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CERVICAL SPINE ANATOMY CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM medical illustrations
The nervous system can be divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal nerves) and the peripheral nervous system (somatic, autonomic and enteric components). The somatic peripheral nerves carry messages between the spinal cord and body. The sensory nerves carry messages towards the brain, such as information about pain, pressure, temperature and joint position. The motor nerves carry impulses to the muscles to control muscle contraction/relaxation. medical illustrations.
The spinal nerves within the vertebral canal form the spinal cord. The spinal cord starts at the base of the brain, and passes down the vertebral canal.
The nerves leave the spinal cord through gaps between the vertebrae (intervertebral foramina), and travel to all parts of the trunk and limbs. medical illustrations.
The nerves that leave the neck, or cervical spine, go to the arms.
The nerves that leave the chest, or thoracic spine, go to the chest and belly. medical illustrations.
The nerves that leave the lower back, or lumbar spine, go to the pelvis and legs.
The vertebrae provide protection and support for the spinal cord, in the same way that the skull provides protection and support for the brain. medical illustrations.
If a nerve is irritated by chemical inflammation or physical compression or traction, it may not transmit its messages correctly, or it may spontaneously generate new messages. An irritated motor nerve may not transmit its impulses to its muscle, leading to weakness or paralysis of that muscle. An irritated sensory nerve may not transmit its sensations, leading to a sensation of numbness. The irritated sensory nerve may generate its own impulses to the brain, which can be perceived as paresthesia (pins and needles) or pain in the region of the body that normally transmits along that nerve.
CERVICAL SPINE ANATOMY CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM medical illustrations.
This article was written with the assistance of the following surgeons.
Dr Paul Licina. Dr Licina is spinal orthopedic surgeon, and co-founder of Brisbane Orthopaedic Specialist Services in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. www.brisbaneorthopaedics.com.au/paul_licina.html
Dr Matthew McDonald. Dr McDonald is a spinal neurosurgeon based at Wakefield Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. www.wakefieldneurosurgery.com.au
Dr Richard Parkinson. Dr Parkinson is a spinal neurosurgeon based at St Vincent's Clinic, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. www.svph.com.au/index.php?option=com_content&task=vie...
Dr Lali Sekhon. Dr Sekhon is a spinal neurosurgeon, and founder of Nevada Neurosurgery in Reno / Carson City, Nevada, USA. www.nevadaneurosurgery.com medical illustrations
Autonomy etalk’s new corporate headquarters focuses on creating an exciting, hip, and fun space that highlights their software-based products and corporate culture. Special Attention was paid to the lobby and show center to illustrate etalk’s “Meaning Based Computing” system. In the lobby and boardroom, customers enjoy open views to the Dallas Cultural District below. The views are only interrupted by a large fish tank dividing the lobby from the boardroom. Large scale artwork adds dramatic colors to the space and provides an extra touch of fun. To balance these bright colors, a natural color palette was chosen, and texture and materials were carefully selected to create an elegant space, as evidenced by the stone flooring and wool carpeting.
Change management was a critical step in achieving success on this project. The existing employee workstations required a large footprint and included high, enclosed panels. The solution for the new space was to use a 120-degree furniture system with low panels to provide a more efficient real estate solution.
Fun and multifunctional spaces were used throughout to give employees and managers places to explore and collaborate on the next generation of new ideas. For example, a new breakroom/dining/meeting space was designed to include the opportunity for friendly Xbox competitions among employees. Autonomy etalk has found that these community spaces are bringing people together and boosting productivity.
Source: livinghistories.newcastle.edu.au/nodes/view/54382
Procession through Newcastle on Autonomy Day, University of Newcastle, NSW Australia, 1967.
Brambles Industrial Services truck carrying float with student signs "Peter Pan is a Junkie", "Love not hate"
More information about Autonomy Day is available at uoncc.wordpress.com/2007/07/26/universitys-grant-of-arms-....
This photograph was taken by Ross Smith, and is published here with his permission.
Source: livinghistories.newcastle.edu.au/nodes/view/54384
Procession through Newcastle on Autonomy Day, University of Newcastle, NSW Australia, 1967.
Replica seahorse and R. Buckminster Fuller geodesic dome replica at head of procession.
Shops in background:
Spectacles Centre - Northern Spectacle & Optical Co. Pty Ltd
Shipmates Beach Hut
Shipmates Sugar and Spice
Dairy Frost Pies
More information about Autonomy Day is available at uoncc.wordpress.com/2007/07/26/universitys-grant-of-arms-....
The original colour slide was taken by Ross Smith, and is published here with his permission.
Source: livinghistories.newcastle.edu.au/nodes/view/54378
Procession along Hunter Street Newcastle on Autonomy Day, University of Newcastle, NSW Australia, 1967.
A.F. Toll Pty Ltd truck carrying Art School students and placards reading:
BOOF ART
ART FOR 20c
KEEP BARK IN BLACKBUTT
LOAFERS UNITE HELP STAMP OUT OUR
More information about Autonomy Day is available at uoncc.wordpress.com/2007/07/26/universitys-grant-of-arms-....
This photograph was taken by Ross Smith, and is published here with his permission.
The KTH Gym, Girls' Boot Rack. Only UGG -what's up with that?
Noted this while putting my own (non-Uggs) back on.
Sometimes girl trends do not give me that sense of autonomy...
Source: livinghistories.newcastle.edu.au/nodes/view/54380
Procession through Newcastle on Autonomy Day, University of Newcastle, NSW Australia, 1967.
Gale Brothers Pty Ltd truck carrying students with flowers in hair and anti war placards reading "Save the Children of Vietnam"
Shopfronts in background:
Shipmates Beach Hut
Shipmates Sugar and Spice
Play-O-Mat Slot Car Racing and Accessories Amusement Games
Kosciusko
More information about Autonomy Day is available at uoncc.wordpress.com/2007/07/26/universitys-grant-of-arms-....
This photograph was taken by Ross Smith, and is published here with his permission.
LUMBAR ANATOMY - NERVOUS SYSTEM
Lumbar Spine Anatomy Central Nervous System osteopath movies
The nervous system can be divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal nerves) and the peripheral nervous system (somatic, autonomic and enteric components). The somatic peripheral nerves carry messages between the spinal cord and body. The sensory nerves carry messages towards the brain, such as information about pain, pressure, temperature and joint position, osteopath movies. The motor nerves carry impulses to the muscles to control muscle contraction/relaxation.
The spinal nerves within the vertebral canal form the spinal cord. The spinal cord starts at the base of the brain, and passes down the vertebral canal, osteopath movies.
The nerves leave the spinal cord through gaps between the vertebrae (intervertebral foramina), and travel to all parts of the trunk and limbs.
The nerves that leave the neck, or cervical spine, go to the arms, osteopath movies.
The nerves that leave the chest, or thoracic spine, go to the chest and belly.
The nerves that leave the lower back, or lumbar spine, go to the pelvis and legs, osteopath movies.
The vertebrae provide protection and support for the spinal cord, in the same way that the skull provides protection and support for the brain.
If a nerve is irritated by chemical inflammation or physical compression or traction, it may not transmit its messages correctly, or it may spontaneously generate new messages, osteopath movies. An irritated motor nerve may not transmit its impulses to its muscle, leading to weakness or paralysis of that muscle. An irritated sensory nerve may not transmit its sensations, leading to a sensation of numbness. The irritated sensory nerve may generate its own impulses to the brain, which can be perceived as paresthesia (pins and needles) or pain in the region of the body that normally transmits along that nerve.
LUMBAR ANATOMY - NERVOUS SYSTEM
Lumbar Spine Anatomy Central Nervous System osteopath movies
This article was written with the assistance of the following surgeons.
Dr Paul Licina. Dr Licina is spinal orthopedic surgeon, and co-founder of Brisbane Orthopaedic Specialist Services in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. www.brisbaneorthopaedics.com.au/paul_licina.html
Dr Matthew McDonald. Dr McDonald is a spinal neurosurgeon based at Wakefield Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. www.wakefieldneurosurgery.com.au
Dr Richard Parkinson. Dr Parkinson is a spinal neurosurgeon based at St Vincent's Clinic, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. www.svph.com.au/index.php?option=com_content&task=vie...
Dr Lali Sekhon. Dr Sekhon is a spinal neurosurgeon, and founder of Nevada Neurosurgery in Reno / Carson City, Nevada, USA. www.nevadaneurosurgery.com
Lumbar Spine Anatomy Central Nervous System osteopath movies.
Photo showing Ali Nikrang (Key Researcher and Artist at the Ars Electronica Futurelab) (AT) at the AI Conference Day at the Ars Electronica Festival 2021.
In recent years, new AI technologies have increasingly been incorporated into fascinating artistic projects. The ability of AI to explore new, previously unknown perspectives of data certainly seems to enable new areas of artistic creation. But it also raises questions about possible forms of collaboration between AI and human artists. To create something, we always need the intention to create. But how can artistic intention be communicated with an AI system? How does the degree of autonomy of an AI system affect human-AI collaboration? Are less autonomous AI systems better suited for artistic tasks because they give humans more freedom?
Credit: vog.photo
Ponad 5000 Górnoślązaków, zwolenników autonomii regionalnej przemaszerowało 14 lipca 2012 roku ulicami Katowic. Z każdym rokiem to patriotyczne święto przyciąga coraz większą liczbę uczestników. Jednym z symboli marszu była 100 metrowa górnośląska flaga - najdłuższa w historii.
Over 5000 Upper Silesians and supporters of the idea of regional autonomy marched on the 14th of July 2012 through the streets of Katowice. The regional festival of patriotism is attracting more and more people with each year. One of the symbols on the march was the 100 metres long flag of Upper Silesia - the longest in history.
Finnish Prime Minister Sanna Marin urged Europe to support Ukraine militarily and to boost Europe’s energy independence with renewables while on 13 September 2022 as part of the This is Europe debate series.
Read more: www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/priorities/this-...
This photo is free to use under Creative Commons license CC-BY-4.0 and must be credited: "CC-BY-4.0: © European Union 2022– Source: EP". (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) No model release form if applicable. For bigger HR files please contact: webcom-flickr(AT)europarl.europa.eu
Outdoor Image of MRISAR’s “Interactive; Robotics, Technology, Invention, Art & Nature Center”. At this time in our transformation, Public Admission is by Appointment Only!
Photo taken in New Leipzig, North Dakota by MRISAR Team Member Victoria Croasdell-Siegel.
In 2010 MRISAR, (a business that has Designed, Fabricated & Marketed the Earth’s Largest Selection of “Internationally Renowned & Awarded, World-Class Robotics Exhibits & Devices”; and “Hands On” Scientific, Technological & Interactive Art Exhibits), purchased a disused school on the plains of North Dakota and relocated to it. Profit from their International Exhibit Sales helps fund their Humanitarian R&D and the transformation of the 36,000 sq. ft. complex, surrounded by 10 acres in North Dakota, into a World-Class “Interactive, Robotics, Technology, Invention, Art & Nature Center”.
Description of MRISAR’s “Interactive; Robotics, Technology, Invention, Art & Nature Center”.
1- Our 7,000 sq. ft. Exhibit Hall will feature; our standard line of interactive robotic & technology exhibits that we sell to Centers world-wide and our exclusive collection of robotic exhibits & devices that we will not sell to anyone else. Our talking Rail Robot Guide will lead visitors through the exhibit hall. Interact with our innovative, lifelike, futuristic, Robotic creations. Examples; Play with & feed Artificial Life forms in a Robot Zoo! Challenge robots with your human intelligence! Interact with otherworldly artistic, interactive, robotic sculptures! It will also feature Responsible Technologies.
2- Our Art Galleries will display the hundreds of pieces of family friendly, original 2D, 3D and Interactive Art that our team has already created, plus have revolving Family Oriented Local Artists Exhibitions.
3- The surrounding 10 acres is slowly being transformed into an Outdoor Interactive Art & Nature Area that will be filled with paths, trees, gardens and kinetic & interactive, solar & wind, technological art sculptures. The emphasis is edible, medicinal & organic landscapes that promote sustainability & health. As of 2015 over 3,000 edible and medicinal trees and shrubs have been planted.
4- We will provide “Special Tours” of behind the scenes areas. Examples are; (a) our Humanitarian & Environmental Research & Development Think Tank Invention labs that feature our R & D Projects. (b) the actual workshops where the attractions are created (similar to visiting the workshops & creations of Jim Henson’s creature shop). (c) a behind the scenes view of the production studio for the web series we are creating called the “Mysterious Lab of Robotics” (our robotic version of “Bill Nye the Science Guy” or “Beakman’s World”). (d) a chance to meet MRISAR’s internationally renowned robotics R & D team. A four member family team who since 2000 has designed, fabricated & marketed the earth’s largest selection of world-class robotic exhibits. The 2 youngest members joined the team as preschoolers.
5- “Public Enrichment Events”. Examples are; (a) special overnight events called “A Night with the Robots” (available no-where else in the world). Families can make reservations to spend the night on the center floor in sleeping bags or cots and experience special robotic demonstrations in a futuristic atmosphere. In recent years “A Night at the Museum” events have become very popular and highly accepted. (b) special classes on robotics for the general public. (c) Robotics Competitions. We are already providing technical assistance to teachers and academic establishments (both in the state and outside of the country), that are trying to enter robotic competitions, but lack the knowledge to fully instruct and inspire their students. A natural progression for this, once we are open for tourism, would be to offer to hold regional, national and international competitions at our location. (d) International conferences regarding Robotics and Beneficial R & D Conferences. (e) Collaborations, enrichment classes and internships in enhanced technologies with higher academic establishments; combining elements such as Cybernetics, Bionics, Mechatronics, Autonomics, Animatronics & Teleoperation.
6- Admission will be free to the underprivileged. We hope to inspire the upcoming generation to create careers in responsible technologies that improve the quality of life.
7- The proceeds from the Center will help fund our R & D and further our creation of a “Prototype Environment, low cost, low impact, self-sustaining, alternative energy powered, Humanitarian & Environmental Research & Development institute with Think Tank Invention labs”. Our purpose is to invent and present responsible, low cost and easy to implement, beneficial humanitarian and environmental based technologies and methods that assist with social, ecological, sustainable and economic solutions. Accomplishing the prototype environment alone requires research & development of new technologies & improvement of existing technologies.
We have Designed, Fabricated & Marketed the Earth’s Largest Selection of "Internationally Renowned & Awarded" World-Class Robotics Exhibits & Devices; and “Hands On” Scientific, Technological & Interactive Art Exhibits. Our innovative, interactive, inexpensive, durable & easy to maintain creations incorporate interactive technologies & designs for people with disabilities and other special needs. We also provide our own Educational Kits & Materials for K thru 12/College & University level curriculums.
Our Exhibit Sales Customers include World-Class Science Centers, Museums, Universities, NASA, Royalty, Foreign & Domestic Governments, the Film Industries for inclusion in media productions, etc. We specialize in Cybernetics, Bionics, Mechatronics, Autonomics, Animatronics & Teleoperated devices.
Our Humanitarian & Environmental Research & Development has been presented before and/or published and awarded by: the United Nations, NASA-Emhart, Stanford, Cambridge, ICORR, ROMAN, IEEE, Discover Awards, International Federation of Robotics (IFR), etc. Our 1990's circa, original innovative R & D in "Facial Feature Controlled Technology" and "Artificial Sense of Touch Technology" (Adaptive Technology prototypes for the disabled), has helped pioneer those fields! We were the only company in the world to be awarded an entire chapter regarding our work in the International Federation of Robotics (IFR) “World Robotics; Service Robotics, 2011”.
Brandon Wong, Research Fellow, Civil and Environmental Engineering, remotely activates valves to control the flow of water throughout an 11 square mile area of Ann Arbor.
Wong and his team under Assistant Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering Branko Kerkez created one of the most densely instrumented systems in the country. The experiment pushes the boundaries of what is achievable with the Internet of Water by using valves to instantly redesign these spaces collectively as a system ready to immediately adapt to unpredictable changes in storm patterns.
Photo by Robert Coelius
Multimedia Producer
Michigan Engineering
@UMengineering
The Uighurs are a very welcoming Muslim Turkic ethnic group living in Eastern and Central Asia. About 7,2 millions of them live in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region at the western extremity of China. Though the Uyghur identity remains fragmented, Uyghur activists like Rebiya Kadeer mainly try to garner international support for the "rights and interests of the Uyghurs", including the right to demonstrate, although the Chinese government has accused her of orchestrating the deadly July 2009 Urumqi riots. Six Uyghur men were sentenced to death after the riots. Uyghurs are classified as a National Minority rather than an indigenous group and thus have no special rights to the land under the law. As a result of Han immigration and government policies, Uyghurs' freedoms of religion and of movement are curtailed. Tensions between Uyghurs and Han have resulted in several instances of violence and ethnic clashes.
© Eric Lafforgue
Two Chers. One the Mattel Factory Cher the other repainted and restyled by Cruz.
Cher ( born Cherilyn Sarkisian on May 20, 1946) is an American singer, actress, entertainer and fashion icon. Described as embodying female autonomy in a male-dominated industry, she is known for her distinctive contralto singing voice and for having worked in numerous areas of entertainment, as well as adopting a variety of styles and appearances during her career, which has led to her being nicknamed the Goddess of Pop.
Cher gained popularity in 1965 as one-half of the folk rock husband–wife duo Sonny & Cher after their first hit, "I Got You Babe". She began her solo career simultaneously, releasing in 1966 her first million-seller song, "Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)". Goldmine magazine's Phill Marder described her as the leader of an effort in the 1960s to "advance feminine rebellion in the rock world [and] the prototype of the female rock star, setting the standard for appearance [and] attitude". After the duo had lost its young audience owing to their monogamous, anti-drug lifestyle during the period of the sexual revolution and the rise of the drug culture, she returned to stardom in the 1970s as a television personality with her shows The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour, watched by over 30 million viewers weekly during its three-year run, and Cher. She became a fashion trendsetter by wearing elaborate outfits on her television shows. While working on television, she established herself as a solo artist with the number-one singles "Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves", "Half-Breed", and "Dark Lady". After her divorce from Sonny Bono in 1975, Cher's much-publicized personal life led to a decline in her career, although she launched a minor comeback in 1979 with the disco-oriented album Take Me Home and earned $300,000 a week for her 1980–1982 residency show in Las Vegas.
In the early 1980s, Cher made her Broadway debut, and then starred in the film Silkwood, which earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1983. In the ensuing years, she starred in films such as Mask, The Witches of Eastwick, and Moonstruck, for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress in 1988. She made her directorial debut in the 1996 film If These Walls Could Talk. At the same time, she established herself as a rock singer by releasing platinum albums such as Heart of Stone (1989) and top-ten singles such as "I Found Someone" and "If I Could Turn Back Time". She reached a new commercial peak in 1998 with the song "Believe", which features the pioneering use of Auto-Tune, also known as the "Cher effect". Her 2002–2005 Living Proof: The Farewell Tour ended up as the highest-grossing music tour by a female artist then. In 2008, she signed a $180 million deal to headline the Colosseum at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas for three years. After seven years of absence, she returned to film in the 2010 musical Burlesque. Cher's first studio album in 12 years, Closer to the Truth (2013), became her highest-charting solo album in the U.S. to date.
Biographer Mark Bego wrote, "No one in the history of show business has had a career of the magnitude and scope of Cher's. She has won an Academy Award, a Grammy Award, an Emmy Award, a special CFDA Fashion Award, three Golden Globe Awards, and a Cannes Film Festival award, among several other honors. She has sold 100 million records worldwide, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time. She is the only artist to date to have a number-one single on a Billboard chart in each of the past six decades. Outside of her music and acting, she is noted for her political views, philanthropic endeavors and activism for LGBT rights.
From Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cher
Cher's Official Web Site: cher.com/
70's ICONS Cher then Bono. Repainted and restyled by Noel Cruz for www.myfarrah.com. Regent Miniatures Diorama built by Ken Haseltine of www.regentminiatures.com.
Farrah is on facebook www.facebook.com/FLFawcett. On Tumblr at; farrahlenifawcett.tumblr.com. Join Farrah on Instagram at www.instagram.com/farrahlfawcett. On pinterest at www.pinterest.com/myfarrah/
Photo/Graphic Layout & web sites ncruz.com & myfarrah.com by www.stevemckinnis.com.
Outdoor Image of MRISAR’s “Interactive; Robotics, Technology, Invention, Art & Nature Center”. At this time in our transformation, Public Admission is by Appointment Only!
Photo taken in New Leipzig, North Dakota on 7-23-13 by MRISAR Team Member Victoria Croasdell-Siegel.
In 2010 MRISAR, (a business that has Designed, Fabricated & Marketed the Earth’s Largest Selection of “Internationally Renowned & Awarded, World-Class Robotics Exhibits & Devices”; and “Hands On” Scientific, Technological & Interactive Art Exhibits), purchased a disused school on the plains of North Dakota and relocated to it. Profit from their International Exhibit Sales helps fund their Humanitarian R&D and the transformation of the 36,000 sq. ft. complex, surrounded by 10 acres in North Dakota, into a World-Class “Interactive, Robotics, Technology, Invention, Art & Nature Center”.
Description of MRISAR’s “Interactive; Robotics, Technology, Invention, Art & Nature Center”.
1- Our 7,000 sq. ft. Exhibit Hall will feature; our standard line of interactive robotic & technology exhibits that we sell to Centers world-wide and our exclusive collection of robotic exhibits & devices that we will not sell to anyone else. Our talking Rail Robot Guide will lead visitors through the exhibit hall. Interact with our innovative, lifelike, futuristic, Robotic creations. Examples; Play with & feed Artificial Life forms in a Robot Zoo! Challenge robots with your human intelligence! Interact with otherworldly artistic, interactive, robotic sculptures! It will also feature Responsible Technologies.
2- Our Art Galleries will display the hundreds of pieces of family friendly, original 2D, 3D and Interactive Art that our team has already created, plus have revolving Family Oriented Local Artists Exhibitions.
3- The surrounding 10 acres is slowly being transformed into an Outdoor Interactive Art & Nature Area that will be filled with paths, trees, gardens and kinetic & interactive, solar & wind, technological art sculptures. The emphasis is edible, medicinal & organic landscapes that promote sustainability & health. As of 2015 over 3,000 edible and medicinal trees and shrubs have been planted.
4- We will provide “Special Tours” of behind the scenes areas. Examples are; (a) our Humanitarian & Environmental Research & Development Think Tank Invention labs that feature our R & D Projects. (b) the actual workshops where the attractions are created (similar to visiting the workshops & creations of Jim Henson’s creature shop). (c) a behind the scenes view of the production studio for the web series we are creating called the “Mysterious Lab of Robotics” (our robotic version of “Bill Nye the Science Guy” or “Beakman’s World”). (d) a chance to meet MRISAR’s internationally renowned robotics R & D team. A four member family team who since 2000 has designed, fabricated & marketed the earth’s largest selection of world-class robotic exhibits. The 2 youngest members joined the team as preschoolers.
5- “Public Enrichment Events”. Examples are; (a) special overnight events called “A Night with the Robots” (available no-where else in the world). Families can make reservations to spend the night on the center floor in sleeping bags or cots and experience special robotic demonstrations in a futuristic atmosphere. In recent years “A Night at the Museum” events have become very popular and highly accepted. (b) special classes on robotics for the general public. (c) Robotics Competitions. We are already providing technical assistance to teachers and academic establishments (both in the state and outside of the country), that are trying to enter robotic competitions, but lack the knowledge to fully instruct and inspire their students. A natural progression for this, once we are open for tourism, would be to offer to hold regional, national and international competitions at our location. (d) International conferences regarding Robotics and Beneficial R & D Conferences. (e) Collaborations, enrichment classes and internships in enhanced technologies with higher academic establishments; combining elements such as Cybernetics, Bionics, Mechatronics, Autonomics, Animatronics & Teleoperation.
6- Admission will be free to the underprivileged. We hope to inspire the upcoming generation to create careers in responsible technologies that improve the quality of life.
7- The proceeds from the Center will help fund our R & D and further our creation of a “Prototype Environment, low cost, low impact, self-sustaining, alternative energy powered, Humanitarian & Environmental Research & Development institute with Think Tank Invention labs”. Our purpose is to invent and present responsible, low cost and easy to implement, beneficial humanitarian and environmental based technologies and methods that assist with social, ecological, sustainable and economic solutions. Accomplishing the prototype environment alone requires research & development of new technologies & improvement of existing technologies.
We have Designed, Fabricated & Marketed the Earth’s Largest Selection of "Internationally Renowned & Awarded" World-Class Robotics Exhibits & Devices; and “Hands On” Scientific, Technological & Interactive Art Exhibits. Our innovative, interactive, inexpensive, durable & easy to maintain creations incorporate interactive technologies & designs for people with disabilities and other special needs. We also provide our own Educational Kits & Materials for K thru 12/College & University level curriculums.
Our Exhibit Sales Customers include World-Class Science Centers, Museums, Universities, NASA, Royalty, Foreign & Domestic Governments, the Film Industries for inclusion in media productions, etc. We specialize in Cybernetics, Bionics, Mechatronics, Autonomics, Animatronics & Teleoperated devices.
Our Humanitarian & Environmental Research & Development has been presented before and/or published and awarded by: the United Nations, NASA-Emhart, Stanford, Cambridge, ICORR, ROMAN, IEEE, Discover Awards, International Federation of Robotics (IFR), etc. Our 1990's circa, original innovative R & D in "Facial Feature Controlled Technology" and "Artificial Sense of Touch Technology" (Adaptive Technology prototypes for the disabled), has helped pioneer those fields! We were the only company in the world to be awarded an entire chapter regarding our work in the International Federation of Robotics (IFR) “World Robotics; Service Robotics, 2011”.
This image is excerpted from a U.S. GAO report:
www.gao.gov/products/GAO-14-778
F-35 SUSTAINMENT: Need for Affordable Strategy, Greater Attention to Risks, and Improved Cost Estimates
a) If a solution is not immediately identified by the contractor, a temporary solution is sent back to the maintainer, or a workaround is used, or both, until a permanent solution is identified.
LUMBAR ANATOMY - NERVOUS SYSTEM
Lumbar Spine Anatomy Central Nervous System pain management 3D movies
The nervous system can be divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal nerves) and the peripheral nervous system (somatic, autonomic and enteric components), pain management 3D movies. The somatic peripheral nerves carry messages between the spinal cord and body. The sensory nerves carry messages towards the brain, such as information about pain, pressure, temperature and joint position. The motor nerves carry impulses to the muscles to control muscle contraction/relaxation, pain management 3D movies.
The spinal nerves within the vertebral canal form the spinal cord. The spinal cord starts at the base of the brain, and passes down the vertebral canal.
The nerves leave the spinal cord through gaps between the vertebrae (intervertebral foramina), pain management 3D movies, and travel to all parts of the trunk and limbs.
The nerves that leave the neck, or cervical spine, go to the arms.
The nerves that leave the chest, or thoracic spine, go to the chest and belly.
The nerves that leave the lower back, or lumbar spine, go to the pelvis and legs.
The vertebrae provide protection and support for the spinal cord, in the same way that the skull provides protection and support for the brain, pain management 3D movies.
If a nerve is irritated by chemical inflammation or physical compression or traction, it may not transmit its messages correctly, or it may spontaneously generate new messages. An irritated motor nerve may not transmit its impulses to its muscle, leading to weakness or paralysis of that muscle. An irritated sensory nerve may not transmit its sensations, leading to a sensation of numbness. The irritated sensory nerve may generate its own impulses to the brain, pain management 3D movies, which can be perceived as paresthesia (pins and needles) or pain in the region of the body that normally transmits along that nerve.
LUMBAR ANATOMY - NERVOUS SYSTEM
Lumbar Spine Anatomy Central Nervous System pain management 3D movies
This article was written with the assistance of the following surgeons.
Dr Paul Licina. Dr Licina is spinal orthopedic surgeon, and co-founder of Brisbane Orthopaedic Specialist Services in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. www.brisbaneorthopaedics.com.au/paul_licina.html
Dr Matthew McDonald. Dr McDonald is a spinal neurosurgeon based at Wakefield Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. www.wakefieldneurosurgery.com.au
Dr Richard Parkinson. Dr Parkinson is a spinal neurosurgeon based at St Vincent's Clinic, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. www.svph.com.au/index.php?option=com_content&task=vie...
Dr Lali Sekhon. Dr Sekhon is a spinal neurosurgeon, and founder of Nevada Neurosurgery in Reno / Carson City, Nevada, USA. www.nevadaneurosurgery.com
Lumbar Spine Anatomy Central Nervous System pain management 3D movies
Designer unknown (佚名)
1999
One Country Two Systems, Macao people administering Macao, a high degree of autonomy
Yige guojia liangzhong zhidu Ao ren zhi Ao gaodu zizhi (一个国家两种制度澳人高度自治)
Call nr.: BG E15/17 (Landsberger collection)
More? See: chineseposters.net/themes/macao
AI and autonomy in military contexts are often discussed regarding their negative considerations.
We suggest it may be irresponsible for militaries not to use AI to achieve military objectives – particularly to reduce harm to civilians and to ease the effects of war.
We host an interactive debate on whether the benefits of AI outweigh the risks for military operations.
More about the speakers: reaim2023.org/events/ai-to-reduce-harm-to-civilians-and-e...
Photo: Ministry of Foreign Affairs / Phil Nijhuis
Interior image of MRISAR’s World-Class “Interactive; Robotics, Technology, Invention, Art & Nature Center”. At this time in our transformation, Public Admission is by Appointment Only!
One of MRISAR's Robotic Assembly Labs. Seen here are Robotic fish and robotic arms.
Photo taken in New Leipzig, North Dakota by MRISAR Team Member Victoria Croasdell-Siegel.
In 2010 MRISAR, (a business that has Designed, Fabricated & Marketed the Earth’s Largest Selection of “Internationally Renowned & Awarded, World-Class Robotics Exhibits & Devices”; and “Hands On” Scientific, Technological & Interactive Art Exhibits), purchased a disused school on the plains of North Dakota and relocated to it. Profit from their International Exhibit Sales helps fund their Humanitarian R&D and the transformation of the 36,000 sq. ft. complex, surrounded by 10 acres in North Dakota, into a World-Class “Interactive, Robotics, Technology, Invention, Art & Nature Center”.
Description of MRISAR’s “Interactive; Robotics, Technology, Invention, Art & Nature Center”.
1- Our 7,000 sq. ft. Exhibit Hall will feature; our standard line of interactive robotic & technology exhibits that we sell to Centers world-wide and our exclusive collection of robotic exhibits & devices that we will not sell to anyone else. Our talking Rail Robot Guide will lead visitors through the exhibit hall. Interact with our innovative, lifelike, futuristic, Robotic creations. Examples; Play with & feed Artificial Life forms in a Robot Zoo! Challenge robots with your human intelligence! Interact with otherworldly artistic, interactive, robotic sculptures! It will also feature Responsible Technologies.
2- Our Art Galleries will display the hundreds of pieces of family friendly, original 2D, 3D and Interactive Art that our team has already created, plus have revolving Family Oriented Local Artists Exhibitions.
3- The surrounding 10 acres is slowly being transformed into an Outdoor Interactive Art & Nature Area that will be filled with paths, trees, gardens and kinetic & interactive, solar & wind, technological art sculptures. The emphasis is edible, medicinal & organic landscapes that promote sustainability & health. As of 2015 over 3,000 edible and medicinal trees and shrubs have been planted.
4- We will provide “Special Tours” of behind the scenes areas. Examples are; (a) our Humanitarian & Environmental Research & Development Think Tank Invention labs that feature our R & D Projects. (b) the actual workshops where the attractions are created (similar to visiting the workshops & creations of Jim Henson’s creature shop). (c) a behind the scenes view of the production studio for the web series we are creating called the “Mysterious Lab of Robotics” (our robotic version of “Bill Nye the Science Guy” or “Beakman’s World”). (d) a chance to meet MRISAR’s internationally renowned robotics R & D team. A four member family team who since 2000 has designed, fabricated & marketed the earth’s largest selection of world-class robotic exhibits. The 2 youngest members joined the team as preschoolers.
5- “Public Enrichment Events”. Examples are; (a) special overnight events called “A Night with the Robots” (available no-where else in the world). Families can make reservations to spend the night on the center floor in sleeping bags or cots and experience special robotic demonstrations in a futuristic atmosphere. In recent years “A Night at the Museum” events have become very popular and highly accepted. (b) special classes on robotics for the general public. (c) Robotics Competitions. We are already providing technical assistance to teachers and academic establishments (both in the state and outside of the country), that are trying to enter robotic competitions, but lack the knowledge to fully instruct and inspire their students. A natural progression for this, once we are open for tourism, would be to offer to hold regional, national and international competitions at our location. (d) International conferences regarding Robotics and Beneficial R & D Conferences. (e) Collaborations, enrichment classes and internships in enhanced technologies with higher academic establishments; combining elements such as Cybernetics, Bionics, Mechatronics, Autonomics, Animatronics & Teleoperation.
6- Admission will be free to the underprivileged. We hope to inspire the upcoming generation to create careers in responsible technologies that improve the quality of life.
7- The proceeds from the Center will help fund our R & D and further our creation of a “Prototype Environment, low cost, low impact, self-sustaining, alternative energy powered, Humanitarian & Environmental Research & Development institute with Think Tank Invention labs”. Our purpose is to invent and present responsible, low cost and easy to implement, beneficial humanitarian and environmental based technologies and methods that assist with social, ecological, sustainable and economic solutions. Accomplishing the prototype environment alone requires research & development of new technologies & improvement of existing technologies.
We have Designed, Fabricated & Marketed the Earth’s Largest Selection of "Internationally Renowned & Awarded" World-Class Robotics Exhibits & Devices; and “Hands On” Scientific, Technological & Interactive Art Exhibits. Our innovative, interactive, inexpensive, durable & easy to maintain creations incorporate interactive technologies & designs for people with disabilities and other special needs. We also provide our own Educational Kits & Materials for K thru 12/College & University level curriculums.
Our Exhibit Sales Customers include World-Class Science Centers, Museums, Universities, NASA, Royalty, Foreign & Domestic Governments, the Film Industries for inclusion in media productions, etc. We specialize in Cybernetics, Bionics, Mechatronics, Autonomics, Animatronics & Teleoperated devices.
Our Humanitarian & Environmental Research & Development has been presented before and/or published and awarded by: the United Nations, NASA-Emhart, Stanford, Cambridge, ICORR, ROMAN, IEEE, Discover Awards, International Federation of Robotics (IFR), etc. Our 1990's circa, original innovative R & D in "Facial Feature Controlled Technology" and "Artificial Sense of Touch Technology" (Adaptive Technology prototypes for the disabled), has helped pioneer those fields! We were the only company in the world to be awarded an entire chapter regarding our work in the International Federation of Robotics (IFR) “World Robotics; Service Robotics, 2011”.
The crown of St Wenceslas is the most important and oldest of the Bohemian crown jewels. It was commissioned by Charles IV in the 1340s and dedicated to St Wenceslas. The original crown is kept at Prague Castle. Unlike many European countries, this symbol of Czech autonomy and statehood is not permanently exhibited. By declaration of the Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia, Charles IV, it was deposited in a special chamber in St. Vitus’ Cathedral near the remains of the country’s patron saint and under his symbolic protection. The Bohemian coronation jewels would only be exhibited on special occasions and only on Prague Castle premises.
The Municipal House is situated next to the Powder Gate on the former grounds of the Royal Palace, the magnificent seat of the Bohemian kings from 1383 to 1484. The modern-day Municipal House, erected in 1906–1911, witnessed the proclamation of Czechoslovak independence on October 28, 1918.
It is thus symbolic that the Municipal House management decided to initiate the creation of a copy of the royal crown of St Wenceslas and exhibit it permanently in the Bohemian and Gentlemen’s Club, where important historical events marking the origin of the modern Czech statehood took place. The copy of the crown of St Wenceslas was commissioned by the Gold Coins – Numismatics company.
The copy of St Wenceslas crown was crafted by Jiří Urban, a famous goldsmith from Turnov. Painter Václav Zajíc, head of the department of precious stone cutting and engraving department of the Secondary School of Applied Arts in Trutnov, supplied the glass replicas and compositions of the precious stones.
The copy of the crown of St Wenceslas, a symbol of the Czech state’s independence, is also featured on the CZK 1 coin, which also represents the value as well as independence of the Czech currency. Both “crowns” symbolize the independence and sovereignty of the Czech state and its representatives.
The copy of crown of St Wenceslas, as well as a CZK 1 coin made of pure gold are on a permanent display in the Municipal House. Presented by the Municipal House and Gold Coins – Numismatics.
About the crown:
The crown of St Wenceslas – made of high fineness gold (21 – 22 carats), decorated with precious stones and pearls – is the oldest of the crown jewels. It weighs almost two and a half kilograms, it is 19 cm high, including the cross, 19 cm in diameter and each of the four parts of the crown is 14.5 cm long. It was commissioned by Charles IV for his coronation in 1347, who later dedicated it to the first patron saint of the Czech lands, St Wenceslas, and decreed that it become a state crown, used for coronation of further Bohemian kings, his successors to the Bohemian throne. Charles IV kept modifying it, having it fitted with the most precious stones he managed to acquire, almost until the end of his life (1378), gradually developing into its contemporary look.
Its shape follows the tradition of previous crowns of the Přemyslids as well as kings of France. It is a headdress consisting of four parts, each of which culminates with a large fleur-de-lis. The segments are linked by two bands arching over the top, mounted with ornaments from an older jewel (headdress or band). The apex of the crown, where the two bans cross, features a gold cross with a sapphire cameo, an engraved precious stone. The crown contains a total of 19 sapphires, 44 spinels, 1 ruby, 30 emeralds and 20 pearls.
Charles IV decreed that the new royal crown be permanently held in St Vitus’ Cathedral. Nevertheless, Charles’ very first successor, his son Wenceslas IV evidently at the beginning of the 15th century had the crown jewels transferred to the Karlštejn castle, where they were to be better secured during the tumultuous times of fighting for rule of the country. Since then, they have been kept in many different places, with the transfers happening mainly during political unrest, fights over the Bohemian throne and the threat of war. The turbulent 17th century prepared a dramatic fate for the crown jewels. The place where they were kept changed often, for a time returning to St Vitus’ Cathedral, then being transferred to the office of the Tables of the Province and later to Prague’s Old Town City Hall. During the periods when Prague was no longer safe, they were securely stored in České Budějovice. The ruling Habsburg dynasty designated a more permanent location in Vienna, where they stayed almost until the end of the 18th century. Irrespective of where they were stored, be it the Karlštejn Castle or Vienna, they were always brought for the royal coronation to the Czech lands, or more specifically to Prague Castle.
The official name of the medieval Bohemian state was also derived from the crown of St Wenceslas – the Crown of Bohemian Kingdom or Bohemian Crown (the union of crown lands, which were part of the Bohemian kingdom and were subject to the King of Bohemia).
The new copy of the crown of St Wenceslas is only the second copy to be made. The first replica was made fifty years ago for exhibition purposes and is owned by the Prague Castle Administration.
Last of all Wenceslas is of course the stern but fair monarch depicted in later verses of the famous carol "Good King Wenceslas". He died on September 20th, 929, in his early twenties.
Pay a visit to this website to see a close up image of the crown and Regalia.
Also try this link to Prague Castle for the history of all the regalia in close up
www.hrad.cz/en/prague-castle/the-bohemian-crown-jewels/in...
Ponad 5000 Górnoślązaków, zwolenników autonomii regionalnej przemaszerowało 14 lipca 2012 roku ulicami Katowic. Z każdym rokiem to patriotyczne święto przyciąga coraz większą liczbę uczestników.
Over 5000 Upper Silesians and supporters of the idea of regional autonomy marched on the 14th of July 2012 through the streets of Katowice. The regional festival of patriotism is attracting more and more people with each year.
Outdoor Image of MRISAR’s “Interactive; Robotics, Technology, Invention, Art & Nature Center”. At this time in our transformation, Public Admission is by Appointment Only!
MRISAR Team Members Aurora & Autumn Siegel are creating a flower garden.
Photo taken in New Leipzig, North Dakota on 7-26-11 by MRISAR Team Member Victoria Croasdell-Siegel.
In 2010 MRISAR, (a business that has Designed, Fabricated & Marketed the Earth’s Largest Selection of “Internationally Renowned & Awarded, World-Class Robotics Exhibits & Devices”; and “Hands On” Scientific, Technological & Interactive Art Exhibits), purchased a disused school on the plains of North Dakota and relocated to it. Profit from their International Exhibit Sales helps fund their Humanitarian R&D and the transformation of the 36,000 sq. ft. complex, surrounded by 10 acres in North Dakota, into a World-Class “Interactive, Robotics, Technology, Invention, Art & Nature Center”.
Description of MRISAR’s “Interactive; Robotics, Technology, Invention, Art & Nature Center”.
1- Our 7,000 sq. ft. Exhibit Hall will feature; our standard line of interactive robotic & technology exhibits that we sell to Centers world-wide and our exclusive collection of robotic exhibits & devices that we will not sell to anyone else. Our talking Rail Robot Guide will lead visitors through the exhibit hall. Interact with our innovative, lifelike, futuristic, Robotic creations. Examples; Play with & feed Artificial Life forms in a Robot Zoo! Challenge robots with your human intelligence! Interact with otherworldly artistic, interactive, robotic sculptures! It will also feature Responsible Technologies.
2- Our Art Galleries will display the hundreds of pieces of family friendly, original 2D, 3D and Interactive Art that our team has already created, plus have revolving Family Oriented Local Artists Exhibitions.
3- The surrounding 10 acres is slowly being transformed into an Outdoor Interactive Art & Nature Area that will be filled with paths, trees, gardens and kinetic & interactive, solar & wind, technological art sculptures. The emphasis is edible, medicinal & organic landscapes that promote sustainability & health. As of 2015 over 3,000 edible and medicinal trees and shrubs have been planted.
4- We will provide “Special Tours” of behind the scenes areas. Examples are; (a) our Humanitarian & Environmental Research & Development Think Tank Invention labs that feature our R & D Projects. (b) the actual workshops where the attractions are created (similar to visiting the workshops & creations of Jim Henson’s creature shop). (c) a behind the scenes view of the production studio for the web series we are creating called the “Mysterious Lab of Robotics” (our robotic version of “Bill Nye the Science Guy” or “Beakman’s World”). (d) a chance to meet MRISAR’s internationally renowned robotics R & D team. A four member family team who since 2000 has designed, fabricated & marketed the earth’s largest selection of world-class robotic exhibits. The 2 youngest members joined the team as preschoolers.
5- “Public Enrichment Events”. Examples are; (a) special overnight events called “A Night with the Robots” (available no-where else in the world). Families can make reservations to spend the night on the center floor in sleeping bags or cots and experience special robotic demonstrations in a futuristic atmosphere. In recent years “A Night at the Museum” events have become very popular and highly accepted. (b) special classes on robotics for the general public. (c) Robotics Competitions. We are already providing technical assistance to teachers and academic establishments (both in the state and outside of the country), that are trying to enter robotic competitions, but lack the knowledge to fully instruct and inspire their students. A natural progression for this, once we are open for tourism, would be to offer to hold regional, national and international competitions at our location. (d) International conferences regarding Robotics and Beneficial R & D Conferences. (e) Collaborations, enrichment classes and internships in enhanced technologies with higher academic establishments; combining elements such as Cybernetics, Bionics, Mechatronics, Autonomics, Animatronics & Teleoperation.
6- Admission will be free to the underprivileged. We hope to inspire the upcoming generation to create careers in responsible technologies that improve the quality of life.
7- The proceeds from the Center will help fund our R & D and further our creation of a “Prototype Environment, low cost, low impact, self-sustaining, alternative energy powered, Humanitarian & Environmental Research & Development institute with Think Tank Invention labs”. Our purpose is to invent and present responsible, low cost and easy to implement, beneficial humanitarian and environmental based technologies and methods that assist with social, ecological, sustainable and economic solutions. Accomplishing the prototype environment alone requires research & development of new technologies & improvement of existing technologies.
We have Designed, Fabricated & Marketed the Earth’s Largest Selection of "Internationally Renowned & Awarded" World-Class Robotics Exhibits & Devices; and “Hands On” Scientific, Technological & Interactive Art Exhibits. Our innovative, interactive, inexpensive, durable & easy to maintain creations incorporate interactive technologies & designs for people with disabilities and other special needs. We also provide our own Educational Kits & Materials for K thru 12/College & University level curriculums.
Our Exhibit Sales Customers include World-Class Science Centers, Museums, Universities, NASA, Royalty, Foreign & Domestic Governments, the Film Industries for inclusion in media productions, etc. We specialize in Cybernetics, Bionics, Mechatronics, Autonomics, Animatronics & Teleoperated devices.
Our Humanitarian & Environmental Research & Development has been presented before and/or published and awarded by: the United Nations, NASA-Emhart, Stanford, Cambridge, ICORR, ROMAN, IEEE, Discover Awards, International Federation of Robotics (IFR), etc. Our 1990's circa, original innovative R & D in "Facial Feature Controlled Technology" and "Artificial Sense of Touch Technology" (Adaptive Technology prototypes for the disabled), has helped pioneer those fields! We were the only company in the world to be awarded an entire chapter regarding our work in the International Federation of Robotics (IFR) “World Robotics; Service Robotics, 2011”.
Cher ( born Cherilyn Sarkisian on May 20, 1946) is an American singer, actress, entertainer and fashion icon. Described as embodying female autonomy in a male-dominated industry, she is known for her distinctive contralto singing voice and for having worked in numerous areas of entertainment, as well as adopting a variety of styles and appearances during her career, which has led to her being nicknamed the Goddess of Pop.
Cher gained popularity in 1965 as one-half of the folk rock husband–wife duo Sonny & Cher after their first hit, "I Got You Babe". She began her solo career simultaneously, releasing in 1966 her first million-seller song, "Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)". Goldmine magazine's Phill Marder described her as the leader of an effort in the 1960s to "advance feminine rebellion in the rock world [and] the prototype of the female rock star, setting the standard for appearance [and] attitude". After the duo had lost its young audience owing to their monogamous, anti-drug lifestyle during the period of the sexual revolution and the rise of the drug culture, she returned to stardom in the 1970s as a television personality with her shows The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour, watched by over 30 million viewers weekly during its three-year run, and Cher. She became a fashion trendsetter by wearing elaborate outfits on her television shows. While working on television, she established herself as a solo artist with the number-one singles "Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves", "Half-Breed", and "Dark Lady". After her divorce from Sonny Bono in 1975, Cher's much-publicized personal life led to a decline in her career, although she launched a minor comeback in 1979 with the disco-oriented album Take Me Home and earned $300,000 a week for her 1980–1982 residency show in Las Vegas.
In the early 1980s, Cher made her Broadway debut, and then starred in the film Silkwood, which earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1983. In the ensuing years, she starred in films such as Mask, The Witches of Eastwick, and Moonstruck, for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress in 1988. She made her directorial debut in the 1996 film If These Walls Could Talk. At the same time, she established herself as a rock singer by releasing platinum albums such as Heart of Stone (1989) and top-ten singles such as "I Found Someone" and "If I Could Turn Back Time". She reached a new commercial peak in 1998 with the song "Believe", which features the pioneering use of Auto-Tune, also known as the "Cher effect". Her 2002–2005 Living Proof: The Farewell Tour ended up as the highest-grossing music tour by a female artist then. In 2008, she signed a $180 million deal to headline the Colosseum at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas for three years. After seven years of absence, she returned to film in the 2010 musical Burlesque. Cher's first studio album in 12 years, Closer to the Truth (2013), became her highest-charting solo album in the U.S. to date.
Biographer Mark Bego wrote, "No one in the history of show business has had a career of the magnitude and scope of Cher's. She has won an Academy Award, a Grammy Award, an Emmy Award, a special CFDA Fashion Award, three Golden Globe Awards, and a Cannes Film Festival award, among several other honors. She has sold 100 million records worldwide, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time. She is the only artist to date to have a number-one single on a Billboard chart in each of the past six decades. Outside of her music and acting, she is noted for her political views, philanthropic endeavors and activism for LGBT rights.
From Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cher
Cher's Official Web Site: cher.com/
70's ICONS Cher then Bono. Repainted and restyled by Noel Cruz for www.myfarrah.com. Regent Miniatures Diorama built by Ken Haseltine of www.regentminiatures.com.
Farrah is on facebook www.facebook.com/FLFawcett. On Tumblr at; farrahlenifawcett.tumblr.com. Join Farrah on Instagram at www.instagram.com/farrahlfawcett. On pinterest at www.pinterest.com/myfarrah/
Photo/Graphic Layout & web sites ncruz.com & myfarrah.com by www.stevemckinnis.com.
Taiwan’s Democracy, Rule of Law and University Autonomy under Threat - Of Its Own Government
Members of National Taiwan University’s (NTU) Action Alliance for University Autonomy display a banner in front of the Fu Bell on the NTU campus, calling on the government to stop interfering in the election of the university’s president.
由四千多位台大師生校友共同發起的台大大學自主聯盟，今天中午在台大傅鐘前舉行國際記者會，號召全校師生、全球校友共赴校難，一起反抗教育部違法亂政，堅持大學自主，高喊「捍衛校園自主，政府勿伸髒手」口號。 針對教育部駁回管中閔任台大校長一事，發表「五一聲明」，公開呼籲四大訴求，要求教育部立即依法發聘、行政院長賴清德公開道歉，並依法追究相關失職人員、台大校長遴委會不得重啟遴選作業程序、每一個有風骨的知識份子皆應拒絕參與二次遴選。
Taipei, Taiwan.
2018/5/1
g58431sj
Italien / Piemont - Cannobio
Cannobio is a town and comune on the river Cannobino and the shore of Lago Maggiore in Piedmont, Italy.
History
The local inhabitants probably became subject to Roman rule by the time of the emperor Augustus. Sarcophagi from the 2nd–3rd century CE have been found and conserved in the "Palazzo della Ragione".
The first documented mention of Cannobio dates to 909. During medieval times, the town became a center for wool and tanning industries, as well as the lumber trade. Cannobio was named as a village by 1207, and was granted administrative autonomy. The Palazzo della Ragione was constructed by 1291 under the government of the podestà Ugolino da Mandello.
Cannobio was assigned to the archdiocese of Milan and from 1817 was under the authority of the bishop of Novara. Its "pieve" comprised the areas of Cannobina, Cannero, Brissago and several areas on the eastern side of the lake. The church of St. Vittore, already present in 1076, and with a bell tower from the 13th century, was completely rebuilt between 1733 and 1749. Autonomous rule for the community of Cannobio and its valley came about in 1342, with the spontaneous submission to Luchino and Giovanni Visconti, lords of Milan. From then on, its administration remained closely connected to that of the Duchy of Milan.
In 1522 a painting of the Virgin Mary allegedly started bleeding. Shortly after this apparition, a plague swept through the area devastating lakeside and valley towns and villages, but leaving Cannobio relatively unscathed. Religious minds linked these two events and Cardinal Charles Borromeo ordered a chapel to be built to hold the painting which is still there today.
The economy went through a renewal in the 15th and 16th centuries. The built-up area spread from the original nucleus (the village) down towards the lake. Large residences were built including the Omacini and Pironi palaces.
During the Risorgimento the town repelled an Austrian attack from the lake (27–28 May 1859) and was visited by Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1862. The opening of the lakeside road to the Swiss border in 1863 created favorable conditions for the arrival of factories, including silk mills.
In 1927 the territory of the comune of Cannobio was extended to incorporate some small villages in the vicinity (Traffiume, Sant’Agata, San Bartolomeo). During the Second World War the people of Cannobio rose up against the Nazi and fascist regime, from 2 to 9 September 1944, and proclaimed the Republic of the Ossola. Since the end of the war the community has undergone further changes. From 1995 the town has come within the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola.
Main sights
The large lakefront piazza named after King Victor Emmanuel III was given a major refurbishment when in the winter of 2003–04 it was completely relaid in cobblestones and granite slabs. Also added was of a set of wide flagstone steps down to the lake, where people may sit and watch the lake steamers come and go from the landing stages nearby, and the sailing boats and wind-surfers skimming across the lake.
Some of the buildings both on the lakefront and further back in the old part of town date back over 600 years, from when Cannobio was a renowned smuggling town, and most of these have been restored in fine style.
From one, Giuseppe Garibaldi addressed the people of Cannobio in 1859, and on another stands a plaque celebrating an important event in Cannobio in 1627. Each building is painted a different colour, creating a traditional Italian port scene. To one side of the Piazza is Cannobio’s old harbour, which houses the sailing, rowing and speedboats belonging to the locals.
The Santuario della Pietà church commemorates the events of 1522, when a painting of the Virgin Mary was believed to have bled. With its open dome it stands by the lakeside. The painting itself is now housed in another church in the town, and though it is not removed itself, a "Sacra Costa", representing the painting, is processed through the streets on 7 January every year.
Cannobio has its own "Lido" at the north end of town with a large sandy beach. The beach has a European Union Blue Flag for its cleanliness and facilities.
(Wikipedia)
Cannobio (nicht zu verwechseln mit Canobbio in der Schweiz) ist eine italienische Gemeinde in der Provinz Verbano-Cusio-Ossola (VB) in der Region Piemont und ist Träger der Bandiera Arancione des TCI.
Geographie
Die Gemeinde liegt am westlichen Ufer des Lago Maggiore und ist die erste größere Ortschaft nach der Grenze zur Schweiz in Piaggio Valmara. Cannobio liegt auf dem Schwemmkegel des Flüsschens Cannobino, im Hinterland dehnt sich das Valle Cannobina aus.
Die Gemeinde umfasst eine Fläche von 52,53 km². Zu Cannobio gehören die Fraktionen Campeglio, Carmine Superiore, Carmine Inferiore, Cinzago, Formine, Marchile, Piaggio Valmara, Pianoni, Ronco, Sant’Agata, San Bartolomeo Valmara, Socraggio, Socragno und Traffiume.
Geschichte
Cannobio war vermutlich schon in vorrömischer Zeit besiedelt. Der Name geht zurück auf das römische Canobinum. Zur Römerzeit galt der Ort wegen seiner günstigen Lage als bedeutendes strategisches und wirtschaftliches Zentrum.
929 beherbergte die Ortschaft einen Königshof (curtis regia). Die Anlage wurde später den Erzbischöfen von Mailand unterstellt. 1207 erhielt Cannobio den Titel eines Borgo.
Im 12. Jahrhundert wurde die Stadt eine freie Kommune, bis sie sich 1342 freiwillig der Familie Visconti unterwarf, deren Herrschaft 1441 als Lehensherrschaft an Vitaliano Borromeo überging. Von dieser Epoche zeugen bis heute die zwischen dem 14. und 19. Jahrhundert erbauten Paläste.
Sehenswürdigkeiten
Cannobio besitzt einen historischen Stadtkern und ist ein beliebtes Ausflugsziel.
Die Pfarrkirche San Vittore mit romanischem Turm wurde im 17. Jahrhundert erbaut, die Eingangsfassade stammt aus dem Jahr 1842. Sie beherbergt eine Orgel von Luigi Maroni Biroldi aus Varese aus dem Jahr 1837.
Die Wallfahrtskirche Santissima Pietà wurde 1575–1614 erbaut, dann 1583 von Sankt Karl Borromäus nach einem Entwurf von Pietro Beretta aus Brissago TI wieder aufgebaut. Die Fassade ist das Ergebnis einer Rekonstruktion von Febo Bottini von 1909. Das Innere besteht aus einem einzigen Schiff mit einer üppigen barocken Dekoration. Über dem Altar befindet sich ein wertvolles Altarbild Aufstieg zum Kalvarienberg von Gaudenzio Ferrari und Giovan Battista della Cerva.
Das Oratorium Santa Marta wurde 1581 erbaut und zeigt über dem Hochaltar das Gemälde Madonna col Bambino des Malers Camillo Procaccini (* 3. März 1561 in Parma; † 21. August 1629 in Mailand).
Der Palazzo della Ragione, genannt Parrasio, wurde zwischen 1291 und 1294 vom Podestà Ugolino Mandello erbaut und im Laufe des 17. Jahrhunderts umgebaut.
Der städtische Turm in romanischer Bauweise stammt aus dem 12. Jahrhundert. Es ist aus Stein gebaut und ist eigentlich der Glockenturm der alten Kirche San Vittore.
Die Rocca Vitaliana ist als die Burgen von Cannero bekannt. Auf den Felseninseln, die aus dem Wasser des Sees hervorgehen, kann man die Ruinen alter Festungsanlagen sehen. Sie wurden zwischen dem 11. und 12. Jahrhundert gebaut.
Uferpromenade
Markt an der Promenade (sonntags)
Hängebrücke Ponte ballerino (Tänzerbrücke) über den Fluss Cannobino.
Lido Cannobio, ein sehr schöner öffentlicher Badestrand mit Liegewiese
In der Umgebung:
Tal und Schlucht des Gießbaches Cannobino
Kirche Sant’Anna erbaut 1638 hoch über der Schlucht des Cannobino
Kirche Sant’Agata mit Aussicht auf den Lago Maggiore
Mineralwasserquelle Fonte Carlina
Mittelalterliches Dorf Carmine Superiore
Regelmäßige Veranstaltungen
Jedes Jahr am Vorabend des 8. Januar findet in Cannobio das Fest der Allerheiligsten Pietà mit einer eindrucksvollen Lichterprozession statt.
(Wikipedia)
.
THE SQUATED AUTONOMOUS CULTURE CENTER
METZGERSTRASSE / HANAU
In December 1986 some people in Hanau (Germany) decided to squat a house that had been empty for a long time, Metzgerstraße 8. They restored it and filled this free space with a new life.
Soon it became an ’Autonomous Culture-Center’ for the people and by the people, and also a focal point for a solidaric projects and for the resistance against ruling systems in all their repressive forms. The center has had a long history of attempts to establish a self-determined culture-center in Hanau, although it has always been repressed by the local city council.
The basic forum of the center is the ”squatter meeting,” which is open to everyone who has an interest in the squat as a counter-cultural free space. Decisions are made on the consent principle, which means that they try to find a decision that can be supported by everyone. Many activists in the squat, but not all, describe themselves as members of the autonomy movement, which connects anarchist, communist and feminist ideas.
At the moment there are a lot of projects, groups, and events that take place in the center. Everything is done on a do-it-yourself and nonprofit basis; no one receives money for her or his work. Solidarity, trust and self-determination are the basis for all work. Here are some examples:
- The ’Infoladen’ (Infoshop): The Infoshop is an opportunity to get information that can’t be found in the normal bourgeois media. There are a lot of autonomous, left radical and feminist leaflets, brochures and newspapers available. There is also a small media center and an archive that includes material on topics like anti-fascism, atomic politics, women’s liberation, internationalism, etc.
- The ’Volxküche’ (Peoples Kitchen): Frequently people from the community cook a vegetarian meal that is available for a small price. The idea behind this is to overcome isolation between people and the patriarchal roles typical in the kitchen, and, of course, to provide a good tasting meal for many people.
- The Concerts: Concerts in the center are organized, and absolutely dedicated to the principle of working in a self-determined way without a manager, an agency, or even a contract. The bands that play in the squat should have a mutual relation to the ideas of the center. There are no musical limits: Local punk bands have played there as well as jazz bands from North-America and Avantguarde projects from Eastern Europe. Some of the performances have been released on tapes and records.
In a way, the things that happen between the people in the center are more important than the events: changes in behavior, opportunities to live together without hierarchical structures, and new ways of relating. Although the squat is like an island in some ways, it’s far from a concrete utopia. Problems in interpersonal relations exist, as well as differences between ideals and real behaviour.
If people want to go alternative ways, the authorities try to stop them. In Hanau the local city council has said for a long time that none of the things the squatters do and organize represent culture. They decided in parliament that the center was to be closed and torn down without an alternative. In place of the squat, they planned to build five parking places. A decision that is very symbolic and characteristic. Certainly, the real aim was to destroy the ideas and the structures this center stands for.
The answer of the supporters of the Autonomous Culture-Center was the squatting of the parliament of the city. The politicians went out of the building and the squatters voted for the continuation of the center.
Up to now the authorities have not been able to realize their plans for various reasons. On the one hand there are many people who support the squat. There are also legal difficulties around closing it, and they are afraid of the resistance and activities that could take place after closing the squat.
But even if they evict the center, they can’t repress the ideas that the squat stands for. It’s about a self-determined culture and a self-determined life. It’s about dreams and ideals. It’s about consequence and change, here and now.
Wolfgang Sterneck, 2001.
Autonomes Kulturzentrum
Metzgerstrasse 8, D-63450 Hanau, Germany.
Autonomes Kulturzentrum Metzgerstraße:
- www.metzgerstrasse-hanau.org
- de-de.facebook.com/people/Metzgerstrasse-Acht-Hanau/10000...
- www.myspace.com/metzgerstrasse
Info on the Project of John Cage and Sterneck / KomistA in benefit of the squat:
- www.sterneck.net/john-cage/metzgerstrasse-e
- * -
SUBVERSIVE SOUNDS *
Konzerte im Autonomen Kulturzentrum Hanau.
Das besetzte Haus
Im Dezember 1986 kam es in Hanau zur Besetzung eines ehemaligen Nachtclubs in der Metzgerstraße 8. Das Gebäude, das zuvor über Jahre hinweg leer stand, wurde renoviert, neu gestaltet, umbenannt und wird seitdem als Autonomes Kulturzentrum genutzt. Das Ziel der Besetzung war es, einen Freiraum zu schaffen, in dem die Vorstellung einer autonomen Kultur wie auch die Wiederaneignung des entfremdeten Alltags konkret umsetzbar wird.
Vor diesem Hintergrund gelang es, ein Zentrum zu entwickeln, in dem solidarisches Handeln, kollektives Leben und politische Identität auf vielen Ebenen verschmelzen oder sich zumindest annähern. Die Metzgerstraße wurde dadurch zu einem wichtigen Bezugspunkt von dem auf verschiedenen Ebenen vielschichtige politische, soziale und kulturelle Impulse ausgingen.
Im Laufe der Jahre entstanden vielfältige Projekte wie die Volxküche (Essen zum Selbstkostenpreis), der Infoladen (Aktuelle politische Informationen und Archiv) und das Basta-Cafe (Treffpunkt und Sozialberatung). Die politischen Schwerpunkte der im Kulturzentrum aktiven Gruppen liegen unter anderen in den Bereichen 'Internationale Solidarität', Antifaschismus und 'Soziale Veränderung'.
Die Entscheidungen innerhalb des Kulturzentrums werden basisdemokratisch nach dem Konsensprinzip getroffen. Alle Aktivitäten basieren auf einer idealistischen Grundhaltung. Keine Person aus dem Zentrum erhält für ihre Tätigkeiten eine finanzielle Entlohnung.
Selbstbestimmte Kultur ohne Kommerz
Musik hatte von Anfang an in der Metzgerstraße eine besondere Bedeutung. Über das Musikhören hinaus machen viele AktivistInnen selbst Musik, veröffentlichen eigene Aufnahmen oder organisieren Konzerte. Im Sinne des DIY-Prinzipes ('Do it Yourself') werden die Auftritte im direkten Kontakt mit den MusikerInnen ohne Konzertagenturen und auch ohne Verträge auf völlig nichtkommerzieller Basis organisiert.
Eine Grundlage bildet ein solidarisches Verhältnis der MusikerInnen zur Metzgerstraße, was sich unter anderem auch in der Gage ausdrückt, die sich in der Regel auf die für die Band entstandenen Unkosten und die Verpflegung beschränkt. Der Eintrittspreis ist so ausgerichtet, dass er für alle interessierten Personen erschwinglich ist und die anfallenden Kosten deckt bzw. im Rahmen von Benefiz-Konzerten bestimmte Projekte unterstützt.
Freiräume statt Parkplätze
Während der ehemalige sozialdemokratische Kulturdezernat Hanaus davon sprach, dass in der Metzgerstraße keine Kultur stattfindet, bildete dass selbstorganisierte Zentrum durch die Auftritte von Bands aus Westeuropa und Nordamerika einen im Hanauer Kulturleben herausragenden internationalen Bezugspunkt. Die musikalische Bandbreite umfasst unter anderem Rockmusik in den verschiedensten Schattierungen, Punk, Hardcore, Folk und Jazz, sowie experimentelle und improvisierte Musik. Lokale Nachwuchsbands traten im Laufe der Jahre genauso auf wie renommierte Gruppen aus unterschiedlichsten Ländern. Einen Kultcharakter erlangten zudem die Nachtcafe-Sessions, an denen jeder und jede teilnehmen konnte.
Die Aufnahmen einiger Konzerte wurden später auf verschiedenen Tonträgern veröffentlicht. 1992 kam es daneben zur Veröffentlichung eines der Metzgerstraße gewidmeten Stücks des Avantgarde-Komponisten John Cage.
In den Anfangsjahren plante der Hanauer Magistrat das Haus nach einer Räumung abreißen zu lassen, um dort stattdessen fünf Parkplätze zu errichten. Die Kulturpolitik des Magistrates entlarvte sich dadurch in einer kaum zu übertreffenden symbolhaften Weise selbst. Das Vorhaben wurde jedoch nicht zuletzt in Folge einer Besetzung des Stadtparlamentes durch Unterstützerinnen des Kulturzentrums nicht weiter verfolgt.
Rund 25 Jahre nach der Besetzung wird das Haus weiterhin als Kulturzentrum genutzt. Im ansonsten auf Konsum und Kommerz ausgerichteten Stadtzentrum Hanaus ist es mit seinen vielfältigen Projekten kreativer wie auch subversiver Freiraum.
Wolfgang Sterneck, September 2011.
Autonomes Kulturzentrum Metzgerstraße:
- www.metzgerstrasse-hanau.org
- de-de.facebook.com/people/Metzgerstrasse-Acht-Hanau/10000...
- www.myspace.com/metzgerstrasse
Eine ausführliche Beschreibung der Geschichte des Kulturzentrums:
Freiräume entwickeln - Das besetzte autonome Kulturzentrum Metzgerstraße Hanau
- www.sterneck.net/squat/metzgerstrasse-d
English Info:
The squated Autonomous Culture Center Metzgerstrasse Hanau
- www.sterneck.net/squat/metzgerstrasse-e
Infos zum Benefiz-Projekt von John Cage und Sterneck / KomistA für das Kulturzentrum:
- * -
SQUAT - SOUNDS
AUTONOMES KULTURZENTRUM HANAU
(Besetztes Haus / Metzgerstrasse-Squat in Hanau / Germany).
Photographs 1987-1994
- Please scroll down for english and german info) -
The Squat - Photos:
www.flickr.com/photos/sterneck/sets/72157627799174125
Squating the Parliament (1988):
www.flickr.com/photos/sterneck/sets/72157627923787960
Concert-Photos 1987-1988:
www.flickr.com/photos/sterneck/sets/72157627799191443
Concert-Photos 1989-1990:
www.flickr.com/photos/sterneck/sets/72157627923799072
Concert-Photos 1991-1992:
www.flickr.com/photos/sterneck/sets/72157627923811302
Concert-Photos 1993-1994:
www.flickr.com/photos/sterneck/sets/72157627923815978
- * -
Outdoor Image of MRISAR’s “Interactive; Robotics, Technology, Invention, Art & Nature Center”. At this time in our transformation, Public Admission is by Appointment Only!
Photo taken in New Leipzig, North Dakota on 10-14-15 by MRISAR Team Member Victoria Croasdell-Siegel.
In 2010 MRISAR, (a business that has Designed, Fabricated & Marketed the Earth’s Largest Selection of “Internationally Renowned & Awarded, World-Class Robotics Exhibits & Devices”; and “Hands On” Scientific, Technological & Interactive Art Exhibits), purchased a disused school on the plains of North Dakota and relocated to it. Profit from their International Exhibit Sales helps fund their Humanitarian R&D and the transformation of the 36,000 sq. ft. complex, surrounded by 10 acres in North Dakota, into a World-Class “Interactive, Robotics, Technology, Invention, Art & Nature Center”.
Description of MRISAR’s “Interactive; Robotics, Technology, Invention, Art & Nature Center”.
1- Our 7,000 sq. ft. Exhibit Hall will feature; our standard line of interactive robotic & technology exhibits that we sell to Centers world-wide and our exclusive collection of robotic exhibits & devices that we will not sell to anyone else. Our talking Rail Robot Guide will lead visitors through the exhibit hall. Interact with our innovative, lifelike, futuristic, Robotic creations. Examples; Play with & feed Artificial Life forms in a Robot Zoo! Challenge robots with your human intelligence! Interact with otherworldly artistic, interactive, robotic sculptures! It will also feature Responsible Technologies.
2- Our Art Galleries will display the hundreds of pieces of family friendly, original 2D, 3D and Interactive Art that our team has already created, plus have revolving Family Oriented Local Artists Exhibitions.
3- The surrounding 10 acres is slowly being transformed into an Outdoor Interactive Art & Nature Area that will be filled with paths, trees, gardens and kinetic & interactive, solar & wind, technological art sculptures. The emphasis is edible, medicinal & organic landscapes that promote sustainability & health. As of 2015 over 3,000 edible and medicinal trees and shrubs have been planted.
4- We will provide “Special Tours” of behind the scenes areas. Examples are; (a) our Humanitarian & Environmental Research & Development Think Tank Invention labs that feature our R & D Projects. (b) the actual workshops where the attractions are created (similar to visiting the workshops & creations of Jim Henson’s creature shop). (c) a behind the scenes view of the production studio for the web series we are creating called the “Mysterious Lab of Robotics” (our robotic version of “Bill Nye the Science Guy” or “Beakman’s World”). (d) a chance to meet MRISAR’s internationally renowned robotics R & D team. A four member family team who since 2000 has designed, fabricated & marketed the earth’s largest selection of world-class robotic exhibits. The 2 youngest members joined the team as preschoolers.
5- “Public Enrichment Events”. Examples are; (a) special overnight events called “A Night with the Robots” (available no-where else in the world). Families can make reservations to spend the night on the center floor in sleeping bags or cots and experience special robotic demonstrations in a futuristic atmosphere. In recent years “A Night at the Museum” events have become very popular and highly accepted. (b) special classes on robotics for the general public. (c) Robotics Competitions. We are already providing technical assistance to teachers and academic establishments (both in the state and outside of the country), that are trying to enter robotic competitions, but lack the knowledge to fully instruct and inspire their students. A natural progression for this, once we are open for tourism, would be to offer to hold regional, national and international competitions at our location. (d) International conferences regarding Robotics and Beneficial R & D Conferences. (e) Collaborations, enrichment classes and internships in enhanced technologies with higher academic establishments; combining elements such as Cybernetics, Bionics, Mechatronics, Autonomics, Animatronics & Teleoperation.
6- Admission will be free to the underprivileged. We hope to inspire the upcoming generation to create careers in responsible technologies that improve the quality of life.
7- The proceeds from the Center will help fund our R & D and further our creation of a “Prototype Environment, low cost, low impact, self-sustaining, alternative energy powered, Humanitarian & Environmental Research & Development institute with Think Tank Invention labs”. Our purpose is to invent and present responsible, low cost and easy to implement, beneficial humanitarian and environmental based technologies and methods that assist with social, ecological, sustainable and economic solutions. Accomplishing the prototype environment alone requires research & development of new technologies & improvement of existing technologies.
We have Designed, Fabricated & Marketed the Earth’s Largest Selection of "Internationally Renowned & Awarded" World-Class Robotics Exhibits & Devices; and “Hands On” Scientific, Technological & Interactive Art Exhibits. Our innovative, interactive, inexpensive, durable & easy to maintain creations incorporate interactive technologies & designs for people with disabilities and other special needs. We also provide our own Educational Kits & Materials for K thru 12/College & University level curriculums.
Our Exhibit Sales Customers include World-Class Science Centers, Museums, Universities, NASA, Royalty, Foreign & Domestic Governments, the Film Industries for inclusion in media productions, etc. We specialize in Cybernetics, Bionics, Mechatronics, Autonomics, Animatronics & Teleoperated devices.
Our Humanitarian & Environmental Research & Development has been presented before and/or published and awarded by: the United Nations, NASA-Emhart, Stanford, Cambridge, ICORR, ROMAN, IEEE, Discover Awards, International Federation of Robotics (IFR), etc. Our 1990's circa, original innovative R & D in "Facial Feature Controlled Technology" and "Artificial Sense of Touch Technology" (Adaptive Technology prototypes for the disabled), has helped pioneer those fields! We were the only company in the world to be awarded an entire chapter regarding our work in the International Federation of Robotics (IFR) “World Robotics; Service Robotics, 2011”.
CERVICAL SPINE ANATOMY CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM legal art
The nervous system can be divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal nerves) and the peripheral nervous system (somatic, autonomic and enteric components). The somatic peripheral nerves carry messages between the spinal cord and body. The sensory nerves carry messages towards the brain, such as information about pain, pressure, temperature and joint position. The motor nerves carry impulses to the muscles to control muscle contraction/relaxation. legal art.
The spinal nerves within the vertebral canal form the spinal cord. The spinal cord starts at the base of the brain, and passes down the vertebral canal. legal art.
The nerves leave the spinal cord through gaps between the vertebrae (intervertebral foramina), and travel to all parts of the trunk and limbs. legal art.
The nerves that leave the neck, or cervical spine, go to the arms.
The nerves that leave the chest, or thoracic spine, go to the chest and belly. legal art.
The nerves that leave the lower back, or lumbar spine, go to the pelvis and legs.
The vertebrae provide protection and support for the spinal cord, in the same way that the skull provides protection and support for the brain. legal art.
If a nerve is irritated by chemical inflammation or physical compression or traction, it may not transmit its messages correctly, or it may spontaneously generate new messages. An irritated motor nerve may not transmit its impulses to its muscle, leading to weakness or paralysis of that muscle. An irritated sensory nerve may not transmit its sensations, leading to a sensation of numbness. The irritated sensory nerve may generate its own impulses to the brain, which can be perceived as paresthesia (pins and needles) or pain in the region of the body that normally transmits along that nerve.
CERVICAL SPINE ANATOMY CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM legal art
This article was written with the assistance of the following surgeons.
Dr Paul Licina. Dr Licina is spinal orthopedic surgeon, and co-founder of Brisbane Orthopaedic Specialist Services in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. www.brisbaneorthopaedics.com.au/paul_licina.html
Dr Matthew McDonald. Dr McDonald is a spinal neurosurgeon based at Wakefield Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. www.wakefieldneurosurgery.com.au
Dr Richard Parkinson. Dr Parkinson is a spinal neurosurgeon based at St Vincent's Clinic, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. www.svph.com.au/index.php?option=com_content&task=vie...
Dr Lali Sekhon. Dr Sekhon is a spinal neurosurgeon, and founder of Nevada Neurosurgery in Reno / Carson City, Nevada, USA. www.nevadaneurosurgery.com legal art.
Source: livinghistories.newcastle.edu.au/nodes/view/54381
Procession down Hunter Street Newcastle on Autonomy Day, University of Newcastle, NSW Australia, 1967.
Alltrans truck carrying student protest signs:
CHARLES PERKINS GRADUATE
EDUCATION (A.B.SCHOL) CAN BREAK THIS VICIOUS CIRCLE
EDUCATION IS THE GATEWAY TO SUCCESS
ONE white Australian AT UNIVERSITY FOR EVERY 150
ONE Aborigine AT UNIVERSITY FOR EVERY 20000
Shopfronts and businesses in background:
Medical Fund (M.B.F)
L.J. Hooker Ltd
More information about Autonomy Day is available at uoncc.wordpress.com/2007/07/26/universitys-grant-of-arms-....
This photograph was taken by Ross Smith, and is published here with his permission.
Outdoor Image of MRISAR’s “Interactive; Robotics, Technology, Invention, Art & Nature Center”. At this time in our transformation, Public Admission is by Appointment Only!
Photo taken in New Leipzig, North Dakota by MRISAR Team Member Victoria Croasdell-Siegel.
In 2010 MRISAR, (a business that has Designed, Fabricated & Marketed the Earth’s Largest Selection of “Internationally Renowned & Awarded, World-Class Robotics Exhibits & Devices”; and “Hands On” Scientific, Technological & Interactive Art Exhibits), purchased a disused school on the plains of North Dakota and relocated to it. Profit from their International Exhibit Sales helps fund their Humanitarian R&D and the transformation of the 36,000 sq. ft. complex, surrounded by 10 acres in North Dakota, into a World-Class “Interactive, Robotics, Technology, Invention, Art & Nature Center”.
Description of MRISAR’s “Interactive; Robotics, Technology, Invention, Art & Nature Center”.
1- Our 7,000 sq. ft. Exhibit Hall will feature; our standard line of interactive robotic & technology exhibits that we sell to Centers world-wide and our exclusive collection of robotic exhibits & devices that we will not sell to anyone else. Our talking Rail Robot Guide will lead visitors through the exhibit hall. Interact with our innovative, lifelike, futuristic, Robotic creations. Examples; Play with & feed Artificial Life forms in a Robot Zoo! Challenge robots with your human intelligence! Interact with otherworldly artistic, interactive, robotic sculptures! It will also feature Responsible Technologies.
2- Our Art Galleries will display the hundreds of pieces of family friendly, original 2D, 3D and Interactive Art that our team has already created, plus have revolving Family Oriented Local Artists Exhibitions.
3- The surrounding 10 acres is slowly being transformed into an Outdoor Interactive Art & Nature Area that will be filled with paths, trees, gardens and kinetic & interactive, solar & wind, technological art sculptures. The emphasis is edible, medicinal & organic landscapes that promote sustainability & health. As of 2015 over 3,000 edible and medicinal trees and shrubs have been planted.
4- We will provide “Special Tours” of behind the scenes areas. Examples are; (a) our Humanitarian & Environmental Research & Development Think Tank Invention labs that feature our R & D Projects. (b) the actual workshops where the attractions are created (similar to visiting the workshops & creations of Jim Henson’s creature shop). (c) a behind the scenes view of the production studio for the web series we are creating called the “Mysterious Lab of Robotics” (our robotic version of “Bill Nye the Science Guy” or “Beakman’s World”). (d) a chance to meet MRISAR’s internationally renowned robotics R & D team. A four member family team who since 2000 has designed, fabricated & marketed the earth’s largest selection of world-class robotic exhibits. The 2 youngest members joined the team as preschoolers.
5- “Public Enrichment Events”. Examples are; (a) special overnight events called “A Night with the Robots” (available no-where else in the world). Families can make reservations to spend the night on the center floor in sleeping bags or cots and experience special robotic demonstrations in a futuristic atmosphere. In recent years “A Night at the Museum” events have become very popular and highly accepted. (b) special classes on robotics for the general public. (c) Robotics Competitions. We are already providing technical assistance to teachers and academic establishments (both in the state and outside of the country), that are trying to enter robotic competitions, but lack the knowledge to fully instruct and inspire their students. A natural progression for this, once we are open for tourism, would be to offer to hold regional, national and international competitions at our location. (d) International conferences regarding Robotics and Beneficial R & D Conferences. (e) Collaborations, enrichment classes and internships in enhanced technologies with higher academic establishments; combining elements such as Cybernetics, Bionics, Mechatronics, Autonomics, Animatronics & Teleoperation.
6- Admission will be free to the underprivileged. We hope to inspire the upcoming generation to create careers in responsible technologies that improve the quality of life.
7- The proceeds from the Center will help fund our R & D and further our creation of a “Prototype Environment, low cost, low impact, self-sustaining, alternative energy powered, Humanitarian & Environmental Research & Development institute with Think Tank Invention labs”. Our purpose is to invent and present responsible, low cost and easy to implement, beneficial humanitarian and environmental based technologies and methods that assist with social, ecological, sustainable and economic solutions. Accomplishing the prototype environment alone requires research & development of new technologies & improvement of existing technologies.
We have Designed, Fabricated & Marketed the Earth’s Largest Selection of "Internationally Renowned & Awarded" World-Class Robotics Exhibits & Devices; and “Hands On” Scientific, Technological & Interactive Art Exhibits. Our innovative, interactive, inexpensive, durable & easy to maintain creations incorporate interactive technologies & designs for people with disabilities and other special needs. We also provide our own Educational Kits & Materials for K thru 12/College & University level curriculums.
Our Exhibit Sales Customers include World-Class Science Centers, Museums, Universities, NASA, Royalty, Foreign & Domestic Governments, the Film Industries for inclusion in media productions, etc. We specialize in Cybernetics, Bionics, Mechatronics, Autonomics, Animatronics & Teleoperated devices.
Our Humanitarian & Environmental Research & Development has been presented before and/or published and awarded by: the United Nations, NASA-Emhart, Stanford, Cambridge, ICORR, ROMAN, IEEE, Discover Awards, International Federation of Robotics (IFR), etc. Our 1990's circa, original innovative R & D in "Facial Feature Controlled Technology" and "Artificial Sense of Touch Technology" (Adaptive Technology prototypes for the disabled), has helped pioneer those fields! We were the only company in the world to be awarded an entire chapter regarding our work in the International Federation of Robotics (IFR) “World Robotics; Service Robotics, 2011”.
A tour group viewing MRISAR's Art in the "West Art Gallery".
Photo taken in New Leipzig, North Dakota by MRISAR Team Member Victoria Croasdell-Siegel.
Interior image of MRISAR’s World-Class “Interactive; Robotics, Technology, Invention, Art & Nature Center”. At this time in our transformation, Public Admission is by Appointment Only!
In 2010 MRISAR, (a business that has Designed, Fabricated & Marketed the Earth’s Largest Selection of “Internationally Renowned & Awarded, World-Class Robotics Exhibits & Devices”; and “Hands On” Scientific, Technological & Interactive Art Exhibits), purchased a disused school on the plains of North Dakota and relocated to it. Profit from their International Exhibit Sales helps fund their Humanitarian R&D and the transformation of the 36,000 sq. ft. complex, surrounded by 10 acres in North Dakota, into a World-Class “Interactive, Robotics, Technology, Invention, Art & Nature Center”.
Description of MRISAR’s “Interactive; Robotics, Technology, Invention, Art & Nature Center”.
1- Our 7,000 sq. ft. Exhibit Hall will feature; our standard line of interactive robotic & technology exhibits that we sell to Centers world-wide and our exclusive collection of robotic exhibits & devices that we will not sell to anyone else. Our talking Rail Robot Guide will lead visitors through the exhibit hall. Interact with our innovative, lifelike, futuristic, Robotic creations. Examples; Play with & feed Artificial Life forms in a Robot Zoo! Challenge robots with your human intelligence! Interact with otherworldly artistic, interactive, robotic sculptures! It will also feature Responsible Technologies.
2- Our Art Galleries will display the hundreds of pieces of family friendly, original 2D, 3D and Interactive Art that our team has already created, plus have revolving Family Oriented Local Artists Exhibitions.
3- The surrounding 10 acres is slowly being transformed into an Outdoor Interactive Art & Nature Area that will be filled with paths, trees, gardens and kinetic & interactive, solar & wind, technological art sculptures. The emphasis is edible, medicinal & organic landscapes that promote sustainability & health. As of 2015 over 3,000 edible and medicinal trees and shrubs have been planted.
4- We will provide “Special Tours” of behind the scenes areas. Examples are; (a) our Humanitarian & Environmental Research & Development Think Tank Invention labs that feature our R & D Projects. (b) the actual workshops where the attractions are created (similar to visiting the workshops & creations of Jim Henson’s creature shop). (c) a behind the scenes view of the production studio for the web series we are creating called the “Mysterious Lab of Robotics” (our robotic version of “Bill Nye the Science Guy” or “Beakman’s World”). (d) a chance to meet MRISAR’s internationally renowned robotics R & D team. A four member family team who since 2000 has designed, fabricated & marketed the earth’s largest selection of world-class robotic exhibits. The 2 youngest members joined the team as preschoolers.
5- “Public Enrichment Events”. Examples are; (a) special overnight events called “A Night with the Robots” (available no-where else in the world). Families can make reservations to spend the night on the center floor in sleeping bags or cots and experience special robotic demonstrations in a futuristic atmosphere. In recent years “A Night at the Museum” events have become very popular and highly accepted. (b) special classes on robotics for the general public. (c) Robotics Competitions. We are already providing technical assistance to teachers and academic establishments (both in the state and outside of the country), that are trying to enter robotic competitions, but lack the knowledge to fully instruct and inspire their students. A natural progression for this, once we are open for tourism, would be to offer to hold regional, national and international competitions at our location. (d) International conferences regarding Robotics and Beneficial R & D Conferences. (e) Collaborations, enrichment classes and internships in enhanced technologies with higher academic establishments; combining elements such as Cybernetics, Bionics, Mechatronics, Autonomics, Animatronics & Teleoperation.
6- Admission will be free to the underprivileged. We hope to inspire the upcoming generation to create careers in responsible technologies that improve the quality of life.
7- The proceeds from the Center will help fund our R & D and further our creation of a “Prototype Environment, low cost, low impact, self-sustaining, alternative energy powered, Humanitarian & Environmental Research & Development institute with Think Tank Invention labs”. Our purpose is to invent and present responsible, low cost and easy to implement, beneficial humanitarian and environmental based technologies and methods that assist with social, ecological, sustainable and economic solutions. Accomplishing the prototype environment alone requires research & development of new technologies & improvement of existing technologies.
We have Designed, Fabricated & Marketed the Earth’s Largest Selection of "Internationally Renowned & Awarded" World-Class Robotics Exhibits & Devices; and “Hands On” Scientific, Technological & Interactive Art Exhibits. Our innovative, interactive, inexpensive, durable & easy to maintain creations incorporate interactive technologies & designs for people with disabilities and other special needs. We also provide our own Educational Kits & Materials for K thru 12/College & University level curriculums.
Our Exhibit Sales Customers include World-Class Science Centers, Museums, Universities, NASA, Royalty, Foreign & Domestic Governments, the Film Industries for inclusion in media productions, etc. We specialize in Cybernetics, Bionics, Mechatronics, Autonomics, Animatronics & Teleoperated devices.
Our Humanitarian & Environmental Research & Development has been presented before and/or published and awarded by: the United Nations, NASA-Emhart, Stanford, Cambridge, ICORR, ROMAN, IEEE, Discover Awards, International Federation of Robotics (IFR), etc. Our 1990's circa, original innovative R & D in "Facial Feature Controlled Technology" and "Artificial Sense of Touch Technology" (Adaptive Technology prototypes for the disabled), has helped pioneer those fields! We were the only company in the world to be awarded an entire chapter regarding our work in the International Federation of Robotics (IFR) “World Robotics; Service Robotics, 2011”.
Sunrise at Mcity Test Facility on August 2, 2018 on North Campus of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.
MCity is the world's first controlled environment designed for the testing of autonomous vehicles that communicate with each other.
Photo by Levi Hutmacher/Michigan Engineering, Communications and Marketing
The Silk Road, or Silk Route is a modern term referring to a historical network of interlinking trade routes accross the Afro-Eurasian landmass connecting East, South and Western Asia with the Mediterranean and European world, as well as parts of North and East Africa on about 4,000 miles (6,500 km), It gets its name from the lucrative Chinese silk that began during the Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) and used to take place along it, Trade on the Silk Road was a significant factor in the development of the civilizations of China, India, Persia, Europe and Arabia, Though silk was certainly the major trade item from China, many other goods were traded on the Silk Road, along with non material goods like technologies, religions and philosophies, as well as the bubonic plague (the « Black Death »)
© Eric Lafforgue
Photo Copyright 2012, dynamo.photography.
All rights reserved, no use without license
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Hong kong)
Hong Kong, officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is an autonomous territory south to Mainland China and east to Macao in East Asia. With around 7.2 million Hong Kongers of various nationalities[note 2] in a territory of 1,104 km2, Hong Kong is the world's fourth most densely populated country or territory.
Hong Kong used to be a British colony with the perpetual cession of Hong Kong Island from the Qing Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and acquired a 99-year lease of the New Territories from 1898. Hong Kong was later occupied by Japan during the Second World War until British control resumed in 1945. The Sino-British Joint Declaration signed between the United Kingdom and China in 1984 paved way for the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong in 1997, when it became a special administrative region (SAR) of the People's Republic of China with a high degree of autonomy.[15]
Under the principle of "one country, two systems",[16][17] Hong Kong maintains a separate political and economic system from China. Except in military defence and foreign affairs, Hong Kong maintains its independent executive, legislative and judiciary powers.[18] In addition, Hong Kong develops relations directly with foreign states and international organisations in a broad range of "appropriate fields".[19] Hong Kong involves in international organizations, such as the WTO[20] and the APEC [21], actively and independently.
Hong Kong is one of the world's most significant financial centres, with the highest Financial Development Index score and consistently ranks as the world's most competitive and freest economic entity.[22][23] As the world's 8th largest trading entity,[24] its legal tender, the Hong Kong dollar, is the world's 13th most traded currency.[25] As the world's most visited city,[26][27] Hong Kong's tertiary sector dominated economy is characterised by competitive simple taxation and supported by its independent judiciary system.[28] Even with one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, it suffers from severe income inequality.[29]
Nicknamed "Pearl of the Orient", Hong Kong is renowned for its deep natural harbour, which boasts the world's fifth busiest port with ready access by cargo ships, and its impressive skyline, with the most skyscrapers in the world.[30][31] It has a very high Human Development Index ranking and the world's longest life expectancy.[32][33] Over 90% of the population makes use of well-developed public transportation.[34][35] Seasonal air pollution with origins from neighbouring industrial areas of Mainland China, which adopts loose emissions standards, has resulted in a high level of atmospheric particulates in winter.[36][37][38]
Contents
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Prehistory
2.2 Imperial China
2.3 British Crown Colony: 1842–1941
2.4 Japanese occupation: 1941–45
2.5 Resumption of British rule and industrialisation: 1945–97
2.6 Handover and Special Administrative Region status
3 Governance
3.1 Structure of government
3.2 Electoral and political reforms
3.3 Legal system and judiciary
3.4 Foreign relations
3.5 Human rights
3.6 Regions and districts
3.7 Military
4 Geography and climate
5 Economy
5.1 Financial centre
5.2 International trading
5.3 Tourism and expatriation
5.4 Policy
5.5 Infrastructure
6 Demographics
6.1 Languages
6.2 Religion
6.3 Personal income
6.4 Education
6.5 Health
7 Culture
7.1 Sports
7.2 Architecture
7.3 Cityscape
7.4 Symbols
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
10.1 Citations
10.2 Sources
11 Further reading
12 External links
Etymology
Hong Kong was officially recorded in the 1842 Treaty of Nanking to encompass the entirety of the island.[39]
The source of the romanised name "Hong Kong" is not known, but it is generally believed to be an early imprecise phonetic rendering of the pronunciation in spoken Cantonese 香港 (Cantonese Yale: Hēung Góng), which means "Fragrant Harbour" or "Incense Harbour".[13][14][40] Before 1842, the name referred to a small inlet—now Aberdeen Harbour (Chinese: 香港仔; Cantonese Yale: Hēunggóng jái), literally means "Little Hong Kong"—between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. Aberdeen was an initial point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen.[41]
Another theory is that the name would have been taken from Hong Kong's early inhabitants, the Tankas (水上人); it is equally probable that romanisation was done with a faithful execution of their speeches, i.e. hōng, not hēung in Cantonese.[42] Detailed and accurate romanisation systems for Cantonese were available and in use at the time.[43]
Fragrance may refer to the sweet taste of the harbour's fresh water estuarine influx of the Pearl River or to the incense from factories lining the coast of northern Kowloon. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before Hong Kong developed Victoria Harbour.[40]
The name had often been written as the single word Hongkong until the government adopted the current form in 1926.[44] Nevertheless, a number of century-old institutions still retain the single-word form, such as the Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric and the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation.
As of 1997, its official name is the "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China". This is the official title as mentioned in the Hong Kong Basic Law and the Hong Kong Government's website;[45] however, "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region" and "Hong Kong" are widely accepted.
Hong Kong has carried many nicknames. The most famous among those is the "Pearl of the Orient", which reflected the impressive nightscape of the city's light decorations on the skyscrapers along both sides of the Victoria Harbour. The territory is also known as "Asia's World City".
History
Main articles: History of Hong Kong and History of China
Prehistory
Main article: Prehistoric Hong Kong
Archaeological studies support human presence in the Chek Lap Kok area (now Hong Kong International Airport) from 35,000 to 39,000 years ago and on Sai Kung Peninsula from 6,000 years ago.[46][47][48]
Wong Tei Tung and Three Fathoms Cove are the earliest sites of human habitation in Hong Kong during the Paleolithic Period. It is believed that the Three Fathom Cove was a river-valley settlement and Wong Tei Tung was a lithic manufacturing site. Excavated Neolithic artefacts suggested cultural differences from the Longshan culture of northern China and settlement by the Che people, prior to the migration of the Baiyue to Hong Kong.[49][50] Eight petroglyphs, which dated to the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600 BC – 1066 BC) in China, were discovered on the surrounding islands.[51]
Imperial China
Main article: History of Hong Kong under Imperial China
In 214 BC, Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of a centralised China, conquered the Baiyue tribes in Jiaozhi (modern-day Liangguang region and Vietnam) and incorporated the area of Hong Kong into his imperial China for the first time. Hong Kong proper was assigned to the Nanhai commandery (modern-day Nanhai District), near the commandery's capital city Panyu.[52][53][54]
After a brief period of centralisation and collapse of the Qin dynasty, the area of Hong Kong was consolidated under the Kingdom of Nanyue, founded by general Zhao Tuo in 204 BC.[55] When Nanyue lost the Han-Nanyue War in 111 BC, Hong Kong came under the Jiaozhi commandery of the Han dynasty. Archaeological evidence indicates an increase of population and flourish of salt production. The Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb on the Kowloon Peninsula is believed to have been built as a burial site during the Han dynasty.[56]
From the Han dynasty to the early Tang dynasty, Hong Kong was a part of Bao'an County. In the Tang dynasty, modern-day Guangzhou (Canton) flourished as an international trading centre. In 736, the Emperor Xuanzong of Tang established a military stronghold in Tuen Mun to strengthen defence of the coastal area.[57] The nearby Lantau Island was a salt production centre and salt smuggler riots occasionally broke out against the government. In c. 1075, The first village school, Li Ying College, was established around 1075 AD in modern-day New Territories by the Northern Song dynasty.[58] During their war against the Mongols, the imperial court of Southern Song was briefly stationed at modern-day Kowloon City (the Sung Wong Toi site) before their ultimate defeat by the Mongols at the Battle of Yamen in 1279.[59] The Mongols then established their dynastic court and governed Hong Kong for 97 years.
From the mid-Tang dynasty to the early Ming dynasty (1368–1644), Hong Kong was a part of Dongguan County. During the Ming dynasty, the area was transferred to Xin'an County. The indigenous inhabitants at that time consisted of several ethnicities such as Punti, Hakka, Tanka and Hoklo.
European discovery
The earliest European visitor on record was Jorge Álvares, a Portuguese explorer, who arrived in 1513.[60][61] Having established a trading post in a site they called "Tamão" in Hong Kong waters, Portuguese merchants commenced with regular trading in southern China. Subsequent military clashes between China and Portugal, however, led to the expulsion of all Portuguese merchants from southern China.
Since the 14th century, the Ming court had enforced the maritime prohibition laws that strictly forbade all private maritime activities in order to prevent contact with foreigners by sea.[62] When the Manchu Qing dynasty took over China, Hong Kong was directly affected by the Great Clearance decree of the Kangxi Emperor, who ordered the evacuation of coastal areas of Guangdong from 1661 to 1669. Over 16,000 inhabitants of Xin'an County including those in Hong Kong were forced to migrate inland; only 1,648 of those who had evacuated subsequently returned.[63][64]
British Crown Colony: 1842–1941
A painter at work. John Thomson. Hong Kong, 1871. The Wellcome Collection, London
Main articles: British Hong Kong and History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)
In 1839, threats by the imperial court of Qing to sanction opium imports caused diplomatic friction with the British Empire. Tensions escalated into the First Opium War. The Qing admitted defeat when British forces captured Hong Kong Island on 20 January 1841. The island was initially ceded under the Convention of Chuenpi as part of a ceasefire agreement between Captain Charles Elliot and Governor Qishan. A dispute between high-ranking officials of both countries, however, led to the failure of the treaty's ratification. On 29 August 1842, Hong Kong Island was formally ceded in perpetuity to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland under the Treaty of Nanking.[65] The British officially established a Crown colony and founded the City of Victoria in the following year.[66]
The population of Hong Kong Island was 7,450 when the Union Flag raised over Possession Point on 26 January 1841. It mostly consisted of Tanka fishermen and Hakka charcoal burners, whose settlements scattered along several coastal hamlets. In the 1850s, a large number of Chinese immigrants crossed the then-free border to escape from the Taiping Rebellion. Other natural disasters, such as flooding, typhoons and famine in mainland China would play a role in establishing Hong Kong as a place for safe shelter.[67][68]
Further conflicts over the opium trade between Britain and Qing quickly escalated into the Second Opium War. Following the Anglo-French victory, the Crown Colony was expanded to include Kowloon Peninsula (south of Boundary Street) and Stonecutter's Island, both of which were ceded to the British in perpetuity under the Convention of Beijing in 1860.
In 1898, Britain obtained a 99-year lease from Qing under the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, in which Hong Kong obtained a 99-year lease of Lantau Island, the area north of Boundary Street in Kowloon up to Shenzhen River and over 200 other outlying islands.[69][70][71]
Hong Kong soon became a major entrepôt thanks to its free port status, attracting new immigrants to settle from both China and Europe. The society, however, remained racially segregated and polarised under early British colonial policies. Despite the rise of a British-educated Chinese upper-class by the late-19th century, race laws such as the Peak Reservation Ordinance prevented ethnic Chinese in Hong Kong from acquiring houses in reserved areas such as Victoria Peak. At this time, the majority of the Chinese population in Hong Kong had no political representation in the British colonial government. The British governors did rely, however, on a small number of Chinese elites, including Sir Kai Ho and Robert Hotung, who served as ambassadors and mediators between the government and local population.
File:1937 Hong Kong VP8.webmPlay media
Hong Kong filmed in 1937
In 1904, the United Kingdom established the world's first border and immigration control; all residents of Hong Kong were given citizenship as Citizens of United Kingdom and Colonies (CUKC).
Hong Kong continued to experience modest growth during the first half of the 20th century. The University of Hong Kong was established in 1911 as the territory's first higher education institute. While there had been an exodus of 60,000 residents for fear of a German attack on the British colony during the First World War, Hong Kong remained unscathed. Its population increased from 530,000 in 1916 to 725,000 in 1925 and reached 1.6 million by 1941.[72]
In 1925, Cecil Clementi became the 17th Governor of Hong Kong. Fluent in Cantonese and without a need for translator, Clementi introduced the first ethnic Chinese, Shouson Chow, into the Executive Council as an unofficial member. Under Clementi's tenure, Kai Tak Airport entered operation as RAF Kai Tak and several aviation clubs. In 1937, the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out when the Japanese Empire expanded its territories from northeastern China into the mainland proper. To safeguard Hong Kong as a freeport, Governor Geoffry Northcote declared the Crown Colony as a neutral zone.
Japanese occupation: 1941–45
Main article: Japanese occupation of Hong Kong
The Cenotaph in Hong Kong commemorates those who died in service in the First World War and the Second World War.[73]
As part of its military campaign in Southeast Asia during Second World War, the Japanese army moved south from Guangzhou of mainland China and attacked Hong Kong in on 8 December 1941.[74] Crossing the border at Shenzhen River on 8 December, the Battle of Hong Kong lasted for 18 days when British and Canadian forces held onto Hong Kong Island. Unable to defend against intensifying Japanese air and land bombardments, they eventually surrendered control of Hong Kong on 25 December 1941. The Governor of Hong Kong was captured and taken as a prisoner of war. This day is regarded by the locals as "Black Christmas".[75]
During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, the Japanese army committed atrocities against civilians and POWs, such as the St. Stephen's College massacre. Local residents also suffered widespread food shortages, limited rationing and hyper-inflation arising from the forced exchange of currency from Hong Kong dollars to Japanese military banknotes. The initial ratio of 2:1 was gradually devalued to 4:1 and ownership of Hong Kong dollars was declared illegal and punishable by harsh torture. Due to starvation and forced deportation for slave labour to mainland China, the population of Hong Kong had dwindled from 1.6 million in 1941 to 600,000 in 1945, when the United Kingdom resumed control of the colony on 2 September 1945.[76]
Resumption of British rule and industrialisation: 1945–97
Main articles: British Hong Kong, 1950s in Hong Kong, 1960s in Hong Kong, 1970s in Hong Kong, 1980s in Hong Kong, and 1990s in Hong Kong
Flag of British Hong Kong from 1959 to 1997
Hong Kong's population recovered quickly after the war, as a wave of skilled migrants from the Republic of China moved in to seek refuge from the Chinese Civil War. When the Communist Party eventually took full control of mainland China in 1949, even more skilled migrants fled across the open border for fear of persecution.[69] Many newcomers, especially those who had been based in the major port cities of Shanghai and Guangzhou, established corporations and small- to medium-sized businesses and shifted their base operations to British Hong Kong.[69] The establishment of a socialist state in China (People's Republic of China) on 1 October 1949 caused the British colonial government to reconsider Hong Kong's open border to mainland China. In 1951, a boundary zone was demarked as a buffer zone against potential military attacks from communist China. Border posts along the north of Hong Kong began operation in 1953 to regulate the movement of people and goods into and out of the territory.
Stamp with portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, 1953
In the 1950s, Hong Kong became the first of the Four Asian Tiger economies under rapid industrialisation driven by textile exports, manufacturing industries and re-exports of goods to China. As the population grew, with labour costs remaining low, living standards began to rise steadily.[77] The construction of the Shek Kip Mei Estate in 1953 marked the beginning of the public housing estate programme to provide shelter for the less privileged and to cope with the influx of immigrants.
Under Sir Murray MacLehose, 25th Governor of Hong Kong (1971–82), a series of reforms improved the public services, environment, housing, welfare, education and infrastructure of Hong Kong. MacLehose was British Hong Kong's longest-serving governor and, by the end of his tenure, had become one of the most popular and well-known figures in the Crown Colony. MacLehose laid the foundation for Hong Kong to establish itself as a key global city in the 1980s and early 1990s.
A sky view of Hong Kong Island
An aerial view of the northern shore of Hong Kong Island in 1986
To resolve traffic congestion and to provide a more reliable means of crossing the Victoria Harbour, a rapid transit railway system (metro), the MTR, was planned from the 1970s onwards. The Island Line (Hong Kong Island), Kwun Tong Line (Kowloon Peninsula and East Kowloon) and Tsuen Wan Line (Kowloon and urban New Territories) opened in the early 1980s.[78]
In 1983, the Hong Kong dollar left its 16:1 peg with the Pound sterling and switched to the current US-HK Dollar peg. Hong Kong's competitiveness in manufacturing gradually declined due to rising labour and property costs, as well as new development in southern China under the Open Door Policy introduced in 1978 which opened up China to foreign business. Nevertheless, towards the early 1990s, Hong Kong had established itself as a global financial centre along with London and New York City, a regional hub for logistics and freight, one of the fastest-growing economies in Asia and the world's exemplar of Laissez-faire market policy.[79]
The Hong Kong question
In 1971, the Republic of China (Taiwan)'s permanent seat on the United Nations was transferred to the People's Republic of China (PRC), Hong Kong's status as a recognised colony became terminated in 1972 under the request of PRC. Facing the uncertain future of Hong Kong and expiry of land lease of New Territories beyond 1997, Governor MacLehose raised the question in the late 1970s.
The British Nationality Act 1981 reclassified Hong Kong into a British Dependent Territory amid the reorganisation of global territories of the British Empire. All residents of Hong Kong became British Dependent Territory Citizens (BDTC). Diplomatic negotiations began with China and eventually concluded with the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration. Both countries agreed to transfer Hong Kong's sovereignty to China on 1 July 1997, when Hong Kong would remain autonomous as a special administrative region and be able to retain its free-market economy, British common law through the Hong Kong Basic Law, independent representation in international organisations (e.g. WTO and WHO), treaty arrangements and policy-making except foreign diplomacy and military defence.
It stipulated that Hong Kong would retain its laws and be guaranteed a high degree of autonomy for at least 50 years after the transfer. The Hong Kong Basic Law, based on English law, would serve as the constitutional document after the transfer. It was ratified in 1990.[69] The expiry of the 1898 lease on the New Territories in 1997 created problems for business contracts, property leases and confidence among foreign investors.
Handover and Special Administrative Region status
Main articles: Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong and 2000s in Hong Kong
Transfer of sovereignty
Golden Bauhinia Square
On 1 July 1997, the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China took place, officially marking the end of Hong Kong's 156 years under British colonial governance. As the largest remaining colony of the United Kingdom, the loss of Hong Kong effectively represented the end of the British Empire. This transfer of sovereignty made Hong Kong the first special administrative region of China. Tung Chee-Hwa, a pro-Beijing business tycoon, was elected Hong Kong's first Chief Executive by a selected electorate of 800 in a televised programme.
Structure of government
Hong Kong's current structure of governance inherits from the British model of colonial administration set up in the 1850s. The 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration states that "Hong Kong should enjoy a high degree of autonomy in all areas except defence and foreign affairs" with reference to the underlying principle of one country, two systems.[note 3] This Declaration stipulates that Hong Kong maintains her capitalist economic system and guarantees the rights and freedoms of her people for at least 50 years after the 1997 handover. [note 4] Such guarantees are enshrined in the Hong Kong's Basic Law, the territory's constitutional document, which outlines the system of governance after 1997, albeit subject to interpretation by China's Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC).[95][96]
Hong Kong's most senior leader, Chief Executive, is elected by a committee of 1,200 selected members (600 in 1997) and nominally appointed by the Government of China. The primary pillars of government are the Executive Council, Legislative Council, civil service and Judiciary.
Policy-making is initially discussed in the Executive Council, presided by the Chief Executive of Hong Kong, before passing to the Legislative Council for bill adoption. The Executive Council consists of 30 official/unofficial members appointed by the Chief Executive and one member among them acts as the convenor.[97][98]
The Legislative Council, set up in 1843, debates policies and motions before voting to adopt or rejecting bills. It has 70 members (originally 60) and 40 (originally 30) among them are directly elected by universal suffrage; the other 30 members are "functional constituencies" (indirectly) elected by a smaller electorate of corporate bodies or representatives of stipulated economic sectors as defined by the government. The Legislative Council is chaired by a president who acts as the speaker.[99][100]
In 1997, seating of the Legislative Council (also public services and election franchises) of Hong Kong modelled on the British system: Urban Council (Hong Kong and Kowloon) and District Council (New Territories and Outlying Islands). In 1999, this system has been reformed into 18 directly elected District Offices across 5 Legislative Council constituencies: Hong Kong Island (East/West), Kowloon and New Territories (East/West); the remaining outlying islands are divided across the aforementioned regions.
Hong Kong's Civil Service, created by the British colonial government, is a politically neutral body that implements government policies and provides public services. Senior civil servants are appointed based on meritocracy. The territory's police, firefighting and customs forces, as well as clerical officers across various government departments, make up the civil service.[101][102]
Macau, also spelled Macao, is, along with Hong Kong, one of the two special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China. It lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east and south.
The territory's economy is heavily dependent on gambling and tourism but also includes manufacturing.
Macau was a Portuguese colony and both the first and last European colony in China. Portuguese traders first settled in Macau in the 16th century and subsequently administered the region until the handover on 20 December 1999. The Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration and the Basic Law of Macau stipulate that Macau operates with a high degree of autonomy until at least 2049, fifty years after the transfer.
Under the policy of "one country, two systems", the PRC's Central People's Government is responsible for the territory's defense and foreign affairs, while Macau maintains its own legal system, police force, monetary system, customs policy, and immigration policy. Macau participates in many international organizations and events that do not require members to possess national sovereignty. According to the CIA factbook, Macau has the highest life expectancy in the world.