breakup photos on Flickr

Long before the sale and breakup of the National Bus Company,PMT Bristol RELL 219,PVT 219L, takes a break outside Burslem Garage in the then standard poppy red livery.The bus is still equipped with its power setright equipment before the arrival of the Timtronic ticket machines.

Geopedia — a fresh little primer on modern geology by Steve Jurvetson

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I wanted to understand some of the geologic oddities to better understand meteorites, which are more diverse than the native rocks of Earth.

A teaser: there is more water in our mantle than in our oceans — thanks to the properties of eclogite, the colorful rock on the right.

Eclogite is forged from some anomalous alchemy from down below our crust and makes the tectonic plates possible, and thus, differentiates Earth from the other planets. In short, the peculiar conversion of the black volcanic basalt of our sea floors into this colorful and denser mineral, makes subduction possible. The basalt that comes up from the mantle cools and slides over to the subduction zone over ~ 150 million years. Cool enough to start sinking, it is still lighter than the mantle, and for it to cycle back down, it has to become much more dense, and it does, 30 miles down, becoming eclogite which then sinks further into the mantle, which itself circulates as a viscous fluid down to our molten core, on a billion year roundtrip to circle back to the crust again.

“Without eclogite, our plate-tectonic system would grind to a halt” (37) “Only Earth has developed the habit of subduction, which has helped keep the planet on an even keel for eons. Subduction keeps the interior and exterior of earth in communication with each other, returning not only the solid ocean crust but also volatiles like water and carbon dioxide vented by volcanos back to the mantle. In contrast, other planets, like Mars with its fossil river valleys, have simply lost their volatiles to space over time, with nothing held in reserve.” (40)

Subduction brings water down to the magma, forming granite (which accumulates in the continental crust), and lowering the viscosity of the mantle, allowing it to flow convectively, keeping the plates in motion. Granite is unique to Earth in our solar system.

The mantle is 1,800 miles thick and makes up 84% of Earth’s volume.

“A xenolith is a chunk of rock that happened to be picked up by an ascending body of magma and subsequently preserved within it as the magma crystallized. They are emissaries from otherwise inaccessible realms, carrying messages encoded in their minerals. In fact, most of the rare rock samples we have of Earth’s mantle are xenoliths that were borne up by basaltic magmas.” (163)

And wow, I had no idea how recent many of the fundamental theories are for how the world works (e.g., plate tectonics in 1965). Here are some more interesting bits:

The meteorites called “chondrites were the universal ancestors of all rocks on Earth and other rocky planets and moons. They preserve a memory of the starting composition of these worlds, something that all other rocks have forgotten, particularly on Earth, where the process of differentiation has continued for 4.5 billion years and generated a prodigious diversity of rocks that fall far from the chondritic tree in their chemistry. The crust has been distilled from the mantle by partial melting — a kind of smelting process that can yield basaltic ocean crust in one step, but requires many iterations to generate granitic continental crust, unique to Earth. As products of all this differentiation, refining, and remixing, no native Earth rocks can tell us about the bulk composition of the planet. Luckily the chondrites — those ancient emissaries with astonishingly long memories — occasionally drop from the sky and recall the recipe in detail.” (25)

The geodynamo “has existed for more than 3.5 billion years but fluctuates daily. The magnetic field is our protective shield; it deflects not only the relentless solar wind, which would otherwise strip away Earth’s atmosphere over time, but also cosmic rays, which zing in from interstellar space with enough energy to damage living cells. It arises in Earth’s outer core, where the movement of liquid iron creates a giant, self-perpetuating electromagnet, the geodynamo.” (48) “Seafloor basalts provide a high-fidelity chronicle of polarity reversals for the past 170 million years (at which point the record is lost to subduction). The most recent flip occurred about 770,000 years ago, deep in the Ice Age.” (50) More recently, “the intensity of the field has been falling at a rate of about 6% per century.” (51)

Diamonds are not forever, despite the marketing. “Diamonds are metastable at Earth’s surface—well outside their natural thermodynamic habitat (100+ miles down in our mantle). Any diamond at atmospheric pressure is converting very slowly to graphite, in atomic scale layers, from the outside in” (76).

Coral reefs disappeared from Earth for 10 million years. “For us in the Anthropocene, the causes of the Permian extinction— including ocean acidification— are uncomfortably familiar, and the story of the post-Permian reef gap sounds like a classic good news/bad news joke. The good news is that the corals did in fact recover and flourish once again. The bad news is… it took a thousand times longer than the entire duration of human history.” (86)

“Temperature increases with depth, at a typical geothermal gradient of 75°F/mile.” (92)

Salt: “From Farsi for ‘mountain of salt,’ a namakier is perhaps more accurately described as a glacier of salt that can flow over the land surface as fast as inches per year, rivaling its icy counterparts for speed.” (95) Rock salt forms in lagoons and isolated basins with evaporation of the water. It is denser than the sediment and begin to sink; under pressure from above, the interstitial pore spaces collapse, and its density rises further. Once it is a block of crystalline salt, it resists further compaction and about a mile down, it becomes more buoyant than the rocks above it, and it has the wild property of being able to flow viscously in the sold state. To correct the density inversion, it bubbles up like hot wax in a lava lamp, forming salt domes and canopies that then trap petroleum beneath them. Salt domes are the major target of oil exploration in places like the Gulf of Mexico.

Pangaea: “From formation to final breakup, supercontinents have life cycles of 500-700 million years; Pangaea was preceded by Rodinia (at its peak about 1 billion years ago) and even the more ancient Nuna (1.8 billion years ago). Each of these would have had its complimentary superocean” (111)

“For most igneous rocks, crystal size in inversely related to the rate at which they cooled from a magma. Different minerals ‘freeze’ out of a magma at different temperatures— a phenomenon called ‘fractional crystallization.’ Minerals with the highest crystallization temperatures will nucleate first, invariably getting a head start (to form large crystals) on those that form at lower temperatures (the undifferentiated matrix).” (120)

“Zircon (ZrSiO4) which occurs primarily as a minor constituent of granite, is singularly resistant to both chemical breakdown and physical abrasion. In contrast to diamonds, zircons really are forever. Zircon also happens to be ideal for isotopic dating; at the time of crystallization, it accepts some Uranium in its atomic lattice. Over time, the two isotopes of Uranium, both radioactive, break down into their daughter isotopes of lead. Measuring the lead-to-uranium ratios in zircon crystal allows it to be dated with high precision. The most ancient earth objects ever found are tiny zircon crystals that survive as grains in an ancient sandstone but recall quite clearly their crystallization in a granitic magma 4.4 billion years ago. Zircon crystals also have the capacity for reincarnation. An old zircon crystal, after eons of dormancy, can grow new concentric layers when reheated by a magmatic or tectonic event. These resemble miniature tree rings — but may have formed in episodes of growth separated by hundreds of millions of years. A single zircon crystal can be a microcosm containing the tectonic history of a continent.” (167)

And what a fine way to close the Geopedia, the final passage: “Perhaps the most remarkable zircon biography yet discovered is that of a crystal found in a granitic fragment in a moon rock collected in 1971 by Apollo 14 astronauts. The presence of any granite on the moon is surprising, and for years this was a puzzling anomaly. In 2019, zircon crystals from this fragment, dated at four billion years, were found to have trace element signatures that are completely different from those of any other lunar rocks— but very similar to Earth’s values. The astounding implication is that the chunk of granite, carrying its zircons, is in fact a rock that rocketed off the earth in a meteorite impact, was hurled into space, landed on the moon— and was picked up billions of years later by an astronaut who happened to be strolling by. Similar Earth meteorites are probably strewn around the surface of Mars, and that thought gives me some strange comfort. In five billion years, when the lifetime of the sun has finally run its course, Mars may lie outside its Red Giant radius— but Earth will be engulfed. Perhaps on the bleak plains of Mars there will be a few surviving Earth-born zircon crystals that remember the halcyon days of this beautiful, bountiful, complicated, creative planet.” (168)

Breakup by David Housewright

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i'm Leaving NY #iphoneography by Suzan Mikiel

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Posted via email from Suzan's posterous

breakup by Cutebaby Melody

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BreakUp@RIAT15 by Phil

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The Breakup by Karen Wilkinson

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Just couldn't decide which to upload so managed to narrow it down to seven. These are so addictive when you start as no two are alike.

the breakup by * laura

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Makeup to breakup by Jerry Tjiputra

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Spring breakup by robin_ottawa

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H.H.F18_Li30516_V3 by heidi-art

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breakup

Breakup 2 by Harper Ganesvoort

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More storyboarding here for "Thief In the Night."

The way I am conceiving this scene, Nolan (played by Conan Bankersbox) is returned from seeking a resolution for Melanda's problem, but Melanda believes the only thing to do is to break up with Nolan and leave him. As you can see from photo 4, the breakup isn't an easy one for either side....

Conan is once again wearing In the other 3 photos) Utopia evening wear (Diplomat); I'm in the lusciously over the top Aeon gown from Heth Haute Couture. Hair by Letituier; jewels by Lazuri and Modern Couture; cigarette holder from Anachron; nails by S H O C K.

Thanks much, Conan! I can never pull off these shots without your help.

Around the Grid has more!

Disciplined Breakup by Thomas Hawk

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Breakup - Lonely by Sheeraz Ahmed

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Around 1300m high on Jabel Hafeet at dawn n wat I see is the moon shining bright.

Robertson River Breakup by Katy on the Tundra

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Spring meltwater upwelling over the ice, then re-freezing at night... and the Robertson River takes on this turquoise blue color typical of spring breakup. The color is due to the great density of the ice, very little air present.

Breakup by Ex Cogitator

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The course of true love never did run smooth [EXPLORED] by Rasedul Islam

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Explored on 2012-03-23 #259

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Made by Rose Petals and stapler Pin.

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For a moment or two, we can stand in the darkness, we may rest. But in life, we can’t live in darkness. Storm comes into our life. And we got carried away like a dry leaf. But life doesn’t stop incidents. So if you love someone, make it apparent. Else, it might be too late.

ice breakup! by marianna armata

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Yes! at long last we have an indication that spring will (eventually) arrive at our door step: ice has begun to break up on the surface of the river just north of Montreal. Yeepee!

(tonight's view from my balcony :-)

Pursuit of Happiness by C@MARADERIE

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Sometimes in life we feel so blue,

But someone somewhere

is not happy as you.

Somewhere far at the border when a soldier sleeps,
Missing his loved ones, he silently weeps.

Somewhere a mother painfully sighs,
'cause her new born baby didn't open her eyes.

Somewhere a poor dad silently cries,
When he sees his son begging for a bowl of rice.

Somewhere in an orphanage a little girl is sad,
When she misses her mom & dad.

So at times a reason to smile,
You may not have any,
Just say to yourself that,
You are happier than many.....

'cause life is beautiful an
its not always blue

End of selective color processing series.

Earlier i uploaded the following

In Memory of my Late Grandmother

وہی اک گلاب امید کا میری شاخ جان پر کھلا نہیں

The BREAKUP

Join me on FACEBOOK

Breakup in Balat? by Adam Roy

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And here I am shooting them, ruing this date... or casual meeting, or breakup, I guess... or whatever this is?

Summer Breakup by Brian 104

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Breakup Inukshuk by MichaelHD ( michaelhdavies.com )

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Spring is here, the ice is breaking, the whales and geese are back and the temperature is hovering around -5c. Its a great time of year here for those that like to be outside!

Share if you like

For more of my images please visit www.michaelhdavies.com or www.flickr.com/photos/michaelhdavies, or www.facebook.com/michaelhdaviesphotography/ or twitter.com/michaelhdavies1

Herd of Sheffield 2016 – 36. Ellie by Karen Roe

Ellie attempts to pay homage to the numerous limestone/gritstone crags that have helped to cement the strong tradition and world wide reputation of British rock climbing and mountaineering. These outcrops virtually encircle the city of Sheffield, which ensured that the citys climbers and ramblers would be instrumental in the 1932 Kinder Mass Trespass, along with like-minded people from my home city of Manchester. This celebrated ‘Right to Roam’ protest led directly to the opening up of access to the spectacular English landscape for us all to enjoy, a hard earned right that we now take almost for granted.

David imagined Ellie hauling timber around the forests of India before arriving in the steelyards of Sheffield in 1916, and so gave the crags and boulders the texture and colouring of teak and mahogany.

Why Ellie? David’s father, Albert Elliot Hoodith, though born in British Guyana and raised in Barbados was of Indian origin and was born in 1918, as the war which brought Ellie to England finally came to an end. It was the outbreak of World War II that brought his father, whose schoolboy nickname was Ellie, to England, and so he thought it fitting to pass the name from one hard working Indian to another. He is sure his father would have approved.

Designed by: David Elliot Hoodith

David was born in Manchester in1950 and has now lived in The Peak District for twenty years. He is a self taught artist working with a variety of materials though Ellie is his first experience working on such a scale and in three dimensions. He exhibits his paintings at The Gallery in The Gardens in Buxton and at The New Mills Gallery in his adoptive home town.

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