreciacion que hacemos en conjunto mi esposa y yo.
Las fotos que yo escojo, entran en un analisis de calidad fotografica dentro de las distintas modalidades y si son aptas artísticamente dentro de lo que es "fotografia".
"El trabajo que hace mi esposa es el de analizar el efecto del
lo llamado visual balance y el proceso de aceptación psíquica dentro de los fenómenos naturales de la consciencia."
"Mi trabajo es el de analizar la calidad de la fotografia, su encuadre, dinámica, estilo artístico, perspectiva, balance del color, compensación de la luz y principalmente la edicion que juega un papel importante."
*(Esto es para darles a ustedes algun tipo de motivación apreciativa en vuestras fotografías, "cosa que considero de gran valor para cada cual que reciba un certificado"
Este trabajo de crítica que lo hacemos en privado y sin atacar la sensibilidad de las personas, es hecho entre mi esposa y yo.
Nos basados en una motivación anímica y como es natural sin ningún tipo de interés monetario o de reconocimiento.)*
El Critico es un "Grupo de apreciacion y crítica constructiva"
----------------------------*El Critico*---------------------------
Winner of the Third Place of the month October 2017.
_______ "WHY ARE WE DOING THIS" ______
Please understand that this certificate is part of a work of appreciation that we do together, my wife and I.
The photos that I choose, enter into a photographic quality analysis within the different modalities and if they are artistically fit within what is "photography".
"My wife's job is to analyze the effect of
The so-called visual balance and the process of psychic acceptance within the natural phenomena of consciousness. "
"My job is to analyze the quality of photography, its framing, dynamics, artistic style, perspective, color balance, light compensation and especially the edition that plays an important role."
* (This is to give you some kind of appreciative motivation in your photographs, "something that I consider a great value for everyone who receives a certificate"
This critical work that we do in private and without attacking the sensitivity of people, is done between my wife and me.
We are based on an emotional motivation and of course without any kind of monetary interest or recognition.) *
"The Critic is a" Group of appreciation and constructive criticism "
------------------------------ * The Critic * -----------------------------
_________"POR QUE HACEMOS ESTO"________
Por favor, entiendan que este certificado es parte de un trabajo de apreciacion que hacemos en conjunto mi esposa y yo.
Las fotos que yo escojo, entran en un analisis de calidad fotografica dentro de las distintas modalidades y si son aptas artísticamente dentro de lo que es "fotografia".
"El trabajo que hace mi esposa es el de analizar el efecto del
lo llamado visual balance y el proceso de aceptación psíquica dentro de los fenómenos naturales de la consciencia."
"Mi trabajo es el de analizar la calidad de la fotografia, su encuadre, dinámica, estilo artístico, perspectiva, balance del color, compensación de la luz y principalmente la edicion que juega un papel importante."
*(Esto es para darles a ustedes algun tipo de motivación apreciativa en vuestras fotografías, "cosa que considero de gran valor para cada cual que reciba un certificado"
Este trabajo de crítica que lo hacemos en privado y sin atacar la sensibilidad de las personas, es hecho entre mi esposa y yo.
Nos basados en una motivación anímica y como es natural sin ningún tipo de interés monetario o de reconocimiento.)*
El Critico es un "Grupo de apreciacion y crítica constructiva"
----------------------------*El Critico*---------------------------
"(The Critic is a place of constructive and motivational animating aid.)"
"(El Crítico es un lugar de animación constructiva y motivadora)"
Please understand that this certificate is part of a work of appreciation that I do between my wife and me.
The photos that I choose, enter into a photographic quality analysis within the different modalities and if they are artistically fit within what is "photography".
My job is to analyze the quality of the photo, its framing, dynamics, artistic style, perspective, color balance, light compensation and mainly the edition.
The work my wife does is to analyze the effect of the visual balance and the process of psychic acceptance within the natural phenomena of consciousness.
This is to give you some kind of appreciative motivation in your photographs, "which I consider to be of great value for everyone who receives a certificate"
This critical work that we do in private and without attacking the sensitivity of people, is done between my wife and me.
We are based on an emotional motivation and of course without any kind of monetary or recognition interest.
The Critic is a "Group of appreciation and constructive criticism"
Por favor, entiendan que este certificado es parte de un trabajo de apreciacion que hago entre mi esposa y yo.
Las fotos que yo escojo, entran en un analisis de calidad fotografica dentro de las distintas modalidades y si son aptas artísticamente dentro de lo que es "fotografia".
Mi trabajo es analizar la calidad de la foto, su encuadre, dinámica, estilo artístico, perspectiva, balance del color, compensación de la luz y principalmente la edicion.
El trabajo que hace mi esposa es analizar el efecto del visual balance y el proceso de aceptación psíquica dentro de los fenómenos naturales de la consciencia.
Esto es para darles a ustedes algun tipo de motivación apreciativa en vuestras fotografías, "cosa que considero de gran valor para cada cual que reciba un certificado"
Este trabajo de crítica que lo hacemos en privado y sin atacar la sensibilidad de las personas, es hecho entre mi esposa y yo.
Nos basados en una motivación anímica y como es natural sin ningún tipo de interés monetario o de reconocimiento.
El Critico es un "Grupo de apreciacion y crítica constructiva"
Recientemente he recibido la noticia, lo que deseaba compartir con vosotros, de que mi serie llamada "Shorelines" ha recibido una Mención de Honor en el prestigioso Concurso Internacional de Fotografía (IPA2011).
Gracias a todos por vuestros comentarios y críticas que me sirven para seguir progresando.
I recently received the news that I took one Honorable Mentionin the prestigious International Photography Awards 2011 (IPA2011) in the Fine Art-Landscape category with my "Shorelines" series images.
Many thanks for all your comments and feedback. Much appreciated.
Images form "Shorelines" series images:
Two Minutes in a Dangerous Position
The last image has not been published. Will be published this early month of September.
Please understand that this certificate is part of a work of appreciation that I do between my wife and me.
The photos that I choose, enter into a photographic quality analysis within the different modalities and if they are artistically fit within what is "photography".
My job is to analyze the quality of the photo, its framing, dynamics, artistic style, perspective, color balance, light compensation and mainly the edition.
The work my wife does is to analyze the effect of the visual balance and the process of psychic acceptance within the natural phenomena of consciousness.
This is to give you some kind of appreciative motivation in your photographs, "which I consider to be of great value for everyone who receives a certificate"
This critical work that we do in private and without attacking the sensitivity of people, is done between my wife and me.
We are based on an emotional motivation and of course without any kind of monetary or recognition interest.
The Critic is a "Group of appreciation and constructive criticism"
Por favor, entiendan que este certificado es parte de un trabajo de apreciacion que hago entre mi esposa y yo.
Las fotos que yo escojo, entran en un analisis de calidad fotografica dentro de las distintas modalidades y si son aptas artísticamente dentro de lo que es "fotografia".
Mi trabajo es analizar la calidad de la foto, su encuadre, dinámica, estilo artístico, perspectiva, balance del color, compensación de la luz y principalmente la edicion.
El trabajo que hace mi esposa es analizar el efecto del visual balance y el proceso de aceptación psíquica dentro de los fenómenos naturales de la consciencia.
Esto es para darles a ustedes algun tipo de motivación apreciativa en vuestras fotografías, "cosa que considero de gran valor para cada cual que reciba un certificado"
Este trabajo de crítica que lo hacemos en privado y sin atacar la sensibilidad de las personas, es hecho entre mi esposa y yo.
Nos basados en una motivación anímica y como es natural sin ningún tipo de interés monetario o de reconocimiento.
El Critico es un "Grupo de apreciacion y crítica constructiva"
_______________________________________
Position number three is a privileged position, which tells you that you must understand why you are there.
In many competitions of art, photographs, athletics, etc., this position reiterates that you must attend more about what possibly happened to you, and how you should improve yourself. But this position tells you that you no lost the competition, but that you are a possible chosen to be a winner of the first or second place in the near future.
_______________________________________
La posición número tres es una posición privilegiada, que te dice que debes de entender por que tu estas ahi.
En muchas competencias de arte, fotografías, atletismo, etc, esta posición te reitera que debes de atender mas sobre lo que posiblemente te sucedio, y como debes de mejorarte. Pero esta posición no te dice que perdiste la competencia, si no que eres un posible elegido para ser un ganador del primero o segundo lugar en un futuro próximo.
_______________________________________
_______ "WHY ARE WE DOING THIS"______
Please understand that this certificate is part of a work of appreciation that we do together, my wife and I.
The photos that I choose, enter into a photographic quality analysis within the different modalities and if they are artistically fit within what is "photography".
"My wife's job is to analyze the effect of
the so-called visual balance and the process of psychic acceptance within the natural phenomena of consciousness. "
"My job is to analyze the quality of photography, its framing, dynamics, artistic style, perspective, color balance, light compensation and especially the edition that plays an important role."
* (This is to give you some kind of appreciative motivation in your photographs, "something that I consider of great value for everyone who receives a certificate"
This critical work that we do in private and without attacking the sensitivity of people, is done between my wife and me.
We are based on an emotional motivation and of course without any kind of monetary interest or recognition.) *
"The Critic is a "Group of appreciation and constructive criticism"
------------------------------*The Critic*-----------------------------
_________"POR QUE HACEMOS ESTO"________
Por favor, entiendan que este certificado es parte de un trabajo de apreciacion que hacemos en conjunto mi esposa y yo.
Las fotos que yo escojo, entran en un analisis de calidad fotografica dentro de las distintas modalidades y si son aptas artísticamente dentro de lo que es "fotografia".
"El trabajo que hace mi esposa es el de analizar el efecto del
lo llamado visual balance y el proceso de aceptación psíquica dentro de los fenómenos naturales de la consciencia."
"Mi trabajo es el de analizar la calidad de la fotografia, su encuadre, dinámica, estilo artístico, perspectiva, balance del color, compensación de la luz y principalmente la edicion que juega un papel importante."
*(Esto es para darles a ustedes algun tipo de motivación apreciativa en vuestras fotografías, "cosa que considero de gran valor para cada cual que reciba un certificado"
Este trabajo de crítica que lo hacemos en privado y sin atacar la sensibilidad de las personas, es hecho entre mi esposa y yo.
Nos basados en una motivación anímica y como es natural sin ningún tipo de interés monetario o de reconocimiento.)*
El Critico es un "Grupo de apreciacion y crítica constructiva"
----------------------------*El Critico*---------------------------
Please understand that this certificate is part of a work of appreciation that I do between my wife and me.
The photos that I choose, enter into a photographic quality analysis within the different modalities and if they are artistically fit within what is "photography".
My job is to analyze the quality of the photo, its framing, dynamics, artistic style, perspective, color balance, light compensation and mainly the edition.
The work my wife does is to analyze the effect of the visual balance and the process of psychic acceptance within the natural phenomena of consciousness.
This is to give you some kind of appreciative motivation in your photographs, "which I consider to be of great value for everyone who receives a certificate"
This critical work that we do in private and without attacking the sensitivity of people, is done between my wife and me.
We are based on an emotional motivation and of course without any kind of monetary or recognition interest.
The Critic is a "Group of appreciation and constructive criticism"
Por favor, entiendan que este certificado es parte de un trabajo de apreciacion que hago entre mi esposa y yo.
Las fotos que yo escojo, entran en un analisis de calidad fotografica dentro de las distintas modalidades y si son aptas artísticamente dentro de lo que es "fotografia".
Mi trabajo es analizar la calidad de la foto, su encuadre, dinámica, estilo artístico, perspectiva, balance del color, compensación de la luz y principalmente la edicion.
El trabajo que hace mi esposa es analizar el efecto del visual balance y el proceso de aceptación psíquica dentro de los fenómenos naturales de la consciencia.
Esto es para darles a ustedes algun tipo de motivación apreciativa en vuestras fotografías, "cosa que considero de gran valor para cada cual que reciba un certificado"
Este trabajo de crítica que lo hacemos en privado y sin atacar la sensibilidad de las personas, es hecho entre mi esposa y yo.
Nos basados en una motivación anímica y como es natural sin ningún tipo de interés monetario o de reconocimiento.
El Critico es un "Grupo de apreciacion y crítica constructiva"
"POR FAVOR SI USTEDES LE VAN A DECIR ALGO AL GANADOR, DEBEN DE PINCHAR ENCIMA DE LA FOTOGRAFÍA, DE ESTA FACIL FORMA, TU VAS A IR DIRECTO A LA PÁGINA DE LA PERSONA GANADORA" .
"PLEASE IF YOU WILL SAY SOMETHING TO THE WINNER, YOU MUST CLICK ABOVE THE PHOTOGRAPH, IN THIS EASY WAY, YOU WILL GO DIRECTLY TO THE PAGE OF THE WINNING PERSON."
_______________________________________
Position number three is a privileged position, which tells you that you must understand why you are there.
In many competitions of art, photographs, athletics, etc., this position reiterates that you must attend more about what possibly happened to you, and how you should improve yourself. But this position tells you that you no lost the competition, but that you are a possible chosen to be a winner of the first or second place in the near future.
_______________________________________
La posición número tres es una posición privilegiada, que te dice que debes de entender por que tu estas ahi.
En muchas competencias de arte, fotografías, atletismo, etc, esta posición te reitera que debes de atender mas sobre lo que posiblemente te sucedio, y como debes de mejorarte. Pero esta posición no te dice que perdiste la competencia, si no que eres un posible elegido para ser un ganador del primero o segundo lugar en un futuro próximo.
_______________________________________
Daily Dog Challenge: And the Award goes to ... Etta!
Just a bit of fun; "adjusted" one of the certificates we got for our 50th Wedding Anniversary on 1st February. The paper is such beautiful quality :) (This one was from the Premier of New South Wales)
_______ "WHY ARE WE DOING THIS"______
Please understand that this certificate is part of a work of appreciation that we do together, my wife and I.
The photos that I choose, enter into a photographic quality analysis within the different modalities and if they are artistically fit within what is "photography".
"My wife's job is to analyze the effect of
the so-called visual balance and the process of psychic acceptance within the natural phenomena of consciousness. "
"My job is to analyze the quality of photography, its framing, dynamics, artistic style, perspective, color balance, light compensation and especially the edition that plays an important role."
* (This is to give you some kind of appreciative motivation in your photographs, "something that I consider of great value for everyone who receives a certificate"
This critical work that we do in private and without attacking the sensitivity of people, is done between my wife and me.
We are based on an emotional motivation and of course without any kind of monetary interest or recognition.) *
"The Critic is a "Group of appreciation and constructive criticism"
------------------------------*The Critic*-----------------------------
_________"POR QUE HACEMOS ESTO"________
Por favor, entiendan que este certificado es parte de un trabajo de apreciacion que hacemos en conjunto mi esposa y yo.
Las fotos que yo escojo, entran en un analisis de calidad fotografica dentro de las distintas modalidades y si son aptas artísticamente dentro de lo que es "fotografia".
"El trabajo que hace mi esposa es el de analizar el efecto del
lo llamado visual balance y el proceso de aceptación psíquica dentro de los fenómenos naturales de la consciencia."
"Mi trabajo es el de analizar la calidad de la fotografia, su encuadre, dinámica, estilo artístico, perspectiva, balance del color, compensación de la luz y principalmente la edicion que juega un papel importante."
*(Esto es para darles a ustedes algun tipo de motivación apreciativa en vuestras fotografías, "cosa que considero de gran valor para cada cual que reciba un certificado"
Este trabajo de crítica que lo hacemos en privado y sin atacar la sensibilidad de las personas, es hecho entre mi esposa y yo.
Nos basados en una motivación anímica y como es natural sin ningún tipo de interés monetario o de reconocimiento.)*
El Critico es un "Grupo de apreciacion y crítica constructiva"
----------------------------*El Critico*---------------------------
Little Pinkuru starts her home searching today! if you're interested in being her mom or dad please check my website ^_^
***
La pequeña Pinkuru empieza la búsqueda de un nuevo hogar hoy! si estas interesado en ser su mami o papi visita mi web ^_^
_______ "WHY ARE WE DOING THIS"______
Please understand that this certificate is part of a work of appreciation that we do together, my wife and I.
The photos that I choose, enter into a photographic quality analysis within the different modalities and if they are artistically fit within what is "photography".
"My wife's job is to analyze the effect of
the so-called visual balance and the process of psychic acceptance within the natural phenomena of consciousness. "
"My job is to analyze the quality of photography, its framing, dynamics, artistic style, perspective, color balance, light compensation and especially the edition that plays an important role."
* (This is to give you some kind of appreciative motivation in your photographs, "something that I consider of great value for everyone who receives a certificate"
This critical work that we do in private and without attacking the sensitivity of people, is done between my wife and me.
We are based on an emotional motivation and of course without any kind of monetary interest or recognition.) *
"The Critic is a "Group of appreciation and constructive criticism"
------------------------------*The Critic*-----------------------------
_________"POR QUE HACEMOS ESTO"________
Por favor, entiendan que este certificado es parte de un trabajo de apreciacion que hacemos en conjunto mi esposa y yo.
Las fotos que yo escojo, entran en un analisis de calidad fotografica dentro de las distintas modalidades y si son aptas artísticamente dentro de lo que es "fotografia".
"El trabajo que hace mi esposa es el de analizar el efecto del
lo llamado visual balance y el proceso de aceptación psíquica dentro de los fenómenos naturales de la consciencia."
"Mi trabajo es el de analizar la calidad de la fotografia, su encuadre, dinámica, estilo artístico, perspectiva, balance del color, compensación de la luz y principalmente la edicion que juega un papel importante."
*(Esto es para darles a ustedes algun tipo de motivación apreciativa en vuestras fotografías, "cosa que considero de gran valor para cada cual que reciba un certificado"
Este trabajo de crítica que lo hacemos en privado y sin atacar la sensibilidad de las personas, es hecho entre mi esposa y yo.
Nos basados en una motivación anímica y como es natural sin ningún tipo de interés monetario o de reconocimiento.)*
El Critico es un "Grupo de apreciacion y crítica constructiva"
----------------------------*El Critico*---------------------------
Not exactly proving its environmental efficiency, DB Schenker Class 66, 66115, kicks out some smoke as accelerates away from a brief stop at Peterborough while working the Middleton Towers to Arpley Sidings loaded stone train. On this particular day I passed this train three times, the first when it was waiting for my Class 170 to overtake it at Ely, the second here at Peterborough, and the third time at Leicester as it awaited my Class 170 to overtake it again!
One of Britain's, and indeed Europe's, most numerous diesel locomotives, the Class 66 has become the face of nearly every freight operating rail company on the UK network, a simple, utilitarian design with an enormous, powerful engine. But with it's popularity among rail companies came a price, as it is often listed as one of the most hated locomotives ever to hit the UK rails, largely because of the slew of older BR classic locomotives it replaced from the late 1990's onward.
But is it really deserving of such a bum rap?
By the mid-1990's it was apparent that a majority of the ex-British Rail locomotives were well beyond their bloom of youth. Aside from the Class 58's of 1983, the Class 60's of 1989, and the American built Class 59's of 1985, most locomotives in the service of freight companies were coming up to 30 or 40 years old, and reliability was a major issue. Years of under-investment in the BR freight sector Railfreight Distribution, had resulted in a fleet comprised of decrepit diesels such as the Class 37's and Class 47's, being worked into the ground to keep the company rolling. Although the opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994 was a catalyst to investments for freight trains working those particular trunk routes to the South East, with the construction of the Class 92's and the refurbishment of Wembley based Class 47's, the remainder of the freight operators, by this time led by shadow franchises Loadhaul, Transrail and Mainline, were left with a fleet that was slowly dying before their eyes. Class 47's, especially, needed a major overhaul every seven years, costing £400,000; yet had an average daily availability of less than 65% with only 16 days between major failures.
Enter Wisconsin Central, who, in 1996, bought the three franchises together with Railfreight Distribution and mail operator Rail Express Systems to create EWS, or English, Welsh & Scottish Railways. As part of the franchise commitment, the intention was to replace the ageing diesel fleet with a standard design that would reduce maintenance and operating costs substantially, with higher levels of reliability and efficiency. Looking at the fleet of diesels in general, it was noted that among the most reliable classes in the UK were the small fleet of 15 Class 59's, built by General Motors between 1985 and 1995 for private Aggregate operators such as Foster Yeoman and Hanson, as well as energy company National Power for the haulage of their coal trains between Collieries and Power Stations. These engines were, for the most part, substantially younger than the likes of the Class 20's, 31's, 37's and 47's, and more reliable than the early built Class 56's from Romania, which were infamous for their poor build quality.
Seeing their success, EWS placed an order in 1997 for 250 locomotives based on similar principles to that of the Class 59, often dubbed one of the biggest locomotive orders since the age of Steam. Locomotives were built at GM's factory in London, Ontario, and externally the bodyshell and design shared that with the Class 59. Internally though, the engines took many of GM's previous developments and updated the engine and traction motors to enable higher speeds. The new locomotive was fitted with the 20 year old design of the EMD 710 12-cylinder diesel engine, found originally in the GP60 freight locomotives of North America. However, some of GM's newer creations also made it into the mix, such as updated cab-control systems, the kind found in the Irish Railways Class 201 of 1994.
Originally designated Class 61, the first of these new locomotives arrived by boat at Immingham in June 1998, prior to proving tests at Derby. The locomotives then shipped at a rate of 11 per month into the UK via Newport Docks, until the order was completed in December 2001. After unloading, EWS engineers then simply took off the tarpaulin, unblocked the suspension, and finally as each was shipped with water and fuel, hooked up the batteries, before starting the engine and handing the locomotive into service. Almost immediately, other UK freight operators took interest in the Class, and operators such as Freightliner, GB Railfreight and Direct Rail Services also placed orders for the class.
Upon their introduction, reliability levels for EWS's operations improved substantially. Each locomotive is specified and guaranteed to 95% availability, aiming for a minimum of 180 days mean time between failures. It is designed to cover 1·6million km between major rebuilds, equivalent to 18 years' service, with each major rebuild costed at £200,000. But with their success came the sad reality that the much loved classes of yesteryear were going to be given the push, and this is where a majority of the Class 66's unpopularity comes from. It could have been understood the replacement of the 40 year old Class 20's, 31's, 37's and 47's, as it was quite clear they were past their prime, the same could equally be said for some of the earlier Class 56's of the late 1970's. However, the line was stepped across with the withdrawal of the Class 58's and Class 60's, as the desire of EWS to have a standardised fleet, resulted in the removal of locomotives that were nowhere near life-expired. The large-scale retirement of these extremely reliable and powerful locomotives that weren't even 20 years old was seen as a travesty, and whilst some Class 60's have seen a revival with other operators as of late, the Class 58's are all but extinct, whilst many Class 60's continue to languish in yards across the UK, mostly at Toton in the East Midlands.
Nevertheless, the class continued to grow over the years, and, upon the conclusion of Class 66 production in the UK in 2014, 446 of the class were eventually built. But we can't forget also that the class has seen major success across Europe as well, with dozens of engines in operation in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, France, and Poland, with certification pending in the Czech Republic and Italy.
Today, a majority of the class is still in service with a variety of operators. DB Schenker, the successor to EWS, continues to operate the largest fleet of 249 locomotives. Freightliner operates 141, DRS operates 19, GBRf operates 72 and Colas Rail operates 5. Not all of the locomotives however remain with us, as three have been written off.
The first was 66521 on the 28th February, 2001, where after hitting a Land Rover that had fallen down an embankment from the M62 motorway, a southbound GNER InterCity 225 set led by lightweight Class 82 DVT, 82221, derailed and ran straight into the path of the oncoming Class 66 which was working a northbound coal train. With an estimated closing speed of 142mph, the DVT was obliterated upon hitting the Class 66, and the freight locomotive was mangled and distorted as it was crushed between its loaded coal train behind and the passenger coaches in front. In the disaster, 10 people were killed, including 66521's driver Stephen Dunn, although his instructor Andrew Hill, who was also riding in the cab, was able to survive. The locomotive however was for the most part destroyed, and scrapped later that year.
The second was on the 4th January, 2010 involving 66048, which derailed at Carrbridge in snowy weather. Coming down the Highland Mainline with a loaded container train, it passed a signal at danger and was derailed at trap points, subsequently falling down an embankment into trees and injuring the two crew members.
The third was on the 28th June 2012, where GBRf 66734 derailed at Loch Treig whilst working Alcan Tanks. The inability of recovery crews to access the highly remote and dangerous location resulted in the engine being cut-up on site.
Additionally, many Class 66's have suffered low-speed collisions and derailments, either through faults in the track, driver error, or faults with the rolling stock.
However, despite the criticism, and often being dubbed as bland and utilitarian, the Class 66 is still a major part of the UK freight network, working behind the scenes without need of major attention so as to get the job done. Indeed it may find a home among rail enthusiasts, and perhaps one day it'll be dubbed a classic like the Class 37's and 47's it replaced, but at the moment it's the UK networks humble hero, plying its trade the best way it knows how.
The United States Border Patrol is a federal law enforcement agency within U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), a component of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). Its 20,200 Agents[1] are primarily responsible for immigration and border law enforcement as codified in the Immigration and Nationality Act. Their duty is to prevent terrorists and terrorist weapons from entering the United States and to deter, detect, and apprehend illegal aliens and individuals involved in the illegal drug trade who enter the United States other than through designated ports of entry.
Additionally, the CBP enforces federal controlled substances laws (as codified in the Controlled Substances Act) when violations occur or are found during the enforcement of federal immigration laws, via delegated authority from the Drug Enforcement Administration.
Note that there are two personnel segments of U.S. Customs and Border Protection that people often confuse with each other, the CBP Officer [1], who wears a blue uniform and the Border Patrol Agent [2] who wears a green uniform.
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Strategy
2.1 1986: Employer sanctions and interior enforcement
2.2 Inspection stations
2.2.1 El Paso Sector's Operation Hold the Line
2.2.2 San Diego Sector's Operation Gatekeeper
2.2.3 Tucson Sector's Operation Safeguard
2.3 Northern border
2.4 Border Patrol moves away from interior enforcement
2.5 The new strategy
3 Capabilities
4 Expansion
5 Special Operations Group
5.1 Other specialized programs
6 Border Patrol organization
6.1 Border Patrol Sectors
7 Training
7.1 Uniforms
7.2 Border Patrol (OBP) Ranks and Insignia
7.2.1 Border Patrol Shoulder Ornaments
8 Awards
8.1 Newton-Azrak Award for Heroism
9 Border Patrol Uniform Devices
10 Equipment
10.1 Weapons
10.2 Transportation
11 Line of duty deaths
12 Armed incursions
13 Ramos and Compean
14 Criticisms
14.1 Ineffective
14.2 Allegations of abuse
14.3 Corruption
15 National Border Patrol Council
16 National Border Patrol Museum
17 In popular culture
17.1 Books
17.2 Film
17.2.1 Documentaries
18 See also
19 References
20 External links
21 External Video
21.1 GAO and OIG Reports
[edit] History
Immigration inspectors, circa 1924Mounted watchmen of the United States Immigration Service patrolled the border in an effort to prevent illegal crossings as early as 1904, but their efforts were irregular and undertaken only when resources permitted. The inspectors, usually called "mounted guards", operated out of El Paso, Texas. Though they never totaled more than 75, they patrolled as far west as California trying to restrict the flow of illegal Chinese immigration.
In March 1915, Congress authorized a separate group of mounted guards, often referred to as "mounted inspectors". Most rode on horseback, but a few operated automobiles, motorcycles and boats. Although these inspectors had broader arrest authority, they still largely pursued Chinese immigrants trying to avoid the National Origins Act and Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. These patrolmen were Immigrant Inspectors, assigned to inspection stations, and could not watch the border at all times. U.S. Army troops along the southwest border performed intermittent border patrolling, but this was secondary to "the more serious work of military training." Non-nationals encountered illegally in the U.S. by the army were directed to the immigration inspection stations. Texas Rangers were also sporadically assigned to patrol duties by the state, and their efforts were noted as "singularly effective".
The Border Patrol was founded on May 28, 1924 as an agency of the United States Department of Labor to prevent illegal entries along the Mexico–United States border and the United States-Canada border. The first two border patrol stations were in El Paso, Texas and Detroit, Michigan.[2] Additional operations were established along the Gulf Coast in 1927 to perform crewman control to insure that non-American crewmen departed on the same ship on which they arrived. Additional stations were temporarily added along the Gulf Coast, Florida and the Eastern Seaboard during the sixties when in Cuba triumphed the Cuban Revolution and emerged the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Prior to 2003, the Border Patrol was part of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), an agency that was within the U.S. Department of Justice. INS was disbanded in March 2003 when its operations were divided between CBP, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, and U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement.
The priority mission of the Border Patrol, as a result of the 9/11 attacks and its merging into the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is to prevent terrorists and terrorist weapons from entering the United States of America. However, the Border Patrol's traditional mission remains as the deterrence, detection and apprehension of illegal immigrants and individuals involved in the illegal drug trade who generally enter the United States other than through designated ports of entry. The Border Patrol also operates 33 permanent interior checkpoints along the southern border of the United States.
Currently, the U.S. Border Patrol employs over 20,200 agents (as of the end of fiscal year 2009),[3] who are specifically responsible for patrolling the 6,000 miles of Mexican and Canadian international land borders and 2,000 miles of coastal waters surrounding the Florida Peninsula and the island of Puerto Rico. Agents are assigned primarily to the Mexico–United States border, where they are assigned to control drug trafficking and illegal immigration.[4] Patrols on horseback have made a comeback since smugglers have been pushed into the more remote mountainous regions, which are hard to cover with modern tracking strategies.[5]
[edit] Strategy
[edit] 1986: Employer sanctions and interior enforcement
Border Patrol Agents with a Hummer and Astar patrol for illegal entry into U.S.The Border Patrol's priorities have changed over the years. In 1986, the Immigration Reform and Control Act placed renewed emphasis on controlling illegal immigration by going after the employers that hire illegal immigrants. The belief was that jobs were the magnet that attracted most illegal immigrants to come to the United States. The Border Patrol increased interior enforcement and Form I-9 audits of businesses through an inspection program known as "employer sanctions". Several agents were assigned to interior stations, such as within the Livermore Sector in Northern California.
Employer sanctions never became the effective tool it was expected to be by Congress. Illegal immigration continued to swell after the 1986 amnesty despite employer sanctions. By 1993, Californians passed Proposition 187, denying benefits to illegal immigrants and criminalizing illegal immigrants in possession of forged green cards, I.D. cards and Social Security Numbers. It also authorized police officers to question non-nationals as to their immigration status and required police and sheriff departments to cooperate and report illegal immigrants to the INS. Proposition 187 drew nationwide attention to illegal immigration.
[edit] Inspection stations
United States Border Patrol Interior Checkpoints are inspection stations operated by the USBP within 100 miles of a national border (with Mexico or Canada) or in the Florida Keys. As federal inspection stations are also operated by the Mexican government within 50 km of its borders where they are officially known as a "Garita de Revisión." or Garitas, they are known also by that name to Latinos.
[edit] El Paso Sector's Operation Hold the Line
El Paso Sector Chief Patrol Agent (and future U.S. congressman) Silvestre Reyes started a program called "Operation Hold the Line". In this program, Border Patrol agents would no longer react to illegal entries resulting in apprehensions, but would instead be forward deployed to the border, immediately detecting any attempted entries or deterring crossing at a more remote location. The idea was that it would be easier to capture illegal entrants in the wide open deserts than through the urban alleyways. Chief Reyes deployed his agents along the Rio Grande River, within eyesight of other agents. The program significantly reduced illegal entries in the urban part of El Paso, however, the operation merely shifted the illegal entries to other areas.
[edit] San Diego Sector's Operation Gatekeeper
A Border Patrol Jeep stands watch over the U.S.-Mexico border at San Ysidro, California.San Diego Sector tried Silvestre Reyes' approach of forward deploying agents to deter illegal entries into the country. Congress authorized the hiring of thousands of new agents, and many were sent to San Diego Sector.[citation needed] In addition, Congressman Duncan Hunter obtained surplus military landing mats to use as a border fence.[citation needed] Stadium lighting, ground sensors and infra-red cameras were also placed in the area.[citation needed] Apprehensions decreased dramatically in that area as people crossed in different regions.
[edit] Tucson Sector's Operation Safeguard
California was no longer the hotbed of illegal entry and the traffic shifted to Arizona, primarily in Nogales and Douglas.[citation needed] The Border Patrol instituted the same deterrent strategy it used in San Diego to Arizona.
[edit] Northern border
In 2001, the Border Patrol had approximately 340 agents assigned along the Canada – United States border border. Northern border staffing had been increased to 1,128 agents to 1,470 agents by the end of fiscal year 2008, and is projected to expand to 1,845 by the end of fiscal year 2009, a sixfold increase. Resources that support Border Patrol agents include the use of new technology and a more focused application of air and marine assets.
The northern border sectors are Blaine (Washington), Buffalo (New York), Detroit (Selfridge ANGB, Michigan), Grand Forks (North Dakota), Havre (Montana), Houlton (Maine), Spokane (Washington), and Swanton (Vermont).
[edit] Border Patrol moves away from interior enforcement
In the 1990s, Congress mandated that the Border Patrol shift agents away from the interior and focus them on the borders.
After the September 11, 2001 attacks, the Department of Homeland Security created two immigration enforcement agencies out of the defunct Immigration and Naturalization Service: U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP). ICE was tasked with investigations, detention and removal of illegal immigrants, and interior enforcement. CBP was tasked with inspections at U.S. ports of entry and with preventing illegal entries between the port of entry, transportation check, and entries on U.S. coastal borders. DHS management decided to align the Border Patrol with CBP. CBP itself is solely responsible for the nation's ports of entry, while Border Patrol maintains jurisdiction over all locations between ports of entry, giving Border Patrol agents federal authority absolutely[dubious – discuss] nationwide[dubious – discuss].
In July 2004, the Livermore Sector of the United States Border Patrol was closed. Livermore Sector served Northern California and included stations at Dublin (Parks Reserve Forces Training Area), Sacramento, Stockton, Fresno and Bakersfield. The Border Patrol also closed other stations in the interior of the United States including Roseburg, Oregon and Little Rock, Arkansas. The Border Patrol functions in these areas consisted largely of local jail and transportation terminal checks for illegal immigrants. These functions were turned over to U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement.
[edit] The new strategy
Cameras add "Smart Border" surveillance.In November 2005, the U.S. Border Patrol published an updated national strategy.[6] The goal of this updated strategy is operational control of the United States border. The strategy has five main objectives:
Apprehend terrorists and terrorist weapons illegally entering the United States;
Deter illegal entries through improved enforcement;
Detect, apprehend, and deter smugglers of humans, drugs, and other contraband;
Use "smart border" technology; and
Reduce crime in border communities, improving quality of life.
[edit] Capabilities
The border is a barely discernible line in uninhabited deserts, canyons, or mountains. The Border Patrol utilizes a variety of equipment and methods, such as electronic sensors placed at strategic locations along the border, to detect people or vehicles entering the country illegally. Video monitors and night vision scopes are also used to detect illegal entries. Agents patrol the border in vehicles, boats, aircraft, and afoot. In some areas, the Border Patrol employs horses, all-terrain motorcycles, bicycles, and snowmobiles. Air surveillance capabilities are provided by unmanned aerial vehicles.[3]
The primary activity of a Border Patrol Agent is "Line Watch". Line Watch involves the detection, prevention, and apprehension of terrorists, undocumented aliens and smugglers of aliens at or near the land border by maintaining surveillance from a covert position; following up on leads; responding to electronic sensor television systems and aircraft sightings; and interpreting and following tracks, marks, and other physical evidence. Major activities include traffic check, traffic observation, city patrol, transportation check, administrative, intelligence, and anti-smuggling activities.[4]
Traffic checks are conducted on major highways leading away from the border to detect and apprehend illegal aliens attempting to travel further into the interior of the United States after evading detection at the border, and to detect illegal narcotics.[3]
Transportation checks are inspections of interior-bound conveyances, which include buses, commercial aircraft, passenger and freight trains, and marine craft.[3]
Marine Patrols are conducted along the coastal waterways of the United States, primarily along the Pacific coast, the Caribbean, the tip of Florida, and Puerto Rico and interior waterways common to the United States and Canada. Border Patrol conducts border control activities from 130 marine craft of various sizes. The Border Patrol maintains watercraft ranging from blue-water craft to inflatable-hull craft, in 16 sectors, in addition to headquarters special operations components.[3]
Horse and bike patrols are used to augment regular vehicle and foot patrols. Horse units patrol remote areas along the international boundary that are inaccessible to standard all-terrain vehicles. Bike patrol aids city patrol and is used over rough terrain to support linewatch.[3] Snowmobiles are used to patrol remote areas along the northern border in the winter.
[edit] Expansion
Attrition in the Border Patrol was normally at 5%. From 1995-2001 attrition spiked to above 10%, which was a period when the Border Patrol was undergoing massive hiring. In 2002 the attrition rate climbed to 18%. The 18% attrition was largely attributed to agents transferring to the Federal Air Marshals after 9/11. Since that time the attrition problem has decreased significantly and Congress has increased journeyman Border Patrol Agent pay from GS-9 to GS-11 in 2002. The Border Patrol Marine Position was created in 2009 (BPA-M). This position will be updated to a GS-12 position sometime in 2010 or 2011. Border Patrol Field Training Officers may possibly be updated in 2010 to a temporary GS-12 pay rate. In 2005, Border Patrol attrition dropped to 4% and remains in the area of 4% to 6% as of 2009.[7]
The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (signed by President Bush on December 17, 2004) authorized hiring an additional 10,000 agents, "subject to appropriation". This authorization, if fully implemented, would nearly double the Border Patrol manpower from 11,000 to 21,000 agents by 2010.
In July 2005, Congress signed the Emergency Supplemental Spending Act for military operations in Iraq/Afghanistan and other operations. The act also appropriated funding to increase Border Patrol manpower by 500 Agents. In October 2005, President Bush also signed the DHS FY06 Appropriation bill, funding an additional 1,000 Agents.
In November 2005, President George W. Bush made a trip to southern Arizona to discuss more options that would decrease illegal crossings at the U.S. and Mexican border. In his proposed fiscal year 2007 budget he has requested an additional 1,500 Border Patrol agents.
The Secure Fence Act, signed by President George W. Bush on October 26, 2006, has met with much opposition. In October 2007, environmental groups and concerned citizens filed a restraining order hoping to halt the construction of the fence, set to be built between the United States and Mexico. The act mandates that the fence be built by December 2008. Ultimately, the United States seeks to put fencing around the 1,945-mile (3,130 km) border, but the act requires only 700 miles (1,100 km) of fencing. DHS secretary Michael Chertoff has bypassed environmental and other oppositions with a waiver that was granted to him by Congress in Section 102 of the act, which allows DHS to avoid any conflicts that would prevent a speedy assembly of the fence.[8][9]
This action has led many environment groups and landowners to speak out against the impending construction of the fence.[10] Environment and wildlife groups fear that the plans to clear brush, construct fences, install bright lights, motion sensors, and cameras will scare wildlife and endanger the indigenous species of the area.[11] Environmentalists claim that the ecosystem could be affected due to the fact that a border fence would restrict movement of all animal species, which in turn would keep them from water and food sources on one side or another. Desert plants would also feel the impact, as they would be uprooted in many areas where the fence is set to occupy.[12]
Property owners in these areas fear a loss of land. Landowners would have to give some of their land over to the government for the fence. Citizens also fear that communities will be split. Many students travel over the border every day to attend classes at the University of Texas at Brownsville. Brownsville mayor Pat Ahumada favors alternative options to a border fence. He suggests that the Rio Grande River be widened and deepened to provide for a natural barrier to hinder illegal immigrants and drug smugglers.[13]
The United States Border Patrol Academy is located in Artesia, New Mexico.
[edit] Special Operations Group
A Border Patrol Special Response Team searches room-by-room a hotel in New Orleans in response to Hurricane Katrina.
CBP BORSTAR canine team conducting rappeling trainingIn 2007, the Border Patrol created the Special Operations Group (SOG) headquartered in El Paso, TX to coordinate the specialized units of the agency.[14]
Border Patrol Tactical Unit (BORTAC)
National Special Response Team (NSRT)
Border Patrol, Search, Trauma and Rescue (BORSTAR)
Air Mobile Unit (AMU)
[edit] Other specialized programs
The Border Patrol has a number of other specialized programs and details.
Air and Marine Operations
K9 Units
Mounted Patrol
Bike patrol
Sign-cutting (tracking)
Snowmobile unit
Infrared scope unit
Intelligence
Anti-smuggling investigations
Border Criminal Alien Program
Multi-agency Anti-Gang Task Forces (regional & local units)
Honor Guard
Pipes and Drums
Chaplain
Peer Support
[edit] Border Patrol organization
David V. Aguilar, Acting Commissioner of Customs and Border ProtectionThe current Acting Chief of the Border Patrol is Michael J. Fisher who succeeded in 2010 David V. Aguilar, who is now the Acting Commissioner of Customs and Border Protection.
[edit] Border Patrol Sectors
There are 20 Border Patrol sectors, each headed by a Sector Chief Patrol Agent.
Northern Border (West to East):
Blaine Sector (Western Washington State, Idaho, and Western Montana.) - stations; Bellingham, Blaine, Port Angeles, Sumas.
Spokane Sector (Eastern Washington State)
Havre Sector (Montana)
Grand Forks Sector (North Dakota)
Detroit Sector (Selfridge Air National Guard Base, Michigan) - stations; Downtown Detroit, Marysville, Gibralter, Sault Sainte Marie, Sandusky Bay.
Buffalo Sector (New York) - stations; Buffalo, Erie, Niagura Falls, Oswego, Rochester, Wellesley Island.
Swanton Sector (Vermont)
Houlton Sector (Maine)
Southern Border (West to East):
San Diego Sector (San Diego, California)
El Centro Sector (Imperial County, California)
Yuma Sector (Western Arizona)- stations; Wellton, Yuma, Blythe
Tucson Sector (Eastern Arizona)
El Paso Sector (El Paso, Texas and New Mexico) - stations; Alamogordo, Albuquerque, Deming, El Paso, Fabens, Fort Hancock, Las Cruces, Lordsburg, Santa Teresa, Truth or Consequences, Ysleta
Marfa Sector (Big Bend Area of West Texas) - stations; Alpine, Amarillo, Big Bend, Fort Stockton, Lubbock, Marfa, Midland, Pecos, Presidio, Sanderson, Sierra Blanca, Van Horn
Del Rio Sector (Del Rio, Texas) - stations; Abilene, Brackettville, Carrizo Springs, Comstock, Del Rio, Eagle Pass North, Eagle Pass South, Rocksprings, San Angelo, Uvalde
Rio Grande Valley Sector (South Texas) - stations; Brownsville, Corpus Christi, Falfurrias, Fort Brown, Harlingen, Kingsville, McAllen, Rio Grande City, Weslaco
Laredo Sector (South Texas) - stations; Cotulla, Dallas, Freer, Hebbronville, Laredo North, Laredo South, Laredo West, San Antonio, Zapata
New Orleans Sector (Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and West Florida)
Miami Sector (Florida East and South)
Caribbean
Ramey Sector (Aguadilla, Puerto Rico) and the Virgin Islands, it is the only Border Patrol Sector located outside the continental United States
[edit] Training
All Border Patrol Agents spend 15 weeks in training at the Border Patrol Academy (if they are fluent in Spanish) in Artesia, New Mexico, which is a component of the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC).Those who are not fluent in Spanish spend an additional eight weeks at the Academy. Recruits are instructed in Border Patrol and federal law enforcement subjects.
Border Patrol courses include: Immigration and Nationality Law, Criminal Law and Statutory Authority, Spanish, Border Patrol Operations, Care and Use of Firearms, Physical Training, Driver Training, and Anti-Terrorism.
FLETC courses include: Communications, Ethics and Conduct, Report Writing, Introduction to Computers, Fingerprinting, and Constitutional Law.[15]
The physical aspects of the Border Patrol Training Program are extremely demanding. At the end of 55 days, trainees must be able to complete a one and a half mile run in 13 minutes or less, a confidence course in two and a half minutes or less, and a 220 yard dash in 46 seconds or less. This final test is much easier than the day to day physical training during the program.[15]
[edit] Uniforms
The Border Patrol currently wears the following types of uniforms:
CBP officers at a ceremony in 2007Dress uniform – The dress uniform consists of olive-green trousers with a blue stripe, and an olive-green shirt, which may or may not have blue shoulder straps. The campaign hat is worn with uniform.
Ceremonial uniform – When required, the following items are added to the dress uniform to complete the ceremonial uniform: olive-green Ike jacket or tunic with blue accents (shoulder straps and cuffs, blue tie, brass tie tack, white gloves, and olive-green felt campaign hat with leather hat band. The campaign hat is worn with uniform.
Rough duty uniform – The rough duty uniform consists of green cargo trousers and work shirt (in short or long sleeves). Usually worn with green baseball cap or tan stetson.
Accessories, footwear, and outerwear – Additional items are worn in matching blue or black colors as appropriate.
Organization patches – The Border Patrol wears two:
The CBP patch is worn on the right sleeves of the uniform. It contains the DHS seal against a black background with a "keystone" shape. A "keystone" is the central, wedge-shaped stone in an arch, which holds all the other stones in place.
Border Patrol agents retain the circular legacy Border Patrol patch, which is worn on the left sleeve.
The Border Patrol uniform is getting its first makeover since the 1950s to appear more like military fatigues and less like a police officer's duty garb.[16] Leather belts with brass buckles are being replaced by nylon belts with quick-release plastic buckles, slacks are being replaced by lightweight cargo pants, and shiny badges and nameplates are being replaced by cloth patches.
[edit] Border Patrol (OBP) Ranks and Insignia
Location Title Collar insignia Shoulder ornament Pay grade
Border Patrol Headquarters Chief of the Border Patrol Gold-plated Senior Executive Service (SES)
Deputy Chief of the Border Patrol Gold-plated SES
Division Chief Gold-plated SES
Deputy Division Chief Gold-plated GS-15, General Schedule
Associate Chief Gold-plated GS-15
Assistant Chief Silver-plated GS-14
Operations Officer Oxidized GS-13
Border Patrol Sectors Chief Patrol Agent (CPA) Gold-plated SES or GS-15
Deputy Chief Patrol Agent (DCPA) Gold-plated SES/GS-15 or GS-14
Division Chief Gold-plated GS-15
Assistant Chief Patrol Agent (ACPA) Silver-plated GS-15 or GS-14
Patrol Agent in Charge (PAIC) Silver-plated GS-14 or GS-13
Assistant Patrol Agent in Charge (APAIC) Oxidized GS-13
Special Operations Supervisor (SOS) Oxidized GS-13
Field Operations Supervisor (FOS) Oxidized GS-13
Supervisory Border Patrol Agent (SBPA) Oxidized GS-12
Senior Patrol Agent (SPA) (Note: Being phased out through attrition) No insignia Currently GS-11 (Will be upgraded to full performance level GS-12 sometime during the 1st quarter of 2011)
Border Patrol Agent (BPA) No insignia GS-5, 7, 9, 11 (Upgrade to GS-12 pending)
Border Patrol Academy Chief Patrol Agent (CPA) Gold-plated GS-15
Deputy Chief Patrol Agent (DCPA) Gold-plated GS-15
Assistant Chief Patrol Agent (ACPA) Silver-plated GS-14
Training Operations Supervisor (TOS) Oxidized GS-14
Supervisory Border Patrol Agent (Senior Instructor) Oxidized GS-13
Supervisory Border Patrol Agent (Instructor) Oxidized GS-13
[edit] Border Patrol Shoulder Ornaments
[edit] Awards
Newton-Azrak Award for Heroism Commissioners Distinguished Career Service Award Commissioners Exceptional Service Medal Commissioners Meritorious Service Award Commissioners Special Commendation Award Chiefs Commendation Medal
No Image Available No Image Available No Image Available
Commissioners Excellence in Group Achievement Award Purple Cross Wound Medal Academy Honor Award Winner Border Patrol Long Service Medal 75th Anniversary of the Border Patrol Commemorative Medal
No Image Available No Image Available
[edit] Newton-Azrak Award for Heroism
The Border Patrol's highest honor is the Newton-Azrak Award for Heroism. This Award is bestowed to Border Patrol Agents for extraordinary actions, service; accomplishments reflecting unusual courage or bravery in the line of duty; or an extraordinarily heroic or humane act committed during times of extreme stress or in an emergency.
This award is named for Border Patrol Inspectors Theodore Newton[17] and George Azrak,[18] who were murdered by two drug smugglers in San Diego County in 1967.
[edit] Border Patrol Uniform Devices
Border Patrol Tactical Unit (BORTAC) Border Patrol Search, Trauma and Rescue Unit (BORSTAR) Special Response Team (NSRT) Honor Guard Border Patrol Pipes and Drums Cap Badge
No Image Available
K-9 Handler Chaplain Field Training Officer Peer Support
[edit] Equipment
[edit] Weapons
A Border Patrol Agent carrying an M14 rifle.Border Patrol Agents are issued the H&K P2000 double action pistol in .40 S&W. It can contain as many as 13 rounds of ammunition (12 in the magazine and one in the chamber).
Like other law enforcement agencies, the Remington 870 is the standard shotgun.
Border Patrol Agents also commonly carry the M4 Carbine and the H&K UMP 40 caliber submachine gun. The M14 rifle is used for mostly ceremonial purposes.
As a less than lethal option, the Border Patrol also uses the FN303.
[edit] Transportation
Unlike in many other law enforcement agencies in the United States, the Border Patrol operates several thousand SUVs and pickup trucks, which are known for their capabilities to move around in any sort of terrain. This vehicles may have individual revolving lights (strobes or LEDs) and/or light bars and sirens. An extensive modernization drive has ensured that these vehicles are equipped with wireless sets in communication with a central control room. Border Patrol vehicles may also have equipment such as speed radar, breathalyzers, and emergency first aid kits. Some sectors make use of sedans like the Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor or the Dodge Charger as patrol cars or high speed "interceptors" on highways. The Border Patrol also operates ATVs, motorcycles, snowmobiles, and small boats in the riverine environment. In 2005, all Border Patrol and ICE aircraft operations were combined under CBP's Office of Air and Marine. All CBP vessel operation in Customs Waters are conducted by Office of Air and Marine.
Color schemes of Border Patrol vehicles are either a long green stripe running the length of the vehicle or a broad green diagonal stripe on the door. Most Border Patrol vehicles are painted predominantly white.
The Border Patrol also extensively uses horses for remote area patrols. The U.S. Border Patrol has 205 horses As of 2005[update]. Most are employed along the Mexico–United States border. In Arizona, these animals are fed special processed feed pellets so that their wastes do not spread non-native plants in the national parks and wildlife areas they patrol.[19]
[edit] Line of duty deaths
Total line of duty deaths (since 1904): 105[20]
Aircraft accident: 14
Assault: 2
Automobile accident: 28
Drowned: 4
Fall: 4
Gunfire: 30
Gunfire (Accidental): 3
Heart attack: 6
Heat exhaustion: 1
Motorcycle accident: 2
Stabbed: 2
Struck by train: 3
Struck by vehicle: 3
Vehicle pursuit: 2
Vehicular assault: 3
[edit] Armed incursions
On August 7, 2008, Mexican troops crossed the border into Arizona and held a U.S. Border Patrol Agent at gunpoint. Agents stationed at Ajo, Arizona said that the Mexican soldiers crossed the border into an isolated area southwest of Tucson and pointed rifles at the agent, who has not been identified. The Mexicans withdrew after other American agents arrived on the scene.[21]
[edit] Ramos and Compean
In February 2005, Border Patrol Agents Ignacio Ramos and Jose Compean were involved in an incident while pursuing a van in Fabens, Texas. The driver, later identified as Aldrete Davila, was shot by Agent Ramos during a scuffle. Davila escaped back into Mexico, and the agents discovered that the van contained a million dollars worth of marijuana (about 750 pounds). None of the agents at the scene orally reported the shooting, including two supervisors. The Department of Homeland Security opened up an internal affairs investigation into the incident.[22] See also [23][24][25]
[edit] Criticisms
[edit] Ineffective
In 2006, a documentary called The Illegal Immigration Invasion[26] linked the scale of illegal immigration into the United States chiefly to the ineffectiveness of the Border Patrol. The film claimed that this is due to the lack of judicial powers of the Border Patrol and the effective hamstringing of the agency by the federal government. The film interviews people that deal with illegal immigration on a daily basis, as well as local citizens living in the border areas.
[edit] Allegations of abuse
There are allegations of abuse by the United States Border Patrol such as the ones reported by Jesus A. Trevino, that concludes in an article published in the Houston Journal of International Law (2006) with a request to create an independent review commission to oversee the actions of the Border Patrol, and that creating such review board will make the American public aware of the "serious problem of abuse that exists at the border by making this review process public" and that "illegal immigrants deserve the same constitutionally-mandated humane treatment of citizens and legal residents".[27]
In 1998, Amnesty International investigated allegations of ill-treatment and brutality by officers of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, and particularly the Border Patrol. Their report said they found indications of human rights violations during 1996, 1997 and early 1998.[28]
An article in Social Justice by Michael Huspek, Leticia Jimenez, Roberto Martinez (1998) cites that in December 1997, John Case, head of the INS Office of Internal Audit, announced at a press conference that public complaints to the INS had risen 29% from 1996, with the "vast majority" of complaints emanating from the southwest border region, but that of the 2,300 cases, the 243 cases of serious allegations of abuse were down in 1997. These serious cases are considered to be distinct from less serious complaints, such as "verbal abuse, discrimination, extended detention without cause."[29]
[edit] Corruption
Incidences of corruption in the U.S. Border Patrol include:
Pablo Sergio Barry, an agent charged with one count of harboring an illegal immigrant, three counts of false statements, and two counts of making a false document.[30] He plead guilty.[31]
Christopher E. Bernis, an agent indicted on a charge of harboring an illegal immigrant for nine months while employed as a U.S. Border Patrol agent.[32]
Jose De Jesus Ruiz, an agent whose girlfriend was an illegal immigrant, he was put on administrative leave pending an investigation.[32]
Oscar Antonio Ortiz, an illegal immigrant[33] who used a fake birth certificate to get into the Border Patrol admitted to smuggling more than 100 illegal immigrants into the U.S., some of them in his government truck,[34] and was helping to smuggle illegal immigrants and charged with conspiring with another agent to smuggle immigrants.
An unidentified patrol agent who was recorded on a wire tap stating that he helped to smuggle 30 to 50 immigrants at a time.[33]
[edit] National Border Patrol Council
National Border Patrol Council (NBPC) is the labor union which represents over 14,000 Border Patrol Agents and support staff. The NBPC was founded in 1968, and its parent organization is the American Federation of Government Employees, AFL-CIO. The NBPC's executive committee is staffed by current and retired Border Patrol Agents and, along with its constituent locals, employs a staff of a dozen attorneys and field representatives. The NBPC is associated with the Peace Officer Research Association of California’s Legal Defense Fund.[35]
[edit] National Border Patrol Museum
The National Border Patrol Museum is located in El Paso, Texas. The museum exhibits uniforms, equipment, photographs, guns, vehicles, airplanes, boats, and documents which depict the historical and current sector operations throughout the United States.
[edit] In popular culture
[edit] Books
Border Patrol by Alvin Edward Moore
The Border Patrol by Deborah Wells Salter
EWI: Entry Without Inspection (Title 8 U.S.C. § 1325 Improper entry by alien) by Fortuna Testarona Valiente
Tracks in the Sand: A Tale of the Border Patrol by Kent E Lundgren,
On The Line: Inside the U.S. Border Patrol by Alex Pacheco and Erich Krauss
Patrolling Chaos: The U.S. Border Patrol in Deep South Texas by Robert Lee Maril
The U.S. Border Patrol: Guarding the Nation (Blazers) by Connie Collwell Miller
My Border Patrol Diary: Laredo, Texas by Dale Squint
Holding the Line: War Stories of the U.S. Border Patrol by Gerald Schumacher
The Border Patrol Ate My Dust by Alicia Alarcon, Ethriam Cash Brammer, and Ethriam Cash Brammer de Gonzales
The Border: Exploring the U.S.-Mexican Divide by David J. Danelo
Beat The Border: An Insider's Guide To How The U.S. Border Works And How To Beat It by Ned Beaumont
West of the Moon: A Border Patrol Agent's Tale by D. B. Prehoda
The Journey: U.S. Border Patrol & the Solution to the Illegal Alien Problem by Donald R. Coppock
Border patrol: With the U.S. Immigration Service on the Mexican boundary, 1910-54 by Clifford Alan Perkins
Border Patrol: How U.S. Agents Protect Our Borders from Illegal Entry by Carroll B. Colby
In Mortal Danger: The Battle for America's Border and Security by Tom Tancredo
[edit] Film
Border Patrolman, a 1936 film in which a Border Patrolman Bob Wallace, played by George O'Brien, resigns in protest after being humiliated by the spoiled granddaughter of a millionaire.
Border Patrol, a 1943 film starring William C. Boyd, Andy Clyde, George Reeves, and Robert Mitchum
Borderline, a 1950 film noir starring Fred MacMurray about drug smuggling across the U.S./Mexico border
Border Patrol, a 1959 syndicated television series, starring Richard Webb as the fictitious deputy chief of the U.S. Border Patrol
Borderline, a 1980 movie starring Charles Bronson about a Border Patrol Agent on the U.S./Mexico border
The Border, a 1982 film starring Jack Nicholson
El Norte, a 1983 film portraying Central American Indian peasants traveling to the United States.
Flashpoint, a 1984 film starring Kris Kristofferson
Last Man Standing, a 1996 film starring Bruce Willis and Ken Jenkins as Texas Ranger Captain Tom Pickett who is investing the killing of an unnamed Immigration Inspector (played by Larry Holt) across the border in Mexico.
Men in Black, a 1997 science fiction comedy action film starring Tommy Lee Jones, Will Smith and Vincent D'Onofrio. The Border Patrol was portrayed as Immigration Inspectors
The Gatekeeper, a 2002 film by John Carlos Frey about the struggles of migrants at the Mexican/US border.
The Shepherd: Border Patrol, a 2007 film starring Jean-Claude Van Damme
Linewatch, a 2008 film starring Cuba Gooding, Jr., as a Border Patrol agent defending his family from a group of Los Angeles gang members involved in the illegal trade of importing narcotics into the United States.
[edit] Documentaries
Border Patrol: American's Gatekeepers A&E with former United States Attorney General Janet Reno
Investigative Reports: Border Patrol: America's Gatekeepers A&E Investigates
History the Enforcers : Border Patrol History Channel
[edit] See also
Border Protection Personnel
United States portal
Law enforcement/Law enforcement topics portal
List of United States federal law enforcement agencies
Immigration and Customs Enforcement
Border control
Ignacio Ramos
Illegal immigration
H.R. 4437
Minuteman Project
MQ-9 Reaper
No More Deaths
Office of CBP Air
United States Mexico barrier
United States-Canadian Border
la migra
[edit] References
^ "Reinstatements to the northern border". CPB.gov. US Customs and Border Protection. 2008-05-19. www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/border_security/border_patrol/reinsta.... Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/border_security/border_patrol/border_...
^ a b c d e f "Boarder Patrol overview". CPB.gov. US Customs and Boarder Protection. 2008-08-22. www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/border_security/border_patrol/border_.... Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ a b "Who we are and what we do". CPB.gov. US Customs and Boarder Protection. 2008-09-03. www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/border_security/border_patrol/who_we_.... Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ Gaynor, Tim (2008-01-23). "U.S. turns to horses to secure borders". Reuters. www.reuters.com/article/inDepthNews/idUSN2323280820080124.... Retrieved 2008-01-24.
^ www.cbp.gov/linkhandler/cgov/border_security/border_patro...[dead link]
^ Nuñez-Neto, Blas (2006-010-25) (PDF). Border security: The role of the U.S. Border Patrol. Congressional Research Service. p. 35. digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs//data/2006/upl-meta-c.... Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ Coyle, Marcia (2008-03-03). "Waivers for border fence challenged: Environmental groups take their complaints to Supreme Court". The Recorder.
^ Archibold, Randal C. (2008-04-02). "Government issues waiver for fencing along border". New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2008/04/02/us/02fence.html. Retrieved 2008-04-02.
^ "Conservation groups call for an immediate halt to construction of border fence in San Pedro National Conservation Area". US Newswire. 2007-10-05.
^ Gordon, David George (May 2000). "A 'grande' dispute". National Geographic World: p. 4.
^ Cohn, Jeffrey P. (2007). "The environmental impacts of a border fence". BioScience 57 (1): 96. doi:10.1641/B570116. www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1641/B570116. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ "Expansive border fence stirs fights over land". Tell Me More. NPR. 2008-03-03.
^ 2007 State of the Border Patrol video[dead link]
^ a b "FAQs: Working for the Border Patrol-basic training". CPB.gov. US Customs and Boarder Protection. 2008-05-29. www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/careers/customs_careers/border_career.... Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ Spagat, Elliot (2007-08-16). "Border Patrol uniform gets first makeover since the 1950s". North County Times. www.nctimes.com/articles/2007/08/17/news/sandiego/18_64_3.... Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ "Border Patrol Inspector Theodore L. Newton Jr.". The Officer Down Memorial Page. www.odmp.org/officer.php?oid=9933. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ "Border Patrol Inspector George F. Azrak". The Officer Down Memorial Page. www.odmp.org/officer.php?oid=1368. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ Rostien, Arthur H. (2005-06-09). "Border Patrol horses get special feed that helps protect desert ecosystem". Environmental News Network. www.enn.com/top_stories/article/1731. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ "United States Department of Homeland Security - Customs and Border Protection - Border Patrol". The Officer Down Memorial Page. www.odmp.org/agency/4830-united-states-department-of-home.... Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ Meyers, Jim (2008-08-06). "Mexican troops cross border, hold border agent". Newsmax.com. newsmax.com/insidecover/mexican_troops_border/2008/08/06/.... Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ "Glenn Beck: Ramos & Compean - the whole story". The Glenn Beck Program. Premiere Radio Networks. 2008-07-29. www.glennbeck.com/content/articles/article/196/13098/. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". Ramos-Compean. ramos-compean.blogspot.com/. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ "2 Border Patrol agents face 20 years in prison". WorldDailyNet. 2006-08-07. www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=51417. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ "Ramos and Campean - court appeal". www.scribd.com/doc/219384/Ramos-and-Campean-Court-Appeal. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ (Google video) The illegal immigration invasion. October Sun Films. 2006-04-06. video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1451035544403625746. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ Jesus A. Trevino (1998). "Border violence against illegal immigrants and the need to change the border patrol's current complaint review process" (PDF). Houston Journal of International Law 21 (1): 85–114. ISSN 0194-1879. www.hjil.org/ArticleFiles/21_1_10.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ United States of America: Human rights concerns in the border region with Mexico. Amnesty International. 1998-05-19. web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engAMR510031998. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ Huspek, Michael; Roberto Martinez, and Leticia Jimenez (1998). "Violations of human and civil rights on the U.S.-Mexico border, 1995 to 1997: a report" (Reprint). Social Justice 25 (2). ISSN 1043-1578. findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3427/is_n2_v25/ai_n28711.... Retrieved 2009-06-01.
The data compiled in this report suggest that law enforcement in the southwest region of the United States may be verging on lawlessness. This statement receives fuller support from announcements emanating from the INS. In December 1997, John Chase, head of the INS Office of Internal Audit, announced at a press conference that public complaints to the INS had risen 29% from 1996, with the "vast majority" of complaints emanating from the southwest border region. Over 2,300 complaints were filed in 1997 as opposed to the 1,813 complaints filed in 1996. Another 400 reports of "minor misconduct" were placed in a new category. Chase was quick to emphasize, however, that the 243 "serious" allegations of abuse and use of excessive force that could warrant criminal prosecution were down in 1997, as compared with the 328 in 1996. These "serious" cases are considered to be distinct from less serious complaints, such as "verbal abuse, discrimination, extended detention without cause.
^ June 23, 2005 "Border agent accused of hiding an illegal entrant". Arizona Daily Star. 2005-06-23. www.azstarnet.com/sn/border/81082.php June 23, 2005. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ "Border agent pleads guilty to harboring illegal entrant". Arizona Daily Star. 2005-09-22. www.azstarnet.com/sn/border/94491.php. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ a b "U.S. border agent indicted". Arizona Daily Star. 2005-03-11. www.azstarnet.com/sn/border/65117.php. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ a b "Boarder agent said to also be smuggler". SignOnSanDiego.com. Union-Tribune Publishing. 2005-08-05. www.signonsandiego.com/news/mexico/tijuana/20050805-9999-.... Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ Spagat, Elliot (2006-07-28). "Border agent gets 5 years for smuggling". The Washington Post. www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/28/.... Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ "About NBPC". National Border Patrol Council. 2008-08-14. www.nbpc.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&a.... Retrieved 2009-06-01.
[edit] External links
Official US Border Patrol website
US Border Patrol history
National Border Patrol Strategy(PDF)
Border Patrol official recruiting page
Border Patrol Supervisor's Association (BPSA)
Border Patrol agents killed in the line of duty
Large Border Patrol site
Border Patrol Museum official site
National Border Patrol Council official site
National Association of Former Border Patrol Officers
Friends of the Border Patrol
Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding the U.S. Border Patrol
Civilian Border Patrol Organizations: An Overview and History of the Phenomenon by the Congressional Research Service.
Border Patrol hiring forums and information for potential agents
National Border Patrol Museum
Pictures of Border Patrol vehicles
Crossing Guards in Training LA Times report on Border Patrol training.
The Coalition Against Illegal Immigration
Border Patrol unofficial Auxiliary NOT a Government Agency and not affiliated with the federal Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
[edit] External Video
Border Stories
[edit] GAO and OIG Reports
GAO Report: Border Patrol - Southwest Border Enforcement Affected by Mission Expansion and Budget August 1992
GAO Report: Border Control - Revised Strategy is Showing Some Positive Results December 1994
g96065.pdf GAO Report: Border Patrol - Staffing and Enforcement Activities March 1996
GAO Report: ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION - Southwest Border Strategy Results Inconclusive; More Evaluation Needed December 1997
USDOJ OIG Report: Operation Gatekeeper July 1998
GAO Report: ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION - Status of Southwest Border Strategy Implementation 1999
GAO Report: Border Patrol Hiring December 1999
GAO Report: Southwest Border Strategy - Resource and Impact Issues Remain After Seven Years August 2001
National Border Patrol Strategy March 2005
GAO Report: Effectiveness of Border Patrol Checkpoints July 2005
DHS OIG Report: An Assessment of the Proposal to Merge Customs and Border Protection with Immigration and Customs Enforcement November 2005
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Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol"
Categories: Federal law enforcement agencies of the United States | Border guards | Specialist law enforcement agencies of the United States | History of immigration to the United States | United States Department of Homeland Security | Borders of the United States
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Taken at CLT c. 2002 on an Olympus point & shoot 35mm
DHC-8-100/200
Details
Country of Origin
Canada
Type
Turboprop regional airliner
History
Bombardier's de Havilland Dash 8 has proven to be a popular player in the regional turboprop airliner market. De Havilland Canada began development of the Dash 8 in the late 1970s in response to what it saw as a considerable market demand for a new generation 30 to 40 seat commuter airliner. The first flight of the first of two preproduction aircraft was on June 20 1983, while Canadian certification was awarded on September 28 1984. The first customer delivery was to norOntair of Canada on October 23 1984. Like the Dash 7, the Dash 8 features a high mounted wing and Ttail, and has an advanced flight control system and large full length trailing edge flaps. Power meanwhile is supplied by two Pratt & Whitney Canada PW120 series (originally designated PT7A) turboprops. Initial Dash 8 production was of the Series 100, which was followed by the Series 100A in 1990. The 100A introduced a revised interior with extra headroom and PW120A turboprops. The Series 100B was offered from 1992 with more powerful PW121s for better climb and airfield performance. Production since switched to the improved performance Dash 8-200. Announced in 1992 and delivered from April 1995 the -200 features more powerful PW123C engines which give a 56km/h (30kt) increase in cruising speed, as well as greater commonality with the stretched Dash 8300. The 200B derivative has PW123Bs for better hot and high performance. From the second quarter of 1996 all Dash 8s delivered have been fitted with a computer controlled noise and vibration suppression system (or NVS). To reflect this the designation was changed to Dash 8Q (Q for `quiet'). In 1998 that was changed again to Dash 8 Q200 when a new interior was introduced.
Powerplants
100 - Two 1490kW (2000shp) Pratt & Whitney Canada PW120A turboprops driving four blade constant speed Hamilton Standard propellers. 100B - Two 1605kW (2150shp) PW121As. 200 - Two 1605kW (2150shp) PW123Cs in 200A, or two PW123Ds in 200B.
Performance
100A - Max cruising speed 490km/h (265kt), long range cruising speed 440km/h (237kt). Initial rate of climb 1560ft/min. Range with full passenger load, fuel and reserves 1520km (820nm), range with a 2720kg (6000lb) payload 2040km (1100nm). 100B - Same except max cruising speed of 500km/h (270kt). 200A & 200B - Same except max cruising speed 546km/h (295kt). Initial rate of climb 1475ft/min. Range with 37 passengers 1795km (970nm).
Weights
100A - Operating empty 10,250kg (22,600lb), max takeoff 15,650kg (34,500lb). 100B - Operating empty 10,273kg (22,648lb), max takeoff 16,465kg (36,300lb). 200A & 200B - Operating empty 10,434kg (23,004lb), max takeoff 16,465kg (36,300lb).
Dimensions
Wing span 25.91m (85ft 0in), length 22.25m (73ft 0in), height 7.49m (24ft 7in). Wing area 54.4m2 (585.0sq ft).
Capacity
Flightcrew of two. Typical passenger seating for 37 at four abreast and 79cm (31in) pitch, max seating for 40.
Production
347 Dash 8-100s/-200s in service or on order at late 1998.
Source: www.airliners.net/aircraft-data/de-havilland-canada-dhc-8...
Rainbow
An individual raindrop has a different shape and consistency than a glass prism, but it affects light in a similar way. When white sunlight hits a collection of raindrops at a fairly low angle, you can see the component colors red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet -- a rainbow. For simplicity's sake, we'll only look at red and violet, the colors of light on the ends of the visible light spectrum.
The diagram below shows what happens when the sunlight hits one individual raindrop.
When the white light passes from air into the drop of water, the component colors of light slow down to different speeds depending on their frequency. The violet light bends at a relatively sharp angle when it enters the raindrop. At the right-hand side of the drop, some of the light passes back out into the air, and the rest is reflected backward. Some of the reflected light passes out of the left side of the drop, bending as it moves into the air again.
In this way, each individual raindrop disperses white sunlight into its component colors. So why do we see wide bands of color, as if different rainy areas were dispersing a different single color? Because we only see one color from each raindrop. You can see how this works in the diagram below.
When raindrop A disperses light, only the red light exits at the correct angle to travel to the observer's eyes. The other colored beams exit at a lower angle, so the observer doesn't see them. The sunlight will hit all the surrounding raindrops in the same way, so they will all bounce red light onto the observer.
Raindrop B is much lower in the sky, so it doesn't bounce red light to the observer. At its height, the violet light exits at the correct angle to travel to the observer's eye. All the drops surrounding raindrop B bounce light in the same way. The raindrops in between A and B all bounce different colors of light to the observer, so the observer sees the full color spectrum. If you were up above the rain, you would see the rainbow as a full circle, because the light would bounce back from all around you. On the ground, we see the arc of the rainbow that is visible above the horizon.
Sometimes you see a double rainbow -- a sharp rainbow with a fainter rainbow on top of it. The fainter rainbow is produced in the same way as the sharper rainbow, but instead of the light reflecting once inside the raindrop, it's reflected twice. As a result of this double reflection, the light exits the raindrop at a different angle, so we see it higher up. If you look carefully, you'll see that the colors in the second rainbow are in the reverse order of the primary rainbow.
Source: science.howstuffworks.com/nature/climate-weather/storms/r...