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The Jāmeh Mosque of Isfahān is the grand, congregational mosque (Jāmeh) of Isfahān city, within Isfahān Province, Iran. The mosque is the result of continual construction, reconstruction, additions and renovations on the site from around 771 to the end of the 20th century. It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2012. Built in Isfahan during the Omayyad dynasty it is rumored in Isfahan that one of the pillars of this Masjid were personally built by the Caliph in Damascus. Prior to it becoming a Masjid it is said to have been a house of worship for Zoroastrians. This is one of the oldest mosques still standing in Iran.
(from Wikipedia)
Castillo de Gormaz, Gormaz, Soria, Castilla y León, España.
El castillo de Gormaz es una fortaleza de origen andalusí situada junto al municipio homónimo (Soria, España). A pesar de que parece construida sobre una fortaleza anterior, la estructura actual fue realizada durante el Califato de Córdoba, específicamente por el califa al-Hakam II, quien ordenó al general Gálib su ampliación, tarea que se emprendió entre los años 965-66. Según algunos historiadores como Roger Collins, fue la fortaleza más grande de Europa en aquella época.
El castillo consta de dos partes diferenciadas y separadas por un foso. Al este se encuentra el alcázar, la torre del homenaje, la "torre de Almanzor", el aljibe y los aposentos califales. En la parte oeste se encuentra una alberca para dar de beber a los animales y una gran explanada donde acampaban las tropas. Cuenta con una gran puerta que denota su origen islámico, la Puerta Califal. En la cara oeste de la muralla hay tres estelas, una de origen romano y otra claramente islámica, que se colocaron allí para espantar los malos espíritus.
El castillo de Gormaz llegó a ser la fortaleza europea más grande de su época: con un perímetro amurallado de 1200 m, 446 m de largo, 28 torres y una forma muy alargada en dirección este-oeste.
The castle of Gormaz is a fortress of Andalusian origin located next to the homonymous municipality (Soria, Spain). Although it appears to have been built on a previous fortress, the current structure was built during the Caliphate of Córdoba, specifically by Caliph al-Hakam II, who ordered General Gálib to expand it, a task that was undertaken between the years 965-66. According to some historians such as Roger Collins, it was the largest fortress in Europe at that time.
The castle consists of two different parts and separated by a moat. To the east is the fortress, the keep, the "tower of Almanzor", the cistern and the caliphal chambers. In the western part there is a pool to water the animals and a large esplanade where the troops camped. It has a large gate that denotes its Islamic origin, the Califal Gate. On the west face of the wall there are three stelae, one of Roman origin and the other clearly Islamic, which were placed there to scare away evil spirits.
Gormaz Castle became the largest European fortress of its time: with a walled perimeter of 1,200 m, 446 m long, 28 towers and a very elongated shape in an east-west direction.
Rello, Soria, Castilla y León, España.
Rello es una localidad y también un municipio de la provincia de Soria, comunidad autónoma de Castilla y León, España. Pueblo de la Comunidad de Villa y Tierra de Berlanga.
Tras la Reconquista perteneció a la Comunidad de Villa y Tierra de Berlanga hasta el siglo xv en que alcanzó el título de villa dentro del Señorío del Conde de Coruña. A la caída del Antiguo Régimen, la localidad se constituyó en municipio constitucional en la región de Castilla la Vieja, partido de Almazán, que en el censo de 1842 contaba con 58 hogares y 230 vecinos.
Rello es una villa medieval amurallada, con castillo en uno de sus extremos y todo el caserío encerrado en lo alto de un risco de piedra caliza. En el término encontramos también una atalaya califal con inusual forma troncocónica, llamada Torre del Tiñón, a medio camino de Bordecorex, en la cual legendariamente se sitúa la muerte del caudillo Almanzor, que se retiraba malherido a Medinaceli.
Fue declarado Bien de Interés Cultural en la categoría de Conjunto Histórico el 8 de noviembre de 2001. El castillo figura en el catálogo de Bienes Protegidos de la Junta de Castilla y León en la categoría de Castillo con fecha de declaración 22 de abril de 1949.
Rello is a town and also a municipality in the province of Soria, autonomous community of Castilla y León, Spain. Village of the Community of Villa and Tierra de Berlanga.
After the Reconquest, it belonged to the Community of Villa y Tierra de Berlanga until the 15th century, when it reached the title of villa within the Lordship of the Count of Coruña. At the fall of the Old Regime, the town became a constitutional municipality in the region of Castilla la Vieja, Almazán district, which in the 1842 census had 58 households and 230 neighbors.
Rello is a medieval walled town, with a castle at one end and the entire farmhouse enclosed on top of a limestone cliff. In the municipality we also find a caliphal watchtower with an unusual frustoconical shape, called Torre del Tiñón, halfway to Bordecorex, in which the death of the caudillo Almanzor, who retired badly wounded to Medinaceli, is legendary.
It was declared an Asset of Cultural Interest in the category of Historical Complex on November 8, 2001. The castle appears in the catalog of Protected Assets of the Junta de Castilla y León in the category of Castle with the declaration date April 22, 1949 .
Khan el-Khalili is a famous bazaar in the historic center of Cairo, Egypt. Established as a center of trade in the Mamluk era and named for one of its several historic caravanserais, the bazaar district has since become one of Cairo's main attractions for tourists and Egyptians alike. It is also home to many Egyptian artisans and workshops involved in the production of traditional crafts and souvenirs. The name Khan el-Khalili historically referred to a single building in the area; today it refers to the entire shopping district.
Cairo was originally founded in 969 CE as a capital for the Fatimid Caliphate, an empire which by then covered much of North Africa and parts of the Levant and the Hijaz. Jawhar al-Siqilli, the general who conquered Egypt for the Fatimids, was ordered to construct a great palace complex to house the caliphs, their household, and the state's institutions. Two palaces were eventually completed: an eastern one (the larger of the two) and a western one, between which was a plaza known as Bayn al-Qasrayn (lit. 'Between the Two Palaces'). The site of Khan el-Khalili today was originally the southern end of the eastern Fatimid palace as well as the location of the burial site of the Fatimid caliphs: a mausoleum known as Turbat az-Za'faraan ('the Saffron Tomb'). Also located here was a lesser palace known as al-Qasr al-Nafi'i (today the site of the 19th-century Wikala of Sulayman Agha al-Silahdar).
Under the Fatimids, Cairo was a palace-city which was closed to the common people and inhabited only by the Caliph's family, state officials, army regiments, and other people necessary to the operation of the regime and its city. The first attempts to open the city to merchants and other outsiders took place in the later Fatimid period, on the initiative of powerful viziers. Between 1087 and 1092, Badr al-Jamali, the vizier under Caliph al-Mustansir, undertook the task of enlarging the city and building the stone walls and gates that still partly exist today. At the same time, he also opened the city to the common people, but the decision was quickly reversed. Between 1121 and 1125, al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi, vizier under Caliph al-Amir, undertook many reforms and construction projects, including the creation of a mint, known as the Dar al-Darb, and of a customs house for foreign merchants, known as the Dar al-Wikala. These were placed in a central location not far from the current site of the 15th-century Madrasa of al-Ashraf Barsbay. This introduced foreign trade into the heart of the city for the first time.
The history of this area goes back to the settlement of the banks of the Çoruh River by the Hurri and Mitanni branches of the Hittites in 2000 BC. The first mention of Ardanuç was in a Urartu monument to the defeat of the local people in battle by King Sarduri II in 753 BC. Then in the 7th century BC the Saka or Scythians are known to have settled and they dominated Artanuj. The castle of Artanuj was built by Georgian king Vakhtang Gorgasali (5th century AD). The castle was besieged by Arab caliph Marwan II (688–750) Umayyad in 744 AD. and was restored by Ashot I Bagrationi in the 8th century. He also founded a city, which became the center of the "Kingdom of Georgians" of Tao-Klarjeti.
Fighting between the Bagrationi and Anatolian beyliks began in 1080. Artanuj being a mountain stronghold was hard to capture, although it did fall to the Mongols during their wars with the Turks and Georgians in the 13th century and was brought into the Ottoman Empire in 1551 by Suleiman the Magnificent following yet another siege, this time to overturn the local ruler, Atabeg of Samtskhe Jakeli.
Following the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) Artanuj/Ardanuç was ceded to Russia. During the early stages of the First World War, Ottoman irregular forces carried out massacres of the local Armenian and other members of the Christian population.
After the Russian Revolution Artanuj became part of Democratic Republic of Georgia. The young state placed itself under German protection and ceded its largely Muslim-inhabited regions (including the cities of Batum, Ardahan, Artvin, Akhaltsikhe and Akhalkalaki) to the Ottoman government (Treaty of Batum, June 4). Following the end of the war, in 1920 Georgia regained control over Artvin, Ardahan, Akhaltsikhe and Akhalkalaki. However, after the Red Army's invasion of Georgia, the region was occupied by the newly formed Republic of Turkey.
The current castle (or alcazaba) of Almería is one of the jewels of medieval architecture in Spain.
It has three enclosures.
The construction of the initial enclosure, the outermost of the three, was begun by the Caliph of Córdoba, Abd ar-Rahman III, around 995 AD.
The second enclosure was perfected and enlarged under Almanzor and later reached its maximum splendor under Jairán, the first king of the Taifa of Almería, between the years 1012 and 1028.
And the construction of the third and final enclosure, the innermost and highest, began around 1489 AD by the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon.
This photo shows the entrance to the first enclosure.
Since 1940, the castle has undergone several phases of restoration.
In recent years, work has been carried out to prevent the deterioration of the sandstone from which the Alcazaba was built by spraying small particles of lime onto the stone. (Source: Wikipedia)
ENTRANDO A LA ALCAZABA DE ALMERÍA, 2021
El actual castillo (o alcazaba) de Almería es una de las joyas de la arquitectura medieval en España.
Cuenta con tres recintos.
La construcción del recinto inicial, el más exterior de los tres, fue iniciada por el Califa de Córdoba Abd ar-Rahman III, hacia 995 de la era cristiana.
El segundo recinto se perfeccionó y se engrandeció con Almanzor y más tarde alcanzó su máximo esplendor con Jairán, primer rey de la Taifa de Almería, entre los años 1012 y 1028.
Y la construcción del tercer y último recinto, el más interior y alto, se inició hacia 1489 de la era cristiana por los Reyes Católicos Isabel I de Castilla y Fernando II de Aragón.
Esta foto corresponde a la entrada al primer recinto
Desde el año 1940 se han sucedido varias fases de restauración del castillo.
En los últimos años se está llevando a cabo un trabajo para impedir el deterioro de la piedra arenisca con la que fue construida la Alcazaba a través de la nebulización de pequeñas partículas de cal sobre la piedra. (Fuente: Wikipedia)
In this photo, we can see the ruins of the castle of the walled city of Calatañazor, in the province of Soria, autonomous region of Castile and León, Spain.
Located in the westernmost part of this walled city, the castle was the penultimate defensive stronghold.
The tower seen almost in the center of the photo was the last stronghold of the entire defensive system, where the last survivors of a possible offensive attack would take refuge.
It is called the "keep tower."
Weapons, supplies, and water were stored in this tower to survive a possible siege.
The water was stored in a cistern located at the bottom of the tower, which has a huge opening in that area due to the ruins of the tower walls.
Halfway up the tower, the access door to the tower can be seen. It is not a window: it is the only access door.
The access door was placed at that height to make it difficult to access the tower in the event of an attack.
Under "normal" circumstances, this access door to the tower was reached by a wooden staircase.
In the event of an attack, this staircase was destroyed by the defenders themselves, making access much more difficult.
At the top of the tower, it is clearly visible that it has been rebuilt with reinforced concrete, so that tourists can climb up and enjoy beautiful views of the entire valley, known as the "Valley of Blood," where the battle in which the Caliph's leader Almanzor was mortally wounded "supposedly" took place. But that belongs to legend.
RUINAS DEL CASTILLO DE CALATAÑAZOR, 2025
En esta foto podemos ver las ruinas del castillo de la ciudad amurallada del Calatañazor, provincia de Soria, región autónoma de Castilla y León, España.
Situado en la parte más occidental de esta ciudad amurallada, el castillo era el penúltimo reducto defensivo.
La torre que se ve casi en el centro de la foto era el último reducto de todo el sistema defensivo, dónde se refugiaban los últimos supervivientes de un supuesto ataque ofensivo.
Se le llama "torre del homenaje".
En esta torre se acumulaba armamento, víveres y agua, para poder sobrevivir a un posible asedio.
El agua se acumulaba en un algibe situado en la parte inferior de la torre, que se ve una enorme abertura en esa zona, debido a la ruina de los muros de la torre.
A mitad de altura de esa torre se ve la puerta de acceso a dicha torre. No es una ventana: es la única puerta de acceso.
La puerta de acceso se colocaba a esa altura para dificultar el acceso a la torre, en caso de un ataque.
En una situación "normal" se llegaba a esa puerta de acceso a la torre mediante una escalera de madera.
En caso de ataque, esa escalera era destruida por los propios defensores, con lo que el acceso era mucho más complicado.
En la parte superior de la torre se ve claramente que se ha hecho una reconstrucción con hormigón armado, para que los turistas podamos subir y disfrutar de unas vistas muy bellas de todo el valle, llamado "valle de sangre", donde "supuestamente" se celebró la batalla donde cayó herido de muerte el caudillo califal Almanzor. Pero eso pertenece a la leyenda.
Around 1000 AD, the third extension to the monument was built. It is the so-called Almanzor extension (Abu ʿAmir Muhammad ben Abi ʿAmir al-Maʿafirí1note 1 (in Arabic: أبو عامر محمد بن أبي عامر ابن عبد الله المعافري), called al-Manṣūr (المنصور), "the Victorious",1 better known as Almanzor (c. 939-Medinaceli, 9 August 1002),3 was an Andalusian military and political figure. As chancellor of the Caliphate of Córdoba and hayib or chamberlain to the weak Caliph Hisham II, Almanzor was the de facto ruler of Islamic Iberia).
Retrieved from Wikipedia.
Alrededor del año 1000 despues de Cristo, se construyó la tercera ampliación que sufría el monumento. Es la ampliación llamada de Almanzor (Abu ʿAmir Muhammad ben Abi ʿAmir al-Maʿafirí1nota 1 (en árabe: أبو عامر محمد بن أبي عامر ابن عبد الله المعافري), llamado al-Manṣūr (المنصور), «el Victorioso»,1 más conocido como Almanzor (c. 939-Medinaceli, 9 de agosto del 1002),3 fue un militar y político andalusí. Como canciller del Califato de Córdoba y hayib o chambelán del débil califa Hisham II, Almanzor fue el gobernante de facto de la Iberia Islámica)
Extraído de Wikipedia.
Alhambra (Arabic: "red tower") - a fortified palace complex in Granada. Built in the years 1232-1273 and expanded to the fourteenth century. It is the fortress of the Moorish caliphs. Yusuf I and Muhammad V.
Alhambra, a monument of Arab construction in Europe, it consists of a palace with several courtyards and decorated rooms and Alkazaba. Next to the palace is Generalife - a summer residence with gardens. The Alhambra was the last point of Arab support in Spain until 1492.
The Alhambra Fortress was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1984.
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Alhambra (arab. "czerwona wieża") – warowny zespół pałacowy w Grenadzie. Zbudowany w latach 1232–1273 i rozbudowywany do XIV wieku. Jej rozbudowa trwała za panowania emirów z dynastii Nasrydów – Jusufa I i Muhammada V. Alhambra była twierdzą mauretańskich kalifów.
Twierdza Alhambra została w 1984 roku wpisana na listę światowego dziedzictwa kultury UNESCO.
Zabytek arabskiego budownictwa w Europie. Składa się z pałacu z kilkoma dziedzińcami i dekorowanymi salami oraz Alkazaby. Obok pałacu znajduje się Generalife – letnia rezydencja z ogrodami. Alhambra była do roku 1492 ostatnim punktem oparcia Arabów w Hiszpanii.
This is a view of the gardens and minaret of the Kutubiyya Mosque in Marrakesh, Morocco.
The mosque was founded in 1147 by the Almohad caliph Abd al-Mu'min right after he conquered Marrakesh from the Almoravids. A second version of the mosque was entirely rebuilt by Abd al-Mu'min around 1158, with Ya'qub al-Mansur possibly finalizing construction of the minaret around 1195. This second mosque is the structure that stands today. It is considered a classic and important example of Almohad architecture and of Moroccan mosque architecture generally. The minaret tower, 77 metres (253 ft) in height, is decorated with varying geometric arch motifs and topped by a spire and metal orbs. It likely inspired other buildings such as the Giralda of Seville and the Hassan Tower of Rabat, which were built shortly after in the same era. The minaret is also considered an important landmark and symbol of Marrakesh.
—from Wikipedia
The Aqmar Mosque or al-Aqmar Mosque, is a mosque located in Cairo, Egypt. Built as a neighborhood mosque by the Fatimid vizier al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi in 1125, the mosque is situated on what was once the main avenue and ceremonial heart of Cairo, known today as al-Mu'izz Street, in the immediate neighborhood of the former Fatimid caliphal palaces. The mosque is an important monument of Fatimid architecture and of historic Cairo due to the exceptional decoration of its exterior façade and the innovative design of its floor plan.
The mosque was built by the Fatimid vizier al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi, who served in this position from 1121 to 1125 under the Caliph al-Amir. He served during a period of great political and spiritual crisis for the Fatimid Caliphate, not long after the sudden incursion of the First Crusade. He initiated a number of reforms and revived the ceremonial aspects of the caliphate, both at court and in public. He also conducted other constructions and renovations inside the Fatimid Great Palaces.
The al-Aqmar Mosque was completed in 1125, as documented by an inscription dating it to 519 AH on the Muslim calendar. Al-Ma'mun was arrested that year, shortly after completing the mosque, and was executed three years later. He had grown up in poverty following his father's death and, before being hired by the vizier al-Afdal (his predecessor), he had been working low-status jobs which reportedly included learning building skills. This early experience may have encouraged his later architectural achievements.
The mosque was built at the northeastern corner of the eastern Fatimid Great Palace, and may have served both the neighbourhood and the palace inhabitants. Its adjacency to the palace may have been one reason why it did not feature a minaret; in order to prevent anyone climbing the minaret from looking down into the caliph's palaces. Similarly to Al-Azhar Mosque (970) and the Al-Hakim Mosque (990–1013), formerly named al-Anwar, the name of the al-Aqmar mosque is an epithet of the patron in connection with light.
The Mamluk amir Yalbugha al-Salimi restored the mosque in 1393 or 1397 and added a minaret (which collapsed in 1412 and was later restored) as well as shop stalls to the right of the entrance. Al-Salimi also restored or replaced the minbar, the mihrab, and the ablutions area. The mosque was restored again in the 19th century, during the reign of Muhammad 'Ali (r. 1805–1848), by amir Sulayman Agha al-Silahdar, who also built a nearby mosque across the street.
In 1993, the mosque was extensively and heavily renovated by the Dawoodi Bohras. This included the replacement of al-Salimi's mihrab with a new marble mihrab and the reconstruction of the southern half of the exterior façade by replicating the preserved northern half. This renovation has been criticized for sacrificing some historic elements of the mosque, especially in its interior.
Vista lateral desde la galería de los "grutescos".
Los Alcázares sevillanos han tenido muchos cambios a través del tiempo, en este caso la galería de los "grutescos" es una transformación que se hizo a principios del siglo XVII habilitando parte de la muralla almohade en una loggia o galería.
La galería se extiende hasta el jardín del laberinto a través de un pasillo cubierto con vistas a los jardines, abierta a ambos lados por vanos apoyados en columnas de mármol blanco o rojizo, seguramente de origen califal.
Este estilo manierista, introducido en Sevilla por Vermondo Resta, simula como si la roca emergiera de la muralla, intentando una unión entre la arquitectura y la naturaleza. A esta tendencia se le llama labor de grutesco.
Desde esa galería y enfocando lateralmente , se ve , al fondo, la Giralda, y da lugar a otra perspectiva de la famosa torre.
Side view from the gallery of the "grutescos".
The Sevillian Alcázares have had many transformations over time, in this case the gallery of the "grutescos" is a transformation that was made at the beginning of the 17th century, transforming part of the Almohad wall into a loggia or gallery.
The gallery extends to the garden of the labyrinth through a covered corridor overlooking the gardens, open on both sides by openings supported by columns of white or reddish marble, surely of Caliphal origin.
This Mannerist style, introduced in Seville by Vermondo Resta, simulates as if the rock emerged from the wall, attempting a union between architecture and nature. This trend is called grutesco work.
From that gallery and focusing laterally, you can see, in the background, the Giralda, and gives rise to another perspective of the famous tower.
The current castle (or alcazaba) of Almería is one of the jewels of medieval architecture in Spain.
It has three enclosures.
The construction of the initial enclosure, the outermost of the three, was begun by the Caliph of Córdoba Abd ar-Rahman III, around 995 AD.
And the construction of the third and last enclosure, the innermost and highest, began around 1489 AD by the Catholic Monarchs Isabel I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon.
This photo corresponds to the interior patio of the third enclosure.
Since 1940, several phases of restoration of the castle have taken place.
In recent years, work has been carried out to prevent the deterioration of the sandstone with which the Alcazaba was built through the misting of small particles of lime on the stone. (Source: Wikipedia)
DENTRO DEL CASTILLO DE ALMERIA, 2021
El actual castillo (o alcazaba) de Almería es una de las joyas de la arquitectura medieval en España.
Cuenta con tres recintos.
La construcción del recinto inicial, el más exterior de los tres, fue iniciada por el Califa de Córdoba Abd ar-Rahman III, hacia 995 de la era cristiana.
Y la construcción del tercer y último recinto, el más interior y alto, se inició hacia 1489 de la era cristiana por los Reyes Católicos Isabel I de Castilla y Fernando II de Aragón.
Esta foto corresponde al patio interior del tercer recinto.
Desde el año 1940 se han sucedido varias fases de restauración del castillo.
En los últimos años se está llevando a cabo un trabajo para impedir el deterioro de la piedra arenisca con la que fue construida la Alcazaba a través de la nebulización de pequeñas partículas de cal sobre la piedra. (Fuente: Wikipedia)
RINATO DOPO LA DIPARTITA COME PREDATOR, SONO TORNATO INDIETRO NEL TEMPO E NEI PANNI DEL CALIFFO ADRI EL SHARIFF PER AMMIRARE ALCUNE MIE ODALISCHE AL BAGNO....
NEL POMERIGGIO SI ESIBIRANNO PER ME IN UNA DANZA DEI SETTE VELI..
ODALISQUES IN THE WATER.
REBORN FROM THE DEATH AS PREDATOR, I COME BACK IN THE TIME AS A CALIPH ADRI EL SHARIFF AND I ADMIRE SOME OF MY ODALISQUES IN THE WATER.
IN THE AFTERNOON THEY PERFORME FOR ME IN A SENSUAL SEVEN VEILS DANCE
In the photo, we can see the walled city of Calatañazor, in the province of Soria, Spain.
On the far right, we can see the remains of the main castle, with its keep, as the last defensive bastion.
There are archaeological remains that suggest that this city already existed before the Roman Empire invaded, around the 2nd or 3rd century BC, and was populated by the Arevaci, one of the peoples residing in that part of the Iberian Peninsula.
However, its name, Calatañazor, comes from a word of Arabic origin, meaning "Castle of the Eagles."
It is believed, but there is no documentation to corroborate it, that an important battle took place in this area in 1002 AD, in which the Christian forces of the Castilian count Sancho García defeated the Muslim forces of the leader Almanzor, general of the armies of the Cordoban caliph Hisham II.
Thus, a vast nearby plain is called the "Valley of Blood," since imagination is not subject to historical accuracy.
It seems certain that Almanzor died on the night of August 10-11, 1002 AD, but probably from other causes, and that he was buried in Medinaceli, Soria, Spain.
Several documentaries and some exterior shots from the filming of the movies "Chimes at Midnight", also called "Falstaff" (1965), directed by Orson Welles and based on texts by William Shakespeare, have been filmed in this town.
According to 2010 statistics, the current population census does not exceed 70 people.
LA CIUDAD AMURALLADA DE CALATAÑAZOR, 2025
En la foto podemos ver la ciudad amurallada de Calatañazor, en la provincia de Soria, España.
En el extremo derecho se ven restos del castillo principal, con su torre del homenaje, como último bastión defensivo.
Existen restos arqueológicos que permitirían afirmar que esta ciudad ya existía antes de la invasión del Imperio Romano, hacia los siglos II ó III antes de la era cristiana y estaba poblada por arévacos, que era uno de los pueblos que residían en esa parte de la península ibérica.
Sin embargo su nombre, Calatañazor, proviene de un vocablo de origen árabe, que significa "Castillo de las Águilas".
Se cree, pero no hay documentación que lo corrobore, que en 1002 DC en esta zona ocurrió una importante batalla en las que las huestes cristianas del conde castellano Sancho García derrotaron a las huestes mahometanas del caudillo Almanzor, general de los ejércitos del califa cordobés Hisham II.
Así, a una extensa llanura cercana se le llama "Valle de la Sangre", ya que la imaginación no está sujeta al rigor histórico.
Sí parece seguro que Almanzor murió la noche del 10 al 11 de agosto de 1002 DC, pero probablemente por otras causas y que fue sepultado en Medinaceli, Soria, España.
Se han filmado en esta villa varios documentales y algunos exteriores del rodaje de la película: "Campanadas a medianoche" o también llamada "Falstaff" (1965) dirigida por Orson Welles y basada en textos de William Shakespeare.
Según estadísticas de 2010, el censo de habitantes actuales no supera las 70 personas.
Alhambra is a fortified palace complex in Granada. It was built between 1232-1273 and extended to the fourteenth century. Alhambra was say Moorish caliphs.
It consists of the palace with several courtyards and adorned rooms, Alkazaba (visible in picture), Generalife - the summer residence with the gardens and the gardens located around the hill.
The Alhambra was the last point of support the Arabs in Spain. In 1492, in which it was taken, it was the seat of the emirs of Granada.
Alhambra was in 1984 inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
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Alhambra to warowny zespół pałacowy w Grenadzie. Został zbudowany w latach 1232–1273 i rozbudowywany do XIV wieku. Alhambra była twierdzą mauretańskich kalifów.
Składa się z pałacu z kilkoma dziedzińcami i dekorowanymi salami, Alkazaby(widoczna na zdjęciu), Generalife – letniej rezydencji z ogrodami oraz z ogrodów znajdujących się na całym wzgórzu.
Alhambra była ostatnim punktem oparcia Arabów w Hiszpanii. W roku 1492, w którym została zdobyta, była siedzibą emirów Grenady.
Alhambra została w 1984 roku wpisana na listę światowego dziedzictwa kultury UNESCO.
Wildtulpen - Hybride Tulipa 'Honky Tonk* cremegelb. rosa überhaucht
Küpper 2012 /
Wild Tulip - Hybrid Tulipa 'Honky Tonk* creamy yellow with a pink bloom
Küpper 2012 /
Die Urtypen der Tulpe stammen aus Transkaukasien, Turkestan , Persien und Afghanistan. Die ersten Tulpen, die im 16. Jahrhundert nach Europa kamen, kamen aus Gärten der Sultane und Kalifen des Orients. Der persische Begriff „Dalband“ / „Dulband“ heißt Turban. Aus dem türkischen „Tulbend“ / „Tolibant“ wurde in Europa der botanische Name Tulipa, zu deutsch Tulpe. Das türkische Schönheitsideal der Tulpe waren dolchblättrige, nach oben spitz zulaufende Blütenblätter, die eine mandelförmige Blüte formen, dem entsprechen noch heute die Lilienblütigen Tulpen. In der Türkei gab es Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts schon zahlreiche Züchtungen, unter Ahmet III (1702-30) erwähnt eine Liste schon 1323 Arten! /
The original types of tulip originate from Transcaucasia, Turkestan, Persia and Afghanistan. The first tulips to arrive in Europe in the 16th century came from the gardens of the sultans and caliphs of the Orient. The Persian term "Dalband" / "Dulband" means turban. The Turkish "Tulbend" / "Tolibant" became the botanical name Tulipa in Europe. The Turkish ideal of tulip beauty was dagger-shaped petals that tapered upwards to form an almond-shaped flower, which is still the case today with lily-flowered tulips. There were already numerous cultivars in Turkey in the middle of the 16th century, and under Ahmet III (1702-30) a list already mentions 1323 species! /
Quelle / Source: „https://sichtungsgarten-hermannshof.de/lilienbluetige-tulpen/„
The Dome of the Rock is an Islamic shrine located on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem. It was initially completed in 691–92 CE at the order of Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik during the Second Fitna on the site of the Second Jewish Temple, destroyed during the Roman Siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE. The original dome collapsed in 1015 and was rebuilt in 1022–23. The Dome of the Rock is in its core one of the oldest extant works of Islamic architecture.[2]
The Foundation Stone the temple was built over bears great significance in Judaism as the place where God created the world and the first human, Adam. It is also believed to be the site where Abraham attempted to sacrifice his son, and as the place where God's divine presence is manifested more than in any other place, towards which Jews turn during prayer. The site's great significance for Muslims derives from traditions connecting it to the creation of the world and the belief that the Prophet Muhammad's Night Journey to heaven started from the rock at the center of the structure.
A UNESCO World Heritage Site, it has been called "Jerusalem's most recognizable landmark," along with two nearby Old City structures, the Western Wall, and the "Resurrection Rotunda" in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.[8]
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock
The Western Wall, or “Wailing Wall”, is the most religious site in the world for the Jewish people. Located in the Old City of Jerusalem, it is the western support wall of the Temple Mount. Thousands of people journey to the wall every year to visit and recite prayers. These prayers are either spoken or written down and placed in the cracks of the wall. The wall is divided into two sections, one area for males and the other for females.
King Herod built the Western Wall in 20 BCE during an expansion of the Second Temple. When the Romans destroyed the temple in 70 CE, the support wall survived. For hundreds of years, people prayed in the small area of the wall that could be seen. In 1967, following the Six Day War, Israelis dug below the ground of the wall, exposing two more levels of the wall. They also cleared the area around the wall to create the Western Wall Plaza that visitors see today.
www.touristisrael.com/western-wall/15946/
The minaret on the left is one of four on the temple mount. It was built in 1329. Tankiz—the Mamluk governor of Syria—ordered the construction of the minaret called the Bab al-Silsila .
Castillo de Gormaz, Gormaz, Soria, Castilla y León, España.
El castillo de Gormaz es una fortaleza de origen andalusí situada junto al municipio homónimo (Soria, España). A pesar de que parece construida sobre una fortaleza anterior, la estructura actual fue realizada durante el Califato de Córdoba, específicamente por el califa al-Hakam II, quien ordenó al general Gálib su ampliación, tarea que se emprendió entre los años 965-66. Según algunos historiadores como Roger Collins, fue la fortaleza más grande de Europa en aquella época.
El castillo consta de dos partes diferenciadas y separadas por un foso. Al este se encuentra el alcázar, la torre del homenaje, la "torre de Almanzor", el aljibe y los aposentos califales. En la parte oeste se encuentra una alberca para dar de beber a los animales y una gran explanada donde acampaban las tropas. Cuenta con una gran puerta que denota su origen islámico, la Puerta Califal. En la cara oeste de la muralla hay tres estelas, una de origen romano y otra claramente islámica, que se colocaron allí para espantar los malos espíritus.
El castillo de Gormaz llegó a ser la fortaleza europea más grande de su época: con un perímetro amurallado de 1200 m, 446 m de largo, 28 torres y una forma muy alargada en dirección este-oeste.
The castle of Gormaz is a fortress of Andalusian origin located next to the homonymous municipality (Soria, Spain). Although it appears to have been built on a previous fortress, the current structure was built during the Caliphate of Córdoba, specifically by Caliph al-Hakam II, who ordered General Gálib to expand it, a task that was undertaken between the years 965-66. According to some historians such as Roger Collins, it was the largest fortress in Europe at that time.
The castle consists of two different parts and separated by a moat. To the east is the fortress, the keep, the "tower of Almanzor", the cistern and the caliphal chambers. In the western part there is a pool to water the animals and a large esplanade where the troops camped. It has a large gate that denotes its Islamic origin, the Califal Gate. On the west face of the wall there are three stelae, one of Roman origin and the other clearly Islamic, which were placed there to scare away evil spirits.
Gormaz Castle became the largest European fortress of its time: with a walled perimeter of 1,200 m, 446 m long, 28 towers and a very elongated shape in an east-west direction.
(From the digital archive of my own photos, 2009)
The city of Córdoba (Andalusia, Spain) is full of beautiful courtyards ("patios"). Some of them are several centuries old.
In this case, it is the courtyard of the Asociación Cordobesa de Artesanos (ACA), created in 1986 and located in the historic downtown of Córdoba.
It has a total of 14 workshops with an interest in protecting and promoting artisan trades.
There are workshops for ceramics, artistic leather, leather goods, Caliphal silverware, jewelry, glass, luthier and fan making, mainly, which coexist and exchange synergies in a joint space, where they exhibit and market part of their creations. (Source: Association website artesaniadecordoba.com/asociacion/)
UN PRECIOSO PATIO, 2009
(Del archivo digital de mis propias fotos, 2009)
La ciudad de Córdoba, (Andalucía, España) está llena de preciosos patios. Algunos de ellos tienen varios siglos de antigüedad.
En este caso se trata del patio de la Asociación Cordobesa de Artesanos (ACA), creada en el año 1986 y situada en el casco histórico de Córdoba.
Tiene un total de 14 talleres con interés de proteger y promocionar los oficios artesanos.
Hay talleres de cerámica, cueros artísticos, marroquinería, platería califal, bisutería, vidrio, lutier y abaniquería, principalmente, conviven e intercambian sinergias en un espacio conjunto, donde exponen y comercializan parte de sus creaciones. (Fuente: Web de la Asociación artesaniadecordoba.com/asociacion/)
Nell’animata parte nord-orientale di Bukhara, non lontano dal Lyab-i Hauz e nel cuore del vecchio quartiere Mehtar Anbar, si trova un edifìcio molto originale e suggestivo, noto come Chor Minor, anche se forse sarebbe più corretto parlare di complesso di Khalifa Niyaz-kuli о Char Minar (quattro minareti).
Questo monumento sorge in una piccola piazza con accanto un hauz. Oggi però si conserva solo una parte del complesso originario, costruito per volontà di Niyaz-kuli at-Turkmani, noto anche come califfo Hadrat-i Ishan, che a cavallo fra i secc. XVII-XIX, durante il regno di Emir Haidar, fu uno fra i più insigni studiosi e maestri sufi della confraternita Naqshbandiya-Mujaddidiya di Bukhara.
Il complesso Chor Minor, costruito in mattoni cotti, originariamente si estendeva da est ad ovest per una superfìcie totale di 1692 m2.
In the lively north-eastern part of Bukhara, not far from Lyab-i Hauz and in the heart of the old Mehtar Anbar district, there is a very original and suggestive building, known as Chor Minor, although perhaps it would be more correct to speak of a complex of Khalifa Niyaz-kuli о Char Minar (four minarets).
This monument stands in a small square with a hauz next to it. Today, however, only a part of the original complex is preserved, built by the will of Niyaz-kuli at-Turkmani, also known as Caliph Hadrat-i Ishan, who at the turn of the century. XVII-XIX, during the reign of Emir Haidar, he was one of the most distinguished scholars and Sufi teachers of the Naqshbandiya-Mujaddidiya brotherhood of Bukhara.
The Chor Minor complex, built in fired bricks, originally stretched from east to west for a total area of 1692 m2.
The Dome of Heaven fresco is the earliest known surviving representation of the night sky painted on a hemispherical surface. Commissioned in the early 8th century during the Umayyad Dynasty, probably by the future caliph al-Walid II, this magnificent piece of secular Islamic art adorns the ceiling of the caldarium of the bathhouse at Qusayr 'Amra, Jordan.
Qusayr 'Amra was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985.
Listening to Crosby Stills and Nash this morning and remembering a 2004 visit to Morocco. I didn’t make it to Marrakesh in the 60’s… babies, diapers, and doctor visits got in the way : )
Morocco: The Hippie Trail and a Classic Song:
In the late 1960s, Morocco quickly became a vital stop on the burgeoning hippie trail. This storied corner of North Africa attracted a diverse mix of travelers, artists, writers, and rock stars. They were drawn by the country's exotic culture and the potent combination of spiritual promise and readily available hashish, which offered a stark contrast to Western conventions.
In 1966, musician Graham Nash made his own pilgrimage to Morocco. While on holiday from his band, The Hollies, Nash took a train journey from Casablanca to Marrakesh—an experience that directly inspired one of his most famous compositions.
Nash wrote and composed "Marrakesh Express" during his final years with The Hollies, the English rock band he had co-founded in 1962.
However, the band ultimately rejected the song, deeming it not commercial enough. Following his departure in 1968, the song found its home with his new group, Crosby, Stills & Nash.
________________________________________
Site Location and History:
Hassan Tower is the minaret of an incomplete mosque in Rabat, Morocco.
It was commissioned by Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur, the third Caliph of the Almohad Caliphate, near the end of the 12th century.
The tower was intended to be the largest minaret in the world, and the mosque, when completed, would have been the largest in the western Muslim world.
When al-Mansur died in 1199, construction on the mosque stopped. The minaret was left standing at a height of 44 meters. The rest of the mosque was also left incomplete, with only the beginnings of several walls and 348 columns being constructed.
The tower, along with the remains of the mosque and the modern Mausoleum of Mohammed V, forms an important historical complex in Rabat. It contains the tombs of the Moroccan king Mohammed V and his two sons, late King Hassan II and Prince Abdallah.
- Wikipedia
(Canon PowerShot, 132 @ f/7.1, edited to taste)
Córdoba - Spain.
Córdoba (/ˈkɔːrdəbə/, Spanish: [ˈkoɾðoβa]), also called Cordova (/ˈkɔːrdəvə/) in English, is a city in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. It was a Roman settlement, then colonized by Muslim armies in the eighth century. It became the capital of the Islamic Emirate, and then of the Caliphate of Córdoba, including most of the Iberian Peninsula. Córdoba consisted of hundreds of workshops that created goods such as silk.
Caliph Al Hakam II opened many libraries in addition to the many medical schools and universities which existed at the time, making Córdoba a centre for education. During these centuries it became the center of a society ruled by Muslims, in which all other groups had a second-class status. It was recaptured by Christian forces in 1236, during the Reconquista. The historic centre was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Córdoba has the highest summer temperatures in Spain and Europe, with average high temperatures around 37 °C (99 °F) in July and August.
Source: Wikipedia
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Córdoba - Spain.
Córdoba (/ˈkɔːrdəbə/, Spanish: [ˈkoɾðoβa]), also called Cordova (/ˈkɔːrdəvə/) in English, is a city in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. It was a Roman settlement, then colonized by Muslim armies in the eighth century. It became the capital of the Islamic Emirate, and then of the Caliphate of Córdoba, including most of the Iberian Peninsula. Córdoba consisted of hundreds of workshops that created goods such as silk.
Caliph Al Hakam II opened many libraries in addition to the many medical schools and universities which existed at the time, making Córdoba a centre for education. During these centuries it became the center of a society ruled by Muslims, in which all other groups had a second-class status. It was recaptured by Christian forces in 1236, during the Reconquista. The historic centre was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Córdoba has the highest summer temperatures in Spain and Europe, with average high temperatures around 37 °C (99 °F) in July and August.
Source: Wikipedia
Facebook page: www.facebook.com/mariano.colombotto.photography
Instagram: www.instagram.com/mariano.colombotto.photography
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%c3%b3rdoba,_Spain
Córdoba (also Cordova) is a city in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. Located at 37.88° North, 4.77° West, on the Guadalquivir river, it was founded in ancient Roman times as Corduba by Claudius Marcellus. Its population in 2008 was 325,453.[1]
Today a moderately-sized modern city, the old town contains many impressive architectural reminders of when Qurṭuba (قرطبة), the thriving capital of the Caliphate of Córdoba, governed almost all of the Iberian peninsula. It has been estimated that in the latter half of the tenth century Córdoba, with up to 500,000 inhabitants, was then the most populated city in Europe and, perhaps, in the world.[2]
History
Roman temple of Córdoba.Córdoba was the capital of the Roman province of Hispania Ulterior Baetica. Great Roman philosophers like Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger, orators like Seneca the Elder and poets like Lucan came from Roman Cordoba. Later, it occupied an important place in the Provincia Hispaniae of the Byzantine Empire (552-572) and during the Visigoth period.
It was captured in 711[3] by the Muslims, and Córdoba became capital during the Umayyad Caliphate, the period of its apogee, with a population of roughly 400,000 inhabitants,[4] though estimates range between 250,000 and 500,000. In the 10th century, Cordoba – called قرطبة (Qurṭuba) in Arabic – was one of the most advanced cities in the world, as well as a great cultural, political and economic centre. The Córdoba Mosque dates back to this time. In 1236 it was captured by King Ferdinand III during the Spanish Reconquista.
On the Rio Guadalquivir, just downstream from the Puente Romano (Roman Bridge) is a restored Islamic water wheel that once would have raised water to the caliph's palace.
With one of the most extensive historical heritages in the world (declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO 17 December 1984), the city also features a number of modern areas, including the districts of Zoco and the railway station district, Plan RENFE.
The regional government (the Junta de Andalucía) has for some time been studying the creation of a Córdoba Metropolitan Area that would comprise, in addition to the capital itself, the towns of Villafranca, Obejo, La Carlota, Villaharta, Villaviciosa, Almodóvar del Río and Guadalcázar. The combined population of such an area would be around 351,000.
Geography
The city is located on the banks of the Guadalquivir river and its easy access to the mining resources of the Sierra Morena (coal, lead, zinc) satisfies the population’s needs.
The city is located in a depression of the valley of the Guadalquivir. In the north is the Sierra Morena, which defines the borders of the municipal area.
Córdoba is one of the few cities in the world that has a near-exact antipodal city – Hamilton, New Zealand.
Climate
Córdoba has a Mediterranean climate with Atlantic coastal influences. Winters are mild with isolated frosts.
Summers, with increased daily thermal oscillations, have the highest maximum temperatures in Europe, exceeding 40 °C occasionally. Local minimum summer temperature is 27 °C, the highest in Spain and Europe. Precipitation is concentrated in the coldest months; this is due to the Atlantic coastal influence. Precipitation is generated by storms from the west that occur more often from December through February. This Atlantic characteristic then gives way to a hot summer with significant drought more typical of Mediterranean climates.
Annual rain surpasses 500 mm although there is a recognized inter-annual irregularity. In agreement with the Köppen climate classification, the local climate can be described as Csa.
Registered maximum temperatures at Cordoba Airport (located at 6 km of the city) are 46.6° (23rd, July 1995) and 46.2° (1st, August 2003). The minimum temperature is -8.2° (28 January 2005).
May celebrations
Tourism is especially intense in Córdoba during May because of the weather and as this month hosts three very popular festivals.[7]
The May Crosses Festival takes place at the beginning of the month. During three or four days, crosses of around 3 meters of height are placed in many squares and streets and decorated with flowers and a contest is held to choose the most beautiful one. Usually there is regional food and music near the crosses.
The most important of the three is the Patios Festival celebrated during the second and third week of the month. Many houses of the historic center open their private patios to the public and compete in a contest. Both the architectonic value and the floral decorations are taken into consideration to choose the winners. It is usually very difficult and expensive to find accommodation in the city during the festival.
Córdoba's Fair takes place at the ending of the month and is similar, if smaller, to the better known Seville Fair.
Main sights
Religious architecture
Great Mosque of Córdoba, which contains columns that date back to the Roman and Visigothic periods, primarily constructed during the Umayyad period (its construction started in 784). It was converted into a Cathedral after the Reconquista.
Córdoba Synagogue (14th century)
Fernandine and Alphonsine-style churches (13th century)
Various monasteries and convents
Walcha Cave (built in 1489)
Civil and military architecture
Alcázar of the Christian Kings (14th century)
Palace of Viana with its flowered patios (16th century)
Royal residences and palaces
The Tower of Calahorra (14th century)
The Door of the Bridge (16th century)
The Plaza Vieja or Plaza Mayor
Walls and towers of the Muslim and also Christian period
Archaeological sites
Roman archaeological remains (temple, mausoleum)
Islamic archaeological remains (minarets preserved in the churches, Arab baths)
Archaeological site of Madinat Al-Zahra (10th century)
The Roman Bridge
Museums
Archeological and Ethnological Museum of Córdoba.
Julio Romero de Torres Museum.
Museum of Fine Arts.
Dioceses Museum.
Baths of the Fortress Califal.
Botanical Museum of Cordova.
Three Cultures Museum.
Bullfighting Museum.
Molino de Martos Hydraulic Museum.
Parks and Gardens
Garden of the Victory
Garden of the Rivas Duc
Garden of the Agriculture
Garden of the Conde de Vallellano
Garden of Juan Carlos I
Park Cruz Conde
Sotos de la Albolafia
Balcón del Guadalquivir
Peri-urban park of Los Villares
Park of the Miraflores
Famous people born in Córdoba and its province
Cordova was the birthplace of five famous philosophers and religious scholars:
In Roman times the Stoic philosopher Seneca,
In classical Islamic times
The Islamic scholar ibn Hazm, a major Muslim theologian and legal jurist,
The Islamic scholar ibn Rushd or Averroes, one of Islam's most famous and eminent scholars and philosophers,
Imam Abu 'Abdullah al-Qurtubi, a leading jurist of the Maliki madhab, and
The rabbi and Jewish philosopher Moses Maimonides.
Córdoba was also the birthplace of
The Roman poet Lucan,
The medieval Spanish poet Juan de Mena, and
The Renaissance poet Luis de Góngora, who lived most of his life and wrote all his most important works but one in Cordoba.
In addition some scholars have linked to Córdoba
The Renaissance philosopher Abraham Cohen de Herrera and
The prominent Jewish mystic Moses ben Jacob Cordovero
Both of these were evidently descended from families which lived in Córdoba before the expulsion of the Jews from Spain.
More recently, several flamenco artists were born here as well, including
Vicente Amigo
Joaquín Cortés
Fosforito
Paco Peña
Juan Serrano (Flamenco)
Fernando Tejero
Transport
The city is connected by high speed trains to the main Spanish cities: Madrid, Barcelona, Seville, Malaga and Zaragoza. More than 20 trains per day connect the downtown area, in 54 minutes, with Málaga Airport.
Twin cities
São Paulo, Brazil
Manchester, United Kingdom[8]
Bourg-en-Bresse, France
Fes, Morocco[9]
Lahore, Pakistan[9]
Bethlehem, Palestinian Authority[10]
Damascus, Syria[9]
Al Qayrawan, Tunisia[9]
Adana, Turkey
Istanbul, Turkey
Izmir, Turkey
Bukhara, Uzbekistan[9]
The mosque was founded in 1147 by the Almohad caliph Abd al-Mu'min right after he conquered Marrakesh from the Almoravids. A second version of the mosque was entirely rebuilt by Abd al-Mu'min around 1158, with Ya'qub al-Mansur possibly finalizing construction of the minaret around 1195. This second mosque is the structure that stands today. It is an important example of Almohad architecture and of Moroccan mosque architecture generally. The minaret tower, 77 metres (253 ft) in height, is decorated with varying geometric arch motifs and topped by a spire and metal orbs. It likely inspired other buildings such as the Giralda of Seville and the Hassan Tower of Rabat, which were built shortly after in the same era. The minaret is also considered an important landmark and symbol of Marrakesh.
Source Wikipedia
The Naqshbandi is a major Sunni spiritual order of Sufism. It got its name from Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari and traces its spiritual lineage to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, through Abu Bakr, the first Caliph and Muhammad's companion. Some Naqshbandi masters trace their lineage through Ali, his son-in-law and successor, in keeping with most other Sufis.
In Sufism, as in any serious Islamic discipline such as jurisprudence (fiqh), Quranic recital (tajwid), and hadith, a disciple must have a master or sheikh from whom to take the knowledge, one who has himself taken it from a master, and so on, in a continuous chain of masters back to Muhammad
The Memorial Complex of Khoja Bakhouddin Naqshbandi is one of the most important Muslim shrines. Every self-respecting Muslim knows and reveres this name. The great theologian of the XIV century, founder of the Sufi Order "Naqshbandia" was buried 12 km from Bukhara in his native village of Kasri Orifon. Some time ago there was the pagan temple of the site of current tomb of Naqshbandi.
Naqshbandi was the spiritual teacher of Amir Temur and made hajj to Mekka 32 times. He appealed people to be modest and rejected the luxury. His philosophy was based on the principle: "Dil ba joru, dast ba kor" ("The heart - with the God, hands at work").
The main building of the complex is the khanqah. Before the frontal of the mosque there is the minaret and small madrassah. To the west from dahma, in separate courtyard there is the large necropolis, where Naqshbandi is buried. Graves of his mother and his teacher - Said Mir Kulol, are situated not far from his grave.
The Mausoleum of Saint Bakhouddin Naqshbandi is considered as the Central Asian Mekka. Believers from different muslim countries come here to ask for the fulfilment of wishes and healing.
The complex also includes the museum, which keeps the true information about Sufi and Sufism: Sufi wearing, books and other expositions.
This ancient olive tree has being harvested in times the virgin Mary had wandered the grove. He has attained an age of few hundred years when the caliph Omar passed by in his way to pray at the Mary's spring. He was old when the crusaders of the Order of St. John (Knights Hospitaller) took over the land. Today his bark is tortuously gnarled, his leaves are spiky and dull green, while his branches are regarded as an emblem of peace.
The Alcázar de los Reyes Cristianos, also known as the Alcázar of Córdoba, is a medieval alcázar located in the historic centre of Córdoba (in Andalusia, Spain), next to the Guadalquivir River and near the Mosque-Cathedral. The fortress served as one of the primary residences of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon.
It is a building of military character whose construction was ordered by the King Alfonso XI of Castile in the year 1328, on previous constructions (the Islamic-era Umayyad Alcázar, also the previous residence of the Roman Governor and the Customs). The architectural ensemble has a sober character in its exterior and splendid in its interior, with the magnificent gardens and courtyards that maintain a Mudéjar inspiration.
The Alcázar has been declared a Cultural Interest Heritage since 1931. It forms part of the Historic Center of Córdoba that was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1994.
In early medieval times, the site was occupied by a Visigothic fortress. When the Visigoths fell to the Umayyad conquest of Hispania and the beginning of Al-Andalus, the governors appointed by the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus established themselves in the same area. The Umayyads fell to the Abbasid Caliphate and the surviving member of the Umayyad Dynasty, Abd ar-Rahman I, fled to Córdoba and established the Umayyad Emirate. Abd ar-Rahman I and his successors, who eventually created the independent Caliphate of Córdoba, were responsible for the construction of the Alcázar which became the official residence and seat of power of Al-Andalus. The city subsequently flourished as a key political and cultural center, and the Alcázar was expanded into a very large and widely used area with baths, gardens, and the largest library in the West. Watermills on the nearby Guadalquivir powered water lifting to irrigate the extensive gardens. The palace complex was also equipped with a bathhouse (hammam), known today as the Caliphal Baths (Baños Califales), which dates from the reign of al-Hakam II and was later expanded under the Almohads (12th to early 13th century). In the 10th century the official seat of government was moved to the site of Madinat al-Zahara outside the city, but this site was in turn ruined during the collapse of the caliphate in the early 11th century, causing the local seat of government to return to the Alcázar.
In 1236, Christian forces took Córdoba during the Reconquista. In 1328, Alfonso XI of Castile began building the present day structure on part of the site for the old fortress. Other parts of the Moorish Alcázar had been given as spoils to the bishop, nobles, and the Order of Calatrava. Alfonso's structure retained only part of the Moorish ruins but the structure appears Islamic due to Alfonso's use of the Mudéjar style.
The Alcázar was involved in the civil war where Henry IV of Castile faced a rebellion that backed his teenage half-brother Alfonso. During the war, the Alcázar's defenses were upgraded to deal with the advent of gunpowder. At the same time, the Alcázar's main tower, now known as the "Tower of the Inquisition" was constructed.
Henry's successor, Isabella and her husband, Ferdinand, used the Alcázar for one of the first permanent tribunals of the Spanish Inquisition and as a headquarters for their campaign against the Nasrid dynasty in Granada, the last remaining Moorish kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula. The Inquisition began using the Alcázar as one of its headquarters in 1482, converting much of it, including the Arab baths, into torture and interrogation chambers. The Inquisition maintained a tribunal here for three centuries. Boabdil was held prisoner here in 1483 until he promised to make Granada a tributary state. In 1486 or 1487, Christopher Columbus had his first audience here with the Catholic Monarchs (Isabella and Ferdinand) in order solicit support for his expedition to find a western sea route to Asia. The monarchs retained his service by placing him on their payroll, but did not endorse his expedition until after the conquest of Granada in 1492.
The Alcázar served as a garrison for Napoleon Bonaparte's troops in 1810. In 1821, the Alcázar became a prison. Finally, the Spanish government made the Alcázar a tourist attraction and national monument in the 1950s. The Alcázar's grand gardens, in their current form, also date from the mid-20th century.
A set of gardens and orchards have existed in this area since at least the 10th century when Abd ar-Rahman III constructed an aqueduct to bring water from the nearby Albolafia waterwheel (or noria). The gardens have been neglected or renewed at various times since then. In the late 15th century or at the beginning of the 16th century Queen Isabella I ordered the waterwheel's operation to be halted, and they went into a general decline. The current gardens date from a major remodeling around the mid-20th century, while at the same time the area of gardens was reduced in size due to the construction of the Avenue del Alcázar road on its southeast side.
Today the gardens consist of an impressive area of approximately 55,000m² of magnificent gardens with forest species including palm, cypress, orange and lemon trees, which surround a number of elegant fountains and ponds. The gardens are structured on three levels: the Higher Garden, the Middle Garden and the Lower Garden. The Higher Garden occupies a space between the Tower of the Lions and the Royal Stables (Caballerizas Reales). The Middle Garden is located on its southeast side and stretches along the castle wall that separates the gardens from the Courtyard of the Moriscos. It is reached from a grand staircase and includes two large pools. The Lower Garden occupies a much larger area to the southeast, including three elongated pools lined with flowers and trees and other manicured gardens beyond. The Lower Garden also includes the King's Avenue or Promenade of Kings (Paseo de los Reyes), an avenue bordered by lines of cylindrical cypress trees and divided into two paths by two narrow ponds. On this walk, there are several sculptures of the kings who built the Alcázar, which are located on pedestals aligned between the hedges. One sculpture represents Christopher Columbus with Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand, commemorating Columbus's first meeting with the Catholic Monarchs which took place in the Alcázar.
Khan el-Khalili (خان الخليلي) is a famous bazaar in the historic center of Cairo, Egypt. Established as a center of trade in the Mamluk era and named for one of its several historic caravanserais, the bazaar district has since become one of Cairo's main attractions for tourists and Egyptians alike. It is also home to many Egyptian artisans and workshops involved in the production of traditional crafts and souvenirs. The name Khan el-Khalili historically referred to a single building in the area; today it refers to the entire shopping district.
Cairo was originally founded in 969 CE as a capital for the Fatimid Caliphate, an empire which by then covered much of North Africa and parts of the Levant and the Hijaz. Jawhar al-Siqilli, the general who conquered Egypt for the Fatimids, was ordered to construct a great palace complex to house the caliphs, their household, and the state's institutions. Two palaces were eventually completed: an eastern one (the larger of the two) and a western one, between which was a plaza known as Bayn al-Qasrayn (lit. 'Between the Two Palaces'). The site of Khan el-Khalili today was originally the southern end of the eastern Fatimid palace as well as the location of the burial site of the Fatimid caliphs: a mausoleum known as Turbat az-Za'faraan ('the Saffron Tomb'). Also located here was a lesser palace known as al-Qasr al-Nafi'i (today the site of the 19th-century Wikala of Sulayman Agha al-Silahdar).
Under the Fatimids, Cairo was a palace-city which was closed to the common people and inhabited only by the Caliph's family, state officials, army regiments, and other people necessary to the operation of the regime and its city. The first attempts to open the city to merchants and other outsiders took place in the later Fatimid period, on the initiative of powerful viziers. Between 1087 and 1092, Badr al-Jamali, the vizier under Caliph al-Mustansir, undertook the task of enlarging the city and building the stone walls and gates that still partly exist today. At the same time, he also opened the city to the common people, but the decision was quickly reversed. Between 1121 and 1125, al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi, vizier under Caliph al-Amir, undertook many reforms and construction projects, including the creation of a mint, known as the Dar al-Darb, and of a customs house for foreign merchants, known as the Dar al-Wikala. These were placed in a central location not far from the current site of the 15th-century Madrasa of al-Ashraf Barsbay. This introduced foreign trade into the heart of the city for the first time
The Naqshbandi is a major Sunni spiritual order of Sufism. It got its name from Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari and traces its spiritual lineage to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, through Abu Bakr, the first Caliph and Muhammad's companion. Some Naqshbandi masters trace their lineage through Ali, his son-in-law and successor, in keeping with most other Sufis.
In Sufism, as in any serious Islamic discipline such as jurisprudence (fiqh), Quranic recital (tajwid), and hadith, a disciple must have a master or sheikh from whom to take the knowledge, one who has himself taken it from a master, and so on, in a continuous chain of masters back to Muhammad
The Memorial Complex of Khoja Bakhouddin Naqshbandi is one of the most important Muslim shrines. Every self-respecting Muslim knows and reveres this name. The great theologian of the XIV century, founder of the Sufi Order "Naqshbandia" was buried 12 km from Bukhara in his native village of Kasri Orifon. Some time ago there was the pagan temple of the site of current tomb of Naqshbandi.
Naqshbandi was the spiritual teacher of Amir Temur and made hajj to Mekka 32 times. He appealed people to be modest and rejected the luxury. His philosophy was based on the principle: "Dil ba joru, dast ba kor" ("The heart - with the God, hands at work").
The main building of the complex is the khanqah. Before the frontal of the mosque there is the minaret and small madrassah. To the west from dahma, in separate courtyard there is the large necropolis, where Naqshbandi is buried. Graves of his mother and his teacher - Said Mir Kulol, are situated not far from his grave.
The Mausoleum of Saint Bakhouddin Naqshbandi is considered as the Central Asian Mekka. Believers from different muslim countries come here to ask for the fulfilment of wishes and healing.
The complex also includes the museum, which keeps the true information about Sufi and Sufism: Sufi wearing, books and other expositions.
Medina Azahara
fue una ciudad palatina o áulica que mandó edificar el primer califa de Córdoba, Abderramán III, a unos 8 km en las afueras de Córdoba.
Antes de la creación de Medina Azahara, la residencia y centro del poder político de los emires omeyas se encontraba en el Alcázar andalusí, en el corazón de Córdoba. Muchos eruditos destacan la motivación de la nueva ciudad califal como un reflejo del nuevo estatus y grandeza de Abderramán III en torno a su califato.
El yacimiento arqueológico de Medina Azahara está declarado Bien de interés cultural en la categoría de Monumento desde el año 1923 además de ser declarada oficialmente como Patrimonio de la Humanidad.
Medina Azahara
It was a palatine or aulic city that the first caliph of Córdoba, Abderramán III, ordered to be built, about 8 km outside of Córdoba.
Before the creation of Medina Azahara, the residence and center of political power of the Umayyad emirs was in the Alcázar Andalusí, in the heart of Córdoba. Many scholars highlight the motivation of the new caliphate city as a reflection of the new status and greatness of Abderramán III around his caliphate.
The archaeological site of Medina Azahara has been declared an Asset of Cultural Interest in the Monument category since 1923 in addition to being officially declared a World Heritage Site.
Gracias por los más de 8 millones de visitas que he recibido en redes.
Let me say a huge thank you, for over than 8 million visits that I receive in networks.
Wikipedia: Ashura is a day of commemoration in Islam. It occurs annually on the tenth of Muharram, the first month of the Islamic calendar. For Sunni Muslims, Ashura marks the parting of the Red Sea by Moses and the salvation of the Israelites. Also on this day, Noah disembarked from the Ark, God forgave Adam, and Joseph was released from prison, among various other auspicious events having occurred on Ashura according to Sunni tradition. Ashura is celebrated in Sunni Islam through supererogatory fasting and other acceptable expressions of joy.
By contrast, for Shia Muslims, Ashura is a day of mourning as they annually commemorate the death of Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the third Shia imam. Husayn refused on moral grounds to pledge his allegiance to the Umayyad caliph Yazid ibn Mu'awiya (r. 680–683) and was subsequently killed, alongside most of his male relatives and his small retinue, by the Umayyad army in the Battle of Karbala on Ashura 61 AH (680 CE). Among the Shia, mourning for Husayn is viewed as an act of protest against oppression, a struggle for God, and a means of securing the intercession of Husayn in the afterlife. Ashura is observed through mourning gatherings, processions, and dramatic reenactments. In such ceremonies, Shia mourners strike their chests to share in the pain of Husayn.
Madinat al-Zahra or Medina Azahara was a fortified palace-city on the western outskirts of Córdoba in present-day Spain. Its remains are a major archaeological site today. The city was built in the 10th century by Abd ar-Rahman III, a member of the Umayyad dynasty and the first caliph of Al-Andalus. It served as the capital of the Caliphate of Córdoba and its center of government.
The main reason for its construction was politico-ideological: Abd ar-Rahman III had declared himself "caliph" in 929 and the dignity of this new title required the establishment of a new city, a symbol of his power, imitating eastern caliphates. It sought to demonstrate his superiority over his great rivals, the Fatimid Caliphs of Ifriqiya in North Africa and the Abbasid Caliphs in Baghdad. The city was built near Córdoba, the existing capital of al-Andalus under Umayyad rule. Construction began in 936–940 and continued in multiple phases throughout his reign and the reign of his son, Al-Hakam II. The new city included ceremonial reception halls, a congregational mosque, administrative and government offices, aristocratic residences, gardens, a mint, workshops, barracks, service quarters, and baths. Water was supplied through aqueducts. After al-Hakam II's death, however, the city ceased to act as the center of government under the rule of Ibn Abi Amir al-Mansur. Between 1010 and 1013 it was sacked during a civil war and thereafter abandoned, with many of its materials re-used elsewhere.
The ruins of the city were excavated starting in 1911. Only about 10 hectares of the 112 hectares of the city have been excavated and partially restored, but this area includes the main palaces. A dedicated archeological museum, located on the edge of the site, was opened in 2009. On July 1, 2018, the site was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site with the inscription name "Caliphate City of Medina Azahara".
This mausoleum was built in honor of Muhammad ibn Zayd Mausoleum, an 8th and 9th century Shi'ite cleric who worked to spread Shi'ism to the whole of Iraq. Zayd was particularly active during the turbulent era of Al-Ma'mun, the 7th Caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate, who ruled from 813-833.
Giralda - Sevilla (Spain).
ENGLISH
The Giralda is the bell tower of the Cathedral of Seville in Seville, Spain, one of the largest churches in the world and an outstanding example of the Gothic and Baroque architectural styles. The tower is a former Almohad minaret which, when built, was the tallest tower in the world at 97.5 m (320 ft) in height. It was one of the most important symbols in the medieval city.
The tower, an ancient minaret from the Almohad mosque of Seville, is constructed in several distinct parts from different cultures. The Islamic body is the oldest part. It was built in 1184 under the orders of the Caliph Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur by the architect Ahmad ibn Baso and finished by Abu-l-Laith As-Siqilli in 1198. Several old buildings, including Roman stones from the ruined city of Italica, were reused to provide construction materials. The Giralda has no stairs; instead, 34 ramps are used to ascend the tower. The ramps were sufficiently wide for the muezzin to ride a horse to the top of the tower to recite the Adhan (call to prayer).
The copper sphere that originally topped the tower fell in an earthquake in 1365. Christians replaced the sphere with a cross and bell. Later, in the 16th century, the architect Hernán Ruiz designed an belfry extension to convert the minaret to a bell tower. At the top of the extension stands a statue representing Faith. According to tradition, Saints Justa and Rufina, the patronesses of Seville, are also the protectors of the Giralda.
The statue stands 4 m (13 feet) in height (7 m (23 ft) with the pedestal) and has crowned the top of the tower since its installation in 1568. The statue was originally called the Giralda ("weathervane") since it twists with the wind on a weathervane. With the passage of time, the tower became known as the Giralda while the statue took the name Giraldillo.
The Renaissance section of the tower also contains a large inscription of Seville's motto, NO8DO. Alfonso X of Castile gave the motto to the city when it continued to support his rule during an insurrection. A rebus, the motto means no me ha dejado or "it did not abandon me" in reference to Seville's loyalty during Alfonso's civil war against his son, Sancho IV.
Covering the top of the tower is the "Lily section" of the tower. This surrounds the enclosure with the bell. In this section, located near the top of the tower, each corner has a basin containing bronze lilies. Below the statue of Faith sits a dome covered with stars.
The Giralda has several sister towers. The same architect, Jabir, who built the Giralda also built similar towers in what is now Morocco. The tower of the Koutoubia Mosque in Marrakesh served as a model for the Giralda and its sister, the Hassan Tower in Rabat. Several church towers in the province of Seville also bear a resemblance to the tower, and may have been inspired by the Giralda. These towers, most notably those in Lebrija and Carmona, are popularly known as Giraldillas. Several replicas of the Giralda have been built in the United States: one, now destroyed, in Madison Square Garden in New York and another in Kansas City. The clock tower of the Ferry Building in San Francisco is also based on the Giralda. The clock tower at the University of Puerto Rico's Rio Piedras campus was also inspired by the Giralda.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giralda
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CASTELLANO
La Giralda forma parte de uno de los edificios más representativos de Sevilla, la catedral, la más grande del mundo y verdadera joya del gótico y barroco.
En su día fue la torre más alta del mundo con sus 97,5 m de altura y actualmente es la torre más alta de la ciudad de Sevilla y una de las construcciones más famosas de esa ciudad y de toda Andalucía.
La torre, antiguo alminar de la mezquita almohade de Sevilla, está constituida por varios cuerpos diferenciados aunque perfectamente unidos mostrando un ejemplo perfecto de la riqueza del crisol de culturas existente en la ciudad. El cuerpo musulmán es el más antiguo, fue construido en 1184 por orden de Abu Yaqub Yusuf y para su construcción, tal y como se puede apreciar en su base, se emplearon los restos de algunos edificios y sillerías romanos. Se basó en el alminar de la mezquita Kutubia (70 metros) de Marrakech, (Marruecos) y considerada obra maestra del arte hispano-magrebí. También se la considera hermana de la gran Torre Hasan (60 metros) de Rabat.
Como curiosidad cabe destacar el hecho de que la Giralda no tiene escaleras, sino 35 rampas suficientemente anchas para permitir que el sultán subiera por ellas montado a caballo para ver la bella estampa que se divisa.
A raíz de un terremoto ocurrido en 1365 se perdió la antigua esfera original de cobre que coronaba la torre, que fue sustituida por un sencillo alminar. Posteriormente en el siglo XVI se añadió el cuerpo de campanas. Este cuerpo, a cargo del arquitecto cordobés Hernán Ruiz, fue encargado por el cabildo catedralicio con un remate en forma de estatua que representa la Fe.
Originalmente este era el nombre que tenía la figura de la Fe de más de 4 m de altura (7 con el pedestal) que corona el minarete de la catedral de Sevilla y fue instalado en 1568. El nombre de Giralda proviene de los giros que se producían en la figura con los cambios de viento, pues hace las veces de veleta. Con el paso del tiempo, ese nombre pasó a denominar al propio minarete, conociéndose la figura como el Giraldillo.
El siguiente cuerpo que tiene encima del de campanas es el cuerpo de las azucenas, que cuenta con cuatro jarras de azucenas de bronce, una en cada esquina, obras magistrales del conocido y recientemente fallecido orfebre Fernando Marmolejo Camargo, que incluso tuvo el honor de colocarlas por lo que se le conoce cariñosamente como "el prioste de la Giralda". Y encima de este existe otro cuerpo más de arquitectura renacentista formado por el cuerpo de carambolas, cuerpo de estrellas cúpula y cupulín y sobre éste la estatua de la Fe.
El 29 de diciembre de 1928, fue declarada Patrimonio Nacional; en 1987, integró la lista del Patrimonio de la Humanidad.
Más info: es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giralda
Las Navas de Tolosa, Jaen, Andalusia.
Here, the Caliph al-Nasir and 20-30.000 almohads in his camp. The Christian kings on the hills, about 14.000 men, advancing.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa
The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, known in Arab history as the Battle of Al-Uqab. took place on 16 July 1212 and was an important turning point in the Reconquista and in the medieval history of Spain. The Christian forces of King Alfonso VIII of Castile were joined by the armies of his rivals, Sancho VII of Navarre, Peter II of Aragon and Afonso II of Portugal, in battle against the Almohad Muslim rulers of the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula.
The Caliph al-Nasir (Miramamolín in the Spanish chronicles) led the Almohad army, made up of people from the whole Almohad empire. Most of the men in the Almohad army came from the African side of the empire.
Alfonso crossed the mountain range that defended the Almohad camp, sneaking through the Despeñaperros Pass, being led by Martin Alhaja, a local shepherd who knew the area. The Christian coalition caught the Moorish army at camp by surprise,
According to legend, the Caliph had his tent surrounded with a bodyguard of slave-warriors who were chained together as a defense.The Navarrese force led by their king Sancho VII broke through this bodyguard. The Caliph escaped, but the Moors were routed, leaving heavy casualties on the battlefield.
The crushing defeat of the Almohads significantly hastened their decline both in the Iberian Peninsula and in the Maghreb a decade later. That gave further impulse to the Christian Reconquest and sharply reduced the already declining power of the Moors in Iberia.
Harry Harrison's 1972 alternate history/science fiction novel “Tunnel Through the Deeps” depicts a history where the Moors won at Las Navas de Tolosa and retained part of Spain into the 20th century.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_Through_the_Deeps
In an alternative history, the United States lost the American Revolutionary War and George Washington was executed for treason. Thus, America in 1973 is still under the control of the British Empire.
The divergence point between this world and our own occurred far earlier, however, when the Moors won the battle of Navas de Tolosa on the Iberian peninsula, on July 16, 1212.
Thus it was that Spain was unable to become unified, owing to the survival of an Islamic presence in its territory, and therefore could not finance the expedition of Christopher Columbus in 1492. Instead, it was John Cabot who discovered America, just a few years later.
Córdoba (Spain).
ENGLISH
Here the Mezquita's Mihrab in all its splendor, indicating the qibla, or direction of prayer for the faithful. This is the crowning jewel of the expansion carried out by the great Caliph Al-Hakam II, during the height of Al-Andalus, the land of the Moors in the Iberian Peninsula.
The Eastern Roman Emperor, or Basileus, Nicephoros Phocas (Nicephorus II) sent Al-Hakam II fine mosaic glass of many colors, some covered with gold leaf, to decorate the new Mihrab of the expanded Great Mosque. A Greek master came to Cordoba to work for several years on the project, training the Caliph's artisans in his craft. In Arabic, this mosaic work was called fusaifisa.
The mihrab had been moved twice previously, as the Mezquita expanded to the south. Columns from the previous mihrab were re-used. Almanzor's later expansion to the east would put this jewel of the Ummayyad Caliphate out of center with the rest of the building, but to demolish it and build a new one was out of the question.
The inscirption in large letters reads: "(Allah) He is the knower of things hidden and manifest. He is the powerful one, he that is full of pity, the living one. There is no other god than him. Invoke him offering him a pure heart. Praised be Allah Lord of the Universe. Blessed be Iman Al-Mostainsir Bil-lah, favored by Allah, and the servant of Allah, Al-Hakam, Prince of Believers. Make him prosper, Allah, for the work of this sacred temple, which exceeds all other memorable constructions in its size, comfort and adornment. And the construction was concluded by his virtue and command. The blessing of Allah be upon Mohammed. And the peace. - The Iman Al-Mostansir Bil-lah, servant of Allah, Prince of Believers (May Allah favor him) commanded his freedman and Hachib Chafar-Ben-Baderraman (mercy on him Allah) carry out the construction of this temple and it was finished with the help of Allah under the supervision of Mohamed-Ben-Tamlih, Ahmed Ben Nasar, Jayd-ben-Haxim of the prefect's guard and of Motharrif."
Nearby, another inscirption reads: "In the name of Allah, the Merciful. Praise to Allah, who guided us to this place; we could not have been guided if it had not been by Allah! For this reason was sent the legate of our Lord with the truth. He commanded the Iman Al-Mostarsin Bil-lah, the servant of Allah, Al-Hakam, Prince of Believers (Allah protect him), his freedman and Hadrib Chafar Ben Abd-al-Rahman (may Allah be pleased with him) to add to these, and this was built with the fear of Allah and with his aid. This was concluded in the moon of Dhu al-Hijjah of the year four and fifty and three hundred." (Hijri calendar: year 354, Justinian: 965 AD).
Source: www.infocordoba.com
More info: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezquita
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CASTELLANO
Aquí el mihrab de la Mezquita Omeya de Córdoba, indicando el qibla, o dirección hacia donde los fieles dirigen sus oraciones. Esta es la joya de la corona de la expansión llevada a cabo por el Califa Al-Hakam II, durante el esplendor de Al-Andalus, el país de los moros en la Península Ibérica.
El emperador romano de Oriente, o Basileus, Nicéforo Focas (Niceforo II) envió a Al-Hakam II un delicado mosaico de cristal de muchos colores, algunos cubiertos con pan de oro, para decorar el nuevo Mihrab en la expansión de la gran Mezquita. Un experto griego vino a Córdoba para trabajar en el proyecto que se prolongaría durante años, enseñando mientras tanto a los artesanos del califato su oficio. Este trabajo en mosaico es denominado en árabe fusaifisa.
El mihrab se trasladó dos veces en sucesivas expansiones. Se reutilizaron columnas del mihrab anterior. La expansión posterior de Almanzor hacia el este dejó este maravilloso mihrab fuera del eje central del edificio, pero se respetó.
La inscripción en letras doradas dice: "(Allah) Es el conocedor de las cosas ocultas y manifiestas. Él es el poderoso, el lleno de piedad, el vivo. No hay otro Dios sino Él. Invocadle ofreciéndoles un culto puro. Alabado sea Aláh Señor del Universo. Bendido sea el Imán Al-Mostansir Bil-lah, favorecido por Dios, siervo de Aláh, Alhaquem, Príncipe de los Creyentes. Prospérele Aláh, por la obra de este templo santo, que excede a toda otra construcción memorable en la amplitud para la comodidad. Lo que hay sobre ellos y sobre él de adornos. Y se concluó la construcción por su virtud y mandato. La bendición de Aláh sea sobre Mohoma. Y la paz. Mandó el Imán Al-Mostansir Bil-lah, siervo de Aláh, Príncipe de los Creyentes (ensálcele Aláh) a su liberto y Hachib Cháfar-Ben-Abderraman (compadézcale Aláh) disponer la construcción de este templo y se terminó con el auxilio de Aláh bajo la inspección de Mohamed-Ben-Tamlih, Ahmed Ben Nasar, Jayd-ben-Haxim de la guardia del prefecto y de Motharrif."
Otra inscripción cercana dice: "...Terminándose la construcción bajo la dirección de su liberto y Hachib Cháfar-Ben-Abd-al-Rahman... en la luna de Dzu-l-Hicháb del año cuatro y cincuenta y tres cientos." (354 de la Hégira, y 964 de J.C.).
Fuente: www.infocordoba.com
Rello, Soria, Castilla y León, España.
Rello es una localidad y también un municipio de la provincia de Soria, comunidad autónoma de Castilla y León, España. Pueblo de la Comunidad de Villa y Tierra de Berlanga.
Tras la Reconquista perteneció a la Comunidad de Villa y Tierra de Berlanga hasta el siglo xv en que alcanzó el título de villa dentro del Señorío del Conde de Coruña. A la caída del Antiguo Régimen, la localidad se constituyó en municipio constitucional en la región de Castilla la Vieja, partido de Almazán, que en el censo de 1842 contaba con 58 hogares y 230 vecinos.
Rello es una villa medieval amurallada, con castillo en uno de sus extremos y todo el caserío encerrado en lo alto de un risco de piedra caliza. En el término encontramos también una atalaya califal con inusual forma troncocónica, llamada Torre del Tiñón, a medio camino de Bordecorex, en la cual legendariamente se sitúa la muerte del caudillo Almanzor, que se retiraba malherido a Medinaceli.
Fue declarado Bien de Interés Cultural en la categoría de Conjunto Histórico el 8 de noviembre de 2001. El castillo figura en el catálogo de Bienes Protegidos de la Junta de Castilla y León en la categoría de Castillo con fecha de declaración 22 de abril de 1949.
Rello is a town and also a municipality in the province of Soria, autonomous community of Castilla y León, Spain. Village of the Community of Villa and Tierra de Berlanga.
After the Reconquest, it belonged to the Community of Villa y Tierra de Berlanga until the 15th century, when it reached the title of villa within the Lordship of the Count of Coruña. At the fall of the Old Regime, the town became a constitutional municipality in the region of Castilla la Vieja, Almazán district, which in the 1842 census had 58 households and 230 neighbors.
Rello is a medieval walled town, with a castle at one end and the entire farmhouse enclosed on top of a limestone cliff. In the municipality we also find a caliphal watchtower with an unusual frustoconical shape, called Torre del Tiñón, halfway to Bordecorex, in which the death of the caudillo Almanzor, who retired badly wounded to Medinaceli, is legendary.
It was declared an Asset of Cultural Interest in the category of Historical Complex on November 8, 2001. The castle appears in the catalog of Protected Assets of the Junta de Castilla y León in the category of Castle with the declaration date April 22, 1949 .
Beautiful GT3 in Rancho Sante Fe.
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Arabic QUBBAT AS-SAKHRAH, also erroneously referred to as the MOSQUE OF OMAR, this shrine in Jerusalem is the oldest extant Islamic monument. The rock over which the shrine was built is sacred to both Muslims and Jews. The Prophet Muhammad, founder of Islam, is traditionally believed to have ascended into heaven from the site. In Jewish tradition, it is here that Abraham, the progenitor and first patriarch of the Hebrew people, is said to have prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac. The Dome and Al-Aqsa Mosque are both located on the Temple Mount, the site of Solomon's Temple and its successors.
The Dome of the Rock was built between AD 685 and 691 by the caliph 'Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, not as a mosque for public worship but rather as a mashhad, a shrine for pilgrims. It is virtually the first monumental building in Islamic history and is of considerable aesthetic and architectural importance; it is rich with mosaic, faience, and marble, much of which was added several centuries after its completion. Basically octagonal, the Dome of the Rock is more typically Roman or Byzantine than Islamic. A wooden dome--approximately 60 feet (18 m) in diameter and mounted on an elevated drum--rises above a circle of 16 piers and columns. Surrounding this circle is an octagonal arcade of 24 piers and columns. The outer walls repeat this octagon, each of the eight sides being approximately 60 feet (18 m) wide and 36 feet (11 m) high. Both the dome and the exterior walls contain many windows.
Christians and Muslims in the European Middle Ages believed the Dome itself to be the Temple of Solomon (Templum Domini). The Knights Templars were quartered there in the Crusades, and Templar churches in Europe imitated its plan.
Córdoba - Spain.
Córdoba (/ˈkɔːrdəbə/, Spanish: [ˈkoɾðoβa]), also called Cordova (/ˈkɔːrdəvə/) in English, is a city in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. It was a Roman settlement, then colonized by Muslim armies in the eighth century. It became the capital of the Islamic Emirate, and then of the Caliphate of Córdoba, including most of the Iberian Peninsula. Córdoba consisted of hundreds of workshops that created goods such as silk.
Caliph Al Hakam II opened many libraries in addition to the many medical schools and universities which existed at the time, making Córdoba a centre for education. During these centuries it became the center of a society ruled by Muslims, in which all other groups had a second-class status. It was recaptured by Christian forces in 1236, during the Reconquista. The historic centre was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Córdoba has the highest summer temperatures in Spain and Europe, with average high temperatures around 37 °C (99 °F) in July and August.
Source: Wikipedia
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The "Green Dome" is a green-coloured dome built above the tomb of the Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) and the first two Muslim leaders “Caliph “, Abu Bakr and Umar.
The dome is located in the south-east corner of Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Mosque of the Prophet) in Medina, K.S.A.
The Hijri year or era (التقويم الهجري at-taqwīm al-hijrī) is the era used in the Islamic lunar calendar, which begins its count from the Islamic New Year in 622 CE.
During that year, Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) migrated from Mecca to Yathrib (now Medina). This event, known as the Hijra, is commemorated in Islam for its role in the founding of the first Muslim community.
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