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Must be credited. Photo courtesy of South Dakota Public Broadcasting.
©2023 SDPB | Tim Tushla
Broadcasting tower is a new high-rise student accommodation building in Leeds city centre. One of its most interesting features is the COR-TEN cladding, which, upon exposure to weather, develops a rust-like layer, protecting it from any more corrosion.
Most of the people I know are not very fond of how the tower looks, but it's hard to deny that its interesting facade and unusual angular shapes make it a very suitable object for photography :)
Public Service Broadcasting behind the scenes, O2 Academy Brixton, London, England.
29th November 2015
Emley Moor transmitting station is a telecommunications and broadcasting facility on Emley Moor, 1 mile west of Emley, in Kirklees, West Yorkshire, England. The station's most visible feature is its 1,084 feet (330 m) tall concrete tower, which is a Grade II listed building. It is the tallest freestanding structure in the United Kingdom
Permission granted for journalism outlets and educational purposes. Not for commercial use. Must be credited. Photo courtesy of South Dakota Public Broadcasting. ©2017 SDPB
Radio Caroline is a British radio station founded in 1964 by Ronan O'Rahilly initially to circumvent the record companies' control of popular music broadcasting in the United Kingdom and the BBC's radio broadcasting monopoly. Unlicensed by any government for most of its early life, it was a pirate radio station that never actually became illegal, although after the Marine Offences Act (1967) it became illegal for a British subject to associate with it.
The Radio Caroline name was used to broadcast from international waters, using five different ships of three different owners, from 1964 to 1990, and via satellite from 1998 to 2013. Since 19 August 2000, Radio Caroline has also broadcast 24 hours a day via the internet and by the occasional restricted service licence. Currently they also broadcast on DAB radio in certain areas of the UK: these services are part of the Ofcom small-scale DAB+ trials. Caroline can be heard on DAB+ in Aldershot, Birmingham, Brighton, Glasgow, Norwich, London Portsmouth and Woking.
In May 2017 Ofcom awarded the station an AM community licence to broadcast to Suffolk and north Essex; full-time AM (medium wave) broadcasting, via a previously redundant BBC World Service transmitter mast at Orford Ness, commenced on 22 December 2017. Nowadays, it broadcast all around the UK via DAB.
Radio Caroline broadcasts music from the 1960s to contemporary, with an emphasis on album-oriented rock (AOR) and "new" music from "carefully selected albums". On 1 January 2016, a second channel was launched called Caroline Flashback, playing pop music from the late 1950s to the early 1980s.
Radio Caroline was begun by Irish musician manager and businessman Ronan O'Rahilly. O'Rahilly failed to obtain airplay on Radio Luxembourg for Georgie Fame's records because it was committed to sponsored programmes promoting major record labels; EMI, Decca, Pye and Philips.
Encouraged by Scandinavian and Dutch pirates, in February 1964 O'Rahilly obtained the 702-ton former Danish passenger ferry, Fredericia, which was converted into a radio ship at the Irish port of Greenore, owned by O'Rahilly's father. At the same time, Allan Crawford's Project Atlanta was equipping the MV Mi Amigo at Greenore, where the two competed to be the first on air.
Financial backing for the venture came from six investors, including John Sheffield, chairman of Norcross, Carl "Jimmy" Ross of Ross Foods, Jocelyn Stevens of Queen magazine, with which Radio Caroline shared its first office. O'Rahilly named the station after Caroline Kennedy, daughter of U.S. President John F. Kennedy On a fund-raising trip to the US, O'Rahilly reportedly saw a Life magazine photograph of Kennedy and his children in the Oval Office that served as the inspiration for the name "Caroline Radio". In an extant photo, Caroline Kennedy and her brother, John F. Kennedy Jr., are apparently dancing in the Oval Office as their father looks on, an activity which O'Rahilly reportedly interpreted as a playful disruption of government.
First transmissions
The Fredericia was renamed MV Caroline and anchored off Felixstowe, where it began test transmissions on Friday, 27 March 1964. On Saturday, 28 March, it began regular broadcasting at noon on 197.3 metres/1520 kHz (announced as 199 metres) with the opening conducted by Simon Dee.[10] The first programme, which was pre-recorded, was hosted by Chris Moore. Radio Caroline's first musical theme was Jimmy McGriff's "Round Midnight", a jazz standard co-composed by Thelonious Monk. In March 1964, The Fortunes recorded Caroline, which became the station's theme. Round Midnight was confined to close down on Radio Caroline North after The World Tomorrow. The station's slogan was Your all-day music station, and it initially broadcast from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m., seven days a week.
Radio Caroline announced a wavelength of 199 metres, rhyming with the name, but was actually broadcasting on 197.3 metres (1520 kHz). Stations in the UK announced the wavelength in metres, and radios at that time were tuned using an analogue dial. The absence of precise digital readouts allowed for some leeway between the precise transmission frequency and the channel announced on the air. The Dutch offshore station Radio Veronica was on 192 metres (1562 kHz) and Radio Atlanta broadcast on 201 (1493 kHz).
Radio Caroline's transmission output was almost 20 kW, achieved by linking two 10 kW Continental Electronics transmitters. Broadcasting hours were 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. to avoid competition from Radio Luxembourg. After its close-down, the station returned at 8 p.m. and continued until after midnight. This was to avoid competition with popular television programmes. Most of Radio Caroline's pop music programmes were targeted at housewives, and some later programming was aimed at children. Without serious competition, Radio Caroline gained a regular daytime audience of some 10 million.
Merger with Radio Atlanta
On 2 July 1964, Radio Atlanta and Radio Caroline's companies, Project Atlanta and Planet Productions., announced the stations were to merge, with Crawford and O'Rahilly as joint managing directors. Radio Atlanta closed at 8 p.m. that day. It was renamed Radio Caroline South and MV Mi Amigo remained off Frinton-on-Sea while MV Caroline broadcast as Radio Caroline North. MV Caroline sailed from Felixstowe to the Isle of Man, broadcasting as she went. The only broadcast staff on board were Tom Lodge and Jerry Leighton. MV Caroline arrived at her new anchorage on the southern tip of the Bahama Bank, Ramsey Bay, on 6 July 1964,[11] at a position formerly occupied by the Bahama Bank Lightship. The two stations were able to cover most of the British Isles. Later, some programmes were pre-recorded on land and broadcast simultaneously from both ships.
In October 1965, O'Rahilly bought Crawford's interest in the MV Mi Amigo and engaged Tom Lodge from Radio Caroline North to make programme changes and regain the audience from Radio London. Lodge hired new DJs and introduced free-form programming which, by August 1966, had succeeded, creating an audience of 23 million.
When the US-backed Radio London arrived off the coast of England, there was an unsuccessful attempt to merge its sales operation with that of Caroline before Radio London started transmissions.[citation needed]. The new station introduced British audiences to slick American-style top 40 radio with electronic jingles produced by Dallas-based PAMS – and was an immediate success.
Broadcasting personnel
Radio Caroline's first programme, on 28 March 1964, was presented by Chris Moore.[12] Presenters Tony Blackburn, Roger Gale, Mike Allen, Ray Teret, Roger Day, Simon Dee, Tony Prince, Spangles Muldoon, Keith Skues, Johnnie Walker, Robbie Dale, Dave Lee Travis, Tommy Vance, Tom Edwards, Paul Noble, Bob Stewart and Andy Archer became well known. Some DJs from the USA and Commonwealth countries, such as Graham Webb, Emperor Rosko, Steve Young, Keith Hampshire, Colin Nicol and Norman St John, were also heard. DJ Jack Spector, of the WMCA "Good Guys" in New York, regularly recorded for Radio Caroline. Syndicated shows from the US and recorded religious programmes were also broadcast. BBC Radio 2 newsreader Colin Berry and Classic FM's Nick Bailey started their careers reading the news on Radio Caroline South.
In mid-September 1965, the crew and DJs on MV Mi Amigo were joined for the weekend by 1960s pop singer Sylvan Whittingham, who visited the ship to promote her single "We Don't Belong". Whittingham was unable to leave on the tender when a storm arose. The only singer to stay overnight, she helped present programmes, make jingles, and close the station at night.
Mi Amigo runs aground
On 20 January 1966, the MV Mi Amigo lost its anchor in a storm, drifted and ran aground on the beach at Frinton-on-Sea. The crew and broadcasting staff were rescued unharmed, but the ship's hull was damaged and repairs were carried out at Zaandam, Netherlands. Between 31 January and 1 May, Radio Caroline South broadcast from the vessel Cheeta II, owned by Britt Wadner of Swedish offshore station Radio Syd, which was off the air because of pack ice in the Baltic Sea.[5] The Cheeta II was equipped for FM broadcasting, so it was fitted with the 10 kW transmitter from the Mi Amigo, feeding a makeshift antenna. The resulting signal was low-powered, but ensured that Caroline South's advertising revenue would continue.
The Mi Amigo returned to its Frinton-on-Sea anchorage with a redesigned antenna and a new 50 kW transmitter and attempted to resume broadcasting on 18 April, nominally on 259 metres to enable the same jingles as Radio Caroline North on 1169 kHz to be used, but actually 252 metres. The transmitter was initially too powerful for the antenna insulators. On 27 April, the Mi Amigo was fully operational.
Radio Caroline South's 259 metres signal was now near those of Radio London on 266m (1133 kHz) and the BBC's Light Programme on 247m (1214 kHz). Radio Caroline North subsequently moved to 257m (1169 kHz) but also called it 259.
Radio City affair
In October 1965, negotiations began for Radio Caroline to take over Radio City, which broadcast from Shivering Sands Army Fort, a Second World War marine fort off the Kent[5] coast. One of Radio Caroline's directors, Major Oliver Smedley, formerly of Radio Atlanta, entered a partnership with Radio City's owner, pop group manager Reginald Calvert and installed a more powerful transmitter on the fort. However, according to Gerry Bishop's book Offshore Radio this transmitter was antiquated and failed to work. Smedley later withdrew from the deal.
On 20 June 1966, Smedley boarded the Shivering Sands Fort with 10 workmen to repossess a transmitter that he had supplied, but had not been paid for. The next day, Calvert visited Smedley's home in Saffron Walden, Essex, to demand the departure of the raiders and the return of vital transmitter parts. During a violent struggle, Calvert was shot dead. Smedley's men occupied the fort until 22 June.
Smedley was charged with Calvert's murder on 18 July, but this was reduced to a charge of manslaughter. Smedley's trial opened on 11 October at Chemlsford Assizes, where the jury acquitted him.
legal ownership.
In 1967, the UK Government enacted the Marine, &c., Broadcasting (Offences) Act 1967, outlawing advertising on or supplying an unlicensed offshore radio station from the UK. In an earlier House of Commons debate (in June 1966), the government had claimed that the pirate ships were a danger because of radio frequency interference to emergency shipping channels, and to overseas radio stations and the pirates were paying no royalties to artists, composers or record companies. Furthermore, it was stated that the pirates' use of wavelengths also broke international agreements.[15] The Manx parliament, the Tynwald, attempted to exclude the North ship from the legislation, appealing to the European Court on the legality of the act being applied to the Isle of Man. Two (Radio 270 and Radio London) of the remaining four UK based offshore stations closed, but the two Caroline ships continued with their supply operation moved to the Netherlands, which did not outlaw unlicensed ship based broadcasting until 1974.
When Marine &c. Broadcasting Offences Act become law on 14 August 1967, Radio Caroline was renamed Radio Caroline International. Six weeks later, the BBC introduced its new national pop station Radio 1, modelled largely on the successful offshore station Radio London, and employed many of the ex-pirate DJs. The BBC Light, Third, and Home programmes became Radios 2, 3 and 4 respectively.
On 3 March 1968, the radio ships Mi Amigo and Caroline, were boarded and seized before the day's broadcasting began. They were towed to Amsterdam by a salvage company to secure unpaid bills for servicing by the Dutch tender company Wijsmuller Transport
Because of the rise of land based pirate stations after the MOA became law - Usually stations run from bedrooms or outdoor sheds with small wattage transmitters - At least two stations broadcast using the Caroline name, one based in Dublin. These broadcasts took place between 1970 and 1973.
On 24 March 1970, a radio ship named Mebo II anchored off the east coast of England during the UK general election campaign, broadcasting as Radio North Sea International (RNI). RNI operated on medium wave, short wave and FM. Its medium wave transmission was jammed by the UK authorities and on 13 June, RNI changed its name to Radio Caroline International with co-operation from Ronan O'Rahilly. Radio Caroline lobbied against the Labour Party, for the Conservative Party and for the introduction of licensed commercial radio in the United Kingdom. Following the election, RNI resumed its original name but jamming continued under the newly elected Conservative government.[18] It was not until RNI returned to its original anchorage off the Netherlands that the jamming ceased.
Caroline Television
News stories appeared in Europe announcing the start of Caroline Television from two Super Constellation aircraft using Stratovision technology. One would circle over the North Sea in international air space near the United Kingdom, while the other remained on standby. Presentations were made to US advertising agencies. These stories continued and included co-operation by a former member of the Beatles and a sign-on date of 1 July; the station failed to appear.
It was later shown to be a publicity stunt.
1974–1978
In 1972, MV Mi Amigo was bought for her scrap value at auction by enthusiast Gerard van Dam, who intended to use her as a free radio museum. O'Rahilly promised financial backing if van Dam could return the ship to broadcasting condition.[22] The ship anchored off the Dutch coastal resort of Scheveningen and was serviced and operated from the Netherlands. That autumn various tests, consisting of continuous music, were made on 259 metres. The station restarted just before Christmas as Radio 199 but soon became Radio Caroline, with a Top 40 format. DJs Chris Cary, broadcasting as Spangles Muldoon (who was also station manager), Roger 'Twiggy' Day, Andy Archer, Paul Alexander, Steve England, Johnny Jason and Peter Chicago (real name Peter Murtha) manned the station.
In late 1972, Radio Caroline had money problems. On 28 December, unpaid crew cut the Mi Amigo's generator fuel line and departed. Later that day, the Dutch Royal Navy returned the crew and fighting broke out on board. Two days later, Mi Amigo was towed to IJmuiden and seized because of unpaid bills. Because of the Christmas holidays, no solicitors were available to issue a writ and the ship lay in Amsterdam harbour until O'Rahilly arranged for it to be towed back to sea. The ship was further delayed by hull damage and repaired before writs could be issued.
Between 11 and 20 April 1973, the ship broadcast for Radio Veronica while its ship, the Norderney, was aground. Because of a law that allows pirates in distress to come ashore without arrest, the running aground had no consequences for the crew. During summer 1973, it broadcast separate stations in English and Dutch simultaneously, on 389 m / 773 kHz and 252 m (announced as 259) / 1187 kHz. Two aerials and twin transmitters were used for about six weeks until the aerial mast failed. To accommodate the second aerial, a second short mast, just in front of the bridge, was employed as the other end for the main mast.
Radio Atlantis and Radio Seagull
Around this time, O'Rahilly decided Caroline should adopt an album format similar to FM progressive rock stations in the USA, an audience not catered for in Europe. This service was Radio Seagull and broadcast live during the evening.
Since Radio Caroline could not find enough advertising, it shared its nominal 259 metre wavelength (actually 1187 kHz or 253 metres) with Dutch-language pop stations. The first was a Belgian station called Radio Atlantis, owned by Belgian businessman Adriaan van Landschoot. Programmes were recorded on land and broadcast between 6 a.m. and 7 p.m. Rough weather sometimes prevented tapes from arriving and old programmes had to be repeated. Later in 1973, when the contract with Radio Caroline ended, the crew of Radio Atlantis moved to their own ship, the MV Jeanine.
Radio Seagull became Radio Caroline on 23 February 1974, retaining the album format. Throughout most of the 1970s, Radio Caroline could be heard only at night, calling itself "Europe's first and only album station".
Radio Mi Amigo
Another Belgian station, Radio Mi Amigo International, launched on 1 January 1974; it was run by Belgian businessman and Suzy Waffles owner Sylvain Tack. The station's offices and studios were in Brakel, Belgium, but moved to Castell-Platja d'Aro, Costa Brava, Spain in March 1975 after a raid by Belgian police. Here they produced programmes for Dutch-speaking holidaymakers, mostly Europop, Top 40, MOR and Dutch language popular music presented by Belgian, Dutch and occasionally English DJs with frequent commercials. Because commercial radio was prohibited in Belgium, Radio Mi Amigo had little competition from the former BRT State Radio and TV (today VRT Flemisch State radio and TV) and became very popular in Belgium, the Netherlands and the UK. For the first years, advertising on the station was in demand. When Radio Veronica closed in 1974, some presenters moved to Radio Mi Amigo.
Loving Awareness
Caroline's album format meant that, although the station served a gap in the market, its audience was smaller than in the 1960s. Caroline also promoted O'Rahilly's concept of Loving Awareness (LA), a far-eastern philosophy of love and peace. Some DJs were embarrassed but some were fascinated by the challenge of an abstract concept. Disc jockey Tony Allan developed a following, combining Loving Awareness with a professional style, humanity, knowledge of music and rich radio voice.[citation needed]
In 1974, O'Rahilly set up a pop group called The Loving Awareness Band, comprising John Turnbull (guitar) and Mick Gallagher (keyboards) both formerly of Skip Bifferty and two session musicians, Norman Watt-Roy (bass) and Charlie Charles (drums). In 1976, The Loving Awareness Band released their only album, Loving Awareness on More Love Records (ML001), a label set up by O'Rahilly. The album was reissued on CD on Ross Records, c.1992, and in a "30th Anniversary Edition" with bonus material on SMC Records in 2005. The band broke up in 1977; Watt-Roy and Charles played on Ian Dury's New Boots and Panties!! album, and Turnbull and Gallagher joined them on the Stiff's tour, becoming The Blockheads.
Dutch legislation
The Dutch government banned unlicensed offshore radio on 1 September 1974. Radio Caroline continued, moving its headquarters and servicing operation to Spain. On 30 August 1974 Mi Amigo moved from the Dutch coast to the Knock Deep Channel, approximately 12 miles (19 km) from the British coast. After 31 August, shows for Radio Mi Amigo were delivered on cassettes rather than reel-to-reel tapes. Beginning in 1975, the cassettes were transported from Playa d'Aro on the Europa Bus service, which carried people from Amsterdam to Madrid at low prices. The tapes were picked up in Belgium at a bus stop, taken to a small sports plane and dropped in the sea close to the radio ship. The Mi Amigo "Top 50" tapes were flown over by helicopter to get them on board more quickly.
On 1 September, a small motor launch had difficulties in rough seas. Radio Caroline broadcast appeals for help, giving the ship's position as 51°41′N 1°35′E. A coastguard vessel escorted the launch back to shore, but the authorities were unhappy that Caroline listeners had jammed the emergency switchboards.
The Mi Amigo was tendered clandestinely from Britain, France, Belgium and the Netherlands. Tenders and boat owners were warned, and some were prosecuted for ferrying staff and provisions to the ship. Belgium had outlawed offshore radio in 1962 and prosecuted advertisers, cutting the station's revenue. Belgian courts sentenced Tack and some DJs to fines and jail in absentia, although the prison terms were later cancelled.
Wavelength changes
The two stations experimented with different frequencies. After a short test on 773 kHz in late 1975, in May 1976, Radio Caroline began a daytime service on 1562 kHz (192 m) using a 10 kW transmitter, while its overnight service continued to share the 50 kW transmitter with Radio Mi Amigo's daytime programming on 1187 kHz (253 metres, announced as 259).
In December 1976, Radio Mi Amigo moved to 1562 kHz on the 50 kW transmitter, leaving Caroline on 1187 kHz 24 hours a day on the 10 kW. Radio Caroline had greater night-time interference, and it was decided to move Caroline to a new frequency. On 3 March 1977, Caroline closed, announcing that it would return six days later on 319 metres. To allow Radio Mi Amigo to continue broadcasting by day, the engineering work for Caroline's move had to be carried out over six nights, after the 50 kW transmitter was switched off.
Caroline returned on 9 March 1977 on 953 kHz, actually 315 metres but announced as 319. This gave reasonable reception by day but strong heterodyne interference at night because the transmitter crystal was off-channel. In July Caroline moved to the adjacent channel, 962 kHz (312 metres but still called 319) and reception in the UK improved. Meanwhile, Radio Mi Amigo had interference on 1562 kHz and changed to 1412 kHz (212 m).
Finally, Radio Mi Amigo moved to 962 kHz on 1 December. Due to generator trouble, the two services could no longer be broadcast simultaneously and Radio Caroline again broadcast at night with both stations using the 50 kW transmitter and Radio Caroline began to receive more mail from the continent. At times, a 10 kW transmitter was used to save fuel and relieve the generators. The 10 kW transmitters could run on the Henschel generator beside the two main MAN units and also a Cummins unit on the aft deck behind the wheelhouse.
In late 1977, Radio Caroline began sponsored evangelical programmes, and music programmes began at 9 p.m. On 20 October 1978, technical and financial problems put the Mi Amigo off the air. Unhappy at the loss of advertising, Radio Mi Amigo terminated its contract with Caroline in November 1978 and broadcast from its own ship, the MV Magdalena later that year, but this was short-lived. Broadcasting was in Dutch and English by day and in English at night, although for the first few months broadcasting finished at 10 p.m. On 19 January 1979, the ageing ship took in water and a lifeboat was called to rescue the crew members. Radio Caroline returned to the air on 15 April 1979. The first record played was Fool (If You Think It's Over), by Chris Rea, dedicated to the British Home Office. During this period each night transmission of Radio Caroline started with Calling Occupants of Interplanetary Craft by the progressive Rock Band Klaatu, issued in 1976 on their album 3:47 E.S.T.
Mi Amigo sinks
Just after midnight GMT on 20 March 1980, the Mi Amigo foundered in a storm after losing its anchor and drifting. It began taking in water and the crew was rescued by lifeboat.[5] The generator was left running but the pumps could not manage and the vessel sank 10 minutes later. Three British nationals, a Dutchman and their canary (named Wilson after the former Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson) were rescued. The last broadcast from the Mi Amigo was by Stevie Gordon and Tom Anderson
(Gordon): Well, we're sorry to tell you that due to the severe weather conditions and the fact that we are shipping quite a lot of water, we are closing down, and the crew are at this stage leaving the ship. Obviously, we hope to be back with you as soon as possible, but just for the moment we would like to say goodbye.
(Anderson): It's not a very good occasion really, we have to hurry this because the lifeboat is standing by. We're not leaving and disappearing, we're going onto the lifeboat hoping that the pumps can take it; if they can, we'll be back, if not, well, we really don't like to say it.
(Gordon): I think we'll be back in one way or another.
(Anderson): Yeah. I think so.
(Gordon): For the moment from all of us, goodbye and God bless.
The crew of the Sheerness lifeboat Helen Turnbull were commended for the rescue of broadcasters Tom Anderson, Stevie Gordon, Nick Richards and Hans Verlaan from Mi Amigo while it was sinking in the Black Deep near Long Sand Bank. Having to manoeuvre the lifeboat alongside the stricken vessel 13 times in high seas and a north-easterly gale earned Coxswain Charles Bowry an RNLI silver medal. Each of his crew was awarded The Thanks of the Institution on vellum.
The Mi Amigo's 160-foot (49 m) mast remained erect for six years.
The station restarted in August 1983 from a new radio ship, the MV Ross Revenge, an ex-North Sea factory fishing trawler used during the Anglo-Icelandic Cod War by Ross Fisheries.[32] It had an antenna system radiating from a 300-foot (91 m) high mast, the tallest on any ship in the world. It left Spain, with an incomplete studio, to avoid legal entanglements. Radio Caroline began to broadcast from the ship on 19 August 1983, with unwanted mechanical sounds on speech. The station was opened by DJ Tom Anderson, who had said "goodbye" from the sinking Mi Amigo in 1980.
The Ross Revenge was larger than Mi Amigo and with more elaborate transmitting equipment: in 1983, two 5 kW RCA transmitters and a RCA 50 kW unit. One 5 kW transmitter was initially not serviceable. When Radio Monique hired the main transmitter, spare parts were taken from a fourth transmitter to convert the 5 kW into a 10 kW unit, the RCA 5 and 10 kW transmitters having similar designs.[34] The remaining 5 kW transmitter was later converted for short wave use.
O'Rahilly wanted Radio Caroline to become an oldies station. He was opposed by some DJs and crew who had worked on the Mi Amigo and the album format stayed along with presenters such as Andy Archer, Samantha Dubois, Grant Benson, Robin Ross and Simon Barrett. Officially, Radio Caroline was managed from offices in North America, with advertising from the US and Canada. In practice, day-to-day servicing was carried from France and the UK.
From the anchorage in the Knock Deep the Mi Amigo's mast could be seen on the horizon. Four studios were on board, enabling other services. Radio Caroline tried several frequencies, among them 963, 576, 585 (briefly), 558 (after Laser 558 closed) and later 819 kHz. European medium wave channels had been reallocated to multiples of nine. In the evenings on 963, some alternative music programmes were tried, including the reggae "Jamming 963", and in 1986 and early 1987, a progressive and indie rock programme called Caroline Overdrive hosted by Kevin Turner, Mark Matthews, Peter Phillips, Mick Williams (a.k.a. Ray Clark) and Rob Charles.
On 9 August 1985, an official vessel anchored 150 yards from the Ross Revenge. The UK Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) put a permanent watch on movements around the Ross Revenge and the MV Communicator, Laser 558's ship. On 3 September 1985 at 00:00 hours the Dioptric Surveyor departed in a storm.
Radio Monique
Main article: Radio Monique
From December 1984 the Ross Revenge broadcast Radio Monique, recorded and live Dutch-language programmes of a Dutch music radio production company using the 50 kW transmitter during daytime. They were pop and Europop aimed at the mainstream Dutch audience. Radio Monique was popular throughout Benelux.
In the evenings, Radio Caroline transmitted Dutch and American religious evangelist broadcasters such as Johan Maasbach and Roy Masters on medium wave, and later on short wave, under the name Viewpoint 963/819, or World Mission Radio (WMR) on short wave.
In November 1985, the competing offshore station, Laser 558, closed after electrical problems and Caroline moved from 576 kHz to Laser's 558 kHz frequency, with a Top 40 music format similar to Laser's under the name Caroline 558. When Laser returned as Laser Hot Hits, it used Caroline's former and inferior frequency of 576 kHz.
Mast collapse
In 1987, the Territorial Sea Act[35] extended the UK maritime limit from three to 12 nautical miles (22 km). To remain in international waters, the ship moved to a new, less-sheltered anchorage. Initially this was a minor inconvenience as the 300-foot (91 m) mast was thought sturdy enough. However, in October 1987 a massive storm hit southern England, causing deaths and severe damage. MV Ross Revenge weathered the storm in the North Sea.
The following day, Caroline was one of few stations in the South East still broadcasting. However, the storm had weakened the mast, which collapsed in another storm later. Caroline returned to the air using a makeshift aerial with a less powerful signal. This was replaced by a twin-mast T-antenna. For several months only one transmitter could be used, leading to the loss of the income-generating Radio Monique, although a substitute Dutch daytime service, Radio 558 (later Radio 819), was eventually established.
1989 Anglo-Dutch raid
During mid-August 1989, authorities in several European countries carried out co-ordinated raids on houses, recording studios and offices believed to be used by Caroline. On 18 August, a British government chartered ship pulled up alongside the Ross Revenge and asked to board to "discuss the future" of the Ross Revenge and the stations operating from it. This request, and one to stop transmissions on 819 kHz, was refused. A request to stop broadcasting on short wave 6.215 MHz was complied with, and after several hours the government ship returned to port.
The following day James Murphy, an investigator for the UK Office of the Official Solicitor, acting for the Department of Trade and Industry, joined colleagues and counterparts from the Netherlands Radio Regulatory Authority to execute an armed raid on the Ross Revenge in which equipment was damaged or confiscated.
Part of the raid was broadcast live before officials disabled the transmitters. Dutch nationals were arrested and returned to the Netherlands, together with most of the broadcasting equipment. Non-Dutch staff were given the option of staying on the ship or returning to the Netherlands – most chose to stay on board. Caroline claimed boarding the ship and removal or destruction of equipment was piracy. The Dutch claimed the ship's Panamanian registration had lapsed in 1987 and it was not under legal protection from any country and that its transmissions breached international regulations which since 1982 had prohibited broadcasting from outside national territories. Several years later some of the seized items were returned to the station.
In 1990 the UK government amended the 1967 anti-offshore law to allow the boarding and silencing of stations in international waters if their signals could be received in the UK, even if their vessels were foreign registered and operated. Lord Annan, author of the 1977 Report of the Committee on the Future of Broadcasting, spoke in defence of Radio Caroline in the House of Lords at report stage on the Broadcasting Act 1990, saying "Why break a butterfly upon the wheel?" In a 1995 article for the pressure group Charter88, Steve McGann commented:
"Whether Caroline was right to maintain her defiance for so many years is irrelevant. Her story illustrates how uniquely dangerous government regards an independent voice transmitted over unrestricted airwaves and to what ends it will go to silence it."
This legislation remains in force.
1990–1991: After the raid
On 1 October 1989, Radio Caroline restarted broadcasting from the Ross Revenge using makeshift equipment and low power, to retain the 558 kHz frequency. Engineer Peter Chicago had hidden transmitter parts during the raid and retuned one 5 kW transmitter, previously used on short-wave, to 558 kHz. Over the following months, Caroline's signal quality improved as transmitting valves were donated and programming returned to normal.
In June 1990, Spectrum Radio, a new multi-ethnic community radio station in London, was officially allocated 558 kHz. Caroline caused more interference to Spectrum than vice versa. Caroline broadcast regular apologies to Spectrum listeners but refused to vacate the channel. Spectrum threatened to sue the Radio Authority, which then allowed Spectrum to temporarily broadcast on 990 kHz alongside 558 kHz. Eventually, Caroline left 558 kHz and moved to 819 kHz. On 5 November 1990, lack of fuel and supplies forced the station to cease. The final song was Pilot of the Airwaves by Charlie Dore.
Although most broadcasting staff left at that time, some remained for a year as caretakers while funding and equipment were sought. The station tried to obtain a licence from a developing country,[ hoping it might offer protection from the new provisions in the 1990 Broadcasting Act which came into force on 31 December that year.
In November 1991, the ship lost its anchor in a storm and drifted on to the Goodwin Sands in the Channel. The crew was rescued by a RAF helicopter. The Ross Revenge was salvaged and brought into harbour in Dover, ending 27 years of Radio Caroline's unlicensed offshore career.
1991–present: Licensed Support Group era
Since 1991, the Ross Revenge has been maintained by enthusiasts called the Radio Caroline Support Group, originally the Ross Revenge Support Group. From 2007, the ship was docked at Tilbury, where a volunteer crew repaired and maintained it. The ship has working radio studios, from which both Caroline and BBC Essex have broadcast. On 31 July 2014 the ship was moved to the Blackwater Estuary in Essex.
Former offshore broadcasters who continue on the station are: Roger Mathews, Nigel Harris, Martin Fisher, Marc Jacobs, Johnny Lewis, Doug Wood, Dave Foster, Cliff Osbourne, Chris Pearson, Bob Lawrence, Jeremy Chartham and Ad Roberts.[43] Evangelical programmes and sponsored specialist music are broadcast. During Easter 2008, the station broadcast live for three days from the Ross Revenge, featuring presenters who had worked on the Mi Amigo in the late 1970s: Roger Mathews, Mike Stevens, Bob Lawrence, Brian Martin, Martin Fisher, Cliff Osbourne, Jeremy Chartham, Marc Jacobs, Ad Roberts, Dick Verheul and Kees Borrell.
Restricted service licences
Radio Caroline was off the air for most of the 1990s, except for occasional low-power broadcasts of one month. Some of these licensed 28-day restricted service licence (RSL) broadcasts took place from the Ross Revenge during the 1990s, with the ship anchored off Clacton, in London's Canary Wharf, Southend Pier and off the Isle of Sheppey in Kent.
On 1 October 2001 at one minute past midnight, Caroline returned on 1503 kHz from the LV (Light Vessel) 18 in Harwich harbour. This two-day broadcast featured Phil Mitchell, Paul Dennis, Colin Lamb, John Patrick, Barry James, Steve Cisco and Clive Boutell.[44] The LV 18 would later be used by the BBC for BBC Pirate Radio Essex broadcasts.
Another RSL broadcast ran from 7 August until 3 September 2004, with the ship moored at the cruise liner terminal jetty at Tilbury in Essex. It commemorated the 40th anniversary of Radio Caroline and promoted the station's legal internet and satellite programmes. The medium wave frequency was 235 metres (1278 kHz) and programmes were sent through ISDN landline to Maidstone and via the internet and broadcast on satellite. The supermarket chain Asda and English Heritage were among the backers.
The station has subsequently broadcast on 531 kHz AM from the Ross Revenge during some bank holiday weekends, beginning on 28–31 August 2009 and also within a few days of the 50th anniversary of the ship's first voyage.
Satellite and internet broadcasting
Using land-based studios leased in Kent[46] in the late 1990s, the station began broadcasting via satellites Astra 19.2°E and Eutelsat 28A, covering western Europe. These analogue transmissions ended and a full digital service from Astra 28.2°E started in February 2003.
In 2002, Caroline began on WorldSpace satellite radio, continuing until Worldspace went bankrupt and re-organised its operations in 2008. On 12 June 2006, the station bought an EPG slot on Sky channel 0199.[48] This ended on 1 July 2011 after a failure to renegotiate costs with Sky and deciding not pursue a Freesat EPG slot.[49] Surveys in 2008 and 2010 showed a small percentage listened via Sky, and that satellite listening had dropped by 9% since 2008, while online listening had increased by around 40%. Radio Caroline continued on satellite but required manual tuning.
During 2013, a survey showed a continued move from satellite reception and growth in internet listening. Following negotiations with the service provider, satellite transmissions ended at midnight on 30 September 2013. Programmes were still heard on satellite until the provider replaced the signal with a 1 kHz tone on the morning of 1 October 2013. Internet streaming of Radio Caroline programmes continued.
The Radio Caroline "album" station has been streamed on the internet for many years, accessible via the station's website, with more streams on various devices.[41] Dedicated apps for listening via Apple IOS[50] and Android[51] devices are also available. In 2011 Radio Caroline joined Radioplayer UK, an internet service formed by the BBC, Global Radio and the Guardian Media Group that supplies a live feed of UK radio stations to across the world.
From 4 May 2015, Radio Caroline has a 24-hour "Flashback" webstream carrying "oldies" music and jingles.
Via Manx Radio
Since September 2015, Radio Caroline has been broadcasting 'live' for one weekend each month[54] as "Radio Caroline North" (with original DJs and a mixed sixties, seventies and eighties music content and jingles) from its former home the MV Ross Revenge on the Blackwater Estuary in Essex, via Manx Radio's 1368 kHz 20 kW transmitter on the Isle of Man.[
Radio Caroline at 50 years (1964–2014)
From 31 March to 27 April 2014, a Caroline North tribute station, based on the Planet Lightship berthed in the Albert Dock complex on Liverpool's waterfront, broadcast locally on 87.7FM and on the internet. Programmes were presented by current and former DJs from the BBC, ILR, Ireland, Luxembourg, offshore and land-based pirate stations, and other international and freelance backgrounds, including Tony Prince and Emperor Rosko. Original 1960s Caroline North jingles were interspersed with generic Radio Caroline ones. The station played a wide selection of music from when Caroline started in the 1960s, but also included music from the 70s and 80s and early 90s to widen the audience profile. The four-week event was funded through on-air local business commercials.[citation needed]
Medium wave campaign
In December 2010, Chatham and Aylesford MP Tracey Crouch presented an Early Day Motion to the House of Commons calling for Ofcom to allow Radio Caroline to broadcast as a licensed medium wave station to its "traditional heartland of the south east".
The full text of the EDM is:
That this House expresses its disappointment that, having pioneered commercial radio in the UK and for the past decade being a fully licensed broadcaster, Radio Caroline, a cornerstone of British radio history, has been denied by OFCOM the opportunity to secure a medium wave frequency from which to broadcast; regrets that as a result its devoted listeners are confined to listening to Radio Caroline via the internet and unable to enjoy its musical offerings in transit; and calls on OFCOM to exhaust all avenues in making the provisions available for Radio Caroline to celebrate its 50th birthday in 2014 by broadcasting on a medium wave frequency which, it appears, is unwanted by both BBC and commercial operators as a broadcast platform."[56]
In May 2017, Ofcom awarded the station a community licence to broadcast to Suffolk and north Essex on 648 kHz with a power of 1 kW.[3][57] On 11 November 2017, test transmissions commenced from an omni-directional mast (formerly used by the BBC World Service) at Orford Ness, Suffolk.
Commercial programming commenced at noon on Friday 22 December 2017, with a signal that could be heard as far afield as Southampton, Birmingham and Glasgow.
International operations
The Netherlands
In January 2002, a Dutch Caroline fan called Sietse Brouwer launched a Netherlands-based Radio Caroline in Harlingen, broadcasting on the northern Netherlands cable networks and largely independent of UK Caroline. Brouwer intended to obtain an AM frequency from the Netherlands authorities in 2003 when its medium wave frequencies were reallocated. However, Dutch Caroline failed to secure a high power AM frequency and the cable network service was discontinued because of lack of funds. The Dutch Radio Caroline then changed its name to Radio Waddenzee for daytime Dutch and German language, and Radio Seagull for nighttime English language broadcasts, and now broadcasts on 1602 kHz every day and on the internet, presenting a progressive rock format. From November 2009, Radio Seagull can be heard periodically on 558 kHz in London.
Spain
In Spain, a station broadcast during the summer 2009 on 102.7 MHz in the Costa Blanca from studios in Benidorm. The station had some success but stopped broadcasting due to lack of funding. Broadcasters included Tony Christian, Pawl "Hound Dog" Shanley, Dave Fox, Simon West, Dale Richardson and Peter D.
Ireland
Radio Caroline is broadcast in the Republic of Ireland on channel 927 on the UPC Ireland cable service in the main cities of Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Galway, Waterford and Cappoquin, and the County Waterford towns of Lismore and Tallow.
New Zealand
In Timaru, an NZBC station, originally 3XC, later 3ZC, broadcast as Radio Caroline until 1995. The name was taken from Caroline Bay, a popular recreation area nearby.
In Palmerston, Radio Caroline International, based in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, acquired an AM commercial broadcasting licence in 2008, and was seeking wavelengths in Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch. Daytime programming was leased to a community radio service called Puketapu Radio on 756 kHz.
Once a very popular form of broadcast media, has nowadays seen a shift online, but still remains a prominant form of broadcasting.
Image from www.flickr.com/photos/garyth123/475458112/
Speech Broadcasting Building - Building 86 (A/M Drg No: 10786/41)
These buildings were commonly found on the airfields Technical Site, often in the vicinity of the Control Tower (Watch Office) and comprised a small blast-proof building housing the amplifying equipment for the Tannoy System used for operational instructions to be given clearly, rapidly and simultaneously to Personnel at dispersal points and other distant parts of the airfield. Microphones placed in the main operational buildings, the Operations Block, Control Tower or Watch Office and the Battle Headquarters, these were all connected to the Speech Broadcasting Building, from which cables running within pipes were connected to an average of 150 loudspeakers dotted around the airfield.
RAF Snetterton Heath Airfield, was built in 1942 and during the World War Two it was used by the U.S.A.A.F Eighth Air Force, USAAF Station 138 and was the home-base for these American Bombers, the twin-engined B-26 Marauder and the Heavy Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress. In November 1945 the airfield was abandoned by the Americans and in 1948 it was deserted, the former Airfield was converted into Snetterton Motor Racing Circuit. In many instances, much of the airfield will have been demolished in the intervening years, and returned to agriculture, or converted into an industrial estate, eventually to fade from the landscape altogether, but hopefully will remain a little longer in the memory of those who served there. The bases were home to brave young men and women who served the Allied Forces flying Fighters and Bombers from the runways of the Airfield, sometimes never to return.
Sourced from www.ukairfields.org.uk/snetterton-heath.html
Penguin Café Orchestra, ‘Broadcasting From Home’, 1984. T’Kaff are known to most people for the music from that phone advert with a pulsing old-fashioned dial tone and ring. Anyway, Simon Jeffes was the man behind the counter. A classical composer who liked folk and pop and Minimalism a la Phillip Glass and Ambient a la Brian Eno. Indeed, this album came out on EG, which was Eno’s label. Instrumentals that are gentle, graceful, playful, languid, calming, cheerful, atmospheric. ‘Music for a Found Harmonium’ starts with a low harmonium drone, evolving into a repetitive pulsing pretty melody. It’s been used in TV and film so you might recognize it. ‘Prelude & Yodel’ starts with gentle piano plonk then merges with strings and off on into a lilting cloud. ‘More Milk’ soft percussion with tapped bottles and spaced apart bass notes. ‘Sheep Dip’ pastoral violins and melancholy. ‘White Mischief’ slow solo piano chords with repetitive violin rhythm swooning in. ‘In The Back of a Taxi’ gentle guitar picking with trumpets joining in from some far away land. ‘Music By Numbers’ Afro-Beat with synths and strings and bubble bass. ‘Another One From The Colonies’ lilting Caribbean flavour with ukele. ‘Air’ slow and meditative with long notes and harp, violins, strummed guitar and general floaty air. ‘Heartwind’ cheerful Bontempi-esque keyboard, bright and jolly. ‘Isle of View’ (Music for Helicopters)’ does what it says on the tin. ‘Now Nothing’ slow piano and strings and a hint of a vocal. A snuggly, warm blanket of an album. Perfect for lockdown or a rainy day or Sunday morning or just to slow things down a bit…
Apparently the cover painting's by Emily Young, who was the influence for Pink Floyd's 'See Emily Play'.
Broadcasting refers to distribution of visual and audio contents to large people through electronic media and other communication tools. Electronic devices such as radio and televisions, which help in mass communication, are considered as major broadcasting devices across the globe.
The global broadcasting
equipment market is anticipated to bolster at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.3% over the forecast period i.e. 2015-2021. Geographically, the global broadcasting equipment market is segmented into North America, Latin America, Western and Eastern Europe, Asia-Pacific, Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and Rest of World.
Market Segmentation
By Equipment Type
The global broadcasting equipment market is segmented based of equipment type into servers, switchers, encoders, and cameras. In 2015, servers accounted for 26.0% of total market share; highest when compared to other solutions. Furthermore, the switchers market is expanding at a modest rate and anticipated to nurture at a CAGR of 6.2% and reach USD 2.5 Billion in 2024.
By Applications
By application, the global broadcasting equipment market can be divided on the basis of applications into studio production, news production, post production, sports production and others.
www.researchnester.com/reports/broadcasting-equipment-mar...
Operator: Hubbard Broadcasting Inc.
Aircraft: Gulfstream V
Registration: N19H
C/n: 622
Location: Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (AMS/EHAM)
Date: 9-7-2019
Previously: N622 Gulfstream Aerospace Corp., N304K Gulfstream Aerospace Corp., N304K, N806AC Casden Aircraft, VP-BBX Gama Aviation, HB-JTT Gama Aviation, N8889 100 Melrose LLC, N8889 Hubbard Broadcasting Inc.
German press photo by RTL Plus for the German broadcasting on 13 December 1991. David McCallum in the TV series The Invisble Man (1975). The German title was Der Unsichtbare. Caption: Dr. Daniel Westin (David McCallum) made a sensational discovery in his research lab.
British actor David McCallum (1933) is best known for two American TV series. He played U.N.C.L.E. agent Illya Kuryakin in the legendary hit series The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (1964). Nearly 40 years later, he made a come-back as Dr. Donald "Duckie" Mallard on NCIS: Naval Criminal Investigative Service (2003). While making The Man from U.N.C.L.E., McCallum received more fan mail than any other actor in MGM's history, including Clark Gable and Elvis Presley.
David Keith McCallum was born in 1933 in Glasgow, Scotland, UK. his father, David McCallum Sr., was the first violinist for the London Philharmonic and his mother, Dorothy Dorman, was a cellist, it's not surprising that David was originally headed for a career in music, playing the oboe. He studied briefly at the Royal Academy of Music. He left that, however, for the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, which he attended between 1949 and 1951. His first acting role was in 'Whom the Gods Love, Die Young' playing a doomed royal. A James Dean-themed photograph of McCallum caught the attention of the Rank Organisation, who signed him in 1956. McCallum married actress Jill Ireland while filming Hell Drivers (Cy Endfield, 1957) together. He made nearly a dozen films in the United Kingdom before he had his breakthrough as Lt. Wyatt in Billy Budd (Peter Ustinov, 1962), starring Terence Stamp. His first American film was Freud: The Secret Passion (1962), directed by John Huston. In 1963 he introduced Ireland to Charles Bronson when both were filming The Great Escape (John Sturges, 1963). She subsequently left McCallum and married Bronson in 1968. McCallum and Ireland had three sons: Paul, Jason (an adopted son who died from an accidental drug overdose in 1989), and Val (short for Valentine), who is a respected guitarist and session musician, recording and performing with such artists as Sheryl Crow.
In 1964, David McCallum became a star as the mysterious Russian agent Illya Kuryakin in the hit TV series The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (1964). The series was based on the popularity of the James Bond films. McCallum and Robert Vaughn play two top Agents of the United Network Command for Law and Enforcement (U.N.C.L.E.) who fight the enemies of peace, particularly the forces of T.H.R.U.S.H. and use charm, wit, and a never-ending assortment of gadgets. McCallum's Beatle-style blond haircut provided a trendy contrast to Vaughn's clean-cut appearance. He became a sex symbol and his Russian alter ego became a pop culture phenomenon, despite the Cold War. McCallum received two Emmy Award nominations in the course of the show's four-year run (1964–1968) for playing the intellectual and introvert secret agent. McCallum also played the role of Judas Iscariot in The Greatest Story Ever Told (George Stevens, 1965). This epic is a retelling of the Biblical account about Jesus of Nazareth (Max von Sydow), from the Nativity through to the Ascension. In the 1960s, McCallum recorded four albums for Capitol Records with music producer David Axlerod.
For decades, David McCallum never quite repeated the popular success he had gained as Kuryakin, though he did become a familiar face on British television in such shows as Colditz (1972–1974), Kidnapped (1978), and ITV's Science-Fiction series Sapphire & Steel (1979–1982) opposite Joanna Lumley. In 1975 he played the title character in a short-lived U.S. version of The Invisible Man. He and Robert Vaughn reprised their roles of Kuryakin and Solo in the TV film, Return of the Man from U.N.C.L.E. (1983). In 1986 they reunited again in an episode of The A-Team entitled 'The Say U.N.C.L.E. Affair'. Finally, McCallum made a come-back with his superlative portrayal of chief medical examiner Dr. Donald "Duckie" Mallard on the hit CBS series, NCIS: Naval Criminal Investigative Service (2003) with Mark Harmon. He has played the same character in three different series: JAG (1995), NCIS: Naval Criminal Investigative Service (2003), and NCIS: New Orleans (2014). In 2016 he published the novel 'Once a Crooked Man' (2016). McCallum has been married to model Katherine Carpenter since 1967. They have a son, Peter, and a daughter, Sophie. McCallum and his wife are active with charitable organizations that support the United States Marine Corps: Katherine's father was a Marine who served in the Battle of Iwo Jima, and her brother lost his life in the Vietnam War. David McCallum lives on Long Island, New York, and has six grandchildren.
Sources: Ed Stephan (IMDb), Wikipedia, and IMDb.
And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.
"The speed of communication is wondrous to behold. It is also true that speed can multiply the distribution of information that we know to be untrue."
~Edward R. Murrow
Front of RCA 1-kw broadcast transmitter with front panels removed.
Fundamentals of Radio by Frederick Emmons Terman. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1938.
Permission granted for journalism outlets and educational purposes. Not for commercial use. Must be credited. Photo courtesy of South Dakota Public Broadcasting.
©2023 SDPB
Broadcasting House, Portland Place, London
Prospero and Ariel by Eric Gill, 1933.
Be not afeard; the isle is full of noises,
Sounds, and sweet airs, that give delight and hurt not.
Sometimes a thousand twangling instruments
Will hum about mine ears; and sometime voices,
That, if I then had waked after long sleep,
Will make me sleep again: and then, in dreaming,
The clouds methought would open, and show riches
Ready to drop upon me; that, when I waked,
I cried to dream again.
Ariel from The Tempest by William Shakespeare
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Arthur Eric Rowton Gill, 1882-1940, was an English sculptor, typeface designer, stonecutter and printmaker, who was associated with the Arts and Crafts movement. A maverick socialist and radical Catholic, he is a controversial figure, with his well-known religious views and subject matter generally viewed as being at odds with his sexual behavior, including his erotic art. Gill was adamantly opposed to fascism, and was one of the few prominent Catholics in Britain to openly speak up for the cause of the Spanish Republicans. Gill became a pacifist, and helped set up the Catholic peace organisation Pax. Later Gill joined the Peace Pledge Union, as well as supporting the British branch of the Fellowship of Reconciliation. Gill died of lung cancer in Harefield Hospital in Middlesex in 1940. He was buried in Speen churchyard in the Chilterns, near Princes Risborough, the village where his last artistic community had practised.
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'Over the front entrance of Broadcasting House stand the statues of Prospero and Ariel (from Shakespeare's last play The Tempest), by Eric Gill. Prospero, Ariel's master, stands 10ft tall and is depicted sending Ariel out into the world. Ariel, as the spirit of the air, was felt to be an appropriate symbol for the new mystery of broadcasting.
After Broadcasting House was opened and the statues were installed (1933), concern was voiced about the size of the sprite's genitalia. A question was tabled in the House of Commons, but the popular story, that Gill was ordered to modify the statue, is not substantiated.'
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'Herbert Read first approached Gill about this commission in October 1929. In a letter of 15 February 1931 Gill referred to being in the thick of making designs for the BBC; he exhibited drawings for four different designs for this group at the French Gallery, November 1933. The drawing on stone of the approved design was done in March–April and the carving was begun in May and finished in August 1931, according to extracts from his diary supplied by his brother Evan Gill.
The theme of Prospero and Ariel set by the BBC did not appeal to Gill, and he wrote in his Autobiography: ‘I took it upon me to portray God the Father and God the Son. For even if that were not Shakespeare's meaning it ought to be the BBC's.’
(who hold the artist's models and plans for Prospero and Ariel)
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2013: Sexual abuse charities are urging the BBC to remove the statute in front of Broadcasting House made by artist Eric Gill, after it was revealed that he sexually abused his two eldest daughters.
His 1932 statue Prospero And Ariel, inspired by Shakespeare's play The Tempest, occupies a prominent position at the entrance to the BBC's Broadcasting House in Portland Place, London.
Fay Maxted, chief executive of The Survivors' Trust, which supports survivors of rape and childhood sexual abuse, told the London Journalism Centre: 'It's an insult to allow a work like this to remain in such a public place. It is almost mocking survivors, it is intolerable.'
Peter Saunders, chief executive of the National Association For People Abused In Childhood, added: 'There's a strong argument that this should be removed. These symbols are in people's faces.' The statue was especially inappropriate in light of the recent Jimmy Savile scandal, he added.
Daily Mail, 22nd April 2013
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puritanism noun Scrupulous moral rigor, especially hostility to social pleasures and indulgences: Extreme, often excessive strictness in moral or religious matters, esp. rigid austerity. (OED)
book-burning noun the destruction of writings of which the subject, the view of the author, or the like is considered politically or socially objectionable: used as a means of censorship or oppression. (CED)
witch-hunt noun a rigorous campaign to round up or expose dissenters on the pretext of safeguarding the welfare of the public witch-hunter noun ˈwitch-hunting noun, adjective (CED)
Puritanism is the source of our greatest hypocrisies and most crippling illusions - Molly Haskell
Mr Philip Kelley, Director, Wireless Broadcast Standards, Alcatel-Lucent
Mr Paul Garnett, Director, Microsoft
ITU/A.Roska
BBC RADIO BABLETOWN (vintage photo, circa 1941): Monitors (listeners-in) studying the broadcasting schedule to see when they would 'go on the air' or when they had to listen to broadcasts from other countries on short and long waves.
Holly: This is Blythe Network News broadcasting in front of the Seal of the City of New York. We have lots of news this evening so we are going to get right to it. First of all we received news a few hours ago that Makani has finally arrived in Israel. She will be spending the next ten days with Elkie (RoomsandKisses). We are looking forward to seeing her photos. Elkie BNN will check in with you in few days.
Compass is currently with Kass and Maria (Kassandra’s Box “Blytheraphy”). Aurora is with Care (obsessivelystitching). We have had the honor to interview them both. And now in an exclusive presentation here are the interviews.
Holly: Hello Kass! How are you and Maria enjoying your time with Compass?
Kass: Hi Holly. I’m so happy to talk to you for the very first time. Its our first interview…so we are kind of thrilled! We are having a great time with Compass.
Holly: Are you and Maria sisters?
Kass: Yes Maria and me are sisters, and besties as well.
Holly: Can you tell us a bit about where you live? I see that you enjoy nature and animals.
Kass: We live in Northern Spain, in a city (300,000 people) called Gijon. It’s a mountainous and very green area. Most of the territory in Asturias is part of a Nation Park (National Park Picos de Europa). Asturias is so pretty its motto is “Asturias Paraiso Natural”, something like “Asturias Nature Paradise”. There are forest everywhere and wonderful cold Atlantic beaches, amazing in summer and mysterious and beautiful in winter. People is very outstanding even weather is most of time cold and rainy. Its hard to explain not everywhere in Spain is like Asturias. Asturias is very other. Mountains got Asturias isolated from Spain and from the rest of the world for most of its history. Traditions have Celtic roots and theyre still very alive. This is the land of sour cider and friends, pippers and forests, Celtic legends and good people. It’s the best place on Earth to live in! Gijon is a very active city. It holds one of the main harbours in northern Spain. Maria and me live in Gijon but we spend a lot of time in an area called Comarca de la Sidra (cider) where we keep horses, cats and hubbies (notice hubbies are part of our zoo “cough”). Comarca de la sidra is an area near the coast line, but mostly mountainous, plenty of wonderful neighbours and forests.
Holly: One thing we always like to know about is if your town has done anything special to welcome Compass the Traveling Blythe?
Kass: Days ago we got Compass to the most traditional spot in Asturias, Covadonga Grotto, in the National Park Picos de Europa. That place is kind of the heart of Asturias so there are always people, lots of tourists wandering around and very few locals. We tried to take pics of Compass without being noticed but we gave up after an hour. So we decided to make a show of our photo session. A bunch of Belgians and Germans got to see Compass near a fountain, they commented on every move, likes, dislikes, outfit, made suggestions…We went on and had Compass sitting on a stone lion arms when all of a sudden a bus packed with French people stopped by and we got like 30 people making suggestions about how Compass should sit down. So somehow Compass was welcomed in the very heart of Asturias kingdom by Belgians, Germans, French and a handful of Asturias. No bad uh? It was a bit of weird…anyway I’m pretty sure all those people thought it was who were freaks!!
When we were about to leave (it had started raining) a couple of oldies who were passing by said to each other “do you think that doll is part of the fountain decoration?”
Holly: A last very important question. Do you like cheese?
Kass: LOL!! Oh my God you’re asking that question to a girl who lives in a region which brags about their 127 kinds of cheese, super duper high quality cheeses too.
Holly: Kass and Maria BNN would like to thank you for this wonderful interview! I now we will take the BNN jet and head over to interview Care (Obsessively Stitching)!
Hello Care! How are you?
Care: Doing very well, thank you very much. We’ve just returned from a whirlwind trip to Dead Horse Point State Park and Arches National Park a few hours south from where we live. Aurora came with us and we had the most wonderful time!
Holly: I saw your photos and they are amazing. How are you enjoying your time with Aurora?
Care: We adore Aurora so much, and we will be sad to see her go…but certainly we look forward to following along on her further adventures across the globe!
Holly: Can you tell us a bit about where you live?
Care: Well we live in a town that used to be considered quite rural, but has recently had a huge burst in growth. We have orchards and horse lands and sheep farms very nearby, but we also have plenty of shopping and necessities very close by as well. Not to mention the beautiful mountains all around, and the beautiful views we get to see daily! We love Utah, it is such a geological treasure trove. From mountains to arches to red rock to snow to beautiful fall foliage…we get a bit of everything all within just a few hours’ drive!
Holly: One thing we always like to know about is if your town has done anything special to welcome Aurora The Traveling Blythe?
Care: There have been celebrations all across the country! Onion Days just finished up last weekend in the town just south of us – and Aurora wwas honored as Miss Onion Days 2012 as her hair is just the same color as the gorgeous purple onions they grow there. In our town the Mayor renamed one of our roadways Aurora Avenue in a grand ceremony over the weekend. There was a parade and a hoedown in celebration of the event.
Holly: A very important question we like to ask is….Do you like cheese?
Care: Indeed. I am a lover of all cheeses, although I must say I prefer softer cheese over the harder ones. I like my cheese sharp – not poky!
Holly: Care thank you so much for allowing BNN into your home. We hope everyone go to the group site to look at the photos you and Kass have put up. Enjoy the rest of your visit. For now this is Holly saying good night from BNN!
Is on a wall in the innards of a massive room in the bbc broadcasting house which is made to look like a ship!
Permission granted for journalism outlets and educational purposes. Not for commercial use. Must be credited. Photo courtesy of South Dakota Public Broadcasting.
©2022 SDPB
Studio 4B and News Editors Cubilcle, July 1932.
Copyright BBC
Read more about the construction of BBC Broadcasting House on the About the BBC blog.
Tokyo Skytree, Somaida, Tokyo, Japan
Tokyo’s Sky Tree is the tallest standing tower in the world and it is the second tallest (manmade) free standing structure in the world. Its main purpose is for terrestrial digital broadcasting, but it also has a few restaurants, observation towers and of course plenty of gift shops. It gets fairly crowded, and the observation deck is of course glass walled and sealed. Though the inside and outside glass walls are in general clean enough, it’s not really a great spot to take aerial photographs.
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