1923 ca "5-1/4 x 3-1/8 - Okes Find Negri Junction with Ord River Walter Okes sitting on Right"

[KHS - This should be standing not sitting]

A returned WWI soldier, stockman named Walter Okes, discovered a "bituminous substance" in the bed of the Ord River close to the Ord and Negri junction. Okes had taken up Ningbing Station in ca 1909 and had sold to Billy Weaber and Julius Prior circa 1910. It is reputed that "Okes Find" had been located by him before WWI, but it was not until after the war that Okes made his find public.

A company was formed called the Okes-Durack Oil Company and drilling began at Ord River Station during 1923.

Elizabeth Durack personal photographic collection courtesy of the Clancy and Durack families.

KHS Archive Number: KHS-2011-11-PD-23

www.kununurra.org.au/

Digitised and documented by KHS Volunteers and with a grant from the Shire of Wyndham East Kimberley in 2011.

For further information about Elizabeth Durack's life and her art see www.elizabethdurack.com/

(public display, Geology Department, Wittenberg University, Springfield, Ohio, USA)

------------------------------------

Cannel coals are odd varieties of coal. They don’t have the look & feel of ordinary coals such as lignite, bituminous coal, and anthracite. Cannel coals are lightweight, as all coals are, but are surprisingly tight and solid - they hold up to natural weathering pretty well, considering they’re coals. They are not sooty to the touch, and have conchoidal fracture (smooth & curved fracture surfaces). Cannel coals lack the well-developed horizontal bedding & laminations seen in lignites and bituminous coals

Not surprisingly, the differences in physical characterstics between cannel coal and other ranks of coal are due to the organic matter content. Cannel coals are composed principally of fossil spores (sporinite phytoclasts). Garden-variety coals are composed principally of a mix of altered fragmented plant debris that was originally woody tissue, leaves, bark, fungi, and spores. Cannel coals are generally interpreted to have formed in pond, lagoon, or channel facies within a larger coal swamp setting.

----------------------------------

From exhibit signage:

Origin of Coal

Coal is formed from accumulated vegetation that grew in peat-forming swamps on broad lowlands that were near sea level. Cyclothems indicate that the land must have been at a "critical level" since the change from marine to non-marine sediments shows that the seas periodically encroached upon the land.

Formation of Coal

The change from plant debris to coal involves biochemical action producing partial decay, preserval of this material from further decay, and later dynamochemical processes. The biochemical changes involve attack by bacteria which liberate volatile constituents, and the preserval of the residual waxes and resins in the bottom of the swamps where the water is too toxic for the decay-promoting bacteria to live. The accumulated material forms "peat bogs". The dynamochemical process involves further chemical reactions produced by the increased pressure and temperature brought about by the weight of sediment that is deposited on top of it. These reactions are also ones in which the volatile constituents are driven off.

Rank of Coal

The different types of coal are commonly referred to in terms of rank. From lowest upward, they are peat (actually not a coal), lignite, bituminous, and anthracite. The rank of the coal is the result of the different amounts of pressure and time involved in producing the coal.

Cannel

Cannel coal is a special variety of bituminous coal that breaks with a splintery or conchoidal fracture, is not banded, does not soil the fingers and is lusterless. It is made up of windblown spores and pollen. It is clean and burns with a long flame and is desired as a fireplace coal.

----------------------------------

Bituminous coal from the Pennsylvanian of Kentucky, USA. (bedding plane view; ~6.5 centimeters across at its widest)

Coal is an organic-rich, biogenic sedimentary rock. It burns in a fire and so is an important fossil fuel and energy source. Coal is compressed and altered plant material that accumulated as peat in ancient swamp environments. It is carbon-rich, lightweight, and usually black-colored. Coal is composed of organic matter (CHONS - carbon-hydrogen-oxygen-nitrogen-sulfur chemicals), volatile hydrocarbons, moisture (water), ash (= microscopic mineral matter that doesn't burn - usually quartz and clay minerals), and pyrite (fool's gold, or iron sulfide - FeS2), which is an undesirable impurity.

This is a sample of bituminous coal from Kentucky. It is one of numerous varieties of coal. Varietal names I have encountered in the literature include: lignite coal, sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal, anthracite coal, semianthracite coal, meta-anthracite, cannel coal, semicannel coal, canneloid coal, subcannel coal, boghead coal, bone coal, and stone coal.

Bituminous coal is one of the "soft coals". It has 45 to 85% carbon content. It is sooty, smoky-burning, has blocky weathering, and is horizontally laminated when seen in cross-section.

The stratigraphic name of this coal horizon, the "Fire Clay Coal", is in reference to a volcanic ash bed immediately below it. The ash bed has been diagenetically altered and is often given the nickname "fire clay", or "tonstein". The Fire Clay Tonstein has been isotopically dated to 312 million years old.

Stratigraphy: Fire Clay Coal, Hyden Formation, Breathitt Group, Atokan Series (upper Duckmantian), Middle Pennsylvanian, ~312 Ma

Locality: roadcut on the southwestern side of Rt. 15, due southwest of Hazard Community College, southern side of the town of Hazard, Perry County, southeastern Kentucky, USA (37° 14’ 02.07” North latitude, 83° 10’ 37.41” West longitude)

Bituminous coal from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA.

The Meigs Creek Coal is a bituminous coal horizon in the Upper Pennsylvanian Monongahela Group of eastern Ohio, USA. Bituminous coal is a type of "soft coal" - it ranks above lignite coal and sub-bituminous coal, but below anthracite coal.

Stratigraphy: Meigs Creek Coal (also known as the Sewickley Coal), Monongahela Group, Virgilian Series, upper Upper Pennsylvanian

Locality: Narrows Run North outcrop - roadcut on the western side of Route 7, just north of Narrows Run (an east-flowing tributary of the Ohio River), northeastern York Township, southeastern Belmont County, Ohio, USA (39° 54’ 25.94” North latitude, 80° 48’ 36.73” West longitude)

On Monday, Aug. 13, 2018 WSDOT contractor crews from Granite Construction added a preservation surface of hot oil and gravel to SR 542/Mount Baker Highway near Artist Point gate and Mount Baker Ski Area. Crews are putting this preservation surface over the road following pavement repair earlier this year. Crews will come back in a couple of weeks to add a sealant coat to this new surface. People riding bicycles should consider alternate rides through Sunday, Aug. 19 due to loose gravel through this area.

"International Stop the Tar Sands Day 2011" protest at the Canadian High Commission, London.

A small group of environmental activists staged a vociferous protest this weekend outside the Canadian High Commission in Grosvenor Square against the huge and devastating ecological damage being wrought on the pristine Boreal forests of Alberta in Canada by international oil companies extracting so-called Tar Sands in order to extract bitumen which is then refined - at a huge energy cost - into crude oil.

This protest was a part of "International "Stop the Tar Sands" day, which saw co-ordinated protests happening in 30 countries worldwide. The London action included the laying down of bunches and wreaths of dead flowers to represent the devastated Albertan boreal forest and ancient wilderness. A spirited choir of women entertained us with their rendition of "Sludge, Sludge, Glorious Sludge", and a symbolic environmental activist was tarred and feathered by Big Oil, representing the huge number of migratory and indigenous wildfowl which have been poisoned by the toxic waste in the water ‘tailings’ left behind by the extraction process. It is reported that some local species of wildlife in Alberta are in danger of becoming extinct in the region.

The Canadian Tar Sands ‘Mega-Project’ is slated to be the greatest environmental calamity in the World, eclipsing the destruction of rainforest habitats.

Deep under the boreal forests of Alberta lie 140,000 square kilometres of bituminous sand. Exploration continues all over Canada to find more, but already it is estimated that Canada has enough proven oil reserves to put it in second place behind Saudi Arabia in the oil producer's league table, and already the USA is Canada’s best customer. However... to get at the tar sands Canada is ripping up vast areas of this pristine forest, laying it to waste and leaving behind an immense toxic wasteland. Furthermore the extraction process is much, much more energy intensive to extract and requires very intensive refining, all of which produces, it is estimated, 3 to 5 times the usual amount of greenhouse gasses, consuming as it does a vast amount of natural gas and locally-sourced fresh water.

The right-wing Canadian government led by the pugnacious Stephen Harper has thrown open the doors to the massive - and destructive - exploitation of huge expanses of Canadian wilderness in the rush to put Canada into the global league tables of oil exporting countries, but environmentalists, ecologists and indigenous First Nation peoples are warning that the price of this extraction is having a terrible effect on local wildlife and on human health. Though not scientifically proven beyond any doubt, it has been reported that there has been an alarming increase in unusual cancers and birth-defects amongst local populations affected by the huge volumes of pollution released into the environment by the extraction and refining processes that, apart from requiring up to 200 gallons of fresh water to produce a single 40 gallon drum of bitumen extracted from the sand, leaves behind waste water is so toxic that it cannot be allowed back into the local eco-system, so it is stored in many huge 'tailing ponds' carved out of the local landscape.

Apart from the enormous volume of migratory birds and local wildlife which have already been fatally poisoned on these tailing ponds - and will continue to die in huge numbers for as long as tar extraction continues in Canada - it was always inevitable that the toxic tailings would seep into the local water table and eco-system. Overflows and breaches are happening with alarming regularity, seeing rivers, streams and the water table - on which everyone in those regions depends on - poisoned with sulphur compounds and heavy metals.

There has been, as previously mentioned, an increase in non-typical cancers and birth deformities which local populations blame on this highly polluting heavy industry. This is aside from the many very serious explosions and tragic industrial accidents at refining and extraction sites. This oil comes at a heavy price, so it seems.

It may come as no surprise that oil company internal investigations regularly give the oil companies a clean bill of health, and the Canadian government isn't about to look this gift horse in the mouth, so rigorous independent government environmental impact assessment just isn't happening. The suffering local populations await costly independently commissioned scientific studies, which will be fought against tooth and nail by the legions of very expensive corporate attorneys employed by the oil companies who are allegedly accused of bullying, bribery and corruption and even physical intimidation in the region.

In an area with historically low employment, taking the Oil Companies' 30 pieces of silver is understandable but the problems don't just end there, as the multinationals have drafted in migrant and foreign labour to undercut wage bills, creating friction. The locals were promised jobs when the government and oil companies were flooding the region with propaganda and inducements, but now they have what they wanted they're not willing to pay good wages to the locals who now understandably feel betrayed. These armies of imported workers live weeks at a time in work camps in the remote wilderness, coming into the local towns during rest periods to let off steam. Alcohol and drug-related problems have followed the labour camps, causing havoc in local towns when the blue-collar workers come into town on furlough, and understandably many towns feel completely overwhelmed.

Conflict with the local First Nations is rampant; the oil companies are expanding the scale and pace of Tar Sands development way beyond what was originally promised. The bitumen extraction is under the jurisdiction of treaties that are supposed to ensure the First Nation lands are not taken from them by massive uncontrolled development, but that is exactly what is happening. The oil companies are wielding extraordinary power in the region and nobody from the Canadian government is paying any attention to the destruction of the First Nation peoples’ culture and way of life. Several First Nations are in direct conflict with federal and provincial governments over the cynical traducing of Aboriginal and Treaty rights and legal land title.

Meanwhile, the Canadian government has been engaged in an all-out propaganda and lobbying assault on the European Union, trying to make the EU Commissioners accept imported Canadian bitumen extracted from the tar sands as a part of the impending 'Canada-European Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement' (CETA), which if completed as planned threatens to completely undermine hard fought-for strong climate policies right across Europe, but dedicated campaigners and activists are fighting hard to prevent this and are engaged in a David and Goliath battle to have Canadian bitumen included in the 'Fuel Quality Directive' (FQD) which would effectively see the bitumen banned from Europe on the basis of the ecological damage the extraction is causing and the Carbon Intensity Caps invoked by the extremely high amounts of carbon content released by end product oil made from the Tar Sands.

However, perpetual aggressive lobbying and coercion by the Canadians is weakening the current initial draft of the FQD. The Canadians do not want any reference to be made to tar sands in the FQD – they want it treated the same way as conventional oil, despite its huge carbon intensity. To add further pressure in a diplomatic pincer movement, the Canadian government is hinting that it might pull out of CETA if the EU dares set a separate and higher value for tar sands oil in terms of carbon footprint in the FQD.

There are several informed and concerned European members of Parliament who agree with the environmentalists, and they have recently been responsible for passing a resolution in the European Parliament that the EU should not bow to Canadian and Oil Company pressure, and to reiterate their concerns about greenhouse gas emissions and environmental destruction caused by the Tar Sands extraction, but this may only be a temporary bump in the road for the oil companies and the Canadians, who, having to watch their southern neighbours in the USA straddling the globe and flexing their military muscles in the interests of American business, desperately want the power and influence that always goes hand in glove with oil revenues, licensing fees and the albeit insultingly low rates of corporate taxation they will be levying on the oil companies.

CETA would give the major European multinationals Shell, Total and BP (who had promised ten years ago when they were desperately trying to re-brand themselves as being somehow "Green" that they wouldn't be joining in the rush to Canada), dramatic new powers by legislation which would give them a free hand to trample over the rights of indigenous peoples and undermine crucial social and environmental legislation in Europe and in Canada.

Under the proposed terms of CETA Investment Protections would be enshrined in law which could allow Canadian and European oil companies to force governments before completely unaccountable closed-door Trade Tribunals to settle disputes, including any attempt by the Canadian government to prevent the out-of-control rapacious expansion of the Canadian wilderness. In other words the oil giants would be free to ruin the entire eco-system for their personal profit, and then just walk away from the carnage once the very last drop of economically viable bitumen has been sucked out of the ground. It is this horrific scenario which motivates the campaigners.

UK Protests and direct actions simultaneously took place in London, Plymouth, Birmingham, Oxford, York, Bangor, Brighton, Norwich, Manchester and Bridport in Dorset.

For further reading on the Tar Sands campaigns, visit www.no-tar-sand.org, oilsandstruth.org or stoptarsands.eu

All photos © 2011 Pete Riches

Do not reproduce, alter or reblog my images without my permission.

The historic Glimmer Glass Bridge is a 2-lane bridge with single sidewalk that spans Glimmer Glass, a navigable tidal inlet of the Manasquan River. The bridge is located in a salt marsh currently surrounded year round and often large modern houses.

bridgehunter.com/nj/monmouth/13000W9/

Name:BRIELLE ROAD over GLIMMER GLASS

Structure number:13000W9

Location:0.1MI EAST OF GREEN AVE.

Purpose: Carries highway and pedestrian walkway over waterway

Length of largest span:34.1 ft. [10.4 m]

Total length:278.9 ft. [85.0 m]

Roadway width between curbs:20.0 ft. [6.1 m]

Deck width edge-to-edge:29.9 ft. [9.1 m]

Vertical clearance above deck:14.1 ft. [4.3 m]

Vertical clearance below bridge:6.9 ft. [2.1 m]

Owner:County Highway Agency [02]

Historic significance:Bridge is eligible for the National Register of Historic Places [2]

Main span material:Steel [3]

Main span design:Movable - Bascule [16]

Deck type:Wood or Timber [8]

Wearing surface:Bituminous [6]

uglybridges.com/1366574

locator: MNE_6308 C

image by Photo George

copyright ©2013 GCheatle

all rights reserved

In this area is Gloucester Cathedral and nearby relevant buildings.

College Street - it leads to the cathedral from Westgate Street.

King Edward's Gate

It is a Grade II* listed building.

Kings Edwards Gate, Gloucester

GLOUCESTER

SO8318NW COLLEGE STREET

844-1/8/92 (North West side)

23/01/52 No.13

King Edward's Gate

(Formerly Listed as:

COLLEGE STREET

No.13)

GV II*

Formerly known as: Remains of Abbey Gate COLLEGE GREEN.

Gatehouse, then lodge or office, now house. Early C19 with

later C19 extension; incorporates substantial remains of the

former early C16 gatehouse, known as King Edward's Gatehouse.

All that remains of the gatehouse is the west flanking wall,

which now forms the front of the house. Gatehouse wall of

ashlar with some exposed stone and brick rubble corework;

later house of red brick, bituminous felt flat roof and tiled

roof, brick stack.

PLAN: a single cell block built against the retained wall on

the west side of the early C16 gatehouse, with an added gabled

wing on the west side of the block over an open carriage shed;

at the southern end of the gatehouse wall the decayed remains

of its south-west corner and at the north end an octagonal

stair turret; the plan of the excavated foundations of the

gatehouse indicated in the street paving.

EXTERIOR: two storeys; the ashlar west side wall of the former

gatehouse now the front of the house, on the face of its south

end the badly weathered remains of the moulded west jamb of

the former arched carriageway flanked to left by two badly

decayed moulded and canopied niches; at the bottom of the

upper niche an inserted stone block carved with arms.

The stair turret at the north end, faced in ashlar, has an

offset plinth with weathered capping and at high level a

moulded string course; in the north-east face of the turret a

two-light window below the string course and a similar window

above, both with chamfered jambs and mullions; in the centre

of the wall the entrance doorway to the house, c1800, in a

plain stone frame with pointed arch containing fanlight inset

with wrought-iron Gothic tracery above the transom.

The north front shows evidence of a former central infilled

doorway, with three semicircular stone steps to threshold, on

each side a sash, with glazing bars (3x4 panes); on the first

floor two large double sash windows in openings with

segmental-arched heads, one above the former doorway and one

above the open front of the carriage shed.

INTERIOR: on both floors early C19 features including

staircase with stick balusters and in the ground-floor front

room a fireplace with reeded architrave surround.

HISTORY: gatehouse built for Abbot Parker on the south side of

the Cathedral precinct opposite the south porch of the

Cathedral (qv), formerly the Benedictine Abbey of St Peter.

Built on the site of earlier gatehouse. The gatehouse

demolished in C17 to create a wider entrance to the precinct.

Listing NGR: SO8303118732

This text is a legacy record and has not been updated since the building was originally listed. Details of the building may have changed in the intervening time. You should not rely on this listing as an accurate description of the building.

Source: English Heritage

Listed building text is © Crown Copyright. Reproduced under licence.

The #346 .Christmas Special at the Colorado Railroad Museum in Golden, Colorado just came Blasting up the hill and they still have the "pedal to the metal." I wonder if the EPA likes this show as much as the rail fans here to document the excursions. They have even been known to buy Winter special runs on the CATS Cumbres & Toltec Sceni\c Railway just for the pictures and footage. That, my friends, would have been known as a bituminous cloud cloud to a friend, Neal Miller. I suspect it is an anthracitic cloud if the coal came from the Rockies. I wonder if some power generating plant around here had some shrinkage in coal pile supplies. I also wonder how much coal the little demo required. The tank is getting pretty obscured by the cloud from the exhaust in the bright morning sun. I can't imagine that the cab isn't pretty warm by now!. It's easy to see if a coal powered train just came by: it left it's tracks.

No doubt about it, #346 is a Rockies favorite. The Christmas excursion train was quite full by now even on this early Sunday morning. I moved to Delay Junction after snagging quite a few at the other junction. This is Delay Junction, where Eddie snagged a lot of shots, but no delays seems to be slowing the trips around the loop. Why would you stop at No Aqua anyway? There seems to be an indication of water in the tank according to the float gauge on the side. I readied myself when I heard the engine chuffing it's way up the hill. They may have been sanding the flues to clean the accumulated soot buildup and make a more impressive exhaust show what with extra coal, soot and lubricants. Of course, the flues won't last as long, if not done judiciously. It's a show. There is steam trailing from the electric generator situated boiler top just in front of the cab to help set the scene. I think they must only be running the headlight. The usually spiffed engine is already sooty from Saturday's runs; is it any wonder?

It's nice to know a photographer can still capture life-like shots at the CRRM. Maybe even without Eddie in the scene? Notice the covering over the water tank's ladder to keep Eddie out. There was a cordon across the gate to discourage blood on the track at the railroad cursing. I cloned it out.

On Monday, Aug. 13, 2018 WSDOT contractor crews from Granite Construction added a preservation surface of hot oil and gravel to SR 542/Mount Baker Highway near Artist Point gate and Mount Baker Ski Area. Crews are putting this preservation surface over the road following pavement repair earlier this year. Crews will come back in a couple of weeks to add a sealant coat to this new surface. People riding bicycles should consider alternate rides through Sunday, Aug. 19 due to loose gravel through this area.

This is a 30-foot (9.1 m) bridal veil waterfall on Cucumber Run, a small creek which flows into the Youghiogheny River.

Water cascades over a lip of coarse-grained sandstone of the Allegheny Formation at Ohiopyle State Park. Beneath the sandstone, finer-grained rocks including shale and a thin coal bed are visible. The Allegheny Formation is an important coal-bearing formation in western Pennsylvania.

The name of the stream, Cucumber Run, by the way, isn't because it is shaped like a cucumber, is the color of a cucumber, or has the smell of a cucumber. Actually the name has nothing to do with cucumbers at all. Cucumber Run is named for the abundance of one species of magnolia tree, the cucumber magnolia ( Magnolia acuminate ), that still is found in the watershed.

The rock formation that gives rises to Cucumber Falls is the Pottsville Sandstone or Pottsville Formation. The Pennsylvanian (323.2 million years ago to 298.9 million years ago) Pottsville Formation is a mapped bedrock unit in Pennsylvania, western Maryland, West Virginia, and Ohio. The formation is also recognized in Alabama. It is a major ridge-former in the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians of the eastern United States. The Pottsville Formation is conspicuous at many sites along the Allegheny Front, the eastern escarpment of the Allegheny or Appalachian Plateau.

The Pottsville Formation consists of a gray conglomerate, fine to coarse grained sandstone, and is known to contain limestone, siltstone and shale, as well as anthracite and bituminous coal. It is considered a classic orogenic molasse. The formation was first described from a railroad cut south of Pottsville, Pennsylvania.

www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/field/pnhp/pnhpsites/cucumbe...

triblive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/focus/s_539295.html#axzz36v...

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottsville_Formation

Bituminous coal from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA. (cross-section view)

Bituminous coal is one of the "soft coals" - it is a higher rank coal than lignite or sub-bituminous and lower rank than anthracite. It is relatively soft, weathers and breaks into blocks, is moderately sooty to the touch, and is finely laminated.

Stratigraphy: upper part of the Upper Freeport Coal (= Number 7 Coal), Allegheny Group, Middle Pennsylvanian

Locality: Diamond Coal Mine, Linton, far-eastern Jefferson County, far-eastern Ohio, USA

Cannel City-Amburgy Coal Zone in the Pennsylvanian of Kentucky, USA.

This exposure is part of a relatively new roadcut along new Route 15, north of the town of Jackson, Kentucky, USA. The exposure has Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic sedimentary rocks of the Breathitt Group (formerly the Breathitt Formation). Shown above is the Cannel City-Amburgy Coal Zone. The two black-colored horizons are coal beds. The upper coal bed is cannel coal. The lower is bituminous coal. Cannel coal is a scarce, fossil spore-rich variety of coal - it is hard, has a velvety to satiny luster, little to no stratification, and a conchoidal fracture. Bituminous coal is a common variety of coal - it is relatively soft, sooty, has blocky-weathering, is well stratified and laminated, and has patches of glassy-lustered material (vitrain) in and among dull-lustered material.

The cannel coal horizon was economically significant in the early 20th century, and the unit was extensively mined in eastern Kentucky. Published info. about the locality shown above (see Greb & Eble, 2014) indicates that the cannel coal is 33% ash and 1.6% sulfur. The macerals in the cannel coal include liptinite (~47%), inertinite (~31%), and vitrinite (~22%). Plant microfossils from the cannel coal are principally lycopsid tree spores and calamite sphenophyte spores. The cannel coal horizon itself represents an ancient lake formed in a basement fault-generated depression.

The yellowish-weathering, cliff-like unit near the top is a channel sandstone. The gray to gray-brown unit between the two coal horizons is shale.

Stratigraphy: Cannel City-Amburgy Coal Zone, upper Pikeville Formation, Breathitt Group, lower Atokan Series (Duckmantian), lower Middle Pennsylvanian

Location: Jackson North outcrop - large roadcut on the eastern side of new Rt. 15, just south of southbound old Rt. 15-new Rt. 15 split, north of Jackson, north-central Breathitt County, eastern Kentucky, USA (37° 34’ 53.95” North, 83° 23’ 07.99” West)

------------------

Reference cited:

Greb & Eble (2014) - Cannel coals of the Cannel City-Amburgy Coal Bed (Pikeville Formation, Middle Pennsylvanian); evidence for possible fault-generated lakes. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 46(6): 604.

Nimrud, ASSYRIA

NW palace of Ashurnasirpal II

885BC-856BC

bituminous limestone

California Palace of the Legion of Honor, San francisco

DSCN4872

Crews worked on SR 530 for three days - Thursday, July 26, Friday, July 27 and Monday, July 30 2018 applying a oil and gravel surface - bituminous surface treatment - to a 10 mile stretch between the Stillaguamish River Bridge and milepost 32.57 near Oso. Following application of the gravel, equipment rolled the area with large rubber tires and sweeping happened overnight to pick up loose material.

On Wednesday, Sept. 5 and Thursday, Sept. 6 WSDOT contractor crews from Granite Construction added a final sealant layer to this stretch of highway to SR 542/Mount Baker Highway between Silver Fir Campground and the Artist Point Gate. Crews had already done pavement repair, crack sealing and applied a preservation surface of oil and gravel to this area. Next up - striping!

Sandstone-coal-tonsteins in the Cretaceous of Wyoming, USA.

The outcrop shown above consists of Upper Cretaceous sedimentary rocks near the town of Superior, Wyoming. The massive unit at top is a quartzose sandstone of the basal Ericson Sandstone. Below the Ericson Sandstone is the uppermost Rock Springs Formation. The black layers are coals (hand samples indicate that these are apparently sub-bituminous coals) - this is the Rock Springs No. 5 Coal Bed. The thin, whitish-colored beds in the coal interval are soft claystones that were originally volcanic ash beds. They have been chemically altered as a result of deposition and burial in the acidic, reducing conditions of a coal swamp environment. Such altered volcanic ash beds are called tonsteins.

Stratigraphy: lower Ericson Sandstone over upper Rock Springs Formation, Upper Cretaceous

Locality: hairpin curve roadcut along Superior Cutoff Road, northeastern side of Horse Thief Canyon, east of the town of Superior, central Sweetwater County, southwestern Wyoming, USA (41° 45' 58.04" North latitude, 108° 56' 22.36" West longitude)

Bituminous coal from the Pennsylvanian of Kentucky, USA. (bedding plane view; ~6.5 centimeters across at its widest)

Coal is an organic-rich, biogenic sedimentary rock. It burns in a fire and so is an important fossil fuel and energy source. Coal is compressed and altered plant material that accumulated as peat in ancient swamp environments. It is carbon-rich, lightweight, and usually black-colored. Coal is composed of organic matter (CHONS - carbon-hydrogen-oxygen-nitrogen-sulfur chemicals), volatile hydrocarbons, moisture (water), ash (= microscopic mineral matter that doesn't burn - usually quartz and clay minerals), and pyrite (fool's gold, or iron sulfide - FeS2), which is an undesirable impurity.

This is a sample of bituminous coal from Kentucky. It is one of numerous varieties of coal. Varietal names I have encountered in the literature include: lignite coal, sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal, anthracite coal, semianthracite coal, meta-anthracite, cannel coal, semicannel coal, canneloid coal, subcannel coal, boghead coal, bone coal, and stone coal.

Bituminous coal is one of the "soft coals". It has 45 to 85% carbon content. It is sooty, smoky-burning, has blocky weathering, and is horizontally laminated when seen in cross-section.

The stratigraphic name of this coal horizon, the "Fire Clay Coal", is in reference to a volcanic ash bed immediately below it. The ash bed has been diagenetically altered and is often given the nickname "fire clay", or "tonstein". The Fire Clay Tonstein has been isotopically dated to 312 million years old.

Stratigraphy: Fire Clay Coal, Hyden Formation, Breathitt Group, Atokan Series (upper Duckmantian), Middle Pennsylvanian, ~312 Ma

Locality: roadcut on the southwestern side of Rt. 15, due southwest of Hazard Community College, southern side of the town of Hazard, Perry County, southeastern Kentucky, USA (37° 14’ 02.07” North latitude, 83° 10’ 37.41” West longitude)

Newport News is an independent city located in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 180,719. in 2013, the population was estimated to be 183,412, making it the fifth-most populous city in Virginia.

Newport News is included in the Hampton Roads metropolitan area. It is at the southeastern end of the Virginia Peninsula, on the northern shore of the James River extending southeast from Skiffe's Creek along many miles of waterfront to the river's mouth at Newport News Point on the harbor of Hampton Roads.

The area now known as Newport News was once a part of Warwick County. Warwick County was one of the eight original shires of Virginia, formed by the House of Burgesses in the British Colony of Virginia by order of King Charles I, in 1634. The county was largely composed of farms and undeveloped land until almost 250 years later. In 1881, 15 years of explosive development began under the leadership of Collis P. Huntington, whose new Peninsula Extension of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway from Richmond opened up transportation along the Peninsula and provided a new pathway for the railroad to bring West Virginia bituminous coal to port for coastal shipping and worldwide export. With the new railroad came a terminal and coal piers where the colliers were loaded. Within a few years, Huntington and his associates also built a large shipyard. In 1896, the new incorporated town of Newport News, which had briefly replaced Denbigh as the county seat of Warwick County, had a population of 9,000. In 1958, by mutual consent by referendum, Newport News was consolidated with the former Warwick County (itself a separate city from 1952 to 1958), rejoining the two localities to approximately their pre-1896 geographic size. The more widely known name of Newport News was selected as they formed what was then Virginia's third largest independent city in population.

With many residents employed at the expansive Huntington Ingalls Shipbuilding, the joint U.S. Air Force-U.S. Army installation at Joint Base Langley–Eustis, and other military bases and suppliers, the city's economy is very connected to the military. The location on the harbor and along the James River facilitates a large boating industry which can take advantage of its many miles of waterfront. Newport News also serves as a junction between the rails and the sea with the Newport News Marine Terminals located at the East End of the city. Served by major east-west Interstate Highway 64, it is linked to others of the cities of Hampton Roads by the circumferential Hampton Roads Beltway, which crosses the harbor on two bridge-tunnels. Part of the Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport is in the city limits.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...

On Wednesday, Aug. 8, 2018 WSDOT contractor crews from Granite Construction added a layer of bituminous surface treatment (hot oil and gravel) to the surface of SR 11/Chuckanut Drive near Bow, Washington in Skagit County. This preservation project includes nine stretches of seven highways in four counties this year and is being done to help preserve the road and prevent the need for emergency repairs between funded paving projects.

On Monday, Aug. 13, 2018 WSDOT contractor crews from Granite Construction added a preservation surface of hot oil and gravel to SR 542/Mount Baker Highway near Artist Point gate and Mount Baker Ski Area. Crews are putting this preservation surface over the road following pavement repair earlier this year. Crews will come back in a couple of weeks to add a sealant coat to this new surface. People riding bicycles should consider alternate rides through Sunday, Aug. 19 due to loose gravel through this area.

Un tracteur agricole américain de marque CASE (marquage en haut de la calandre et sur le moyeu de la roue avant). Model "DI" (30 DBHP Gasoline)

Il est modifié pour le travail sur les pistes d'ALG. Le double essieu porteur ayant une bande de roulement plus large, cela évitait de faire des saignées.

Il doit donc appartenir à un Engineer Aviation Bn (EAB) du IX Engineer Command de la Ninth Air Force.

Voir ici :

www.flickr.com/photos/mlq/4187763304/

La même chose a été faite sur les trains avant de GMC, surtout ceux qui posaient les rouleaux bitumés PBS (Prefabricated Bituminous Surfacing). Voir la p011460.

Nous avons aussi exactement le même tracteur sur la p013316 en train de décharger des jerrycans peut être de l'AVGAS (AViation GASoline, essence d'avion)

D'autres tracteurs Case:

www.flickr.com/search/?w=58897785@N00&q=tracteur%20case

Never seen cowls like these before. Closer inspection revealed they were a hard bitumen type material not disimilar to Shires Lynx cisterns. I thought I bet these contain asbestos and hey presto here's a broken one with visible amosite fibres..

Luckily on top there is a patent number and I unearthed the following patent info

1,129,953. Ventilating-shaft tops. VAL DE TRAVERS ASPHALTE Ltd. 24 April, 1967 [17 Feb., 1966], No. 6973/66. Heading F4J. [Also in Division E1] A ventilator permitting the escape of water vapour from beneath an impermeable asphalt roof membrane 10 comprises a bituminous circular base 2, having grooves 3, a bituminous trunk 5 fused with the asphalt membrane, and a bituminous cowl 7 stuck on top of the trunk 5. The bitumen used for the ventilator may include china clay, whiting or asbestos or glass fibres as fillers. The trunk 5 and base 2 are integrally moulded, whilst the upper part of trunk 5 may be moulded separately from the lower part. A venturi-passage 6 of the trunk 5 includes a one-way valve formed by a ball 11 seated by gravity upon a restriction 9. In another embodiment (Fig. 2, not shown), the interior of the trunk is of comparatively large diameter, and has no restriction.

v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=GB&NR=1...

Pyrite in bituminous coal from the Pennsylvanian of eastern USA.

A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties. At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical. Currently, there are over 5500 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common. Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry. Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.

The sulfide minerals contain one or more sulfide anions (S-2). The sulfides are usually considered together with the arsenide minerals, the sulfarsenide minerals, and the telluride minerals. Many sulfides are economically significant, as they occur commonly in ores. The metals that combine with S-2 are mainly Fe, Cu, Ni, Ag, etc. Most sulfides have a metallic luster, are moderately soft, and are noticeably heavy for their size. These minerals will not form in the presence of free oxygen. Under an oxygen-rich atmosphere, sulfide minerals tend to chemically weather to various oxide and hydroxide minerals.

Pyrite is a common iron sulfide mineral (FeS2). It’s nickname is “fool's gold”. Pyrite has a metallic luster, brassy gold color (in contrast to the deep rich yellow gold color of true gold - www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/sets/72157651325153769/), dark gray to black streak, is hard (H=6 to 6.5), has no cleavage, and is moderately heavy for its size. It often forms cubic crystals or pyritohedrons (crystals having pentagonal faces).

Pyrite is common in many hydrothermal veins, shales, coals, various metamorphic rocks, and massive sulfide deposits.

Pyrite is a common impurity in bituminous coal. It is an undesirable impurity because burning pyritic coal results in air pollution and acid rain. Many Pennsylvanian-aged bituminous coal horizons in eastern America have pyrite impurities. In western America, Tertiary-aged lignite and sub-bituminous coal is moderately common in some sedimentary basins. These western coals are typically low-pyrite and are desirable for use in electricity-generating power plants.

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Photo gallery of pyrite:

www.mindat.org/gallery.php?min=3314

This is a loaded gondola car in a parked east-bound coal train at Rozet, Wyoming, USA on 27 May 2013. Loaded coal trains are common along this east-west line in northern Wyoming. The trains transport coal to various power plants, where the coal is burned to generate electricity. The coal is of sub-bituminous rank and comes from the Wyodak Coal, a 70 to 90 feet thick coal bed in the Fort Union Formation (Upper Paleocene). This is the thickest economic coal bed in America. It is extensively mined in the vicinity of the town of Gillette in Wyoming's Powder River Basin.

This gondola car is owned by NRG Energy, which makes electricity. The "NRG" does not stand for anything - it is not an abbreviation or acronym. The letters were chosen by the company to simulate the word "energy". The gondola's previous owner was Texas Genco, a former energy company. The ownership abbreviation "TGNX" above the roster number on the car refers to Texas Genco.

Sandstone-coal-tonsteins in the Cretaceous of Wyoming, USA.

The outcrop seen here consists of Upper Cretaceous sedimentary rocks near the town of Superior, Wyoming. The unit at top is a quartzose sandstone of the basal Ericson Sandstone. Below the Ericson Sandstone is the uppermost Rock Springs Formation. The black layers are coals (hand samples indicate that these are apparently sub-bituminous coals) - this is the Rock Springs No. 5 Coal Bed. The thin, whitish-colored beds in the coal interval are soft claystones that were originally volcanic ash beds. They have been chemically altered as a result of deposition and burial in the acidic, reducing conditions of a coal swamp environment. Such altered volcanic ash beds are called tonsteins.

Stratigraphy: lower Ericson Sandstone over upper Rock Springs Formation, Upper Cretaceous

Locality: hairpin curve roadcut along Superior Cutoff Road, northeastern side of Horse Thief Canyon, east of the town of Superior, central Sweetwater County, southwestern Wyoming, USA (41° 45' 58.04" North latitude, 108° 56' 22.36" West longitude)

A reconstrução.Os princípios de construção e os materiais da época foram respeitados. Saddam Hussein, destinou 90 milhões de dólares, para reconstruir e restaurar a antiga Babilônia com os princípios de construção e materiais da epoca.

Avenida das procissões - Sacred Way - Processional Way - Caminho Sacrado

Penetrated by the Euphrates from north to south, Babylon was surrounded by a moat and a double wall: the outer wall was 16 km long, the inner, 8 km. Straight, wide streets intercrossed, all paved with bricks and bitumen. The most important was the Street of Processions, which passed through Ishtar's Gate and ended in the Stepped Tower. The remains of this street with its bituminous paving are still there to be seen today.

In 1787 Sir Alexander MacKenzie wrote the following while standing on the bank of the Clearwater River which feeds into the Athabasca in Fort McMurray "About 24 miles from the fork are some bituminous fountains, into which a pole of twenty feet long may be insterted without the least resistance. The bitumen is in a fluid state, and when mixed with gum or the resinous substance collected from the spruce fir it serves to gum the canoes..." Of course there are hydrocarbons in the water, there is miles and miles of natural oil seeps into the Athabasca River, I have stood there personally and photographed them, you can see the oil slicks coming off the natural seeps into the river on hot days tens of miles from any operations, this has been the case for thousands of years....

Bituminous coal from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA. (bedding plane view; ~8.3 cm across along the base)

Coal is a carbon-rich, biogenic sedimentary rock. It is not composed of minerals - it has macerals of various types of organic matter. Coal represents buried, compacted, and altered peat deposits from a swamp environment.

The sample shown here is bituminous coal, a common type of coal. It is a higher rank coal than lignite and a lower rank coal than anthracite. Bituminous coal has blocky weathering and is moderately sooty to the touch.

Stratigraphy: float from the Washington Coal, lower Washington Formation, lower Dunkard Group, Upper Pennsylvanian

Locality: Narrows Run South Outcrop - upper part of large roadcut on the western side of Rt. 7, immediately south of Narrows Run, north of the town of Powhatan Point, next to the Ohio River, Belmont County, Ohio, USA (39° 54' 06.70" North latitude, 80° 48' 38.80" West longitude)

On our trip down south, February 24, 2018. We stopped at Shag Point/Matakaea as I had never been there before. Matakaea is the name of the pa (fortified village). We have left Dunedin and going to stay in Timaru for a night before heading back to Christchurch.

Shag Point/Matakaea has a rich history, from early Ngai Tahu settlement to historic coalmining. The area has diverse marine life. It has interesting flora, is great for wildlife viewing, and is geologically fascinating.

Flat rock platforms provide an easy haul-out site for New Zealand fur seals, and cliff-top viewing areas allow you to observe seal behaviour without disturbing their rest.

Whalers discovered the first bituminous coal in New Zealand here in the 1830s. By 1862 the exposed coal seams were found to be commercially viable and were successfully mined until 1972, when flooding eventually closed shafts that extended under the coast. Evidence of coal mining is still obvious throughout the reserve.

Matakaea is jointly managed by DOC and Te Runanga o Ngai Tahu. Matakaea has Topuni status. The mana (authority) and rangatiratanga (chieftainship) of Ngai Tahu over the area is recognised publicly by this status. Ngai Tahu takes an active role in managing the natural and cultural values of the area.

For More Info: www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/otago/p...

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After a bomb. I used to work in the Vulcanite factory across the road from the boat club. They made bituminous roofing felt and bitumen.

Rock Dusted

The rock dusted hands of a miner after an underground shift at the CAM Ohio coal mine in Cadiz, Ohio. Rock dust is the dust produced in mines by blasting, drilling and handling of rock. It is also smothered on the inner walls of the mines where it acts as a flame retardant should a fire occur due to a methane gas ignition. CAM Ohio is the largest single employer in Cadiz, a town of 3000 people and Ohio’s leading producer of bituminous coal. CAM Ohio re-opened the Cadiz mine in 1990 after it had been closed in 1981 under Wino Mine Company. Of the current 172 employees, 80% work underground to produce about 1000 tons of coal per day. Due to the boom in demand, in the past two years CAM Ohio has invested $14 million for new equipment and expects to work the mines in the Cadiz area for about 15 years, or until the coal runs out.

Editorial Relevance: A detail of the working conditions miners have to endure throughout their shifts.

On Wednesday, Aug. 8, 2018 WSDOT contractor crews from Granite Construction added a layer of bituminous surface treatment (hot oil and gravel) to the surface of SR 11/Chuckanut Drive near Bow, Washington in Skagit County. This preservation project includes nine stretches of seven highways in four counties this year and is being done to help preserve the road and prevent the need for emergency repairs between funded paving projects.

On Thursday, Aug. 30 WSDOT contractor crews from Granite Construction added a final sealant layer to this stretch of highway north of Lynden on SR 539/The Guide. Crews had already done pavement repair, crack sealing and applied a preservation surface of oil and gravel to this area. Next up - striping!

Bituminous coal from the Pennsylvanian of Kentucky, USA. (bedding plane view; ~10.8 centimeters across at its widest)

Coal is an organic-rich, biogenic sedimentary rock. It burns in a fire and so is an important fossil fuel and energy source. Coal is compressed and altered plant material that accumulated as peat in ancient swamp environments. It is carbon-rich, lightweight, and usually black-colored. Coal is composed of organic matter (CHONS - carbon-hydrogen-oxygen-nitrogen-sulfur chemicals), volatile hydrocarbons, moisture (water), ash (= microscopic mineral matter that doesn't burn - usually quartz and clay minerals), and pyrite (fool's gold, or iron sulfide - FeS2), which is an undesirable impurity.

This is a sample of bituminous coal from Kentucky. It is one of numerous varieties of coal. Varietal names I have encountered in the literature include: lignite coal, sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal, anthracite coal, semianthracite coal, meta-anthracite, cannel coal, semicannel coal, canneloid coal, subcannel coal, boghead coal, bone coal, and stone coal.

Bituminous coal is one of the "soft coals". It has 45 to 85% carbon content. It is sooty, smoky-burning, has blocky weathering, and is horizontally laminated when seen in cross-section.

The stratigraphic name of this coal horizon, the "Fire Clay Coal", is in reference to a volcanic ash bed immediately below it. The ash bed has been diagenetically altered and is often given the nickname "fire clay", or "tonstein". The Fire Clay Tonstein has been isotopically dated to 312 million years old.

Stratigraphy: Fire Clay Coal, Hyden Formation, Breathitt Group, Atokan Series (upper Duckmantian), Middle Pennsylvanian, ~312 Ma

Locality: roadcut on the southwestern side of Rt. 15, due southwest of Hazard Community College, southern side of the town of Hazard, Perry County, southeastern Kentucky, USA (37° 14’ 02.07” North latitude, 83° 10’ 37.41” West longitude)

Crews worked on SR 530 for three days - Thursday, July 26, Friday, July 27 and Monday, July 30 2018 applying a oil and gravel surface - bituminous surface treatment - to a 10 mile stretch between the Stillaguamish River Bridge and milepost 32.57 near Oso. Following application of the gravel, equipment rolled the area with large rubber tires and sweeping happened overnight to pick up loose material.

Thurber Station Full Service Center, Located in Thurber Texas. Demolished. The Opening & Closing of the Thurber Station is unknown at this time.

Thurber Texas is located about 75 miles west of Fort Worth Texas. The population today is approximately 25, altho one website states the population to be 5 persons..

*The Following info is from Wikipedia & Handbook of Texas Online....

*Coal-mining operations began in Thurber in 1886 and reached a peak around 1920, when the town had a population of approximately 8,000 to 10,000, from more than a dozen nationalities, though Italians, Poles, and Mexicans predominated. At the peak, Thurber was one of the largest bituminous coal-mining towns in Texas. Established as a company town, the mining operations in Thurber were unionized in 1903 and Thurber became the first totally closed shop town in the country. The company that owned the town, the Texas and Pacific Coal Company, also produced vitrified paving bricks that were used throughout Texas and the southern half of the United States. By 1920, conversion of locomotives from coal to oil reduced demand and lowered prices and miners left the area through the 1920s. By 1935, in the midst of the Great Depression, Thurber was essentially a ghost town.*

The Smokestack Restaurant is Open! Visit them on their website at:. www.smokestack.net/ ..

The Town was named for H.K. Thurber, a Friend of T&P Coal Company founders. The Smokestack was built in/around 1908 as noted at the top of the stack.. (This can be seen in this photo as a "close-up")..

Photo Taken: March 18 2011

Photo Taken By: Randy A. Carlisle

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Cannel coal from the Pennsylvanian of England. (~5.0 centimeters across at its widest near the base)

Cannel is an odd variety of coal. It doesn’t have the look and feel of ordinary coal ranks such as lignite, bituminous, and anthracite. Cannel coals are low-density (lightweight for their size), as all coals are, but are surprisingly tight and solid - they hold up to natural weathering pretty well, considering they’re coals. They tend to have a satiny or velvety luster, are not sooty to the touch, and frequently have conchoidal fracture (smooth & curved fracture surfaces). Cannel coals lack the well-developed horizontal bedding & laminations seen in lignites and bituminous coals.

Not surprisingly, the differences in physical characterstics between cannel coal and other ranks of coal are due to the organic matter content. Cannel coals are composed principally of fossil spores (sporinite phytoclasts). Garden-variety coals are composed principally of a mix of altered fragmented plant debris that was originally woody tissue, leaves, fungi, and spores. Cannel coals are generally interpreted as having formed in pond, lagoon, or channel facies within a larger coal swamp setting.

The sample seen here is from the Wigan area of England. Cannel coal has been mined in the area for many centuries.

Stratigraphy: unrecorded / undisclosed Pennsylvanian-aged unit ("Upper Carboniferous")

Location: unrecorded / undisclosed locality at or near the town of Wigan, west of Manchester, England

Chicago Burlington & Quincy Railroad 4-8-2 Class B-1 7001 at Denver, Colorado on July 29, 1953, photographer unknown, print by Gordon C. Bassett, Chuck Zeiler collection. Number 7001 was built by Lima Locomotive Works in September 1922 ( c/n 6249 on Order 1029 )and was retired in July 1953. The following is from the book, Steam Locomotives Of The Burlington Route, by Bernard G. Corbin and William F. Kerka:

In 1922, in order to meet the urgent need for additional passenger power, the Burlington received eight locomotives of the 4-8-2 wheel arrangement from the Lima Locomotive Works. The engines were numbered 7000 - 7007 and classed as B-1. They were designed to handle the heaviest trains on the line without doubleheading. To meet this requirement, the B-1 engines were equipped with automatic stokers of the Duplex type. Their total engine weight of 350,000 lb., with 235,500lb. of this carried on the drivers, gave them a tractive force of 52,750 lb. The Lima-built Mountain types were designed to burn lignite ( some were later altered to burn bituminous coal ). Although the engines were delivered without feedwater heaters, they were later equipped with Worthington type systems. The weight of the firebox, which was of the radially stayed design, was supported by a Rushton type trailing truck. Four-wheel trucks of the pedestal design were used on the tenders.

Hyden Formation over Pikeville Formation in the Pennsylvanian of Kentucky, USA.

This is a relatively new roadcut along new Route 15, north of the town of Jackson, Kentucky, USA. The exposure has Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic sedimentary rocks of the Breathitt Group (formerly the Breathitt Formation). The upper part of the roadcut is Hyden Formation, consisting of mixed siliciclastics and coal. The lower part is Pikeville Formation, also having mixed siliciclastics and coal. Coal beds are principally bituminous coal horizons, but there is one cannel coal horizon in the upper Pikeville Formation (= approximately half-way up the cut, right below a relatively thin, light-colored sandstone interval).

Stratigraphy: Hyden Formation over Pikeville Formation, Breathitt Group, lower Atokan Series (Duckmantian), lower Middle Pennsylvanian

Location: Jackson North outcrop - large roadcut on the eastern side of new Rt. 15, just south of southbound old Rt. 15-new Rt. 15 split, north of Jackson, north-central Breathitt County, eastern Kentucky, USA (37° 34’ 53.95” North, 83° 23’ 07.99” West)

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"VIEW ON BLACK EITHER VIA SLIDESHOW OR FLICKRRIVER"

Approximately 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) from the dam is the reservoir's straining tower. Standing only 30 metres (98 ft) from the shore its purpose is to filter or strain out material in the water with a fine metal mesh, before the water flows along the aqueduct to Liverpool. Its architecture is Gothic and built during the same time as the dam. The tower as a whole is 63 metres (207 ft) tall, 15 metres (49 ft) of which is underwater. The other 48 metres (157 ft) is above water, and is topped with a pointed copper clad roof, which makes it look light green.

The sixty-eight miles of aqueduct bring water from Lake Vyrnwy to Liverpool, and are part of extensive works that also involve Britain's first high masonry dam at Vyrnwy.

The aqueduct originally consisted of two pipelines, made largely of cast iron. To help maintenance work on the 9 ft diameter cast-iron tunnel which took the aqueduct under the Mersey, riveted steel piping was also used. This was an early use of the material which was to become the norm for trunk water mains piping.

Brick and concrete lined tunnels carried pipes at Hirnant, Cynynion and Llanforda, and a fourth later added at Aber so that the Hirnant tunnel could be made accessible for maintenance. The first section of a third pipeline was laid in 1926-38 using bituminous-coated steel. To increase capacity, a fourth pipeline was added in 1946.

Re-organisation of the pipe crossings beneath the Mersey and the Manchester Ship Canal were undertaken in 1978-81. The current provision relies on three, 42in diameter pipes delivering up to 50 million gallons per day into reservoirs at Prescot, east of Liverpool.

The aqueduct carrying water away from Lake Vyrnwy to Liverpool was constructed across the valley from the reservoir between 1881-92. It crosses the valley floor near Penybontfawr and then runs north of Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant and Efail-rhyd on the north-east of the Tanat Valley. The aqueduct is largely hidden from view although there are a number of visible surface features including air valves, the Cileos valve house, the Parc-uchaf balancing reservoirs, and a deep cutting to the west of Llanrhaeadr-ym-mochnant. In terms of the history of roads in the Tanat Valley it is interesting to note that complaints were made about damage to local roads during the construction of the Lake Vyrnwy reservoir.

Cannel coal (cross-section view) from the Pennsylvanian of eastern Ohio, USA. (field of view 5.2 cm across)

Cannel coals are odd varieties of coal. They don’t have the look & feel of ordinary coals such as lignite, bituminous coal, and anthracite. Cannel coals are lightweight, as all coals are, but are surprisingly tight and solid - they hold up to natural weathering pretty well, considering they’re coals. They are not sooty to the touch, and have conchoidal fracture (smooth & curved fracture surfaces). Cannel coals lack the well-developed horizontal bedding & laminations seen in lignites and bituminous coals , as is seen in this cross section view.

Not surprisingly, the differences in physical characterstics between cannel coal and other ranks of coal are due to the organic matter content. Cannel coals are composed principally of fossil spores (sporinite phytoclasts). Garden-variety coals are composed principally of a mix of altered fragmented plant debris that was originally woody tissue, leaves, bark, fungi, and spores. Cannel coals are generally interpreted to have formed in pond, lagoon, or channel facies within a larger coal swamp setting.

Stratigraphy: Bedford Coal (just below the Upper Mercer Limestone), Pottsville Group, lower Middle Pennsylvanian

Locality: Tunnel Hill, western Coshocton County, eastern Ohio, USA

(original photo by Donna Pizzarelli; public domain photo provided by the United States Geological Survey)

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Coal is a carbon-rich, biogenic sedimentary rock. Many coal ranks exist, such as lignite coal, sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal, and anthracite coal (the latter is actually a metamorphic rock, not sedimentary). Other varieties include cannel coal, canneloid coal, bone coal, and stone coal.

The iridescent coating seen here makes the coal quite colorful, resulting in the term "peacock coal". I have yet to see specific, convincing information about the identity of iridescent coatings on peacock coal, but I strongly suspect it's turgite (= hydrous iron oxide).

Provenance: unrecorded/undisclosed

Roller compacting bituminous pavement.