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Bergen by nightfall displaying the reason for its name: BERGEN (Mountains) which surround it everwhere
Bergen, Norway.
www.gettyimages.no/detail/photo/bergen-by-night-norway-ro...
History of Bergen from english wiki:
Bergen received status as a city in 1070 AD during king Olav Kyrre's rule, according to the encyclopedia Store norske leksikon.
Gitte Hansen's 2004 Ph.D. dissertation proposes that "Bergen was founded as a handelsknutepunkt [a crossroads for trading] sometime during the 1020s or 1030s".[6] Later, in a 2004 NRK article, she said that "A king decided at the start of the 11th century, that here a city ought to be."[6] Furthermore she said that king Olav Kyrre "was not the first [king] to start building a city [in Bergen].
The city was built on part of a royal estate, Alrekstad.
"The sagas tell that Olav Kyrre built a Christ Church at Holmen (later Bergenshus)"—made of wood—according to the encyclopedia Store Norske Leksikon.
In 1068 the Diocese of Bergen was established.
Around 1100 the export (through Bergen) of dried cod from the northern Norwegian coast started, eventually becoming the principal export traded from Bergen.
Before the year 1110, Munkeliv Abbey was built.[9]
The monarchy moved its quarters from the foot of Mount Ulriken, and at the new location wooden structures were eventually replaced by masonry, i.e. Haakon's Hall.
In 1163 the city's cathedral, the Christ Church, was the site of the first royal coronation in Norway.
The bishopric of Selja was moved to Bergen either in 1163[2] or, together with the relics of Sunniva, in 1170.
In 1181 the Birkebeiner defeated their opponents in the Battle of Bergen during the civil war era in Norway. "[The present-day neighbourhood] Engen was the battlefield in 1181 during the battle between king Sverre's men and bondehæren [the farmers' army]", according to the encyclopedia Bergen byleksikon.)
After the 1181 Battle of Bergen
Bergen was granted monopoly in regards to trade from the North of Norway, by king Haakon Haakonsson (1217-1263). Stockfish was the main reason that the city became one of North Europe's largest centres for trade at the time.
In 1281, a sixth coronation was held at Christ Church—the last one held there.
Hieronymus Scholeus's impression of Bergen. The drawing was made around 1580 and was published in Civitates orbis terrarum.
Some functions of the city were lost to Oslo during the reign of King Haakon V (1299–1319).
Bergen was Norway's most important city in the 13th century.[
In 1343 (or in the 1350s) "the first Hanseatic commercial settlement was established in Bergen", according to Natascha Mehler.[15] German merchants formed a colony—protected by the Hanseatic League. Sources vary about whether it "was not an isolated German ghetto, but operated in vibrant interaction with its surroundings", or it was "separated from the Norwegian bysamfunn [city community]". This Kontor was located at Bryggen in Bergen.[16] The Hanseatic merchants lived in their own separate quarter of town, where Middle Low German was spoken, enjoying exclusive rights to trade with the northern fishermen who each summer sailed to Bergen.[17] During this century the Hanseatic merchants acquired monopolistic control over the trade in Bergen.
In 1349, the Black Death was inadvertently brought to Norway by the crew of an English ship arriving in Bergen.
By the late 14th century, Bergen had established itself as the centre[clarification needed] of the trade in Norway.
On 22 April 1393[20] the Sacking of Bergen occurred. In 1395 the Victual Brothers attacked again.
In 1428, the city was attacked by the Victual Brothers,[21] and they succeeded in burning the royal castle and much of the city.
During the Reformation, the Kontor at Bryggen experienced an economic backlash.
In 1560, the Kontor at Bryggen came under the legal jurisdiction of the authorities of Norway.
From around 1600, the Hanseatic dominance of the city's trade gradually declined in favour of Norwegian merchants (often of Hanseatic ancestry).
In 1630 the Hanseatic League was dissolved, but the Kontor continued operating.
In 1665, the city's harbour was the site of the Battle of Vågen, where an English naval flotilla attacked a Dutch merchant- and treasure fleet supported by the city's garrison.
In 1754, the operations of the Kontor at Bryggen, ended.
Until 1789, Bergen retained its monopoly to mediate trade between Northern Norway and abroad.
A photochrom of Bergen near the end of the 19th century. Visible are Domkirken in the bottom left side, Korskirken in the middle, the bay (Vågen) with its many boats and the Bergenhus Fortress to the right of the opening of Vågen.
The website dagsdato.no has said that on 23 September 1814 the city had chosen representatives for the extraordinary [session of] Norway's parliament, but sogneprest Jonas Rein was not chosen.
In the 1830s, Oslo (the capital) surpassed Bergen as Norway's most populous city.
In 1882 the city's phone company was established.
In 1883 the rail line to Voss was completed—Vossebanen.
In 1897 a trolley service started operating.
In 1900 utility services for electricity started.
In 1909 the rail line to Oslo opened—the Bergen Line.
In 1917 the pier Skoltegrunnskaien opened.
In 1932 the road to Hardanger was completed, connecting Bergen to a significant part of Norway's road network.
World War II
During World War II Bergen was occupied on the first day of the German invasion on 9 April 1940, after a brief fight between German ships and the Norwegian coastal artillery. The German cruiser Königsberg was badly damaged by Norwegian coastal artillery at Kvarven Fort, and sunk by British bombers the following day, 10 April 1940, in the harbour. On 20 April 1944 the Dutch cargo ship Voorbode anchored off the Bergenhus Fortress, loaded with over 120 tons of explosives, blew up, killing at least 150 people and damaging historic buildings. The city was subject to some Allied bombing raids, aiming at German naval installations in the harbour. Some of these caused Norwegian civilian casualties numbering about 100.
On the morning of 8 May 1945, Wehrmacht's superior officer in Norway announced that he would follow orders to capitulate.
The resistance groups in Bergen were Saborg, Milorg, "Theta-gruppen", Sivorg, Stein-organisasjonen and the Communist Party.
After World War II[edit]
9 July 1974 saw an accident on Ulriksbanen, which led to the largest rescue operation in the municipality, since World War II.[28] Four people died.
In 1979 Bergen's old quayside, Bryggen, was listed on UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites.
From county to municipality[edit]
Bergen was separated from Hordaland as a county of its own in 1831. It was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). The rural municipality of Bergen landdistrikt was merged with Bergen on 1 January 1877. The rural municipality of Årstad was merged with Bergen on 1 July 1915. The rural municipalities of Arna, Fana, Laksevåg, and Åsane were merged with Bergen on 1 January 1972. The city lost its status as a separate county on the same date.Bergen is now a municipality, in the county of Hordaland.
From 1831 to 1972, Bergen was its own county. In 1972 the municipality absorbed four surrounding municipalities, and at the same time became a part of Hordaland county.
In 1772 Hospitalssognet—relating to St. Jørgens Hospital—consisted of Solheim, Kronstad, Landås and all of Årstad, according to a map from that year.
Fires
In 1170 or 1171, the first great fire occurred.
In 1198, the Bagler-faction set fire to the city in connection with a battle against the Birkebeiner faction during the civil war. In 1248, Holmen and Sverresborg burned, and 11 churches were destroyed. In 1413 another fire struck the city, and 14 churches were destroyed. In 1428 the city was plundered by German pirates, and in 1455, Hanseatic merchants were responsible for burning down Munkeliv Abbey. In 1476, Bryggen burned down in a fire started by a drunk trader. In 1582, another fire hit the city centre and Strandsiden. In 1675, 105 buildings burned down in Øvregaten. In 1686 a new great fire hit Strandsiden, destroying 231 city blocks and 218 boathouses. The greatest fire to date happened in 1702 when 90 percent of the city was burned to ashes. In 1751, there was a great fire at Vågsbunnen. In 1756, a new fire at Strandsiden burned down 1,500 buildings, and further great fires hit Strandsiden in 1771 and 1901. In 1916, 300 buildings burned down in the city centre, and in 1955 parts of Bryggen burned down.
1918 campaign to revert to former name[edit]
In 1918, there was a campaign to reintroduce the Norse form Bjørgvin as the name of the city. This was turned down – but as a compromise the name of the diocese was changed to Bjørgvin bispedømme.
The pavilion was bought as a cast iron set and given to the municipality of Bergen by businessman and consul FG Gade (1830-1904). The music pavilion was delivered by Vulkan, Jernstøberi & Mek in Christiania and listed in "Byens Park" in 1888. The pillars of the pillars also carry the inscription Vulkan Christiania 1888 . Like the Ole Bulls villa Lysøen , the music pavilion is typified by history, inspired by Moorish architecture.
The picturesque Fish Market in Bergen is one of Norway's most visited outdoors markets. The Fish Market sells seafood, fruit and vegetables.
In 2012 the indoor Fish Marked - Mathallen opened. Here the merchants have permanent shops and restaurants indoors and are open all year.
The Fish Market consists of separate restaurants and shops.
For more info:
en.visitbergen.com/things-to-do/fish-market-in-bergen-p82...
Bryggen, the old wharf of Bergen, is a reminder of the town’s importance as part of the Hanseatic League’s trading empire from the 14th to the mid-16th century. Many fires, the last in 1955, have ravaged the characteristic wooden houses of Bryggen. Its rebuilding has traditionally followed old patterns and methods, thus leaving its main structure preserved, which is a relic of an ancient wooden urban structure once common in Northern Europe.
Bryggen is a historic harbour district in Bergen, one of North Europe’s oldest port cities on the west coast of Norway which was established as a centre for trade by the 12th century. In 1350 the Hanseatic League established a “Hanseatic Office” in Bergen.
(from whc.unesco.org/en/list/59)
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P3278859 Bryggen Night
I never get tired to look at Bergen from above! I can always find out new fascinating view from different sides of the city! Enjoy that one by "night" (it was just 17:30!!!). I was shooting that one during a long walk after a day of work, it was nice to keep walking with the cold just for enjoy this beautiful view!
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SN/NC: Bergenia Spp, Saxifragraceae Family
Bergenia /bərˈɡɛniə/ (elephant-eared saxifrage, elephant's ears) is a genus of ten species of flowering plants in the family Saxifragaceae, native to central Asia, from Afghanistan to China and the Himalayan region.
The common names for Bergenia are pigsqueak (due to the sound produced when two leaves are rubbed together), elephant's ears (due to the shape of the leaves) and large rockfoil. Bergenia is closely related to Mukdenia, Oresitrophe, Astilboides and Rodgersia.
The creator of the taxonomic genus name, Conrad Moench, honoured the German botanist and physician Karl August von Bergen by coining the name Bergenia in 1794.
Bergenia /bərˈɡɛniə/ (saxifrage de orelhas de elefante, orelhas de elefante) é um gênero de dez espécies de plantas com flores da família Saxifragaceae, nativa da Ásia central, do Afeganistão à China e região do Himalaia.
Os nomes comuns para Bergenia são pigsqueak (devido ao som produzido quando duas folhas são esfregadas), orelhas de elefante (devido ao formato das folhas) e grande folha de rocha. Bergenia está intimamente relacionada com Mukdenia, Oresitrophe, Astilboides e Rodgersia.
O criador do nome taxonômico do gênero, Conrad Moench, homenageou o botânico e médico alemão Karl August von Bergen ao cunhar o nome Bergenia em 1794.
Bergenia /bərˈɡɛniə/ (saxifraga con orejas de elefante, orejas de elefante) es un género de diez especies de plantas con flores de la familia Saxifragaceae, nativas de Asia central, desde Afganistán hasta China y la región del Himalaya.
Los nombres comunes de Bergenia son pigsqueak (debido al sonido que se produce cuando se frotan dos hojas), orejas de elefante (debido a la forma de las hojas) y gran hoja de roca.
Bergenia está estrechamente relacionada con Mukdenia, Oresitrophe, Astilboides y Rodgersia.
El creador del nombre taxonómico del género, Conrad Moench, honró al botánico y médico alemán Karl August von Bergen al acuñar el nombre Bergenia en 1794.
Bergenia /bərˈɡɛniə/ (olifant-eared steenbreek, olifantsoren) is een geslacht van tien soorten bloeiende planten in de familie Saxifragaceae, inheems in Centraal-Azië, van Afghanistan tot China en de Himalaya-regio.
De gebruikelijke namen voor Bergenia zijn varkenspiep (vanwege het geluid dat wordt geproduceerd wanneer twee bladeren tegen elkaar worden gewreven), olifantenoren (vanwege de vorm van de bladeren) en grote rockfoil.
Bergenia is nauw verwant aan Mukdenia, Oresitrophe, Astilboides en Rodgersia.
De maker van de taxonomische geslachtsnaam, Conrad Moench, eerde de Duitse botanicus en arts Karl August von Bergen door de naam Bergenia in 1794 te bedenken.
Bergenia /bərˈɡɛniə/ (sassifraga dalle orecchie di elefante, orecchie di elefante) è un genere di dieci specie di piante da fiore della famiglia delle Saxifragaceae, originaria dell'Asia centrale, dall'Afghanistan alla Cina e alla regione himalayana.
I nomi comuni di Bergenia sono pigsqueak (a causa del suono prodotto quando due foglie vengono strofinate insieme), orecchie di elefante (a causa della forma delle foglie) e grande rockfoil. La Bergenia è strettamente imparentata con Mukdenia, Oresitrophe, Astilboides e Rodgersia.
Il creatore del nome del genere tassonomico, Conrad Moench, onorò il botanico e medico tedesco Karl August von Bergen coniando il nome Bergenia nel 1794.
Bergenia /bərˈɡɛniə/ (saxifrage à oreilles d'éléphant, oreilles d'éléphant) est un genre de dix espèces de plantes à fleurs de la famille des Saxifragaceae, originaire d'Asie centrale, de l'Afghanistan à la Chine et à la région himalayenne.
Les noms communs de Bergenia sont pigsqueak (dû au son produit lorsque deux feuilles sont frottées l'une contre l'autre), oreilles d'éléphant (dû à la forme des feuilles) et grand rockfoil. Bergenia est étroitement liée à Mukdenia, Oresitrophe, Astilboides et Rodgersia.
Le créateur du nom du genre taxonomique, Conrad Moench, a honoré le botaniste et médecin allemand Karl August von Bergen en inventant le nom Bergenia en 1794.
Bergenia /bərˈɡɛniə/ (Elefantenohr-Steinbrech, Elefantenohren) ist eine Gattung von zehn Arten von Blütenpflanzen in der Familie Saxifragaceae, die in Zentralasien, von Afghanistan bis China und der Himalaya-Region beheimatet sind.
Die gebräuchlichen Namen für Bergenia sind Pigsqueak (aufgrund des Geräusches, das entsteht, wenn zwei Blätter aneinander gerieben werden), Elephant's Ears (aufgrund der Form der Blätter) und Large Rockfoil.
Bergenia ist eng verwandt mit Mukdenia, Oresitrophe, Astilboides und Rodgersia.
Der Schöpfer des taxonomischen Gattungsnamens, Conrad Moench, ehrte den deutschen Botaniker und Arzt Karl August von Bergen, indem er 1794 den Namen Bergenia prägte.
ベルゲニア/bərˈɡɛniə /（象耳のサキシフラージュ、象の耳）は、中央アジア、アフガニスタンから中国、ヒマラヤ地域に自生するユキノシタ科の顕花植物の10種の属です。
ベルゲニアの一般的な名前は、豚の鳴き声（2枚の葉をこすり合わせたときに発生する音による）、象の耳（葉の形による）、大きなユキノシタです。
ベルゲニアは、ムクデニア、オレシトロフ、アスティルボイデス、ロジャーシアと密接な関係があります。
分類学の属名の作成者であるコンラートメンヒは、1794年にベルゲニアという名前を作り出して、ドイツの植物学者であり医師であるカールアウグストフォンベルゲンを称えました。
Bergenia / bərˈɡɛniə / (ساكسفراج ذو أذنين الفيل ، آذان الفيل) هو جنس من عشرة أنواع من النباتات المزهرة في عائلة Saxifragaceae ، موطنها آسيا الوسطى ، من أفغانستان إلى الصين ومنطقة الهيمالايا.
الأسماء الشائعة لبيرجينيا هي pigsqueak (بسبب الصوت الناتج عندما يتم فرك ورقتين معًا) ، وآذان الفيل (بسبب شكل الأوراق) والصخور الكبيرة.
ترتبط بيرجينيا ارتباطًا وثيقًا بـ Mukdenia و Oresitrophe و Astilboides و Rodgersia.
كرم مبتكر اسم الجنس التصنيفي ، كونراد موينش ، عالم النبات والطبيب الألماني كارل أوغست فون بيرغن من خلال صياغة اسم بيرجينيا في عام 1794.
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Bergenia
is a genus of ten species of flowering plants in the family Saxifragaceae, native to central Asia, from Afghanistan to China and the Himalayan region.
They are clump-forming, rhizomatous, evergreen perennials with a spirally arranged rosette of leaves 6–35 cm long and 4–15 cm broad, and pink flowers produced in a cyme. The leaves are large, leathery, ovate or cordate, and often have wavy or saw-toothed edges. For most of the year, the leaves have a glossy green colour, but in cooler climates, they turn red or bronze in the fall. The flowers grow on a stem similar in colour to a rhubarb stalk and most varieties have cone-shaped flowers in varying shades of pink. These can range from almost white to ruby red and purple.
The common names for Bergenia are pigsqueak (due to the sound produced when two leaves are rubbed together), elephant's ears (due to the shape of the leaves) and large rockfoil.
Bergenia is closely related to Mukdenia, Oresitrophe Astilboides and Rodgersia.
The creator of the taxonomic genus name, Conrad Moench, honoured the German botanist and physician Karl August von Bergen by coining the name Bergenia in 1794.
FOR MORE INFORMATIONS, PLEASE, FOLLOW THIS LINK:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergenia
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