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A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta) is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients and in having life cycles in which the sporophyte is the dominant phase. Ferns have complex leaves called megaphylls, that are more complex than the microphylls of clubmosses. Most ferns are leptosporangiate ferns, sometimes referred to as true ferns. They produce coiled fiddleheads that uncoil and expand into fronds. The group includes about 10,560 known extant species. Ferns are defined here in the broad sense, being all of the Polypodiopsida, comprising both the leptosporangiate (Polypodiidae) and eusporangiate ferns, the latter itself comprising ferns other than those denominated true ferns, including horsetails or scouring rushes, whisk ferns, marattioid ferns, and ophioglossoid ferns. Ferns are not of major economic importance, but some are used for food, medicine, as biofertilizer, as ornamental plants and for remediating contaminated soil. 29578
A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta) is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients and in having life cycles in which the sporophyte is the dominant phase. Ferns have complex leaves called megaphylls, that are more complex than the microphylls of clubmosses. Most ferns are leptosporangiate ferns, sometimes referred to as true ferns. They produce coiled fiddleheads that uncoil and expand into fronds. The group includes about 10,560 known extant species. Ferns are defined here in the broad sense, being all of the Polypodiopsida, comprising both the leptosporangiate (Polypodiidae) and eusporangiate ferns, the latter itself comprising ferns other than those denominated true ferns, including horsetails or scouring rushes, whisk ferns, marattioid ferns, and ophioglossoid ferns. Ferns are not of major economic importance, but some are used for food, medicine, as biofertilizer, as ornamental plants and for remediating contaminated soil. 36686
A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta) is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients and in having life cycles in which the sporophyte is the dominant phase. Ferns have complex leaves called megaphylls, that are more complex than the microphylls of clubmosses. Most ferns are leptosporangiate ferns, sometimes referred to as true ferns. They produce coiled fiddleheads that uncoil and expand into fronds. The group includes about 10,560 known extant species. Ferns are defined here in the broad sense, being all of the Polypodiopsida, comprising both the leptosporangiate (Polypodiidae) and eusporangiate ferns, the latter itself comprising ferns other than those denominated true ferns, including horsetails or scouring rushes, whisk ferns, marattioid ferns, and ophioglossoid ferns. Ferns are not of major economic importance, but some are used for food, medicine, as biofertilizer, as ornamental plants and for remediating contaminated soil. 30411
A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta) is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients and in having life cycles in which the sporophyte is the dominant phase. Ferns have complex leaves called megaphylls, that are more complex than the microphylls of clubmosses. Most ferns are leptosporangiate ferns, sometimes referred to as true ferns. They produce coiled fiddleheads that uncoil and expand into fronds. The group includes about 10,560 known extant species. Ferns are defined here in the broad sense, being all of the Polypodiopsida, comprising both the leptosporangiate (Polypodiidae) and eusporangiate ferns, the latter itself comprising ferns other than those denominated true ferns, including horsetails or scouring rushes, whisk ferns, marattioid ferns, and ophioglossoid ferns. Ferns are not of major economic importance, but some are used for food, medicine, as biofertilizer, as ornamental plants and for remediating contaminated soil. 22315
A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta) is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients and in having life cycles in which the sporophyte is the dominant phase. Ferns have complex leaves called megaphylls, that are more complex than the microphylls of clubmosses. Most ferns are leptosporangiate ferns, sometimes referred to as true ferns. They produce coiled fiddleheads that uncoil and expand into fronds. The group includes about 10,560 known extant species. Ferns are defined here in the broad sense, being all of the Polypodiopsida, comprising both the leptosporangiate (Polypodiidae) and eusporangiate ferns, the latter itself comprising ferns other than those denominated true ferns, including horsetails or scouring rushes, whisk ferns, marattioid ferns, and ophioglossoid ferns. Ferns are not of major economic importance, but some are used for food, medicine, as biofertilizer, as ornamental plants and for remediating contaminated soil. 19636
A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta /ˌpɒliˌpɒdiˈɒfɪtə, -əˈfaɪtə/)[citation needed] is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. The polypodiophytes include all living pteridophytes except the lycopods, and differ from mosses and other bryophytes by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients and in having life cycles in which the branched sporophyte is the dominant phase. Ferns have complex leaves called megaphylls, that are more complex than the microphylls of clubmosses. Most ferns are leptosporangiate ferns. They produce coiled fiddleheads that uncoil and expand into fronds. The group includes about 10,560 known extant species. Ferns are defined here in the broad sense, being all of the Polypodiopsida, comprising both the leptosporangiate (Polypodiidae) and eusporangiate ferns, the latter group including horsetails, whisk ferns, marattioid ferns, and ophioglossoid ferns.
Ferns first appear in the fossil record about 360 million years ago in the late Devonian period, but many of the current families and species did not appear until roughly 145 million years ago in the early Cretaceous, after flowering plants came to dominate many environments. The fern Osmunda claytoniana is a paramount example of evolutionary stasis; paleontological evidence indicates it has remained unchanged, even at the level of fossilized nuclei and chromosomes, for at least 180 million years.
Ferns are not of major economic importance, but some are used for food, medicine, as biofertilizer, as ornamental plants, and for remediating contaminated soil. They have been the subject of research for their ability to remove some chemical pollutants from the atmosphere. Some fern species, such as bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) and water fern (Azolla filiculoides) are significant weeds worldwide. Some fern genera, such as Azolla, can fix nitrogen and make a significant input to the nitrogen nutrition of rice paddies. They also play certain roles in folklore.
A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta) is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients and in having life cycles in which the sporophyte is the dominant phase. Ferns have complex leaves called megaphylls, that are more complex than the microphylls of clubmosses. Most ferns are leptosporangiate ferns, sometimes referred to as true ferns. They produce coiled fiddleheads that uncoil and expand into fronds. The group includes about 10,560 known extant species. Ferns are defined here in the broad sense, being all of the Polypodiopsida, comprising both the leptosporangiate (Polypodiidae) and eusporangiate ferns, the latter itself comprising ferns other than those denominated true ferns, including horsetails or scouring rushes, whisk ferns, marattioid ferns, and ophioglossoid ferns. Ferns are not of major economic importance, but some are used for food, medicine, as biofertilizer, as ornamental plants and for remediating contaminated soil. 820 c
A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta) is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients and in having life cycles in which the sporophyte is the dominant phase. Ferns have complex leaves called megaphylls, that are more complex than the microphylls of clubmosses. Most ferns are leptosporangiate ferns, sometimes referred to as true ferns. They produce coiled fiddleheads that uncoil and expand into fronds. The group includes about 10,560 known extant species. Ferns are defined here in the broad sense, being all of the Polypodiopsida, comprising both the leptosporangiate (Polypodiidae) and eusporangiate ferns, the latter itself comprising ferns other than those denominated true ferns, including horsetails or scouring rushes, whisk ferns, marattioid ferns, and ophioglossoid ferns. Ferns are not of major economic importance, but some are used for food, medicine, as biofertilizer, as ornamental plants and for remediating contaminated soil. 36737
A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta) is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients and in having life cycles in which the sporophyte is the dominant phase. Ferns have complex leaves called megaphylls, that are more complex than the microphylls of clubmosses. Most ferns are leptosporangiate ferns, sometimes referred to as true ferns. They produce coiled fiddleheads that uncoil and expand into fronds. The group includes about 10,560 known extant species. Ferns are defined here in the broad sense, being all of the Polypodiopsida, comprising both the leptosporangiate (Polypodiidae) and eusporangiate ferns, the latter itself comprising ferns other than those denominated true ferns, including horsetails or scouring rushes, whisk ferns, marattioid ferns, and ophioglossoid ferns. Ferns are not of major economic importance, but some are used for food, medicine, as biofertilizer, as ornamental plants and for remediating contaminated soil.
Dicksonia antarctica, the soft tree fern or man fern, is a species of evergreen tree fern native to eastern Australia, ranging from south-east Queensland, coastal New South Wales and Victoria to Tasmania. These ferns can grow to 15 m in height, but more typically grow to about 4.5–5 m, and consist of an erect rhizome forming a trunk. They are very hairy at the base of the stipe (trunk). The large, dark green, roughly-textured fronds spread in a canopy of 2–6 m in diameter. The shapes of the stems vary as some grow curved and there are multi-headed ones. The fronds are borne in flushes, with fertile and sterile fronds often in alternating layers. 36742
Azolla is a tiny aquatic fern. It can double it's biomass in less than two days which can make it either an extremely invasive weed or very useful plant depending on the situation.
According to Wikipedia: Rice farmers used Azolla as a rice biofertilizer 1500 years ago. The earliest known written record of this practice is in a book written by Jia Ssu Hsieh (Jia Si Xue) in 540 A.D on The Art of Feeding the People (Chih Min Tao Shu). When rice paddies are flooded in the spring, they can be planted with Azolla, which then quickly multiplies to cover the water, suppressing weeds. The rotting plant material releases nitrogen into the water for the rice plants, providing up to nine tonnes of protein per hectare per year.
Azolla has also been proposed as a carbon sequestration modality. The proposal draws upon the hypothesized "Azolla event" that asserts that Azolla once covered the Arctic and then sank, permanently sequestering teratons of carbon and ending a warming event that reached 54–59 °F degrees warmer than twenty-first century averages.
#azolla #fern #CUgreenhouse
A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta) is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients and in having life cycles in which the sporophyte is the dominant phase. Ferns have complex leaves called megaphylls, that are more complex than the microphylls of clubmosses. Most ferns are leptosporangiate ferns, sometimes referred to as true ferns. They produce coiled fiddleheads that uncoil and expand into fronds. The group includes about 10,560 known extant species. Ferns are defined here in the broad sense, being all of the Polypodiopsida, comprising both the leptosporangiate (Polypodiidae) and eusporangiate ferns, the latter itself comprising ferns other than those denominated true ferns, including horsetails or scouring rushes, whisk ferns, marattioid ferns, and ophioglossoid ferns. Ferns are not of major economic importance, but some are used for food, medicine, as biofertilizer, as ornamental plants and for remediating contaminated soil. 990
A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta) is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients and in having life cycles in which the sporophyte is the dominant phase. Ferns have complex leaves called megaphylls, that are more complex than the microphylls of clubmosses. Most ferns are leptosporangiate ferns, sometimes referred to as true ferns. They produce coiled fiddleheads that uncoil and expand into fronds. The group includes about 10,560 known extant species. Ferns are defined here in the broad sense, being all of the Polypodiopsida, comprising both the leptosporangiate (Polypodiidae) and eusporangiate ferns, the latter itself comprising ferns other than those denominated true ferns, including horsetails or scouring rushes, whisk ferns, marattioid ferns, and ophioglossoid ferns. Ferns are not of major economic importance, but some are used for food, medicine, as biofertilizer, as ornamental plants and for remediating contaminated soil. 35014
A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta) is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients and in having life cycles in which the sporophyte is the dominant phase. Ferns have complex leaves called megaphylls, that are more complex than the microphylls of clubmosses. Most ferns are leptosporangiate ferns, sometimes referred to as true ferns. They produce coiled fiddleheads that uncoil and expand into fronds. The group includes about 10,560 known extant species. Ferns are defined here in the broad sense, being all of the Polypodiopsida, comprising both the leptosporangiate (Polypodiidae) and eusporangiate ferns, the latter itself comprising ferns other than those denominated true ferns, including horsetails or scouring rushes, whisk ferns, marattioid ferns, and ophioglossoid ferns. Ferns are not of major economic importance, but some are used for food, medicine, as biofertilizer, as ornamental plants and for remediating contaminated soil. 991
A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta) is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients and in having life cycles in which the sporophyte is the dominant phase. Ferns have complex leaves called megaphylls, that are more complex than the microphylls of clubmosses. Most ferns are leptosporangiate ferns, sometimes referred to as true ferns. They produce coiled fiddleheads that uncoil and expand into fronds. The group includes about 10,560 known extant species. Ferns are defined here in the broad sense, being all of the Polypodiopsida, comprising both the leptosporangiate (Polypodiidae) and eusporangiate ferns, the latter itself comprising ferns other than those denominated true ferns, including horsetails or scouring rushes, whisk ferns, marattioid ferns, and ophioglossoid ferns. Ferns are not of major economic importance, but some are used for food, medicine, as biofertilizer, as ornamental plants and for remediating contaminated soil. 9711
Against a backdrop of an almost clear blue sky.
A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta) is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients and in having life cycles in which the sporophyte is the dominant phase. Ferns have complex leaves called megaphylls, that are more complex than the microphylls of clubmosses. Most ferns are leptosporangiate ferns, sometimes referred to as true ferns. They produce coiled fiddleheads that uncoil and expand into fronds. The group includes about 10,560 known extant species. Ferns are defined here in the broad sense, being all of the Polypodiopsida, comprising both the leptosporangiate (Polypodiidae) and eusporangiate ferns, the latter itself comprising ferns other than those denominated true ferns, including horsetails or scouring rushes, whisk ferns, marattioid ferns, and ophioglossoid ferns. Ferns are not of major economic importance, but some are used for food, medicine, as biofertilizer, as ornamental plants and for remediating contaminated soil. 19631
A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta) is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients and in having life cycles in which the sporophyte is the dominant phase. Ferns have complex leaves called megaphylls, that are more complex than the microphylls of clubmosses. Most ferns are leptosporangiate ferns, sometimes referred to as true ferns. They produce coiled fiddleheads that uncoil and expand into fronds. The group includes about 10,560 known extant species. Ferns are defined here in the broad sense, being all of the Polypodiopsida, comprising both the leptosporangiate (Polypodiidae) and eusporangiate ferns, the latter itself comprising ferns other than those denominated true ferns, including horsetails or scouring rushes, whisk ferns, marattioid ferns, and ophioglossoid ferns. Ferns are not of major economic importance, but some are used for food, medicine, as biofertilizer, as ornamental plants and for remediating contaminated soil. 820
Trying to get better shot of this Azolla which has seemed to become less red and more green since it was collected. (I think the hue and saturation are particularly dependent on monitor calibration for these photos.)
largest individuals about 5mm across
(with Lemna)
In several ways Azolla is quite significant, see wikipedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azolla :
"Azolla is a highly productive plant. It doubles its biomass in 3–10 days, depending on conditions, and yield can reach 8-10 tonnes fresh matter/ha in Asian rice fields. 37.8 t fresh weight/ha (2.78 t DM/ha dry weight) has been reported for Azolla pinnata in India (Hasan et al., 2009).[7]
Azolla floats on the surface of water by means of numerous, small, closely overlapping scale-like leaves, with their roots hanging in the water. They form a symbiotic relationship with the cyanobacterium Anabaena azollae, which fixes atmospheric nitrogen, giving the plant access to the essential nutrient. This has led to the plant being dubbed a "super-plant", as it can readily colonise areas of freshwater, and grow at great speed - doubling its biomass every two to three days.
The nitrogen-fixing capability of Azolla has led to Azolla being widely used as a biofertiliser, especially in parts of southeast Asia. Indeed, the plant has been used to bolster agricultural productivity in China for over a thousand years. When rice paddies are flooded in the spring, they can be inoculated with Azolla, which then quickly multiplies to cover the water, suppressing weeds. The rotting plant material releases nitrogen to the rice plants, providing up to nine tonnes of protein per hectare per year.[8]
Most of the species can produce large amounts of deoxyanthocyanins in response to various stresses,[10] including bright sunlight and extremes of temperature,[11][12] causing the water surface to appear to be covered with an intensely red carpet. Herbivore feeding induces accumulation of deoxyanthocyanins and leads to a reduction in the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the fronds, thus lowering their palatability and nutritive value.[13]
As an additional benefit to its role as a paddy biofertilizer, Azolla spp. have been used to control mosquito larvae in rice fields. The plant grows in a thick mat on the surface of the water, making it more difficult for the larvae to reach the surface to breathe, effectively choking the larvae.[22]
Azolla can remove chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, and lead from effluent. It can remove lead from solutions containing 1-1000 ppm.[23]"
the Azolla event - en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azolla_event
my photos arranged by subject - www.flickr.com/photos/29750062@N06/collections
A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta) is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients and in having life cycles in which the sporophyte is the dominant phase. Ferns have complex leaves called megaphylls, that are more complex than the microphylls of clubmosses. Most ferns are leptosporangiate ferns, sometimes referred to as true ferns. They produce coiled fiddleheads that uncoil and expand into fronds. The group includes about 10,560 known extant species. Ferns are defined here in the broad sense, being all of the Polypodiopsida, comprising both the leptosporangiate (Polypodiidae) and eusporangiate ferns, the latter itself comprising ferns other than those denominated true ferns, including horsetails or scouring rushes, whisk ferns, marattioid ferns, and ophioglossoid ferns. Ferns are not of major economic importance, but some are used for food, medicine, as biofertilizer, as ornamental plants and for remediating contaminated soil. 11260
When I first saw this plant I thought it was moss, but I was informed by my hiking companion that it was actually a diminutive form of a fern. Azolla filiculoides (Water Fern, Red Azolla, Mosquito Fern among many other nicknames) upon close examination is comprised of numerous scale-like, closely overlapping leaves, whose roots hang in the water. The individual plants form floating mats across the surface of bodies of water. An interesting thing about this plant is its nitrogen fixing ability, due to a symbiotic relationship with the cyanobacterium Anabena azollae. It has been used as a biofertilizer in rice paddies in China for over a thousand years. Not only does it increase the yield of the rice, but by covering the surface of the water it surpresses other weeds (the blades of rice rise above the surface of the water and Azolla filiculoides) and can interfere with the mosquito life cycle as well, thus the nickname "Mosquito Fern." Unfortunately, the mats of Azolla filiculoides can become so thick that they clog waterways and can deoxygenate water. If it is harvested, however, it can be used as animal fodder, and people can also eat it (used like alfa sprouts or watercress), however I have not yet read anything about any scientific studies about exactly how nutritious it is. Lastly, although it was bright green when I saw it, it is common for this same plant to turn red under certain conditions, thus the nickname "Red Azolla."
Bear Gulch (between the Peaks View parking lot and the Bear Gulch visitor center), Pinnacles National Park, California
Liquid fertilizers enhance soil microbial activity, plant growth and plant resistance to biotic stress. We made a liquid fertilizer through a process of anaerobic fermentation of organic materials.
Through the USAID-funded Kyrgyz Agro-Input Enterprise Development Project, production of biofertilizer out of organic waste was organized on a dairy farm in northern Kyrgyzstan. Natural biofertilizer, rich in biologically active substances and microelements, is derived in the process of anaerobic fermentation. This initiative helps to implement environmentally-friendly techniques and promotes organic farming in Kyrgyzstan. Photo credit: Jyldyz Niyazalieva, Kyrgyz Agro-Input Enterprise Development Project
at Nisqually (colors off- shot with LED headlamp)
from wikipedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azolla:
Azolla is a highly productive plant. It doubles its biomass in 3–10 days, depending on conditions, and yield can reach 8-10 tonnes fresh matter/ha in Asian rice fields. 37.8 t fresh weight/ha (2.78 t DM/ha dry weight) has been reported for Azolla pinnata in India (Hasan et al., 2009).[7]
Azolla floats on the surface of water by means of numerous, small, closely overlapping scale-like leaves, with their roots hanging in the water. They form a symbiotic relationship with the cyanobacterium Anabaena azollae, which fixes atmospheric nitrogen, giving the plant access to the essential nutrient. This has led to the plant being dubbed a "super-plant", as it can readily colonise areas of freshwater, and grow at great speed - doubling its biomass every two to three days.
The nitrogen-fixing capability of Azolla has led to Azolla being widely used as a biofertiliser, especially in parts of southeast Asia. Indeed, the plant has been used to bolster agricultural productivity in China for over a thousand years. When rice paddies are flooded in the spring, they can be inoculated with Azolla, which then quickly multiplies to cover the water, suppressing weeds. The rotting plant material releases nitrogen to the rice plants, providing up to nine tonnes of protein per hectare per year.[8]
Most of the species can produce large amounts of deoxyanthocyanins in response to various stresses,[10] including bright sunlight and extremes of temperature,[11][12] causing the water surface to appear to be covered with an intensely red carpet. Herbivore feeding induces accumulation of deoxyanthocyanins and leads to a reduction in the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the fronds, thus lowering their palatability and nutritive value.[13]
As an additional benefit to its role as a paddy biofertilizer, Azolla spp. have been used to control mosquito larvae in rice fields. The plant grows in a thick mat on the surface of the water, making it more difficult for the larvae to reach the surface to breathe, effectively choking the larvae.[22]
Azolla can remove chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, and lead from effluent. It can remove lead from solutions containing 1-1000 ppm.[23]
A study of Arctic paleoclimatology reported that Azolla may have had a significant role in reversing an increase in greenhouse effect that occurred 55 million years ago that caused the region around the north pole to turn into a hot, tropical environment. This research conducted by the Institute of Environmental Biology at Utrecht University claims that massive patches of Azolla growing on the (then) freshwater surface of the Arctic Ocean consumed enough carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for the global greenhouse effect to decline, eventually causing the formation of Ice sheets in Antarctica and the current "Icehouse period" which we are still in. This theory has been termed the Azolla event.
my photos arranged by subject - www.flickr.com/photos/29750062@N06/collections
When I first saw this plant I thought it was moss, but I was informed by my hiking companion that it was actually a diminutive form of a fern. Azolla filiculoides (Water Fern, Red Azolla, Mosquito Fern among many other nicknames) upon close examination is comprised of numerous scale-like, closely overlapping leaves, whose roots hang in the water. The individual plants form floating mats across the surface of bodies of water. An interesting thing about this plant is its nitrogen fixing ability, due to a symbiotic relationship with the cyanobacterium Anabena azollae. It has been used as a biofertilizer in rice paddies in China for over a thousand years. Not only does it increase the yield of the rice, but by covering the surface of the water it surpresses other weeds (the blades of rice rise above the surface of the water and Azolla filiculoides) and can interfere with the mosquito life cycle as well, thus the nickname "Mosquito Fern." Unfortunately, the mats of Azolla filiculoides can become so thick that they clog waterways and can deoxygenate water. If it is harvested, however, it can be used as animal fodder, and people can also eat it (used like alfa sprouts or watercress), however I have not yet read anything about any scientific studies about exactly how nutritious it is. Lastly, although it was bright green when I saw it, it is common for this same plant to turn red under certain conditions, thus the nickname "Red Azolla."
Bear Gulch (between the Peaks View parking lot and the Bear Gulch visitor center), Pinnacles National Park, California
When I first saw this plant I thought it was moss, but I was informed by my hiking companion that it was actually a diminutive form of a fern. Azolla filiculoides (Water Fern, Red Azolla, Mosquito Fern among many other nicknames) upon close examination is comprised of numerous scale-like, closely overlapping leaves, whose roots hang in the water. The individual plants form floating mats across the surface of bodies of water. An interesting thing about this plant is its nitrogen fixing ability, due to a symbiotic relationship with the cyanobacterium Anabena azollae. It has been used as a biofertilizer in rice paddies in China for over a thousand years. Not only does it increase the yield of the rice, but by covering the surface of the water it surpresses other weeds (the blades of rice rise above the surface of the water and Azolla filiculoides) and can interfere with the mosquito life cycle as well, thus the nickname "Mosquito Fern." Unfortunately, the mats of Azolla filiculoides can become so thick that they clog waterways and can deoxygenate water. If it is harvested, however, it can be used as animal fodder, and people can also eat it (used like alfa sprouts or watercress), however I have not yet read anything about any scientific studies about exactly how nutritious it is. Lastly, although it was bright green when I saw it, it is common for this same plant to turn red under certain conditions, thus the nickname "Red Azolla."
Bear Gulch (between the Peaks View parking lot and the Bear Gulch visitor center), Pinnacles National Park, California
When I first saw this plant I thought it was moss, but I was informed by my hiking companion that it was actually a diminutive form of a fern. Azolla filiculoides (Water Fern, Red Azolla, Mosquito Fern among many other nicknames) upon close examination is comprised of numerous scale-like, closely overlapping leaves, whose roots hang in the water. The individual plants form floating mats across the surface of bodies of water. An interesting thing about this plant is its nitrogen fixing ability, due to a symbiotic relationship with the cyanobacterium Anabena azollae. It has been used as a biofertilizer in rice paddies in China for over a thousand years. Not only does it increase the yield of the rice, but by covering the surface of the water it surpresses other weeds (the blades of rice rise above the surface of the water and Azolla filiculoides) and can interfere with the mosquito life cycle as well, thus the nickname "Mosquito Fern." Unfortunately, the mats of Azolla filiculoides can become so thick that they clog waterways and can deoxygenate water. If it is harvested, however, it can be used as animal fodder, and people can also eat it (used like alfa sprouts or watercress), however I have not yet read anything about any scientific studies about exactly how nutritious it is. Lastly, although it was bright green when I saw it, it is common for this same plant to turn red under certain conditions, thus the nickname "Red Azolla."
Bear Gulch (between the Peaks View parking lot and the Bear Gulch visitor center), Pinnacles National Park, California
Entry in category 2. Women and men of science; © CC-BY-NC-ND: Santiago Perez-Bernal
This picture was taken during my first field visit to Bangalore. We are studying biofertilizers in combination with mixed cultures to stabilize crop yields under the weight of climate change. The motivated student had the opportunity to start digging the roots.
IITA NoduMax team pose with NoduMax sachets. NoduMax legume inoculant first in West Africa get certification from National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) to advertise and distribute inoculant to soybean farmers and organizations. IITA's NoduMax is a biofertilizer for inoculation. The product also improves nodulation and yield in soybean. It contains strains of rhizobia mixed with peat, with the inherent ability to fix nitrogen from the air. (file name: _DSC0805).
Entry in category 2. Women and men of science; © CC-BY-NC-ND: Santiago Perez-Bernal
Selfie during a chai-tea-break at the fields of Bangalore. We sampled roots from experimental plots to understand biofertilizers in different cropping systems
Trying to get better shot of this Azolla which has seemed to become less red and more green since it was collected. (I think the hue and saturation are particularly dependent on monitor calibration for these photos.)
largest individuals about 5mm across
In several ways Azolla is quite significant, see wikipedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azolla :
"Azolla is a highly productive plant. It doubles its biomass in 3–10 days, depending on conditions, and yield can reach 8-10 tonnes fresh matter/ha in Asian rice fields. 37.8 t fresh weight/ha (2.78 t DM/ha dry weight) has been reported for Azolla pinnata in India (Hasan et al., 2009).[7]
Azolla floats on the surface of water by means of numerous, small, closely overlapping scale-like leaves, with their roots hanging in the water. They form a symbiotic relationship with the cyanobacterium Anabaena azollae, which fixes atmospheric nitrogen, giving the plant access to the essential nutrient. This has led to the plant being dubbed a "super-plant", as it can readily colonise areas of freshwater, and grow at great speed - doubling its biomass every two to three days.
The nitrogen-fixing capability of Azolla has led to Azolla being widely used as a biofertiliser, especially in parts of southeast Asia. Indeed, the plant has been used to bolster agricultural productivity in China for over a thousand years. When rice paddies are flooded in the spring, they can be inoculated with Azolla, which then quickly multiplies to cover the water, suppressing weeds. The rotting plant material releases nitrogen to the rice plants, providing up to nine tonnes of protein per hectare per year.[8]
Most of the species can produce large amounts of deoxyanthocyanins in response to various stresses,[10] including bright sunlight and extremes of temperature,[11][12] causing the water surface to appear to be covered with an intensely red carpet. Herbivore feeding induces accumulation of deoxyanthocyanins and leads to a reduction in the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the fronds, thus lowering their palatability and nutritive value.[13]
As an additional benefit to its role as a paddy biofertilizer, Azolla spp. have been used to control mosquito larvae in rice fields. The plant grows in a thick mat on the surface of the water, making it more difficult for the larvae to reach the surface to breathe, effectively choking the larvae.[22]
Azolla can remove chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, and lead from effluent. It can remove lead from solutions containing 1-1000 ppm.[23]"
the Azolla event - en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azolla_event
my photos arranged by subject - www.flickr.com/photos/29750062@N06/collections
Bio Fertilizer are natural and organic fertilizers that help to keep all the nutrients and live micro-organisms required for the benefits of the plants, in the soil. The soil is alive and contains a lot of micro-organisms that produce natural N-K-P and other nutrients required for agriculture and plants. Using chemical products eventually will kill and transform productive soils into sand in a few years.
Good evening everybody!
First, may i request you all to close you eyes for a few moments and think.
Just think of the sight of tree leaves dancing in the wind.
Think of lying down under the cool shade of tree, full of birds.
Think of children climbing a tree and plucking fruits.
Think of a little girl playing on a swing tied to a tree.
Think of little boys playing cricket with stumps drawn on a tree trunk.
Think of a little boy chasing an old tyre down the road with a broken tree branch.
Think of all the wooden toys made from trees.
I’m sure most of these things you just thought of brought peace to you.
That’s the beauty of trees. The very thought of them is pleasing to the mind.
It’s very rare that trees are associated with hatred, war and bloodshed.
If you actually think about it, most wars are fought over natural resources like oil, water and food.
First, let’s take oil.
Trees provide oil in the form of biodiesel and biofuel all their lives without the need for expensive machinery and manpower. In fact, scientists claim that the oil from just the Honge tree lone is enough to meet the fuel demands of our country. Unlike oil from the ground oil from trees is an inexhaustible resource.
Then let’s take water.
We all know that without trees, there’s no rain. And hence, no water. And the more trees there are, the more rain there is. And hence, more water. It’s no co incidence that the shape of trees resembles rain bearing clouds. Not only do trees bring rain, they also carry the rainwater deep into the soil and recharge the ground water supply.
Then of course, trees provide fruits, nutritious green leaves that provide us with all the nutrition we need.
They also provide biofertilizers and biopesticides required to grow other crops for our food. These are a safe substitute to the chemical fertilizers and insecticides that poison our food and our water.
Basically, trees provide us with everything that we fight over. That too for free.
Although it seems a bit ideal, I think that if we all planted enough trees instead of depending on other sources, we could all be self sufficient and have nothing to fight for. Peace would prevail.
Have you noticed how the word ‘trees’ rhymes with the word ‘peace’.
Trees, peace, trees, peace, trees, peace…I don’t think it’s a co incidence.
Let there be trees. Let there be peace.
Thank you.
Entry in category 3. Locations and instruments; © CC-BY-NC-ND: Santiago Perez-Bernal
We studied how biofertilizers can help plants cope with drought. We brought the equipment all the way from Basel to Bangalore. The best light was in a lecture room. There we processed loads of leaves.
Nisqually
in landscape - www.flickr.com/photos/29750062@N06/3170675711/
better results than some posted recently
(natural light)
from wikipedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azolla:
Azolla is a highly productive plant. It doubles its biomass in 3–10 days, depending on conditions, and yield can reach 8-10 tonnes fresh matter/ha in Asian rice fields. 37.8 t fresh weight/ha (2.78 t DM/ha dry weight) has been reported for Azolla pinnata in India (Hasan et al., 2009).[7]
Azolla floats on the surface of water by means of numerous, small, closely overlapping scale-like leaves, with their roots hanging in the water. They form a symbiotic relationship with the cyanobacterium Anabaena azollae, which fixes atmospheric nitrogen, giving the plant access to the essential nutrient. This has led to the plant being dubbed a "super-plant", as it can readily colonise areas of freshwater, and grow at great speed - doubling its biomass every two to three days.
The nitrogen-fixing capability of Azolla has led to Azolla being widely used as a biofertiliser, especially in parts of southeast Asia. Indeed, the plant has been used to bolster agricultural productivity in China for over a thousand years. When rice paddies are flooded in the spring, they can be inoculated with Azolla, which then quickly multiplies to cover the water, suppressing weeds. The rotting plant material releases nitrogen to the rice plants, providing up to nine tonnes of protein per hectare per year.[8]
Most of the species can produce large amounts of deoxyanthocyanins in response to various stresses,[10] including bright sunlight and extremes of temperature,[11][12] causing the water surface to appear to be covered with an intensely red carpet. Herbivore feeding induces accumulation of deoxyanthocyanins and leads to a reduction in the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the fronds, thus lowering their palatability and nutritive value.[13]
As an additional benefit to its role as a paddy biofertilizer, Azolla spp. have been used to control mosquito larvae in rice fields. The plant grows in a thick mat on the surface of the water, making it more difficult for the larvae to reach the surface to breathe, effectively choking the larvae.[22]
Azolla can remove chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, and lead from effluent. It can remove lead from solutions containing 1-1000 ppm.[23]
A study of Arctic paleoclimatology reported that Azolla may have had a significant role in reversing an increase in greenhouse effect that occurred 55 million years ago that caused the region around the north pole to turn into a hot, tropical environment. This research conducted by the Institute of Environmental Biology at Utrecht University claims that massive patches of Azolla growing on the (then) freshwater surface of the Arctic Ocean consumed enough carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for the global greenhouse effect to decline, eventually causing the formation of Ice sheets in Antarctica and the current "Icehouse period" which we are still in. This theory has been termed the Azolla event.
my photos arranged by subject - www.flickr.com/photos/29750062@N06/collections
Prions Biotech stands at the forefront of the biotechnology industry, headquartered in Belgaum, Karnataka. Committed to sustainability and driven by innovation, we specialize in the advancement and manufacturing of a wide array of state-of-the-art products for diverse sectors. Our expertise lies in the fields of water-soluble fertilizers, aquaculture probiotics, distillery and sugar enzymes, wastewater treatment enzymes, solid waste management enzymes, biofertilizers, and micronutrients. With a focus on enhancing productivity, efficiency, and environmental responsibility, Prions Biotech is dedicated to providing effective solutions that contribute to a greener and more sustainable future. Discover some of our exceptional product offerings:
Know more about Water-Soluble Fertilizers visit - prionsbiotech.com/organic-manure.html
Biofertilizer building under construction. Part of the image collection of the International Rice Research Institute.
Nisqually
in landscape - www.flickr.com/photos/29750062@N06/3170675711/
better results than some posted recently
(natural light)
from wikipedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azolla:
Azolla is a highly productive plant. It doubles its biomass in 3–10 days, depending on conditions, and yield can reach 8-10 tonnes fresh matter/ha in Asian rice fields. 37.8 t fresh weight/ha (2.78 t DM/ha dry weight) has been reported for Azolla pinnata in India (Hasan et al., 2009).[7]
Azolla floats on the surface of water by means of numerous, small, closely overlapping scale-like leaves, with their roots hanging in the water. They form a symbiotic relationship with the cyanobacterium Anabaena azollae, which fixes atmospheric nitrogen, giving the plant access to the essential nutrient. This has led to the plant being dubbed a "super-plant", as it can readily colonise areas of freshwater, and grow at great speed - doubling its biomass every two to three days.
The nitrogen-fixing capability of Azolla has led to Azolla being widely used as a biofertiliser, especially in parts of southeast Asia. Indeed, the plant has been used to bolster agricultural productivity in China for over a thousand years. When rice paddies are flooded in the spring, they can be inoculated with Azolla, which then quickly multiplies to cover the water, suppressing weeds. The rotting plant material releases nitrogen to the rice plants, providing up to nine tonnes of protein per hectare per year.[8]
Most of the species can produce large amounts of deoxyanthocyanins in response to various stresses,[10] including bright sunlight and extremes of temperature,[11][12] causing the water surface to appear to be covered with an intensely red carpet. Herbivore feeding induces accumulation of deoxyanthocyanins and leads to a reduction in the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the fronds, thus lowering their palatability and nutritive value.[13]
As an additional benefit to its role as a paddy biofertilizer, Azolla spp. have been used to control mosquito larvae in rice fields. The plant grows in a thick mat on the surface of the water, making it more difficult for the larvae to reach the surface to breathe, effectively choking the larvae.[22]
Azolla can remove chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, and lead from effluent. It can remove lead from solutions containing 1-1000 ppm.[23]
A study of Arctic paleoclimatology reported that Azolla may have had a significant role in reversing an increase in greenhouse effect that occurred 55 million years ago that caused the region around the north pole to turn into a hot, tropical environment. This research conducted by the Institute of Environmental Biology at Utrecht University claims that massive patches of Azolla growing on the (then) freshwater surface of the Arctic Ocean consumed enough carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for the global greenhouse effect to decline, eventually causing the formation of Ice sheets in Antarctica and the current "Icehouse period" which we are still in. This theory has been termed the Azolla event.
my photos arranged by subject - www.flickr.com/photos/29750062@N06/collections
Athul Dileep, Karthika, Akshay, Sheeja, Sanjay, Jayaraj, Dhanya, Ranju, Aswathy
Earth worms are friends of the farmer. African earth worms are bred here.
Aju explains the process to the curious little ones.
Biofertilizers and Bio pesticides are used here.
Description:
The Agricultural Biological market showcase is at a moderately solid compound yearly development pace of XX %. Agricultural biological (or biologics) are valuable harvest creation and assurance devices that are gotten from regular materials, contain them, or use normally happening forms.
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Digging into the report, careful market incomes and offers development designs, examination of market patterns, and the worth and volume of the market is referenced. Market Dynamics Natural agribusiness is a procedure of eco accommodating cultivating without the utilization of compound pesticides and manures.
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Global Agricultural Biological Market Key Segment
By Function:
•Crop protection
•Biocontrol
•Crop enhancement
•Biofertilizers
•Biostimulants
By Function:
•Cereals & grains
•Oilseed & pulses
•Fruits & vegetables
•Other crop types
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Global Agricultural Biological Market Geographical Analysis By geography, the global Agricultural Biologicals Market is segmented into North America, Asia Pacific (APAC), Europe, South America, and the Middle East and Africa (MEA). Europe is required to lead the worldwide farming organic market during the conjecture time frame. Italy and Spain hold a huge portion of the market in the locale. The European market is essentially determined by variables, for example, improved quality results, expanded yield and efficiency, expanding interest for natural items, and the appropriation of current innovation for agribusiness. The market in the Asia Pacific is probably going to encounter huge development during the figure time frame, because of the necessities of the developing populace and government activities to advance a superior domain. The rural biologicals showcase in Latin America is additionally anticipated to grow at a quick pace during the estimated time frame. Global Agricultural Biologicals Market
Competitive Analysis
•The Dow Chemical Company
•Syngenta
•BASF SE
•Bayer AG
•Novozymes
•IsagroMarrone Bio Innovation Inc
•Certis USA LLC
•Arysta LifeScience Corporation
•Koppert B.V.
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Leica Biosystems announced to demonstrate its cutting based technology called as the Aperio VERSA digital pathology system that provides investigation into the various range of cases ranging from tissue-based and proteomic markers, to subcellular, molecular and in-hybridization probes.
Definiens AG, the Tissue Phenomics leader for diagnostics development in oncology has expanded their alliance with NeoGenomics, the provider of cancer focused genetic services to develop and automate the analysis of biomarker assays for clinical trials and routine testing.
Read This Sample Report www.researchnester.com/reports/biofertilizers-market/1197
Winner - Food & Agri Products
Mr. K.V.S.S. Sairam
President
Vaishnavi Bio-Tech
Address:Vaishnavi Bhawan, 2nd Floor, 1-5-1015/80 & 81, Manzeera Colony, Father Balaiah Nagar, Old Alwal, Secunderabad
Website: www.vaishnavibiotech.com
Vaishnavi Bio-Tech Limited (VBTL) is one of the Asia's largest Industrial Fermentation establishments in the business of Manufacturing and Marketing of Eco-Friendly Bio Technology products viz., Bulk Drugs, Food Preservatives & Additives, Organic Agri Inputs, Biofertilizers, Animal Health Care (cattle / poultry feed supplements) and other value added products based on Carbohydrates.
VBTL is technically supported by the R&D Centre of Prathista R&D Centre, approved by DSIR) located within the premises of its parent company Prathista Industries Limited which is awarded by National Award in Research & Development.
VBTL products are certified by INDOCERT which offers organic certification as per USDA-NOP standards and European Union Standards and VEDIC Organic Certification Agency.
Performance:
1. Microcomputer-controlled of complete fertilizer lines
2. Continuous mass batching and packaging
3. High accurate fertilizer ingredient data on blending and packaging
4. Productivity: 600 tons/ 8-hour shifts
5. Meet your large capacity NPK fertilizer mixing
6. One-stop purchase(fertilizer machine and its supporting equipments)
7. NPK fertilizer shall be packed into 50 kg, 25 kg, 10 kg, 5 kg and 1 kg with a tolerace of ±0.2%
The domestic animal can survive and sustain on farming and household waste, but if you need good output from them, you have to feed them the best quality food. Just like human, animals also give their best productivity when given nutritious animal feed. Suraj Shree Chemical Ltd. is the leading supplier of the best quality animal feed. They have the BIS specification feed for different animals. Like, they have the BIS specification rabbit feed, fish fee, pig feed, poultry feed. They have food for some specific animals breed as well who are commonly used in farming.
Azolla Biofertilizer. Nuclear techniques are used in research of natural organic fertilizer studies, such as the aquatic fern Azolla.
Photo Credit: Pier Battista, FAO
The series fertilizer equipment [ www.zzhqhi.com/products/ ] is to be equipped in different type and series fertilizer manufacturing process [ www.zzhqhi.com/production-line/ ]to finish the production process.It main plays the role of grinding the big and hard raw materials in the fertilizer production process.It can be equipped in organic fertilizer production line [ www.zzhqhi.com/production-line/organic-fertilizer-product... ],it also can be used in biofertilizer production[ www.zzhqhi.com/production-line/bio-organic-fertilizer-pro... ] line and so on a series fertilizer production process.It is easy to be maintain and clean,it is the first choice fertilizer equipment after fermenting the raw materials.