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Nákladní vlak společnosti FCAB číslo 1212, míří z dolu Spence do přístavu Mejillones. Vlak v čele se stoji 3204 a 3206 je zachycen na severní větvi Prat - Pampa, kde tvoří železniční trať v poušti četné množství oblouků a horských průsmyků v jehož čele stojí vrchol Cumbre. Dlouhý vlak je možné zachytit i v obloucích či smyčkách tak, že je na konci vlaku viditelný postrk, v tomto případě se jedná o lokomotivu 3208. Ložené vlaky z dolu Spence jezdí v čele s dvojicí lokomotiv, na postrku jim vypomáhá samostatný stroj. Naopak prázdné soupravy z přístavu Mejillones jsou vedeny už pouze dvojicí lokomotiv stejné řady.
Tento vlak je nejdelším vlakem na sítí společnosti FCAB a jeho délka může dosáhnout 700 až 800 metrů. Kontejnery jsou ložené vytěženými minerály a k přepravě tohoto těžkého nákladu jsou použité lokomotivy řady 32xx - typu GT42AC s výkonem 3200 koní. Lokomotivy řady 32xx pochází od firmy Progress Rail Services Corporation, vlastněná firmou Caterpillar. Lokomotivy mají označení výrobce EMD GT 42AC a v Chile se jim přezdívá podle firmy, která je vyrobila „Progress“. Jedná se o mladé lokomotivy 3204 a 3206 vyrobené v roce 2018 a na postrku jen o rok starší stroj 3208. Celkem má FCAB ve flotile 14 těchto lokomotiv. Lokomotivy mají 12 válcový motor s označením 12-710, lokomotiva je 20,3 metrů dlouhá, její maximální rychlost je 100 km/h, a pojme 5000 litrů paliva, její váha je 120 tun, tažná síla lokomotivy se uvádí 3 207 kW.
Důl Spence se nachází nedaleko městečka Sierra Gorda jižně pod Calamou v nadmořské výšce 1750 metrů nad mořem, jedná se o povrchový důl, kde se těží měděné katody teprve od roku 2007 (výstavba dolu započala v roce 1996). Katody se získávají bakteriálním procesem louhování a extrakcí v rozpouštědlech, převážně kyseliny sírové, která se sem též vozí na vlacích. Koncentrát se přepravuje ve vozech mokrý a během cesty se zhutňuje, což zamezuje jeho výbuchu. Na jednom voze může být naloženo až 52 tun nákladu. Denně dojde v dole ke zpracování 95 000 až 100 000 tun koncentrátů. Roční objem těžby mědi dělá přibližně 835 tisíc tun, zanedbatelná není ani těžba molybdenu, kterého se zde vytěží 7,5 tisíce tun. Převážný odběr surovin potuje po oceánu do Číny, Spojených státu Amerických a Itálie.
ES
Tren de carga FCAB número 1212, rumbo desde la mina Spence al puerto de Mejillones. El tren liderado por 3204 y 3206 es interceptado en el ramal norte Prat - Pampa, donde la vía férrea en el desierto está formada por numerosos arcos y pasos de montaña encabezados por el pico de Cumbre. Es posible coger un tren largo incluso en curvas o bucles, de modo que se ve un empujador al final del tren, en este caso se trata de la locomotora 3208. Los trenes cargados de la mina Spence son conducidos por un par de locomotoras, asistidas por una máquina separada en el empujador. En cambio, los conjuntos vacíos procedentes del puerto de Mejillones ahora son impulsados únicamente por un par de locomotoras de la misma serie.
Este tren es el más largo de la red FCAB y puede alcanzar entre 700 y 800 metros de longitud. Los contenedores están cargados con minerales extraídos y para transportar esta carga pesada se utilizan locomotoras de la serie 32xx, tipo GT42AC con una potencia de 3200 CV. Las locomotoras Serie 32xx son de Progress Rail Services Corporation, propiedad de Caterpillar. Las locomotoras llevan la denominación de fabricante EMD GT 42AC y en Chile reciben el sobrenombre de "Progreso" en honor a la empresa que las produjo. Se trata de las jóvenes locomotoras 3204 y 3206 fabricadas en 2018 y de la algo más antigua 3208. En total, FCAB tiene 14 de estas locomotoras en su flota. Las locomotoras tienen un motor de 12 cilindros con la denominación 12-710, la locomotora mide 20,3 metros de largo, su velocidad máxima es de 100 km/h, tiene una capacidad de 5000 litros de combustible, su peso es de 120 toneladas, la potencia de tracción de la La locomotora tiene una potencia de 3.207 kW.
La mina Spence está ubicada cerca del pueblo de Sierra Gorda al sur de Calama a una altitud de 1.750 metros sobre el nivel del mar. Es una mina a cielo abierto donde se extraen cátodos de cobre sólo desde 2007 (la construcción de la mina comenzó en 1996). Los cátodos se obtienen mediante un proceso bacteriano de lixiviación y extracción en disolventes, principalmente ácido sulfúrico, que también se transporta aquí en trenes. El concentrado se transporta húmedo en vagones y se compacta durante el viaje, lo que evita que explote. En un vagón se pueden cargar hasta 52 toneladas de carga. La mina procesa entre 95.000 y 100.000 toneladas de concentrados diariamente. El volumen anual de extracción de cobre es de aproximadamente 835 mil toneladas, la extracción de molibdeno tampoco es insignificante, de las cuales 7,5 mil toneladas se extraen aquí. La mayoría de las materias primas se llevan a China, Estados Unidos e Italia.
EN
FCAB freight train number 1212, heading from the Spence mine to the port of Mejillones. The train led by 3204 and 3206 is intercepted on the northern branch of Prat - Pampa, where the railway line in the desert is formed by numerous arches and mountain passes headed by the peak of Cumbre. It is possible to catch a long train even in curves or loops so that a pusher is visible at the end of the train, in this case it is locomotive 3208. Loaded trains from the Spence mine are led by a pair of locomotives, assisted by a separate machine on the pusher. On the other hand, empty sets from the port of Mejillones are now only driven by a pair of locomotives of the same series.
This train is the longest train on the FCAB network and can reach 700 to 800 meters in length. The containers are loaded with mined minerals and locomotives of the 32xx series - type GT42AC with a power of 3200 hp are used to transport this heavy cargo. The Series 32xx locomotives are from Progress Rail Services Corporation, owned by Caterpillar. The locomotives have the manufacturer's designation EMD GT 42AC and are nicknamed "Progress" in Chile after the company that produced them. These are the young locomotives 3204 and 3206 manufactured in 2018 and the slightly older machine 3208. In total, FCAB has 14 of these locomotives in its fleet. The locomotives have a 12-cylinder engine with the designation 12-710, the locomotive is 20.3 meters long, its maximum speed is 100 km/h, and it holds 5000 liters of fuel, its weight is 120 tons, the traction power of the locomotive is stated to be 3,207 kW.
The Spence mine is located near the town of Sierra Gorda south of Calama at an altitude of 1,750 meters above sea level. It is an open pit mine where copper cathodes have been mined only since 2007 (mine construction began in 1996). Cathodes are obtained by a bacterial process of leaching and extraction in solvents, mainly sulfuric acid, which is also transported here on trains. The concentrate is transported wet in wagons and is compacted during the journey, which prevents it from exploding. Up to 52 tons of cargo can be loaded on one car. The mine processes 95,000 to 100,000 tons of concentrates daily. The annual volume of copper mining is approximately 835 thousand tons, the mining of molybdenum is also not insignificant, of which 7.5 thousand tons are mined here. The majority of raw materials are taken to China, the United States of America and Italy.
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pleno cráter del volcán Galán
Puna catamarqueña
En esta Laguna, 8 veces más salada que el mar y con una concentración de arsénico nunca antes vista(230mg/l), viven y se reproducen unas cianobacterias que habitan nuestro planeta desde hace más de 3500 millones de años (que además le dan ese color más esmeralda que diamante...). María Eugenia Farías, la bióloga de la Univ. de Tucumán y quien hizo este descubrimiento con su grupo de trabajo, nos lo explica.
Wheat spikes showing symptoms of bacterial spike blight, or yellow ear rot (Rathayibacter tritici). The disease produces a yellow exudate on the spikes is, which turns white when dry. Often the spikes and necks will emerge as a distorted, sticky mass. The early leaves may also be wrinkled or twisted.
For more information, see CIMMYT's Wheat Doctor: wheatdoctor.cimmyt.org/index.php?option=com_content&t....
Photo credit: CIMMYT.
Wheat leaf showing early symptoms of bacterial leaf stripe. Narrow chlorotic lesions or stripes with a watersoaked appearance occur primarily on the leaves and/or leaf sheaths. The disease is caused by Xanthomonas translucens. Wheat is mainly affected by the pathovar X. translucens pv. undulosa, and occasionally by X. translucens pv. cerealis. The same pathogen also causes black chaff.
For more information, see CIMMYT's Wheat Doctor: wheatdoctor.cimmyt.org/index.php?option=com_content&t....
Photo credit: CIMMYT.
Maize leaf showing symptoms of bacterial leaf stripe (Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae). Initially, leaves develop several small, pale-green lesions. Under optimum weather conditions, lesions expand along veins producing a conspicuous striping, mainly in the youngest leaves; stripes later dry and brown, often with shredding of the infected leaf tissue.
Photo credit: CIMMYT.
Exudate produced by bacterial leaf stripe on wheat. Under humid conditions, lesions on leaves may produce droplets of sticky, yellowish, honey-like exudate. If undisturbed, these harden into granules that stud the surface of the lesion and are easily detachable. With dew or rain the droplets coalesce to form conspicuous milky drops that may spread over the leaf surface and dry as a thin, grayish, almost transparent film or flakes.
The disease is caused by Xanthomonas translucens. Wheat is mainly affected by the pathovar X. translucens pv. undulosa, and occasionally by X. translucens pv. cerealis. The same pathogen also causes black chaff.
For more information, see CIMMYT's Wheat Doctor: wheatdoctor.cimmyt.org/index.php?option=com_content&t....
Photo credit: CIMMYT.
Maize plant showing tassel rotting, caused when dead leaves enclose the tassel due to severe damage to the top leaves by bacterial leaf stripe (Acidovorax avenae).
Photo credit: CIMMYT.
Salar de Antofalla
puna catamarqueña, Argentina
Cada uno de estos "ojos" es un Jurassic Park de bacterias. Aquí se encuentran unas cianobacterias llamadas estromatolitos que viven en nuestro planeta desde hace más de 3500 millones de años.
Modelo molecular de un ribosoma bacteriano mostrando el ARN y los componentes proteícos en forma de modelos de cinta. En las grandes (50S) la subunidad 23S del RNA se muestra en cian, el ARN 5S en verde y las proteínas asociadas, en violeta. En la pequeña (30S), la subunidad 16S del RNA se muestra en color amarillo y las proteínas en color naranja. Los tres elementos sólidos en el centro del verde ribosoma, de color marrón rojizo y rojo son los ARN de transferencia (ARNt) en los sitios A, P y E respectivamente. Los lazos anticodón del ARNt se encuentran enterrados en una hendidura de la subunidad pequeña en la que interactúan con el ARNm. Los otros extremos de la ARNt, que llevan los péptidos y aminoácidos, están enterrados en el centro peptidil transferasa de la subunidad grande, donde se produce la formación del enlace peptídico.
The Great African bridge is an entirely wooden bridge, 100 metres in length and 16 metres in height, which spans the valley of the Lake Reserve in Selwo Aventura's Central Village.
Selwo Aventura is a safari park in Estepona (Málaga province), Spain where animals from all over the world live in semi-freedom. Their objective is to maintain an environmental balance, while protecting different species of fauna and flora in danger of extinction.
In this particular area of Selwo Aventura, animals such as Asian elephants, Bengal tigres, giraffes, Tibetan yaks, zebras, bactrian camels, dromedaries, black wildebeast and antelopes can be found among many others.
El Gran Puente de Africa es un puente enteramente de madera, de 100 metros de longitud y 16 metros de altura, que atraviesa el valle de la Reserva de los Lagos de Selwo Aventura en el Pueblo Central.
Selwo Aventura es un parque safari ubicado en Estepona (provincia de Málaga), España donde animals de todas partes del mundo habitan en semi-libertad. Su objetivo es de mantener un equilibrio medioambiental y proteger diferentes especies de fauna y flora en peligro de extinción.
En esta zona de Selwo Aventura se pueden encontrar animals como elefantes asiáticos, tigres de Bengala, jirafas, yaks del Tibet, zebras, camellos bacterianos, dromedarios, ñues de cola blanca y gazelas entre otros muchos.
Dra. Luisa I Falcón, Dra. Rocío J Alcántara-Hernández, MC. Enrique Solís, Dr. Julio H Campo, MC. Carla M Centeno, Dra. Marisa Mazari (izq a der).
El ganado Blanco Orejinegro descendiente del ganado traído por Colón durante su segundo viaje, ha sobrevivido durante casi 500 años en las áreas tropicales colombianas productoras de café. Además de su capacidad adaptativa este ganado ha mostrado otras características como: docilidad, habilidad para aprovechar forrajes de mala calidad, gran habilidad materna, mayor precocidad sexual, alta fertilidad, mayor productividad en cruces F1 (carne y leche) y marcada resistencia a ectoparásitos. Estas características, en conjunto con hallazgos moleculares recientes que sugieren alta variabilidad genética y resistencia a patógenos bacterianos y vírales demuestran que esta raza, que en la actualidad se encuentra en vía de extinción, es portadora de información genética importante que la convierte en una alternativa para la producción en las condiciones tropicales. El objetivo de esta revisión es hacer una recopilación de trabajos realizados con ganado BON; además, mostrar las perspectivas de investigación, basados en los trabajos actualmente llevados a cabo en la Universidad de Antioquia, con el fin de demostrar el potencial genético de esta raza, que quizás no ha podido ser expresado debido a las condiciones de manejo a que esta raza ha sido sometida.
BON cattle derived from the domestic animals brought by Christopher Columbus on his second trip have gone through 500 years of adaptation to the tropical coffee producing areas of Colombia. This breed posseses several important characteristics such as: tameness, maternal ability, longevity, high fertility, increased productivity in F1 crosses, and ability to take advantage of rough relatively poor pastures. These qualities together with recent molecular findings suggesting high genetic variability and resistance to viral and bacterial infections make of this breed, now classified as "at risk" of extinction, an invaluable genetic resource from which a national cattle industry adapted to our tropical conditions could be established. The aim of this review it is to compile information about this breed and indicate some research perspectives to the light of advances made at University of Antioquia demonstrating the genetic potential of this breed, that maybe has not been expressed before due to the husbandry conditions to which it has been subjected throughout the five centuries.
El ganado Blanco Orejinegro descendiente del ganado traído por Colón durante su segundo viaje, ha sobrevivido durante casi 500 años en las áreas tropicales colombianas productoras de café. Además de su capacidad adaptativa este ganado ha mostrado otras características como: docilidad, habilidad para aprovechar forrajes de mala calidad, gran habilidad materna, mayor precocidad sexual, alta fertilidad, mayor productividad en cruces F1 (carne y leche) y marcada resistencia a ectoparásitos. Estas características, en conjunto con hallazgos moleculares recientes que sugieren alta variabilidad genética y resistencia a patógenos bacterianos y vírales demuestran que esta raza, que en la actualidad se encuentra en vía de extinción, es portadora de información genética importante que la convierte en una alternativa para la producción en las condiciones tropicales. El objetivo de esta revisión es hacer una recopilación de trabajos realizados con ganado BON; además, mostrar las perspectivas de investigación, basados en los trabajos actualmente llevados a cabo en la Universidad de Antioquia, con el fin de demostrar el potencial genético de esta raza, que quizás no ha podido ser expresado debido a las condiciones de manejo a que esta raza ha sido sometida.
BON cattle derived from the domestic animals brought by Christopher Columbus on his second trip have gone through 500 years of adaptation to the tropical coffee producing areas of Colombia. This breed posseses several important characteristics such as: tameness, maternal ability, longevity, high fertility, increased productivity in F1 crosses, and ability to take advantage of rough relatively poor pastures. These qualities together with recent molecular findings suggesting high genetic variability and resistance to viral and bacterial infections make of this breed, now classified as "at risk" of extinction, an invaluable genetic resource from which a national cattle industry adapted to our tropical conditions could be established. The aim of this review it is to compile information about this breed and indicate some research perspectives to the light of advances made at University of Antioquia demonstrating the genetic potential of this breed, that maybe has not been expressed before due to the husbandry conditions to which it has been subjected throughout the five centuries.
El ganado Blanco Orejinegro descendiente del ganado traído por Colón durante su segundo viaje, ha sobrevivido durante casi 500 años en las áreas tropicales colombianas productoras de café. Además de su capacidad adaptativa este ganado ha mostrado otras características como: docilidad, habilidad para aprovechar forrajes de mala calidad, gran habilidad materna, mayor precocidad sexual, alta fertilidad, mayor productividad en cruces F1 (carne y leche) y marcada resistencia a ectoparásitos. Estas características, en conjunto con hallazgos moleculares recientes que sugieren alta variabilidad genética y resistencia a patógenos bacterianos y vírales demuestran que esta raza, que en la actualidad se encuentra en vía de extinción, es portadora de información genética importante que la convierte en una alternativa para la producción en las condiciones tropicales. El objetivo de esta revisión es hacer una recopilación de trabajos realizados con ganado BON; además, mostrar las perspectivas de investigación, basados en los trabajos actualmente llevados a cabo en la Universidad de Antioquia, con el fin de demostrar el potencial genético de esta raza, que quizás no ha podido ser expresado debido a las condiciones de manejo a que esta raza ha sido sometida.
BON cattle derived from the domestic animals brought by Christopher Columbus on his second trip have gone through 500 years of adaptation to the tropical coffee producing areas of Colombia. This breed posseses several important characteristics such as: tameness, maternal ability, longevity, high fertility, increased productivity in F1 crosses, and ability to take advantage of rough relatively poor pastures. These qualities together with recent molecular findings suggesting high genetic variability and resistance to viral and bacterial infections make of this breed, now classified as "at risk" of extinction, an invaluable genetic resource from which a national cattle industry adapted to our tropical conditions could be established. The aim of this review it is to compile information about this breed and indicate some research perspectives to the light of advances made at University of Antioquia demonstrating the genetic potential of this breed, that maybe has not been expressed before due to the husbandry conditions to which it has been subjected throughout the five centuries.
El ganado Blanco Orejinegro descendiente del ganado traído por Colón durante su segundo viaje, ha sobrevivido durante casi 500 años en las áreas tropicales colombianas productoras de café. Además de su capacidad adaptativa este ganado ha mostrado otras características como: docilidad, habilidad para aprovechar forrajes de mala calidad, gran habilidad materna, mayor precocidad sexual, alta fertilidad, mayor productividad en cruces F1 (carne y leche) y marcada resistencia a ectoparásitos. Estas características, en conjunto con hallazgos moleculares recientes que sugieren alta variabilidad genética y resistencia a patógenos bacterianos y vírales demuestran que esta raza, que en la actualidad se encuentra en vía de extinción, es portadora de información genética importante que la convierte en una alternativa para la producción en las condiciones tropicales. El objetivo de esta revisión es hacer una recopilación de trabajos realizados con ganado BON; además, mostrar las perspectivas de investigación, basados en los trabajos actualmente llevados a cabo en la Universidad de Antioquia, con el fin de demostrar el potencial genético de esta raza, que quizás no ha podido ser expresado debido a las condiciones de manejo a que esta raza ha sido sometida.
BON cattle derived from the domestic animals brought by Christopher Columbus on his second trip have gone through 500 years of adaptation to the tropical coffee producing areas of Colombia. This breed posseses several important characteristics such as: tameness, maternal ability, longevity, high fertility, increased productivity in F1 crosses, and ability to take advantage of rough relatively poor pastures. These qualities together with recent molecular findings suggesting high genetic variability and resistance to viral and bacterial infections make of this breed, now classified as "at risk" of extinction, an invaluable genetic resource from which a national cattle industry adapted to our tropical conditions could be established. The aim of this review it is to compile information about this breed and indicate some research perspectives to the light of advances made at University of Antioquia demonstrating the genetic potential of this breed, that maybe has not been expressed before due to the husbandry conditions to which it has been subjected throughout the five centuries.
El ganado Blanco Orejinegro descendiente del ganado traído por Colón durante su segundo viaje, ha sobrevivido durante casi 500 años en las áreas tropicales colombianas productoras de café. Además de su capacidad adaptativa este ganado ha mostrado otras características como: docilidad, habilidad para aprovechar forrajes de mala calidad, gran habilidad materna, mayor precocidad sexual, alta fertilidad, mayor productividad en cruces F1 (carne y leche) y marcada resistencia a ectoparásitos. Estas características, en conjunto con hallazgos moleculares recientes que sugieren alta variabilidad genética y resistencia a patógenos bacterianos y vírales demuestran que esta raza, que en la actualidad se encuentra en vía de extinción, es portadora de información genética importante que la convierte en una alternativa para la producción en las condiciones tropicales. El objetivo de esta revisión es hacer una recopilación de trabajos realizados con ganado BON; además, mostrar las perspectivas de investigación, basados en los trabajos actualmente llevados a cabo en la Universidad de Antioquia, con el fin de demostrar el potencial genético de esta raza, que quizás no ha podido ser expresado debido a las condiciones de manejo a que esta raza ha sido sometida.
BON cattle derived from the domestic animals brought by Christopher Columbus on his second trip have gone through 500 years of adaptation to the tropical coffee producing areas of Colombia. This breed posseses several important characteristics such as: tameness, maternal ability, longevity, high fertility, increased productivity in F1 crosses, and ability to take advantage of rough relatively poor pastures. These qualities together with recent molecular findings suggesting high genetic variability and resistance to viral and bacterial infections make of this breed, now classified as "at risk" of extinction, an invaluable genetic resource from which a national cattle industry adapted to our tropical conditions could be established. The aim of this review it is to compile information about this breed and indicate some research perspectives to the light of advances made at University of Antioquia demonstrating the genetic potential of this breed, that maybe has not been expressed before due to the husbandry conditions to which it has been subjected throughout the five centuries.
El ganado Blanco Orejinegro descendiente del ganado traído por Colón durante su segundo viaje, ha sobrevivido durante casi 500 años en las áreas tropicales colombianas productoras de café. Además de su capacidad adaptativa este ganado ha mostrado otras características como: docilidad, habilidad para aprovechar forrajes de mala calidad, gran habilidad materna, mayor precocidad sexual, alta fertilidad, mayor productividad en cruces F1 (carne y leche) y marcada resistencia a ectoparásitos. Estas características, en conjunto con hallazgos moleculares recientes que sugieren alta variabilidad genética y resistencia a patógenos bacterianos y vírales demuestran que esta raza, que en la actualidad se encuentra en vía de extinción, es portadora de información genética importante que la convierte en una alternativa para la producción en las condiciones tropicales. El objetivo de esta revisión es hacer una recopilación de trabajos realizados con ganado BON; además, mostrar las perspectivas de investigación, basados en los trabajos actualmente llevados a cabo en la Universidad de Antioquia, con el fin de demostrar el potencial genético de esta raza, que quizás no ha podido ser expresado debido a las condiciones de manejo a que esta raza ha sido sometida.
BON cattle derived from the domestic animals brought by Christopher Columbus on his second trip have gone through 500 years of adaptation to the tropical coffee producing areas of Colombia. This breed posseses several important characteristics such as: tameness, maternal ability, longevity, high fertility, increased productivity in F1 crosses, and ability to take advantage of rough relatively poor pastures. These qualities together with recent molecular findings suggesting high genetic variability and resistance to viral and bacterial infections make of this breed, now classified as "at risk" of extinction, an invaluable genetic resource from which a national cattle industry adapted to our tropical conditions could be established. The aim of this review it is to compile information about this breed and indicate some research perspectives to the light of advances made at University of Antioquia demonstrating the genetic potential of this breed, that maybe has not been expressed before due to the husbandry conditions to which it has been subjected throughout the five centuries.
El ganado Blanco Orejinegro descendiente del ganado traído por Colón durante su segundo viaje, ha sobrevivido durante casi 500 años en las áreas tropicales colombianas productoras de café. Además de su capacidad adaptativa este ganado ha mostrado otras características como: docilidad, habilidad para aprovechar forrajes de mala calidad, gran habilidad materna, mayor precocidad sexual, alta fertilidad, mayor productividad en cruces F1 (carne y leche) y marcada resistencia a ectoparásitos. Estas características, en conjunto con hallazgos moleculares recientes que sugieren alta variabilidad genética y resistencia a patógenos bacterianos y vírales demuestran que esta raza, que en la actualidad se encuentra en vía de extinción, es portadora de información genética importante que la convierte en una alternativa para la producción en las condiciones tropicales. El objetivo de esta revisión es hacer una recopilación de trabajos realizados con ganado BON; además, mostrar las perspectivas de investigación, basados en los trabajos actualmente llevados a cabo en la Universidad de Antioquia, con el fin de demostrar el potencial genético de esta raza, que quizás no ha podido ser expresado debido a las condiciones de manejo a que esta raza ha sido sometida.
BON cattle derived from the domestic animals brought by Christopher Columbus on his second trip have gone through 500 years of adaptation to the tropical coffee producing areas of Colombia. This breed posseses several important characteristics such as: tameness, maternal ability, longevity, high fertility, increased productivity in F1 crosses, and ability to take advantage of rough relatively poor pastures. These qualities together with recent molecular findings suggesting high genetic variability and resistance to viral and bacterial infections make of this breed, now classified as "at risk" of extinction, an invaluable genetic resource from which a national cattle industry adapted to our tropical conditions could be established. The aim of this review it is to compile information about this breed and indicate some research perspectives to the light of advances made at University of Antioquia demonstrating the genetic potential of this breed, that maybe has not been expressed before due to the husbandry conditions to which it has been subjected throughout the five centuries.
El ganado Blanco Orejinegro descendiente del ganado traído por Colón durante su segundo viaje, ha sobrevivido durante casi 500 años en las áreas tropicales colombianas productoras de café. Además de su capacidad adaptativa este ganado ha mostrado otras características como: docilidad, habilidad para aprovechar forrajes de mala calidad, gran habilidad materna, mayor precocidad sexual, alta fertilidad, mayor productividad en cruces F1 (carne y leche) y marcada resistencia a ectoparásitos. Estas características, en conjunto con hallazgos moleculares recientes que sugieren alta variabilidad genética y resistencia a patógenos bacterianos y vírales demuestran que esta raza, que en la actualidad se encuentra en vía de extinción, es portadora de información genética importante que la convierte en una alternativa para la producción en las condiciones tropicales. El objetivo de esta revisión es hacer una recopilación de trabajos realizados con ganado BON; además, mostrar las perspectivas de investigación, basados en los trabajos actualmente llevados a cabo en la Universidad de Antioquia, con el fin de demostrar el potencial genético de esta raza, que quizás no ha podido ser expresado debido a las condiciones de manejo a que esta raza ha sido sometida.
BON cattle derived from the domestic animals brought by Christopher Columbus on his second trip have gone through 500 years of adaptation to the tropical coffee producing areas of Colombia. This breed posseses several important characteristics such as: tameness, maternal ability, longevity, high fertility, increased productivity in F1 crosses, and ability to take advantage of rough relatively poor pastures. These qualities together with recent molecular findings suggesting high genetic variability and resistance to viral and bacterial infections make of this breed, now classified as "at risk" of extinction, an invaluable genetic resource from which a national cattle industry adapted to our tropical conditions could be established. The aim of this review it is to compile information about this breed and indicate some research perspectives to the light of advances made at University of Antioquia demonstrating the genetic potential of this breed, that maybe has not been expressed before due to the husbandry conditions to which it has been subjected throughout the five centuries.
El ganado Blanco Orejinegro descendiente del ganado traído por Colón durante su segundo viaje, ha sobrevivido durante casi 500 años en las áreas tropicales colombianas productoras de café. Además de su capacidad adaptativa este ganado ha mostrado otras características como: docilidad, habilidad para aprovechar forrajes de mala calidad, gran habilidad materna, mayor precocidad sexual, alta fertilidad, mayor productividad en cruces F1 (carne y leche) y marcada resistencia a ectoparásitos. Estas características, en conjunto con hallazgos moleculares recientes que sugieren alta variabilidad genética y resistencia a patógenos bacterianos y vírales demuestran que esta raza, que en la actualidad se encuentra en vía de extinción, es portadora de información genética importante que la convierte en una alternativa para la producción en las condiciones tropicales. El objetivo de esta revisión es hacer una recopilación de trabajos realizados con ganado BON; además, mostrar las perspectivas de investigación, basados en los trabajos actualmente llevados a cabo en la Universidad de Antioquia, con el fin de demostrar el potencial genético de esta raza, que quizás no ha podido ser expresado debido a las condiciones de manejo a que esta raza ha sido sometida.
BON cattle derived from the domestic animals brought by Christopher Columbus on his second trip have gone through 500 years of adaptation to the tropical coffee producing areas of Colombia. This breed posseses several important characteristics such as: tameness, maternal ability, longevity, high fertility, increased productivity in F1 crosses, and ability to take advantage of rough relatively poor pastures. These qualities together with recent molecular findings suggesting high genetic variability and resistance to viral and bacterial infections make of this breed, now classified as "at risk" of extinction, an invaluable genetic resource from which a national cattle industry adapted to our tropical conditions could be established. The aim of this review it is to compile information about this breed and indicate some research perspectives to the light of advances made at University of Antioquia demonstrating the genetic potential of this breed, that maybe has not been expressed before due to the husbandry conditions to which it has been subjected throughout the five centuries.
El ganado Blanco Orejinegro descendiente del ganado traído por Colón durante su segundo viaje, ha sobrevivido durante casi 500 años en las áreas tropicales colombianas productoras de café. Además de su capacidad adaptativa este ganado ha mostrado otras características como: docilidad, habilidad para aprovechar forrajes de mala calidad, gran habilidad materna, mayor precocidad sexual, alta fertilidad, mayor productividad en cruces F1 (carne y leche) y marcada resistencia a ectoparásitos. Estas características, en conjunto con hallazgos moleculares recientes que sugieren alta variabilidad genética y resistencia a patógenos bacterianos y vírales demuestran que esta raza, que en la actualidad se encuentra en vía de extinción, es portadora de información genética importante que la convierte en una alternativa para la producción en las condiciones tropicales. El objetivo de esta revisión es hacer una recopilación de trabajos realizados con ganado BON; además, mostrar las perspectivas de investigación, basados en los trabajos actualmente llevados a cabo en la Universidad de Antioquia, con el fin de demostrar el potencial genético de esta raza, que quizás no ha podido ser expresado debido a las condiciones de manejo a que esta raza ha sido sometida.
BON cattle derived from the domestic animals brought by Christopher Columbus on his second trip have gone through 500 years of adaptation to the tropical coffee producing areas of Colombia. This breed posseses several important characteristics such as: tameness, maternal ability, longevity, high fertility, increased productivity in F1 crosses, and ability to take advantage of rough relatively poor pastures. These qualities together with recent molecular findings suggesting high genetic variability and resistance to viral and bacterial infections make of this breed, now classified as "at risk" of extinction, an invaluable genetic resource from which a national cattle industry adapted to our tropical conditions could be established. The aim of this review it is to compile information about this breed and indicate some research perspectives to the light of advances made at University of Antioquia demonstrating the genetic potential of this breed, that maybe has not been expressed before due to the husbandry conditions to which it has been subjected throughout the five centuries.
El ganado Blanco Orejinegro descendiente del ganado traído por Colón durante su segundo viaje, ha sobrevivido durante casi 500 años en las áreas tropicales colombianas productoras de café. Además de su capacidad adaptativa este ganado ha mostrado otras características como: docilidad, habilidad para aprovechar forrajes de mala calidad, gran habilidad materna, mayor precocidad sexual, alta fertilidad, mayor productividad en cruces F1 (carne y leche) y marcada resistencia a ectoparásitos. Estas características, en conjunto con hallazgos moleculares recientes que sugieren alta variabilidad genética y resistencia a patógenos bacterianos y vírales demuestran que esta raza, que en la actualidad se encuentra en vía de extinción, es portadora de información genética importante que la convierte en una alternativa para la producción en las condiciones tropicales. El objetivo de esta revisión es hacer una recopilación de trabajos realizados con ganado BON; además, mostrar las perspectivas de investigación, basados en los trabajos actualmente llevados a cabo en la Universidad de Antioquia, con el fin de demostrar el potencial genético de esta raza, que quizás no ha podido ser expresado debido a las condiciones de manejo a que esta raza ha sido sometida.
BON cattle derived from the domestic animals brought by Christopher Columbus on his second trip have gone through 500 years of adaptation to the tropical coffee producing areas of Colombia. This breed posseses several important characteristics such as: tameness, maternal ability, longevity, high fertility, increased productivity in F1 crosses, and ability to take advantage of rough relatively poor pastures. These qualities together with recent molecular findings suggesting high genetic variability and resistance to viral and bacterial infections make of this breed, now classified as "at risk" of extinction, an invaluable genetic resource from which a national cattle industry adapted to our tropical conditions could be established. The aim of this review it is to compile information about this breed and indicate some research perspectives to the light of advances made at University of Antioquia demonstrating the genetic potential of this breed, that maybe has not been expressed before due to the husbandry conditions to which it has been subjected throughout the five centuries.