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Trujillo is a city, with a population of 20,780 (2020 calculation), and a municipality on the northern Caribbean coast of the Honduran department of Colón, of which the city is the capital.
The municipality had a population of about 30,000 (2003). The city is located on a bluff overlooking the Bay of Trujillo. Behind the city rise two prominent mountains, Mount Capiro and Mount Calentura. Three Garifuna fishing villages—Santa Fe, San Antonio, and Guadelupe—are located along the beach.
Trujillo has received plenty of attention as the potential site of a proposed Honduran charter city project, according to an idea originally advocated by American economist Paul Romer. Often referred to as a Hong Kong in Honduras and advocated by among others the Trujillo-born Honduran president Porfirio Lobo Sosa, the project has also been met with skepticism and controversy, especially due to its supposed disregard for the local Garifuna culture.
Christopher Columbus landed in Trujillo on August 14, 1502, during his fourth and final voyage to the Americas. Columbus named the place "Punta de Caxinas". It was the first time he touched the Central American mainland. He noticed that the water in this part of the Caribbean was very deep and therefore called the area Golfo de Honduras, i.e., The Gulf of the Depths.
The history of the modern town begins in 1524, shortly after the conquest of the Aztec Empire in an expedition led by Hernán Cortés. Cortés sent Cristóbal de Olid to find a Spanish outpost in the region, and he established a town named Triunfo de la Cruz in the vicinity. When Olid began using the town as his base for establishing his own realm in Central America, Cortés sent Francisco de las Casas to remove him. Las Casas lost most of his fleet in a storm, but he was nevertheless able to defeat Olid and restore the region to Cortés. Upon assuming control, Las Casas decided to relocate the town to its present location, because the natural harbor was larger. At the same time, Triunfo de la Cruz was renamed Trujillo. His deputy, Juan López de Aguirre was charged with establishing the new town, but he sailed off, leaving another deputy, named Medina, to find the town. In the coming years Trujillo became more important as a shipment point for gold and silver mined in the interior of the country. Because of its sparse population, the city also became a frequent target of pirates.
Under Spanish rule Trujillo became the capital of Honduras, but because of its vulnerability the capital was changed to the inland town of Comayagua. The fortress, Fortaleza de Santa Bárbara (El Castillo), which sits on the bluff overlooking the bay, was built by the Spanish around 1550. Nevertheless, it was inadequate to really defend Trujillo from pirates—the largest gathering of pirates in history took place in the vicinity in 1683—or rival colonial powers: the Dutch, French, and English. The town was destroyed several times between 1633 and 1797, and during the eighteenth century, the Spanish all but abandoned Trujillo because it was deemed indefensible,
When Honduras obtained its independence from Spain in 1821, Trujillo lost its status of capital city permanently first to Comayagua, which lost it to Tegucigalpa in 1880. From this same period onwards, Trujillo began to prosper again.
In 1860, the mercenary William Walker, who had seized control of neighboring Nicaragua, was caught and executed in Trujillo by orders of Florencio Xatruch. His tomb is a local tourist attraction.
American author O. Henry (William Sydney Porter) spent about a year living in Honduras, primarily in Trujillo. He later wrote a number of short stories that took place in "Coralio" in the fictional Central American country of "Anchuria", based on the real town of Trujillo. Most of these stories appear in his book Of Cabbages and Kings.
Credit for the data above is given to the following website:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trujillo,_Honduras
© All Rights Reserved - you may not use this image in any form without my prior permission.
Ships Video/Log: LOCATION: MARS - Metallic Concrete Structure Located: Structure Date Calculation: 3,333,333 Earth Years Old - Log Alert / Scan Date Not Expected ~ Contact Galactic Library For Reference And Enhanced Scan Parameters.
Are the avatar own life? Some imprecisions of calculation oblige the avatars to interact for their iniciative. Here, for example, Sandplum and Carabella decide to be sat down excessively next during an interview. So much proximity generates passions for some avatars, it seems.
Obviously, this interview can be the birth of a great friendship.
Trujillo is a city, with a population of 20,780 (2020 calculation), and a municipality on the northern Caribbean coast of the Honduran department of Colón, of which the city is the capital.
The municipality had a population of about 30,000 (2003). The city is located on a bluff overlooking the Bay of Trujillo. Behind the city rise two prominent mountains, Mount Capiro and Mount Calentura. Three Garifuna fishing villages—Santa Fe, San Antonio, and Guadelupe—are located along the beach.
Trujillo has received plenty of attention as the potential site of a proposed Honduran charter city project, according to an idea originally advocated by American economist Paul Romer. Often referred to as a Hong Kong in Honduras and advocated by among others the Trujillo-born Honduran president Porfirio Lobo Sosa, the project has also been met with skepticism and controversy, especially due to its supposed disregard for the local Garifuna culture.
Christopher Columbus landed in Trujillo on August 14, 1502, during his fourth and final voyage to the Americas. Columbus named the place "Punta de Caxinas". It was the first time he touched the Central American mainland. He noticed that the water in this part of the Caribbean was very deep and therefore called the area Golfo de Honduras, i.e., The Gulf of the Depths.
The history of the modern town begins in 1524, shortly after the conquest of the Aztec Empire in an expedition led by Hernán Cortés. Cortés sent Cristóbal de Olid to find a Spanish outpost in the region, and he established a town named Triunfo de la Cruz in the vicinity. When Olid began using the town as his base for establishing his own realm in Central America, Cortés sent Francisco de las Casas to remove him. Las Casas lost most of his fleet in a storm, but he was nevertheless able to defeat Olid and restore the region to Cortés. Upon assuming control, Las Casas decided to relocate the town to its present location, because the natural harbor was larger. At the same time, Triunfo de la Cruz was renamed Trujillo. His deputy, Juan López de Aguirre was charged with establishing the new town, but he sailed off, leaving another deputy, named Medina, to find the town. In the coming years Trujillo became more important as a shipment point for gold and silver mined in the interior of the country. Because of its sparse population, the city also became a frequent target of pirates.
Under Spanish rule Trujillo became the capital of Honduras, but because of its vulnerability the capital was changed to the inland town of Comayagua. The fortress, Fortaleza de Santa Bárbara (El Castillo), which sits on the bluff overlooking the bay, was built by the Spanish around 1550. Nevertheless, it was inadequate to really defend Trujillo from pirates—the largest gathering of pirates in history took place in the vicinity in 1683—or rival colonial powers: the Dutch, French, and English. The town was destroyed several times between 1633 and 1797, and during the eighteenth century, the Spanish all but abandoned Trujillo because it was deemed indefensible,
When Honduras obtained its independence from Spain in 1821, Trujillo lost its status of capital city permanently first to Comayagua, which lost it to Tegucigalpa in 1880. From this same period onwards, Trujillo began to prosper again.
In 1860, the mercenary William Walker, who had seized control of neighboring Nicaragua, was caught and executed in Trujillo by orders of Florencio Xatruch. His tomb is a local tourist attraction.
American author O. Henry (William Sydney Porter) spent about a year living in Honduras, primarily in Trujillo. He later wrote a number of short stories that took place in "Coralio" in the fictional Central American country of "Anchuria", based on the real town of Trujillo. Most of these stories appear in his book Of Cabbages and Kings.
Credit for the data above is given to the following website:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trujillo,_Honduras
© All Rights Reserved - you may not use this image in any form without my prior permission.
ÁRBOL DE NAVIDAD
Cañón del Sumidero - Chiapas [Mexico]
dal mio archivio.
foto da pellicola, realizzata nel 97.....è un periodo di rimembranze......portate pazienza, ma constatavo come , alla fine, si fotografa ancora, più o meno, alla stessa maniera.
All'epoca era solo molto più difficile, non potendo valutare subito ciò che stavi facendo. Molto meglio adesso in digitale.
E quì fotografavo già da più di una decina d'anni........
E' assolutamente vietato qualsiasi calcolo che possa ricondurre all'età anagrafica.
from my archive.
Photo from film, made in the 97 ..... it's time of memories ...... be patient, but how in the end, is still photographer, more or less, in the same way.
At the time it was just much more difficult, not being able to assess quickly what you were doing. Much better now in digitally.
And here already I photographed for more than ten years ........absolutely forbidden any calculation that could be at their age.
Pity for my english language
The crew of 47406 London Midland and Scottish Railway Jinty 0-6-0T make last minute preparations prior to departing south bound from Loughborough with the 15:20 7S29 Vans.. by my calculations it was already late.. but hey.. wotever.
A28V4887
@ Engine Room ~ September 20 - October 20
A pile of basalt rock and rough cut crystals were placed carefully atop alchemical sigils inscribed upon the floor. Meticulous calculations were made for the perfect creation. "What good can come from summoning this unholy automaton?", the more cautious engineer asks. Will it destroy us? Only one way to find out...
This crystalline rock beast is a fully formed avatar! It comes with 2 options for feet, sickle and hoofy, a regular and animesh tail with 9 animations, and 3 shapes of different heights but similar proportions.
The included HUD will let you toggle the feet state, change the crystals to any of 9 preset texture colors and also allow you to tint any part of the avatar however you like.
This avatar will work with any humanoid AO, and the only custom animations are in the tail. Though the non animesh tail could also feasibly work with other tail animations you may have.
Lastly! As a gift this round, I've made a small figurine of this avatar in a striking, flying pose. It comes default in green, but if you've purchased the avatar, you can use the avatar's HUD to change the figurine in the same way you change the avatar. You can match!
Mod / Copy / No Trans
More from me In-World Mainstore • Marketplace
Dunlewey, Gweedore, County Donegal, Ireland
A few months ago I set out to 'Errigal Mountain' in hope of capturing The Milky Way Galaxy rising over it. On arrival that night I discovered my calculations were wrong because the Milky Way was in the opposite end of the sky from where I expected it to be . I did manage to make the most from my error & captured a scene of the Milky Way rising over Errigal from the opposite (Hikers Path) end, however it was not the iconic front on view overlooking Errigal from 'Dunlewey lake’ that everyone knows. I knew I had to re-plan the entire trip & return another night for my true visioned scene
Two months later I could see that the skies were crystal clear again & through the help of a few apps etc I could tell that there was no moon & clear weather predicted all night at below zero temperatures. The perfect ingredients for a new Milky Way hunt! Alone once again I set out "Errigal bound" in hope of capturing the Milky Way from the correct angle this time 😂
On arrival I was totally delighted! as not only was the Milky Way in the night sky where I wanted it to be but the waters in 'Dunlewey Lough' were calm with an almost perfect reflection! I finally got the image I was visualising & attempting for ages. Sometimes like everyone else I do get it wrong but it's best to learn from our errors & retry as the universe waits on nobody....
Hope you enjoy! Please Favourite & Follow to view my newest upcoming works, Thank you
A surfer heads out for a surf at dusk and looks out into the sun calculating how much time of daylight is left.
He made the right move and surfed brilliantly
Trujillo is a city, with a population of 20,780 (2020 calculation), and a municipality on the northern Caribbean coast of the Honduran department of Colón, of which the city is the capital.
The municipality had a population of about 30,000 (2003). The city is located on a bluff overlooking the Bay of Trujillo. Behind the city rise two prominent mountains, Mount Capiro and Mount Calentura. Three Garifuna fishing villages—Santa Fe, San Antonio, and Guadelupe—are located along the beach.
Trujillo has received plenty of attention as the potential site of a proposed Honduran charter city project, according to an idea originally advocated by American economist Paul Romer. Often referred to as a Hong Kong in Honduras and advocated by among others the Trujillo-born Honduran president Porfirio Lobo Sosa, the project has also been met with skepticism and controversy, especially due to its supposed disregard for the local Garifuna culture.
Christopher Columbus landed in Trujillo on August 14, 1502, during his fourth and final voyage to the Americas. Columbus named the place "Punta de Caxinas". It was the first time he touched the Central American mainland. He noticed that the water in this part of the Caribbean was very deep and therefore called the area Golfo de Honduras, i.e., The Gulf of the Depths.
The history of the modern town begins in 1524, shortly after the conquest of the Aztec Empire in an expedition led by Hernán Cortés. Cortés sent Cristóbal de Olid to find a Spanish outpost in the region, and he established a town named Triunfo de la Cruz in the vicinity. When Olid began using the town as his base for establishing his own realm in Central America, Cortés sent Francisco de las Casas to remove him. Las Casas lost most of his fleet in a storm, but he was nevertheless able to defeat Olid and restore the region to Cortés. Upon assuming control, Las Casas decided to relocate the town to its present location, because the natural harbor was larger. At the same time, Triunfo de la Cruz was renamed Trujillo. His deputy, Juan López de Aguirre was charged with establishing the new town, but he sailed off, leaving another deputy, named Medina, to find the town. In the coming years Trujillo became more important as a shipment point for gold and silver mined in the interior of the country. Because of its sparse population, the city also became a frequent target of pirates.
Under Spanish rule Trujillo became the capital of Honduras, but because of its vulnerability the capital was changed to the inland town of Comayagua. The fortress, Fortaleza de Santa Bárbara (El Castillo), which sits on the bluff overlooking the bay, was built by the Spanish around 1550. Nevertheless, it was inadequate to really defend Trujillo from pirates—the largest gathering of pirates in history took place in the vicinity in 1683—or rival colonial powers: the Dutch, French, and English. The town was destroyed several times between 1633 and 1797, and during the eighteenth century, the Spanish all but abandoned Trujillo because it was deemed indefensible,
When Honduras obtained its independence from Spain in 1821, Trujillo lost its status of capital city permanently first to Comayagua, which lost it to Tegucigalpa in 1880. From this same period onwards, Trujillo began to prosper again.
In 1860, the mercenary William Walker, who had seized control of neighboring Nicaragua, was caught and executed in Trujillo by orders of Florencio Xatruch. His tomb is a local tourist attraction.
American author O. Henry (William Sydney Porter) spent about a year living in Honduras, primarily in Trujillo. He later wrote a number of short stories that took place in "Coralio" in the fictional Central American country of "Anchuria", based on the real town of Trujillo. Most of these stories appear in his book Of Cabbages and Kings.
Credit for the data above is given to the following website:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trujillo,_Honduras
© All Rights Reserved - you may not use this image in any form without my prior permission.
Great acts of Faith are seldom born out of calm calculation, it wasn't logic that caused Moses to raise his staff on the bank of the Red Sea..
.....
About midnight Paul and Silas were praying and singing songs to God as the other prisoners listened...ACTS 16: 25
Arne came over for our long planned 8x10 nerd-out, and of course, I had flowers.
We had been curious about the color shade, after that many time. Thank goodness, I forgot how my favourite calculation-tool works (if used backwards) for bellows compensation, and thanks to that, this shot was 1 1/3 ƒ-stops overexposed. Good so, as this film is sooo narrow (1/4 ƒ), and today with the age, a bit awfully in the shadows, as I found out later.
We liked this so much, we did another one in bw, and when Arne left, we shared.
gggggGerbera is for g.
FLOWER is for Arne.
This shot is on 8x10 and the flower on the real shot in hand is 1.5x larger than lifesize.
And it's one of - 1000? I think there had just been 100 boxes with 10 sheets each produced only, worldwide, of this beta-film.
A new, non-beta color just got released.
___
Roidweek 2015.2 # day 1
Sinar P 8x10 / Symmar 210mm
"Not that I much blame Duffy. Duffy was face to face with the margin of mystery where all our calculations collapse, where the stream of time dwindles into the sands of eternity, where the formula fails in the test tube, where chaos and old night hold sway and we hear the laughter in the ether dream. But he didn't know he was, and so he said, "Yeah.""
"All The King's Men", by Robert Penn Warren; published in 1946, has been made into a movie, but as usually happens, the movie, as good as it is, does not due full justice to the novel. Robert Penn Warren reportedly told historian David Blight the novel, set in America's Deep South of the 1930's, is about "Julias Caesar".
(This photo is utilizing a miniature travel chess game set that meets the MM 3" limitation.)
Oil-based ink on Japanese paper, about A4 in size.
For more on this one, you could click here. davewhatt.wordpress.com/2022/08/31/calculation-and-random...
A long exposure here,taken with a Big stopper and Little Stopper.
Calculation this should have been 11 minutes(660 sec) but got side tracked with another togger who kept me talking.
Still worked out not to bad in the end !!!!!!!
Develop your senses- especially learn how to see. Realize that everything connects to everything else.
Here is an early blue hour shot from a spot I've been to many times and shot from many angles, but for once I've manage to come away with something I like. I think the buildings in the foreground have an interesting shape that anchors the image in this instance.
Thanks for checking out my work I appreciate it.
Wikipedia: "In 1818 Gauss, putting his calculation skills to practical use, carried out a geodesic survey of the Kingdom of Hanover, linking up with previous Danish surveys. To aid the survey, Gauss invented the heliotrope, an instrument that uses a mirror to reflect sunlight over great distances, to measure positions".
Macro mondays theme: “Triangles”.
(IMG_5184)
A really dense early morning fog was starting to burn off by the intense rising sun, under the 271 Expressway. The spider web, bridge and fence were built with extreme calculations and science.
Calculating people are contemptable. The reason for this is that calculation deals with loss and gain, and the loss and gain mind never stops. Death is considered loss and life is considered gain. Thus, death is something that such a person does not care for, and he is contemptable.
Furthermore, scholars and their like are men who with wit and speech hide their own true cowardice and greed. People often misjudge this.
Peter Duesberg is a "scientist" who is widely recognised as being one of the foremost idiots who thinks that HIV does not cause AIDS. He thinks that everyone gets it from taking ARVs and doing too much poppers and too many recreational drugs. Celia "Thats why they put blood on my face" Farber has spent an awful long time defending this lunatic "faith".
A new Harvard study has claimed that the deaths of around 330,000 South Africans occured as a direct result of Mbeki's HIV denial.
Peter Duesberg was on Mbeki's AIDS panel, so advised him in his murderous denial.
Of course I am not pointing the finger directly at Duesberg as the buck stopped with Mbeki and his health minister Dr Beetroot, and the policies they enacted.
However it would be wrong to completely ignore the role that Duesberg and others played in the deaths of all of these people.
Duesberg is currently employed by the University of California Berkeley. Maybe in light of this new evidence they should seriously consider his position within their (ANY!) teaching institution.
Mbeki Aids policy 'led to 330,000 deaths'
Sarah Boseley Thursday November 27 2008 00.01 GMT
The Aids policies of former president Thabo Mbeki's government were directly responsible for the avoidable deaths of a third of a million people in South Africa, according to research from Harvard University.
South Africa has one of the most severe HIV/Aids epidemics in the world. About 5.5 million people, or 18.8% of the adult population, have HIV, according to the UN. In 2005 there were 900 deaths a day.
But from the late 90s Mbeki turned his back on the scientific consensus that Aids was caused by a viral infection which could be combated, though not cured, by sophisticated and expensive drugs. He came under the influence of maverick scientists known as Aids-denialists, most prominent among whom was Peter Duesberg from Berkeley, California.
In 2000 Mbeki called a round-table of experts, including Duesberg and his supporters but also their opponents, to discuss the cause of Aids. Later that year, at the international Aids conference in Durban, he publicly rejected the accepted wisdom. Aids, he said, was indeed brought about by the collapse of the immune system - but not because of a virus. The cause, he said, was poverty, bad nourishment and general ill-health. The solution was not expensive western medicine but the alleviation of poverty in Africa.
In a new paper Harvard researchers have quantified the death toll resulting from Mbeki's stance, which caused him to reject offers of free drugs and grants and led to foot-dragging over a treatment programme, even after Mbeki had taken a vow of silence on the issue.
"We contend that the South African government acted as a major obstacle in the provision of medication to patients with Aids," write Pride Chigwedere and colleagues from the Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, in the Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
They have made their calculations by comparing the scale-up of treatment programmes in neighbouring Botswana and Namibia with the limited availability of drugs in South Africa from 2000-2005.
Expensive antiretrovirals came down in price dramatically as a result of activists' campaigning and public pressure. In July 2000 the pharmaceutical company Boehringer Ingelheim offered to donate its drug nevirapine, which could prevent the transmission of HIV from mother to child during labour. But South Africa restricted the availability of nevirapine to two pilot sites a province until December 2002.
Eventually, under international pressure, South Africa did launch a national programme for the prevention of mother to child transmission in August 2003 and a national adult treatment programme in 2004. But by 2005, the paper's authors estimate, there was still only 23% drug coverage and less than 30% prevention of mother to child transmission.
By comparison, Botswana achieved 85% treatment coverage and Namibia 71% by 2005, and both had 70% mother to child transmission programmes coverage.
The authors estimate that more than 330,000 people died unnecessarily in South Africa over the period and that 35,000 HIV-infected babies were born who could have been protected from the virus but would now probably have a limited life.
Their calculations will withstand scrutiny, they say. "The analysis is robust," said Dr Chigwedere. "We used a transparent and accessible calculation, publicly available data, and, where we made assumptions, we explained their basis. We purposely chose very conservative assumptions and performed sensitivity analyses to test whether the results would qualitatively change if a different assumption were used."
The authors conclude: "Access to appropriate public health practice is often determined by a small number of political leaders. In the case of South Africa, many lives were lost because of a failure to accept the use of available ARVs to prevent and treat HIV/Aids in a timely manner."
Since Mbeki's ousting from the leadership of the African National Congress in September South Africa has urgently pursued new policies to get treatment to as many people as possible under a new health minister, Barbara Hogan.
November 26, 2008
Study Cites Toll of AIDS Policy in South Africa
By CELIA W. DUGGER
www.nytimes.com/2008/11/26/world/africa/26aids.html?_r=1
JOHANNESBURG — A new study by Harvard researchers estimates that the South African government would have prevented the premature deaths of 365,000 people earlier this decade if it had provided antiretroviral drugs to AIDS patients and widely administered drugs to help prevent pregnant women from infecting their babies.
The Harvard study concluded that the policies grew out of President Thabo Mbeki’s denial of the well-established scientific consensus about the viral cause of AIDS and the essential role of antiretroviral drugs in treating it.
Coming in the wake of Mr. Mbeki’s ouster in September after a power struggle in his party, the African National Congress, the report has reignited questions about why Mr. Mbeki, a man of great acumen, was so influenced by AIDS denialists.
And it has again caused soul-searching about why his colleagues in the party did not act earlier to challenge his resistance to broadly accepted methods of treating and preventing AIDS.
Reckoning with a legacy of such policies, Mr. Mbeki’s’s successor, Kgalema Motlanthe, acted on the first day of his presidency two months ago to remove the health minister, Manto Tshabalala-Msimang, a polarizing figure who had proposed garlic, lemon juice and beetroot as AIDS remedies.
He replaced her with Barbara Hogan, who has brought South Africa — the most powerful country in a region at the epicenter of the world’s AIDS pandemic — back into the mainstream.
“I feel ashamed that we have to own up to what Harvard is saying,” Ms. Hogan, an A.N.C. stalwart who was imprisoned for a decade during the anti-apartheid struggle, said in a recent interview. “The era of denialism is over completely in South Africa.”
For years, the South African government did not provide antiretroviral medicines, even as Botswana and Namibia, neighboring countries with epidemics of similar scale, took action, the Harvard study reported.
The Harvard researchers quantified the human cost of that inaction by comparing the number of people who got antiretrovirals in South Africa from 2000 to 2005 with the number the government could have reached had it put in place a workable treatment and prevention program.
They estimated that by 2005, South Africa could have been helping half those in need but had reached only 23 percent. By comparison, Botswana was already providing treatment to 85 percent of those in need, and Namibia to 71 percent.
The 330,000 South Africans who died for lack of treatment and the 35,000 babies who perished because they were infected with H.I.V. together lost at least 3.8 million years of life, the study concluded.
Epidemiologists and biostatisticians who reviewed the study for The New York Times said the researchers had based their estimates on conservative assumptions and used a sound methodology.
“They have truly used conservative estimates for their calculations, and I would consider their numbers quite reasonable,” James Chin, a professor of epidemiology at the University of California at Berkeley’s School of Public Health, said in an e-mail message.
The report was posted online last month and will be published on Monday in the peer-reviewed Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes.
Max Essex, the virologist who has led the Harvard School of Public Health’s AIDS research program for the past 20 years and who oversaw the study, called South Africa’s response to AIDS under Mr. Mbeki “a case of bad, or even evil, public health.”
Mr. Mbeki has maintained a silence on his AIDS legacy since his forced resignation. His spokesman, Mukoni Ratshitanga, said Mr. Mbeki would not discuss his thinking on H.I.V. and AIDS, explaining that policy decisions were made collectively by the cabinet and so questions should be addressed to the government.
The new government is now trying to hasten the expansion of antiretroviral treatments. The task is urgent. South Africa today is home to 5.7 million people who are H.I.V.-positive — more than any other nation, almost one in five adults. More than 900 people a day die here as a result of AIDS, the United Nations estimates.
Since the party forced Mr. Mbeki from office and some of his loyalists split off to start a new party, rivalries have flared and stories about what happened inside the A.N.C. have begun to tumble out, offering unsettling glimpses of how South Africa’s AIDS policies went so wrong.
From the first year of his presidency in 1999, Mr. Mbeki became consumed with the thinking of a small group of dissident scientists who argued that H.I.V. was not the cause of AIDS, his biographers say.
As president he wielded enormous power, and those who disagreed with him said they feared they would be sidelined if they spoke out. Even Nelson Mandela, the revered former president, was not immune from opprobrium.
In a column in The Sunday Times of Johannesburg on Oct. 19, Ngoako Ramatlhodi, a senior party member now running the party’s 2009 election campaign, recounted how Mr. Mandela, known affectionately as Madiba, was humiliated during a 2002 A.N.C. meeting after he made a rare appearance to question the party’s stance on AIDS.
Mr. Ramatlhodi described speakers competing to show greater loyalty to Mr. Mbeki by verbally attacking Mr. Mandela as Mr. Mbeki looked on silently. “After his vicious mauling, Madiba looked twice his age, old and ashen,” Mr. Ramatlhodi wrote.
Mr. Ramatlhodi himself acknowledged in a recent interview that in 2001 he sent a 22-page letter, drafted by Mr. Mbeki’s office, to another of Mr. Mbeki’s most credible critics, Prof. Malegapuru Makgoba, an immunologist who was one of South Africa’s leading scientists. The letter accused Professor Makgoba of defending Western science and its racist ideas about Africans at the expense of Mr. Mbeki.
In 2000 Mr. Mbeki had provided Professor Makgoba with two bound volumes containing 1,500 pages of documents written by AIDS denialists. After reading them, Professor Makgoba said in an interview that he wrote back to warn Mr. Mbeki that if he adopted the denialists’ ideas, South Africa would “become the laughingstock, if not the pariah, of the world again.”
But Mr. Mbeki indicated last year to one of his biographers, Mark Gevisser, that his views on AIDS were essentially unchanged, pointing the writer to a document that, he said, was drafted by A.N.C. leaders and accurately reflected his position.
The document’s authors conceded that H.I.V. might be one cause of AIDS but contended that there were many others, like other diseases and malnutrition.
The document maintained that antiretrovirals were toxic. And it suggested that powerful vested interests — drug companies, governments, scientists — pushed the consensus view of AIDS in a quest for money and power, while peddling centuries-old white racist beliefs that depicted Africans as sexually rapacious.
“Yes, we are sex crazy!” the document’s authors bitterly exclaimed. “Yes, we are diseased! Yes, we spread the deadly H.I. virus through our uncontrolled heterosexual sex!”
In 2002, after a prolonged outcry over Mr. Mbeki’s comments about AIDS and the government’s policies, Mr. Mbeki agreed to requests from within his party to withdraw from the public debate. That same year, the Constitutional Court ruled that the government had to provide antiretroviral drugs to prevent the infection of newborns. And in 2003, the cabinet announced plans to go forward with an antiretroviral treatment program.
“We did an enormous amount of good in the early days in South Africa, not because of the Health Ministry, but in spite of the Health Ministry,” said Randall L. Tobias, who was appointed by President Bush in 2003 to lead the United States’ $15 billion global AIDS undertaking.
In the same years, former President Clinton and his foundation were also deeply involved in helping South Africa get a treatment program going. Mr. Clinton attended Mr. Mandela’s 85th birthday celebration in Johannesburg in 2003. During the dinner, he and Mr. Mbeki slipped away to talk about AIDS, Mr. Clinton recalled in a recent interview.
Mr. Clinton said he told Mr. Mbeki how antiretroviral treatment had reduced the AIDS mortality rate in the United States and reminded him, “I’m your friend and I haven’t joined in the public condemnation.” That evening, when Mr. Clinton offered to send in a team of experts to help the country put together a national treatment plan, Mr. Mbeki took him up on it.
The Clinton Foundation helped devise a plan and mobilized 20 people to travel to South Africa in 2004 to help carry it out. But the South African government never invited them, Mr. Clinton said. So the foundation, which had projects all over Africa, was to have none in South Africa.
Changes since Mr. Mbeki’s fall from power have prompted many to hope for forceful South African political leadership on AIDS. Mr. Mbeki’s rival and successor as head of the party, Jacob Zuma, who is expected to become president after next year’s election, himself made a famously questionable remark about AIDS.
In his 2006 rape trial, in which he was acquitted of sexually assaulting a family friend, he testified that he sought to reduce his chances of being infected with H.I.V. by taking a shower after sex. Nonetheless, he seems to have more conventional views on the pandemic.
“Who would have thought Jacob Zuma would be better than Mbeki, but he is,” said Richard C. Holbrooke, the former ambassador to the United Nations in the Clinton administration who heads a coalition of businesses fighting AIDS. “The tragedy of Thabo Mbeki is that he’s a smart man who could have been an international statesman on this issue. To this day, you wonder what got into him.”
For South Africans who watched the dying and were powerless to stop it, the grief is still raw. Zackie Achmat, the country’s most prominent advocate for people with AIDS, became sick during the almost five years he refused to take antiretrovirals until they were made widely available. He cast Mr. Mbeki as the leading man in this African tragedy.
“He is like Macbeth,” Mr. Achmat said. “It’s easier to walk through the blood than to turn back and admit you made a mistake.”
Mbeki's opposition to ARVs cost 330,000 lives, shows study
Michael Carter, Thursday, November 27, 2008
www.aidsmap.com/en/news/97BFC49D-E43C-4028-8E4D-CACF15F82...
The refusal of the Mbeki government to roll-out antiretroviral therapy and treatment to prevent mother-to child transmission in South Africa resulted in 330,000 needlessly premature HIV-related deaths and 35,000 avoidable case of mother-to-child HIV transmission according to estimates published in the December 1st edition of the Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes.
South Africa is one of the countries hardest hit by HIV. UNAIDS estimates that 19% of the adult population is HIV-positive, some 5.5 million individuals. In 2005, an estimated 320,000 individuals died because of HIV.
President Thabo Mbeki’s government consistently resisted the provision of antiretroviral therapy. The first important evidence of this was in 1999 when, under pressure to provide AZT monotherapy to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV, President Mbeki announced that the drug was dangerous and that it would therefore not be provided by his government. This was followed by Mbeki publicly questioning that HIV caused AIDS and the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy. The Mbeki administration then resisted the use of nevirapine to prevent mother-to-child transmission and obstructed the acquisition of grants from the Global Fund.
US investigators estimated the lost benefits resulting from the Mbeki government’s opposition to provision of antiretroviral therapy and treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission. To do this, they compared the actual number of people who received HIV treatment or therapy to prevent mother-to-child transmission between 2000 and 2005 and compared this to the number that could feasibly have been treated during this period. This difference was multiplied by the average efficacy of antiretroviral treatment and treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission to give the lost benefits consequent upon the South African government’s decision to prevent access to anti-HIV drugs.
“Our overriding values in choosing methods were transparency and minimization of assumptions and we were purposely conservative”, write the investigators.
When estimating the number of people who could reasonably have been provided with antiretroviral therapy or treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission, the investigators noted that HIV treatment became significantly more accessible between 2000-2005. This was because:
* The price of anti-HIV drugs fell significantly in this period.
* More money was available for donor organisations, such as the Global Fund and PEPFAR, to purchase antiretroviral drugs.
Nevertheless, the South African government still maintained opposition to the provision of HIV drugs.
To estimate the number of people who should have been eligible to receive antiretroviral therapy, the investigators obtained from UNAIDS the number of HIV-related deaths in South Africa between 2000-2005. Patients who died of HIV without receiving anti-HIV drugs lost the entire potential benefits of antiretroviral therapy.
Next, the investigators obtained figures showing how many individuals received antiretroviral therapy in the same period. Their sources were UNAIDS and the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) “3 x 5” antiretroviral treatment access programme. These figures showed that fewer than 3% of patients received antiretroviral treatment in 2000, increasing to approximately 10% in 2003 and 23% in 2005.
The researchers considered it reasonable that South Africa could have treated no more than 5% of eligible patients with HIV in 2000. However, because drugs became less expensive and more international funding became available, “ramping up” access to treatment was feasible, meaning that by 2005, 50% of HIV-positive patients in South Africa should have been receiving antiretroviral therapy. They note that the maximum of 50% treatment coverage is significantly lower than the 71% achieved by Namibia and the 85% achieved by Botswana.
Finally they estimated the number of life years that would be gained per patient due to antiretroviral therapy. They used the most conservative estimate of 6.7 years.
Their calculations showed that 330,000 lives and 2.2 million person years were lost because the Mbeki government resisted the implementation of a reasonable antiretroviral treatment programme.
They tested their model using a number of other assumptions. For example, if they reduced the number of patients who could reasonably be expected to receive antiretroviral therapy in 2005 to 40%, then the number of lives lost fell to 226,800 or 1.5 million person years.
Consequences of opposition to treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission
The researchers' model to test the impact of the Mbeki administration’s opposition to treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission also included a number of conservative assumptions.
First, they calculated the number of children infected with HIV vertically. They looked at a number of sources and selected the lowest estimate of 68,000 per year and revised this down to 60,000 to take into account the high adult HIV population and marginal increase in population growth in South Africa during this period.
A number of sources suggested that in 2005, coverage of treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission was 30%, having increased from below 3% before 2000.
To estimate the proportion of women who could have received treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission, they considered that treatment would have been free during this period, that it is easy to administer and that 84% of pregnant women in South Africa receive antenatal care.
Based on these assumptions, the investigators calculated that no more than 5% of women would have received treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission in 2000, but that this could have increased to 55% by 2005.
Next the investigators estimated the efficacy of such therapy, taking as their benchmark the HIVNET 012 study which showed that single-dose nevirapine reduced the risk of transmission by 47% compared to short-course AZT amongst women who breastfeed.
Finally, they assumed an average life-expectancy at birth of 48 years, and subtracted from this the average three year life-expectancy of infants infected with HIV at birth.
The investigators therefore estimated that 35,000 cases of mother-to-child transmission (or 1.6 million life years) were the result of the Mbeki administration’s policies.
One again, the investigators tested their results using other assumptions. If they accepted 40% coverage of treatment as acceptable, then the excess number of babies infected because of government policies was 18,000, a loss of 800,00 life years. However, had there been 70% coverage (still below what was achieved in Namibia and Botswana), then HIV infections in 44,000 babies (or 2 million life years), would have been avoided.
When the investigators combined their two estimates – years of life lost because of opposition to antiretroviral treatment, and life years lost because of the failure to provide treatment to prevent vertical transmission – they found that some 3.8 million life years were lost because of the Mbeki administration’s policies.
They conclude, “in the case of South Africa, many lives were lost because of failure to accept the use of available antiretrovirals to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS in a timely manner.”
Reference
Chigwedere, P. et al. Estimating the lost benefits of antiretroviral drug use in South Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 49: 410-15, 2008.
Built for the 2nd Blitz'ard flash MOC contest, "Best battle scene" category.
____________________________________________
It was that time of the year once again...
The famous Elken warrior R.N.R.* Rudolph, who led the Great Reindeer Revolution that overthrew the malicious regime of the reigning Santa Claus, was gathering his elves and santas to go on his annual destructive rampage across the Urtican Planes.
Throughout the year Rudolph makes a list of the Urticans, categorizing them according to their behavior: the nice Urticans will become a bacon-wrapped turkey** and the naughty ones a lump of coal. In the head...
Unfortunately, due to a computational error*** the threshold for being nice has been set way too high, so practically all Urticans are being classified as naughty.
So beware Urticans, Rudolph is on his way and his sack is full of coal!
Hit Urticans with lumps of co-al.
Fa-la-la-la-la, la-la-la-la!
'Tis the season to be jolly.
Fa-la-la-la-la, la-la-la-la!
____________________________________________
As for the sleigh: ironically enough, the lead Santa of the sleigh was chosen to be the rebellious S-ain't-a Claus, who has been dishonorably discharged after the great fiasco of 2015, where he forgot to show up on his only working day of the year due to a heated darts game with his buddies in the local pub. He has been charged with the horrendous crime of "Bros before Ho-ho-hos" and he pleaded guilty.
Just like R.N.R. Rudolph, he also has a red nose, but in his case it is not genetical, but a result of his excessive consume of mulled wine.
____________________________________________
*: no, not Rock'N'Roll Rudolph, more like the Red-Nosed Reindeer.
**: © Gary
***: the Elken are not great in arithmetic calculations because they can't write the numbers down and, unlike human with a total of 20 fingers and toes, only have two hooves on each foot
Bronwyn held her breath as she slowly raised the helmet, if her calculations were correct Sparky should be alive.
No, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no,
[Please to note that I am trying to rave against the machine, against complacency and irrational fears and inaccurate notions.]
AI Overview
“The plant you're likely thinking of, with its unique "octopus-like" flowers, is the Campanula 'Pink Octopus' (Bellflower), not a rose, and its buds swell out to burst forth as striking pink-tentacled flowers.”
Generative AI is experimental.
I took the pictures recognising instantly that Octopus es / i were at work here having proceeded from no Earthly lineage to begin their land conquest with a feisty floral front that would ensnare the hearts and minds of Gardening Human s / i such that we will tend their flowering and preserve their budding to bring their seeded offspring into our gardens, never featuring them in our farming that could bring food inspection and so their predatory detection. After thoroughly trying to identify them with the results delivered above, I knew better than to trust malleable artificial intelligence and corruptible computing devices. So on the back of a recyclable packet I noted from my slide rule and log tables that the march of The Floral Octopus es / i was only three weeks from completely controlling mankind. As an English born soul now residing in Scotland I can tell you that 3 weeks to demise at first took the fulsome taste right out of my Tea. Then in acceptance of the horror I began to taste Tea like never before to ensure that I was full of the only potential cure that I knew of. Those three weeks passed with very few seeming indications. I have checked on a new packet rear, as the original has gone to be recycled, to see what I had not factored in. If my calculations are correct we are all now seed sensitive of the Octopus es / i and most of us are fine with it. There is a distinct possibility that this plant species is nothing at all to do with the Octopus es / i
leaving their Wavy Briny Brain Wash.
Please note that my very perfunctory search of Buds that look like Octopus es / i is only partly to blame for my above ridiculous speculations. When my Wished Washed Brain Bath clears enough for me to type, it takes a while to recognise the world again. Think spinning exploding Flu symptoms to the max veering off and scarily slowly arriving back again. Betwixt the hurl and the burl I have the chance to offer you this farcical nonsense and a cup of tea, my kettle and I sing songs for any Wandering Minstrels.
These pictures were merrily taken on a warm walk towards Sunset at Coldingham from St Abbs. There is neither an imminent, nor proceeding Octopus es / i invasion. There are amazing blossoms blooming close to us all some wild and some gardened. Blooms of beauty are burgeoning now til Winter halts them all.
The Priory is just out of the picture by a few miles, it is linked below. It is just inland from Coldingham Sands and St Abbs.
This as close as can be to New Asgard from Marvel films including Thor enjoying a new place by the sea.
© PHH Sykes 2024 and 2025
phhsykes@gmail.com
Coldingham Priory, claustral remains SM383
portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/SM383
Coldingham Priory Church including former hearse house and store, graveyard, boundary walls, gatepiers and gates and excluding scheduled monument SM383, Coldingham LB4059
portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB4059
Coldingham Priory plan Canmore
canmore.org.uk/collection/1532083
COLDINGHAM PRIORY TIMELINE 1098 -2015
www.coldinghamparish.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/COL...
The John Gray Centre brings together East Lothian Council’s Archaeology, Museum, Archive and Local History Services, alongside Haddington’s branch library.
Dig Timeline Daily updates and up-to-the minute action from Coldingham
The hike to the summit of Arthur's Seat is performed by people of various ages. Based on my humble calculations, I estimated on this particular day that more than half of the hikers were students from the nearby University of Edinburgh.
Trujillo is a city, with a population of 20,780 (2020 calculation), and a municipality on the northern Caribbean coast of the Honduran department of Colón, of which the city is the capital.
The municipality had a population of about 30,000 (2003). The city is located on a bluff overlooking the Bay of Trujillo. Behind the city rise two prominent mountains, Mount Capiro and Mount Calentura. Three Garifuna fishing villages—Santa Fe, San Antonio, and Guadelupe—are located along the beach.
Trujillo has received plenty of attention as the potential site of a proposed Honduran charter city project, according to an idea originally advocated by American economist Paul Romer. Often referred to as a Hong Kong in Honduras and advocated by among others the Trujillo-born Honduran president Porfirio Lobo Sosa, the project has also been met with skepticism and controversy, especially due to its supposed disregard for the local Garifuna culture.
Christopher Columbus landed in Trujillo on August 14, 1502, during his fourth and final voyage to the Americas. Columbus named the place "Punta de Caxinas". It was the first time he touched the Central American mainland. He noticed that the water in this part of the Caribbean was very deep and therefore called the area Golfo de Honduras, i.e., The Gulf of the Depths.
The history of the modern town begins in 1524, shortly after the conquest of the Aztec Empire in an expedition led by Hernán Cortés. Cortés sent Cristóbal de Olid to find a Spanish outpost in the region, and he established a town named Triunfo de la Cruz in the vicinity. When Olid began using the town as his base for establishing his own realm in Central America, Cortés sent Francisco de las Casas to remove him. Las Casas lost most of his fleet in a storm, but he was nevertheless able to defeat Olid and restore the region to Cortés. Upon assuming control, Las Casas decided to relocate the town to its present location, because the natural harbor was larger. At the same time, Triunfo de la Cruz was renamed Trujillo. His deputy, Juan López de Aguirre was charged with establishing the new town, but he sailed off, leaving another deputy, named Medina, to find the town. In the coming years Trujillo became more important as a shipment point for gold and silver mined in the interior of the country. Because of its sparse population, the city also became a frequent target of pirates.
Under Spanish rule Trujillo became the capital of Honduras, but because of its vulnerability the capital was changed to the inland town of Comayagua. The fortress, Fortaleza de Santa Bárbara (El Castillo), which sits on the bluff overlooking the bay, was built by the Spanish around 1550. Nevertheless, it was inadequate to really defend Trujillo from pirates—the largest gathering of pirates in history took place in the vicinity in 1683—or rival colonial powers: the Dutch, French, and English. The town was destroyed several times between 1633 and 1797, and during the eighteenth century, the Spanish all but abandoned Trujillo because it was deemed indefensible,
When Honduras obtained its independence from Spain in 1821, Trujillo lost its status of capital city permanently first to Comayagua, which lost it to Tegucigalpa in 1880. From this same period onwards, Trujillo began to prosper again.
In 1860, the mercenary William Walker, who had seized control of neighboring Nicaragua, was caught and executed in Trujillo by orders of Florencio Xatruch. His tomb is a local tourist attraction.
American author O. Henry (William Sydney Porter) spent about a year living in Honduras, primarily in Trujillo. He later wrote a number of short stories that took place in "Coralio" in the fictional Central American country of "Anchuria", based on the real town of Trujillo. Most of these stories appear in his book Of Cabbages and Kings.
Credit for the data above is given to the following website:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trujillo,_Honduras
© All Rights Reserved - you may not use this image in any form without my prior permission.
North Church Street, Bakewell, Derbyshire.
Processed by equalising the histogram - and applying my own idiosyncratic "passivation" which effectively applies a tone-curve calculation - but only for higher greyscale values. Written in C#.
If I could put the codes or the calculations and that magic donkey in a nice big box... I would stick it in a field... get well away from it...and PUSH THAT BUTTON !!!!
NOTES
Nuke explosion is a google image search...
Road is from www.sxc.hu/home
Im actually holding a house brick..
There are 10 layers to this picture...
You can see the lens cap in my pocket !!
And I have that stupid grin on my face most of the day !
Edit: Explored !!!!
Highest Possition: #90 September 14th 2009
Part of a Bucket-wheel excavator
On our way back home we past ‘Tagebau Garzweiler’, an active brown coal mine. Strip mining started here in 2006 and wil be finished in 2044, according to calculations. In the meantime 12 villages, with a total of nearly 8000 residents, simply have to go. The first villages are already gone. There’s a public lookout next to the highway where we stopped. A nice view, but those impressive bucket-wheel excavators where all the way over at the other side of the mine.
We got back in the car and drove a full 45 minutes to the other side of the mine. The area is 48 Km2. We found the main entrance and there where not to many people about. We stop the car at the side of the road. We’re excited. Let’s just go in. Sure?! Why not?! Ok, let’s go and see how far we can get.
Bart hits the gas and keeps driving. We pass the first gate, wich is open. We pass a second one, with a security boot at the side. There’s no-one and the gate’s open. Inside the mine we pass other cars with either workers or security, or maybe both. We’re surprised that no-one really takes notice of us. We even have foreign license plate. First we park the car not far from the video-security building and take a short walk to take some pictures. We can’t go any further with our car, so we’re heading the other way. One of the bucket-wheel excavators is not to far away and we’ll go and try to get closer. When a car drives behind we get a bit paranoid, but then he passes us.
We see the huge machine getting bigger and bigger and then we’re right next to it and nobody’s there! We get out and take some pictures, we are so close to the machine that it’s very hard to get it all in one shot and to catch the immenseness of it.
In total we got about one and a half hour infiltration tension. It was great!
when: march 2009
with: Bartje
set up the equipment here, my boy.
yes, herr doktor.
now go sit in that chair. if my calculations are correct (and they always are), I am about to unleash a force the power of which the world has never before witnessed.
really?
let's see. I think I just push 'start.' ah. there we go.
doktor! my chair is. . . vibrating!
behold the pent-up fury of dark matter! you see, I designed your chair to attract non-baryonic particles! brilliant!
I'm feeling. . . heavy!
precisely! the mass of non-baryonic matter is hundreds of times that of a proton!
it. . . is?
indeed! we are about to forever alter the nature of all matter in the universe!
we. . . are?
well, at least the part you occupy, my boy.
agggh! dok. . . !
hmmm. look at that mess. I should have brought a second assistant. very forgetful of me.
"Bokeh Panorama" ,
Nikon Z6+Samyang 85mmF1.4,
x 9pcs
Stitching by MS-ICE
Outputs*
Effective focal length
43.64788176143314
Effective aperture
0.7189062878353693
model: Izzy
Low key portrait of a mysterious woman with a lace collar amd a calculating gaze
All rights reserved: Spoken in Red/ Jennifer Rhoades Photography
You may not alter, modify, change, use, or post my work without my written authorization and consent.
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⠀ It would seem that marriage is only about love and harmony (we will not take into account marriage about calculation). But it was not there😰
⠀
Psychologist Philip Litvinenko called on the authorities to oblige Russian women to take a state exam on relationships before getting married.
Litvinenko is convinced that women do not know how to manage men and constantly shift responsibility to them.
"If adults do not have the knowledge how to build harmonious relationships, then we will have weak, collapsing families, which means a weak, collapsing society. This means that it is a weak country," the psychologist wrote on his social media account. networks.
⠀
At the same time, he did not specify which knowledge will be tested 🤔
⠀
💬Well, girls, are you ready to take the exam? Write in the comments your attitude to such initiatives👇
⠀
#family photo session Moscow #photo center #studio photo session Moscow #sports photo session #instagrammers #Nikond850📷
"If my calculations are correct, when this baby hits eighty-eight miles per hour, you're gonna see some serious shit." ~ Doc Brown
Shrine of Remembrance roof (interior).
The Shrine of Remembrance is Victoria’s largest and most visited war memorial of National Significance. It is Melbourne’s most recognised landmark. It was built in remembrance of those who served and those who died in the Great War of 1914-1918 and armed conflicts and peacekeeping duties since. The First World War ended at the 11th hour on the 11th day of the 11th month in 1918. Each year on Remembrance Day a natural ray of sunlight, from a small aperture in the eastern side of the ceiling, falls directly on the Stone of Remembrance. At exactly 11 am (Eastern Standard Time) it illuminates the word LOVE. It took over a hundred pages of astronomical and mathematical calculations to ensure the opening was positioned so the sun would pass at the right time for the next 5,000 years.
“Illustration of an aerospace vehicle which incorporates an aero-electric propulsion system features circular disk configuration.”
The above, and all following, taken from “Ryan Reporter”, VOL. 23, FEB., 1962, NO. 1:
“ELECTRICITY for SPACE EXPLORATION
"I have produced electrical discharges the actual path of which, from end to end, was probably more than one hundred feet long; but it would not be difficult to reach
lengths one hundred times as great.
"I have produced electrical movements occurring at the rate of approximately 100,000 horsepower, but rates of 1-, 5- or 10,000,000 horsepower are easily practicable.
"Instead of sending sound-vibrations toward a distant wall, I have sent electrical vibrations toward the remote boundaries of the earth, and instead of the wall the earth has replied. In place of an echo I have obtained a stationary electrical wave, a wave reflected from afar.
"My measurements and calculations have shown that it is perfectly practicable to produce on our globe, by the use of these principles, an electric movement of such magnitude that, without the slightest doubt, its effect will be perceptible on some of our nearer planets, as Venus and Mars. In fact, that we can produce a distinct effect on one of these planets in this novel manner, namely, by disturbing the electrical condition of the earth, is beyond
any doubt.
"We are whirling through endless space with an inconceivable speed, all around us everything is spinning, everything is moving, everywhere is energy. There must be some way of availing ourselves of this energy more directly. Then, with the light obtained from the medium, with the power derived from it, with every form of energy obtained without effort, from the store forever inexhaustible, humanity will advance with giant strides. The mere contemplation of these magnificent possibilities expands our minds, strengthens our hopes and fills our hearts with supreme delight."
Nikola Tesla – 1895
TESLA was an electrical genius whose scientific discoveries and inventions were basic to modern electrical and electronic engineering. He also discovered and demonstrated the principles of high frequency, high potential currents shown in the historic photograph on the preceding page. These were the famous Colorado Springs experiments. The electromagnetic fields created were so intense that they perceptibly affected the distribution of the electrical potential of the earth. In Tesla's words, "In these experiments, effects were developed incomparably greater than any ever produced by human agencies, and yet these results are but an embryo of what is to be."
Such a force field can be applied widely, including electric aerospace propulsion. Within the next ten years electric propulsion will play a leading role in making extensive space trips possible. This conclusion has been ex- pressed in recent years by many researchers. They have compared the advantages and limitations of various space propulsion methods.
Chemical propulsion is the only presently available means for attainment of orbital speeds and altitudes. This is its chief value. Multimillion pound chemical super- boosters can put significant payloads into interplanetary orbits for manned expeditions to the moon, and possibly Venus and Mars. The estimated cost of these projects is staggering. In addition, the exploration of our nearest planets requires transit times of one to three years for a round trip planned on the capability of chemical propulsion. This aspect alone is sufficient to make electric propulsion a highly advantageous method of fuel conservation. For trips beyond Mars, electric propulsion is mandatory both to conserve fuel and also to shorten transit time. Chemical systems would require years or even decades for a round trip. Electrically propelled space vehicles have great payload capability. A Martian round trip, for example, has a payload ratio of almost 50 per cent. This means that these electric vehicles will offer comfortable living space for "shirt-sleeve" environment and adequate power for utilities.
Most electric propulsion systems are very small thrust devices. This limits them to missions beyond the atmosphere of the earth. Because of this, it is believed that this shortcoming is in the nature of electric propulsion. Consequently, it appears that orbit injection can only be accomplished by chemical means, and by chemo-nuclear means in the future. Once the orbit is established, the electric system would take over in providing thrust.
There are very severe problems in maneuvering spacecraft. For example, the spacecraft may require a radically changing course, should an unexpected emergency occur during any point of trajectory.
Such maneuverability is absolutely necessary for practical space systems of the future which have progressed beyond the development stage of present rockets. Both the injection into orbit and practical maneuverability in space demand high thrust propulsion and fuel economy simultaneously. A possibility of meeting these requirements is electro-chemical propulsion. Here, chemical fuels provide a slight exhaust mass which is accelerated by ultra high electromagnetic fields. The prime source of vehicle energy, capable of producing the extremely high force fields, must not require chemical fuels for its own operation. This requires nuclear energy sources or some practical system of converting radiation energy pervading space. In either case, the vehicle size is certain to be large to accommodate the primary energy source. Its weight must not exceed a reasonable fraction of the vehicle's gross weight. Spaciousness is required for physiological and psychological comfort of the crew as well as to increase the safety against meteorite hazards by an interlock escape system. Most approaches involve the study of assembling large structures in space by combining rendezvous techniques with payload capability of large chemical boosters. However, there are severe problems of weightlessness, inertial forces of large parts floating in space, gyroscopic and tidal forces warping large space structures in various stages of assembly, and hazards to men working in free space.
An alternative to this approach of assembling large vehicles in space is being investigated at Ryan as a part of an Electric Aerospace Propulsion concept based on the following:
A completely assembled, large aerospace vehicle should be capable of performing throughout the altitude range, from hovering at sea level to the attainment of orbital speeds, in such a manner as to include the performance characteristics of a helicopter, a propeller aircraft, a jet airplane, a ramjet and a space vehicle into an integrated system design.
Theoretical investigations based on this premise and supported by an initial experimental program have indicated a possible solution to this objective. The key is contained in the afore- mentioned concept of electro-chemical propulsion, enlarged by the concept of an electric air breathing engine. Efficiency requires that the velocity of the exhaust jet should be matched to the vehicle velocity. At low speeds the jet velocity should be small. As vehicle speed is increased, so also should the jet velocity be increased to maintain high efficiency of energy conversion. However, using small jet velocities for take-off requires a large exhaust mass, as in the case of a helicopter whose rotor causes a large air mass to move with relatively small downwash velocity. At the somewhat higher speeds developed by subsonic aircraft, the rotor of a helicopter is replaced by a propeller which moves a smaller air mass at higher speeds. At the supersonic velocities of a jet airplane, the flow of exhaust mass is still smaller but its velocity is further increased.
With an electric air breathing engine this can be achieved by force field control, capable of moving large air masses at low speeds and smaller air masses at higher velocities. A number of vehicle geometries are suitable for satisfying the requirement of velocity and mass control of the exhaust jet. One such geometry, offering additional design advantages of minimum structural weight, large volume and cargo capacity combined with desirable aerothermodynamic characteristics, is shown in the illustration as a circular disk vehicle. This geometry is also particularly suitable for hovering close to ground, because the annular jet augments very substantially the cushion effect of the air trapped between the vehicle and the ground.
By these principles, the efficiency and the thrust of electric aerospace propulsion can be maintained at high levels throughout the entire velocity and altitude range. After leaving the atmosphere, electric propulsion consists of a combination of intense force fields accelerating colloidal chemical plasma; the heavier elements being
used for high thrust performance and lighter elements for sustained vehicle acceleration.
Research is continuing in the area of generation and control of high electro- magnetic field intensities and colloidal plasma combined with the principle of an electric air breathing engine. Aeroelectric propulsion is expected to be a practicable and valuable method for powering aerospace vehicles.”
At/from the wonderful Internet Archive website:
ia800700.us.archive.org/2/items/ryanreporter231263ryan/ry...
Very nice artwork by Ryan Aeronautical staff artist Matt Giacalone.