Allahabad - Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India

Bath ceremony

 

The Kumbh Mela (the festival of the sacred pitcher) is anchored in Hindu mythology. It is the largest public gathering and collective act of faith, anywhere in the world. The Mela draws tens of millions of pilgrims over the course of approximately 48 days to bathe at the sacred confluence of the Ganga, the Yamuna, and the mystical Sarasvati. Primarily, this congregation includes Ascetics, Saints, Sadhus, Sadhvis, Kalpvasis, and Pilgrims from all walks of life.

 

Inscribed in 2017 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, UNESCO.

 

kumbh.gov.in/en/prayagraj

View on Instagram bit.ly/2I1W40Q

Kumbh | 2019

 

Prayagraj Ardh Kumbh Mela, 2019 is the Ardh Kumbh Mela to being held at Triveni Sangam in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India from 15 January to 4 March 2019 According to Hindu mythology, Vishnu dropped drops of amrita (the drink of immortality) at four places, while transporting it in a kumbha (pot). These four places, including Allahabad, are identified as the present-day sites of the Kumbh Mela. The river-side fair at Allahabad is centuries old, but its association with the kumbha myth and a 12-year old cycle dates back to the 19th century. The priests of Allahabad borrowed these concepts from the Haridwar Kumbh Mela and applied it to their local Magh Mela, an annual celebration. The Magh Mela probably dates back to the early centuries CE, and has been mentioned in several Puranas.

Maha Kumbh Mela

Allahabad - Prayagraj

 

Sunset at the confluence of Ganges, Yamuna and Sarasvati rivers. It is a holy place where people bathe during Kumbh Mela.

 

Kumbh Mela or Kumbha Mela is a mass Hindu pilgrimage of faith in which Hindus gather to bathe in a sacred or holy river. The main festival site is located on the banks of a river: the confluence (Sangam) of the Ganges and the Yamuna and the invisible Sarasvati at Allahabad. Bathing is thought to cleanse a person of all their sins.

Kumbh | 2019

 

Prayagraj Ardh Kumbh Mela, 2019 is the Ardh Kumbh Mela to being held at Triveni Sangam in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India from 15 January to 4 March 2019 According to Hindu mythology, Vishnu dropped drops of amrita (the drink of immortality) at four places, while transporting it in a kumbha (pot). These four places, including Allahabad, are identified as the present-day sites of the Kumbh Mela. The river-side fair at Allahabad is centuries old, but its association with the kumbha myth and a 12-year old cycle dates back to the 19th century. The priests of Allahabad borrowed these concepts from the Haridwar Kumbh Mela and applied it to their local Magh Mela, an annual celebration. The Magh Mela probably dates back to the early centuries CE, and has been mentioned in several Puranas.

Nashik, street vendor

 

Nashik or Nasik is a city with ancient history in India, in the northwest region of Maharashtra.

 

Nashik's Ramkund is a holy place for Hindus. Devotees believe that a dip in this tank will fulfill their wishes. According to Hindu mythology, Lord Rama used to bathe in this tank during his stay in Nashik.

 

Nashik hosts one of the largest religious gatherings in the world known as Maha Kumbh. The Ardh (half) Kumbh Mela is celebrated every six years at Haridwar and Allahabad and the Purna (complete) Kumbh takes place every twelve years at four places in Allahabad, Haridwar, Ujjain, and Nashik. According to the Puranas, it is believed that Kumbh derives its name from an immortal pot of nectar, which the devtas (Gods) and demons fought over. The four places where the nectar fell are at the banks of river Godavari in Nashik, river Kshipra in Ujjain, river Ganges in Haridwar and at the sangam of Ganges, Yamuna and Sarswati in Allahabad.

 

(source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashik)

This is part of a series i made about Hindu pilgrims during the Ardh Kumbh mela in Allahabad, Januray 2007.

 

After night fall Kumbh city becomes flooded with lights and sounds, and activity hardly stops. All night long, bhajans (devotional hymns) are sung and braodcasted by loudspeakers in all the temporary ashrams set up for the month long festival. As always during Hindu religious festivals, the sacred and the simple pleasures of life mix, and for some, the mela is also a great opportunity to buy a new statue of a deity for home or a new set of bangles from street vendors.

Allahabad - Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India

Women Sadhu or sadhvi waiting for lunch.

 

The Kumbh Mela (the festival of the sacred pitcher) is anchored in Hindu mythology. It is the largest public gathering and collective act of faith, anywhere in the world. The Mela draws tens of millions of pilgrims over the course of approximately 48 days to bathe at the sacred confluence of the Ganga, the Yamuna, and the mystical Sarasvati. Primarily, this congregation includes Ascetics, Saints, Sadhus, Sadhvis, Kalpvasis, and Pilgrims from all walks of life.

 

Inscribed in 2017 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, UNESCO.

 

kumbh.gov.in/en/prayagraj

Allahabad - Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh

My second day in Prayagraj: walking in the morning, by boat in the evening.

 

Kumbh Mela is a mass Hindu pilgrimage of faith in which Hindus gather to bathe in a sacred or holy river. The festival site is located on the banks of the river: the confluence (Sangam) of the Ganges and the Yamuna and the invisible Sarasvati at Allahabad. Bathing in this river is thought to cleanse a person of all their sins.

 

Kumbh Mela has been inscribed on the UNESCO's Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity

Allahabad - Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India

Sadhus waiting for lunch

.

The Kumbh Mela (the festival of the sacred pitcher) is anchored in Hindu mythology. It is the largest public gathering and collective act of faith, anywhere in the world. The Mela draws tens of millions of pilgrims over the course of approximately 48 days to bathe at the sacred confluence of the Ganga, the Yamuna, and the mystical Sarasvati. Primarily, this congregation includes Ascetics, Saints, Sadhus, Sadhvis, Kalpvasis, and Pilgrims from all walks of life.

 

Inscribed in 2017 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, UNESCO.

 

kumbh.gov.in/en/prayagraj

I shot the Nasikh Kumbh in 2002 and I was very new to photography , I had shot Ramkundh Panchvati and Tapovan but here at Trimbakeshwar .. my luck changed after meeting a Naga Sadhu .. near Sadhugram.. I wanted to take his pictures , and he obliged but after a few shots he said he had seen me at Film City ,, I told him my Bollywood connection and he told me that he lived near Film City too and I parted ..

I was shooting the Sadhus at Sadhugram and finally after an hour or so I reached a tent to find the Naga Sadhu from Film City there , he called me in and fed me asked me to rest , the next morning was Shahi Snan I asked him if I could stay overnight at their tent ,,he agreed but I could not accompany them to the Trimbakeshwar tank for security reasons ,, he hardly knew me and I was a Muslim I had a press card but I needed a Kumbh Identity card that I did not have ,, I shot the arti the ling kriya the Sadhus pulling a car with their ling in the night and early morning I parted with them in the rains ,, I managed to enter the tank after the Naga Sadhus had taken the dip trekking for over 4 hours as most of the roads leading to the tank are closed .

This was my first Kumbh 2002 and I had a great experience not only as a photographer but as a all religion respecting human being ,, I had given my visiting card to the Naga Guru ..Shri Vijay Giri Maharaj of Juna Akhada ,,

On my return to Mumbai after the Kumbh I had some work at Film City and decided to meet Shri Vijay Giri Maharaj and he blessed me and he was a teacher before becoming a Naga Sadhu so we got along very well , he visited my house and thus I earned his respect and kept in touch , he called me to Ujjain than Ardh Kumbh later but because of my work it was not possible till I finally went on his invitation to shoot the Maha Kumbh at Allahabad 2013 ,, I shot over 3500 images in three days I think till the Shahi Snan Basant Panchami..

And after 12 years I will be revisiting Trimbakeshwar ,,, I dont know whether I will go to Ramkhund shooting the Naga Sadhus is what I prefer as a photographer ,, So there will be silence on my timeline for a few days ,,

Om Namo Narayan

This is part of a series i made about Hindu pilgrims during the Ardh Kumbh mela in Allahabad, Januray 2007.

 

In one of the thousand temporary ashrams that are set up on the Kumbh mela grounds near the city of Allahabad, a woman and a young man are doing their karma yoga by working as volunteers in the kitchens. Every day during the one month long festival, thousands of free meals are served to pilgrims and sâdhus (holy men) in those ashrams.

There are some communities I have to shoot ,, and it is an urge but not an obsession..

First street barbers the nomadic type moving from lane to lane , searching for clients and most have fixed customers regulars ,,

 

I also try to shoot their videos if possible ,,,

 

The next are the Dabbawalas ,.. I have to shoot them I will stop them chat with them and shoot a few frames ..the dabbawalas fascinate me I dont know why .

 

Next woodcarvers at Bandra SV Road I shoot a few I know and there are others who are bit snooty ,,

 

The Whippers of Ma Ambe those who hit themselves with whips and beg for alms .

 

Beggars mostly Muslim beggars of all shape and size and deformity ,,

 

Urchins at traffic signals including women posing as Hijras at the Khar Telephone Exchange Signal.

 

The Hijras I shoot it is part of my poetry and cosmic destiny ,,these are mythical creatures Ardh Nari Nareshwar avatar of the androgynous entity symbolizing Lord Shiva,,

  

The icegolawalas in the slums ,, butchers mostly buffalo butchers ,,

 

Mystics Malangs Rafaees and other such people including Naga Sadhus ,, Aghoris etc.

 

Koli women selling fish in my area ,

 

I shoot garbage as catharsis to the restlessness of the garbage in my soul.. I become superfluously one with garbage ,

 

I would like to shoot the Circus but seeing my attire they would hire me as a clown to entertain kids ..

 

I shoot life in thee slums , demolition of slums I try to avoid shooting disasters but shoot it as an aftermath and the rebuilding process .

 

I dont shoot clouds ,,

I dont shoot sunsets sunrise

The only mountains or molehills I shoot are garbage dumps in my backyard.

 

I shoot the minstrels of Phandharpur ,, I shoot kaichi dharwalas , pattiyawalas , water sellers , desi sex medicine sellers or pathans who sell salajeet ,,

 

I shoot the redlight area ,, sometimes ,,

 

I shoot the East Indian ethos ,, their houses lifestyle etc,.

  

I shoot Jain sadhvis and monks ,

 

I used to shoot the guys who collect gold dust near Jain mandir ,, tough job..

 

I shoot drunks drugaddicts and the homeless sleeping on the streets ,, I avoid selfies ,,

 

I wanted to shoot the tankwalis ladies who wore no blouse and refurbished the grinding stone but they disappeared ,, the new ones are fully attired ,,

 

So these are people I shoot ,, I also shoot cows eating plastic bags and garbage ,,

 

I used to shoot the crossdressers and the gay pride ,,,and a group of people called Sada Suhagins Sufi sect ..men dressed as women but not transgender ...

 

And yes I shoot the ear cleaners and chiropodists

 

Allahabad - Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India

Sadhus waiting for lunch.

 

The Kumbh Mela (the festival of the sacred pitcher) is anchored in Hindu mythology. It is the largest public gathering and collective act of faith, anywhere in the world. The Mela draws tens of millions of pilgrims over the course of approximately 48 days to bathe at the sacred confluence of the Ganga, the Yamuna, and the mystical Sarasvati. Primarily, this congregation includes Ascetics, Saints, Sadhus, Sadhvis, Kalpvasis, and Pilgrims from all walks of life.

 

Inscribed in 2017 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, UNESCO.

 

kumbh.gov.in/en/prayagraj

My journey as a digital artist was not an easy one I gave up analogue photography learnt photoshop a little bit some internetting e mail etc I paid Rs 4000 to a guy whose father was a tailor like me but he had his tailoring shop at Peddar Road .

This was 2004..

 

I took help also from a PSI friend Atul Choubey master in digital media the best in his line .

 

I started my internet humble beginnings at Buzznet as Photographer no1 later as Commentator no 1 ..here I learnt to talk to write and to shock people with my blood gore pictures of Moharam..

At first I thought I would only document Shiasm but later posted pcture of other Faith..

 

I actually started unlearning photography thans to this young American kid Tom Andrews from Hollywood ,, I decided I will shoot like him...he inspired me to push myself into digital dry lab of BW .

 

I met other good friends Benn Bell Friar Tuck Richard Higgins Bernie Aguirre to name a few .. there were a lot ..till my Buzznet got hacked my Shia sets werre infiltrated with hardcore porn..

I could not delete my account but Tom Andrews helped in deleting my account with the Buzznet folks .

 

I was not even net savvy .

 

I had a Blogspot and my oldest Fotothing Xanga Webshots ..

 

I moved to Flickr in 2007 it was here I met late Fred Miller who told me I was a street photographer I shot this genre did not know about it ,,

I became a hardcore Blogger on a photo management site Flickr .

 

I joined Indiblogger I fought defended blogging for a few years ..than I realized I was getting stunted living among bloggers I cut off the umbilical cord killed the blogger within me and reverted back almost burnt out as a photographer poet and storyteller .. and the journey has been great .

 

I kept evolving as a photographer but I decided to use my photography to redeem lost souls beggars hijras others ..

 

I stopped posting at my Blogspot I have 5 blogs ,,,

 

Flickr is my archive inching towards 500000 images .I am short of 200.

 

I cut down on my photography I stopped shooting Moharam in Mumbai I just shot a few Hindu feasts .th Sufis happened in 2005 ..I wont be shooting Ajmer or Makanpur ,, so only a few Sufi fests in Mumbai and documenting Bava Gor and The Siddis Black Sufis .

 

Nowadays I hardly use my camera ..rare occasions I have not upgraded my cameras and I will do it once I cler of a few debts and our home loan that my eldest son is taking care of .

 

This year with a film assignment that I am committed to my Moharam plans are on hold ..I leave it to God above .

 

My Naga Gurus death hit me hard or I would be with him at the Ardh Kumbh in Feb..Basant Panchami.

 

I am also doubtful about Kamakhya in 2019... if the Goddess calls me I will go.

 

So what I really wanted to say all this writing has come through photography ..but I will never revert to blogging .in my life .. for me

 

Blogging died

of overdose ..

RIP Blogger Firoze .

a path I chose

Shut the Door

I am what I am

But not what I

was before ..

  

Allahabad - Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India

There are 22 temporary pontoon bridges at Sangam. Private cars are not allowed. Authorities are expecting approximately 100 million visitors. Most people walk.

 

The Kumbh Mela (the festival of the sacred pitcher) is anchored in Hindu mythology. It is the largest public gathering and collective act of faith, anywhere in the world. The Mela draws tens of millions of pilgrims over the course of approximately 48 days to bathe at the sacred confluence of the Ganga, the Yamuna, and the mystical Sarasvati. Primarily, this congregation includes Ascetics, Saints, Sadhus, Sadhvis, Kalpvasis, and Pilgrims from all walks of life.

 

Inscribed in 2017 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, UNESCO.

 

kumbh.gov.in/en/prayagraj

Triveni Sangam, the meeting point of three rivers: the Ganga, the Yamuna and the invisible Sarasvati. A place where Kumbh Mela is held once in 12 years.

 

Kumbh Mela or Kumbha Mela is a mass Hindu pilgrimage of faith in which Hindus gather to bathe in a sacred or holy river. In 2017 Kumbh Mela got inscribed to the UNESCO's Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

 

The latest Allahabad Kumbh Mela took place in 2013 and became the largest religious gathering in the world with almost 120 million visitors. The next one is scheduled for 2025, with an Ardh Kumbh Mela ("Half Kumbh") scheduled for 2019.

Every year, a smaller version of Kumbh called Magh Mela is organized which falls during the Hindu month of Magha (usually January or February). en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Allahabad#Sangam

In between the place is continuously frequented by devotees.

2015in04alhb_134

2015-11-12

Allahabad - Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India

Sadhus waiting for lunch.

 

The Kumbh Mela (the festival of the sacred pitcher) is anchored in Hindu mythology. It is the largest public gathering and collective act of faith, anywhere in the world. The Mela draws tens of millions of pilgrims over the course of approximately 48 days to bathe at the sacred confluence of the Ganga, the Yamuna, and the mystical Sarasvati. Primarily, this congregation includes Ascetics, Saints, Sadhus, Sadhvis, Kalpvasis, and Pilgrims from all walks of life.

 

Inscribed in 2017 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, UNESCO.

 

kumbh.gov.in/en/prayagraj

posted at Facebook

 

A Childhood Moment

 

I stopped carrying my Camera on the streets I find my Vivo V11Pro a better option... Most of my street shots are on my cell phone.

 

I have cut down on my photography unless I intend to shoot an event like Pitru Paksha that I shot at Banganga.

 

This year I did not shoot the Durga workshops at Parel Chinchpokli.

I did not shoot the Durga pandal nor did I go for the Durga Visarjan today at Juhu Beach.

 

My Moharam photography is in hold as I have not been able to leave Mumbai because of my diabetes I normally shot Ashura in Hyderabad Lucknow Chennai.

I keep away from Moharam in Mumbai for personal reasons.

I hardly shoot the Qadri RafaeeSilsila I stopped going to Ajmer Sharif Makanpur.

I stopped pursuing the Siddis at Ratanpore Bharuch..

The only two Dargahs I will shoot in Mumbai are Makhdhoomi Shah Baba and Fakhruddin Shah Baba at Mahim.

 

I hardly go to town. Not been to Dongri since a long time.

I don't think I will go to Kamamkya as I intend to continue my Aghori documentary at Kashi if invited by my Aghori Guru Sri Manikandan from Trichy.

 

I am still connected to the Juna Akhara thanks to my Naga Sadhu friends of Juna Akhara 13 Madi so I will shoot the Hardwar Kumbh 2020 I think.

I have a very good relationship with the Naga Sadhus of Kashi Gujrat and Kamakhya.

 

I did not shoot the Kinnar Akhara at Ardh Kumbh.

I am close to Mata Bhavani Maha Mandleshwar Kinna Akhara Ujjain she along with Gayatri Devi were my hosts at Kinnar Akhara Kamakhya.

The Aghoris and the Hijras share a cosmic bond.

I mostly shoot videos ..all archived at my You Tube channel.

I use Flickr as an archive for my images.

I am new to Instagram.

The day I get tired of Facebook I will take a long break again.

 

#Bandra

 

Allahabad - Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India

Sadhus

 

The Kumbh Mela (the festival of the sacred pitcher) is anchored in Hindu mythology. It is the largest public gathering and collective act of faith, anywhere in the world. The Mela draws tens of millions of pilgrims over the course of approximately 48 days to bathe at the sacred confluence of the Ganga, the Yamuna, and the mystical Sarasvati. Primarily, this congregation includes Ascetics, Saints, Sadhus, Sadhvis, Kalpvasis, and Pilgrims from all walks of life.

 

Inscribed in 2017 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, UNESCO.

 

kumbh.gov.in/en/prayagraj

En el hinduismo, el kumbhamela o kumbh mela es un peregrinaje que se realiza cuatro veces cada doce años, y tiene lugar, por turno, en los siguientes lugares santos: Prayag, el nombre hindú de Allahabad, Haridwar, Ujjain y Nasik.

Prayagraj Ardh Kumbh Mela, 2019 es el Ardh Kumbh Mela que se celebra en Triveni Sangam en Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India, del 15 de enero al 4 de marzo de 2019

 

Allahabad - Prayagraj

Cultural program

 

Starting on January 15, 2019, and lasting until March 4, 2019, the Hindu festival of Kumbh Mela will take place in Allahabad, India. Authorities are expecting approximately 100 million visitors to come for a holy dip at Sangam, the confluence of the Ganges, Yamuna, and mythical Saraswati Rivers.

Allahabad - Prayagraj

Kumbh | 2019

 

Prayagraj Ardh Kumbh Mela, 2019 is the Ardh Kumbh Mela to being held at Triveni Sangam in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India from 15 January to 4 March 2019 According to Hindu mythology, Vishnu dropped drops of amrita (the drink of immortality) at four places, while transporting it in a kumbha (pot). These four places, including Allahabad, are identified as the present-day sites of the Kumbh Mela. The river-side fair at Allahabad is centuries old, but its association with the kumbha myth and a 12-year old cycle dates back to the 19th century. The priests of Allahabad borrowed these concepts from the Haridwar Kumbh Mela and applied it to their local Magh Mela, an annual celebration. The Magh Mela probably dates back to the early centuries CE, and has been mentioned in several Puranas.

Allahabad - Prayagraj

 

Naga Sadhus are considered as militant groups of Hindus for safeguarding Hinduism and India from foreign invaders. They mostly live in Himalayan Caves and they appear during the time of Kumbh Mela. They never disturb or kill any innocent people of the Society. Naga Sadhus are mostly half clothed Saints, long Jata on their heads. Their faces are always covered with ash. (Quora)

 

Starting on January 15, 2019, and lasting until March 4, 2019, the Hindu festival of Kumbh Mela will take place in Allahabad, India. Authorities are expecting approximately 100 million visitors to come for a holy dip at Sangam, the confluence of the Ganges, Yamuna, and mythical Saraswati Rivers.

Allahabad - Prayagraj

 

Sunset at the confluence of Ganges, Yamuna and Sarasvati rivers. It is a holy place where people bathe during Kumbh Mela.

 

Kumbh Mela or Kumbha Mela is a mass Hindu pilgrimage of faith in which Hindus gather to bathe in a sacred or holy river. The main festival site is located on the banks of a river: the confluence (Sangam) of the Ganges and the Yamuna and the invisible Sarasvati at Allahabad. Bathing is thought to cleanse a person of all their sins.

Allahabad - Prayagraj

 

Starting on January 15, 2019, and lasting until March 4, 2019, the Hindu festival of Kumbh Mela will take place in Allahabad, India. Authorities are expecting approximately 100 million visitors to come for a holy dip at Sangam, the confluence of the Ganges, Yamuna, and mythical Saraswati Rivers.

The Lakshmana Temple is a Hindu temple built by Yashovarman located in Khajuraho, India. Dedicated to Vaikuntha Vishnu - an aspect of Vishnu.

 

LOCATION

This temple is located in the Western Temple complex in Khajuraho. Khajuraho is a small village in Chattarpur District of Madhya Pradesh, India

 

ARCHITECTURE

It is a Sandhara Temple of the Panchayatana Variety. The entire temple complex stands on a high platform (Jagati), as seen in image. The structure consists of all the elements of Hindu temple architecture. It has entrance porch (ardh-mandapa), Mandapa, Maha-Mandapa, Antarala and Garbhagriha.

 

Unlike other temples in Khajuraho, its sanctum is Pancharatha on plan (top-view). Its shikhara is clustered with minor urushringas (refer images of temple top i.e. shikhara).

 

The wall portion is studded with balconied windows with ornate balustrades.

 

It has two rows of sculptures (refer images of temple's outer wall) including divine figures, couples and erotic scenes.

 

The sanctum doorway is of seven sakhas (vertical panels). The central one being decorated with various incarnation of Lord Vishnu. The Lintel depicts goddess Lakshmi in the centre flanked by Brahma and Vishnu. The sanctum contains four-armed sculpture of Vishnu.

 

SCULPTURES

MAIN IDOL

Main image is of tri-headed & four-armed sculpture of Vaikuntha Vishnu.

 

The central head is of human, and two sides of boar (depicting Varaha) and lion (depicting Narshima).

_________________________________

 

The Khajuraho Group of Monuments is a group of Hindu and Jain temples in Madhya Pradesh, India, about 175 kilometres southeast of Jhansi. They are one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India. The temples are famous for their nagara-style architectural symbolism and their erotic sculptures.

 

Most Khajuraho temples were built between 950 and 1050 by the Chandela dynasty. Historical records note that the Khajuraho temple site had 85 temples by 12th century, spread over 20 square kilometers. Of these, only about 20 temples have survived, spread over 6 square kilometers. Of the various surviving temples, the Kandariya Mahadeva Temple is decorated with a profusion of sculptures with intricate details, symbolism and expressiveness of ancient Indian art.

 

The Khajuraho group of temples were built together but were dedicated to two religions - namely Hinduism and Jainism - suggesting a tradition of acceptance and respect for diverse religious views among Hindus and Jains.

 

LOCATION

Khajuraho group of monuments are located in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, in Chhatarpur district, about 620 kilometres southeast of New Delhi. The temples are in a small town also known as Khajuraho, with a population of about 20,000 people (2001 Census).

 

Khajuraho is served by Civil Aerodrome Khajuraho (IATA Code: HJR), with services to Delhi, Agra, Varanasi and Mumbai. The site is also linked by Indian Railways service, with the railway station located approximately six kilometres from the monuments entrance.

 

The monuments are about 10 kilometres off the east-west National Highway 75, and about 50 kilometres from the city of Chhatarpur, that is connected to Bhopal - the state capital - by the SW-NE running National Highway 86.

 

HISTORY

The Khajuraho group of monuments was built during the rule of the Rajput Chandela dynasty. The building activity started almost immediately after the rise of their power, throughout their kingdom to be later known as Bundelkhand. Most temples were built during the reigns of the Hindu kings Yashovarman and Dhanga. Yashovarman's legacy is best exhibited by Lakshmana temple. Vishvanatha temple best highlights King Dhanga's reign. The largest and currently most famous surviving temple is Kandariya Mahadeva built in the reign of King Ganda from 1017-1029 CE. The temple inscriptions suggest many of the currently surviving temples were complete between 970 to 1030 CE, with further temples completed during the following decades.

 

The Khajuraho temples were built about 35 miles from the medieval city of Mahoba, the capital of the Chandela dynasty, in the Kalinjar region. In ancient and medieval literature, their kingdom has been referred to as Jijhoti, Jejahoti, Chih-chi-to and Jejakabhukti.

 

Khajuraho was mentioned by Abu Rihan-al-Biruni, the Persian historian who accompanied Mahmud of Ghazni in his raid of Kalinjar in 1022 CE; he mentions Khajuraho as the capital of Jajahuti. The raid was unsuccessful, and a peace accord was reached when the Hindu king agreed to pay a ransom to Mahmud of Ghazni to end the attack and leave.

 

Khajuraho temples were in active use through the end of 12th century. This changed in the 13th century, after the army of Delhi Sultanate, under the command of the Muslim Sultan Qutb-ud-din Aibak, attacked and seized the Chandela kingdom. About a century later, Ibn Battuta, the Moroccan traveller in his memoirs about his stay in India from 1335 to 1342 CE, mentioned visiting Khajuraho temples, calling them “Kajarra” as follows:

 

...near (Khajuraho) temples, which contain idols that have been mutilated by the Moslems, live a number of yogis whose matted locks have grown as long as their bodies. And on account of extreme asceticism they are all yellow in colour. Many Moslems attend these men in order to take lessons (yoga) from them.

— Ibn Battuta, about 1335 CE, Riḥlat Ibn Baṭūṭah, Translated by Arthur Cotterell

 

Central Indian region, where Khajuraho temples are, remained in the control of many different Muslim dynasties from 13th century through the 18th century. In this period, some temples were desecrated, followed by a long period when they were left in neglect. In 1495 CE, for example, Sikandar Lodi’s campaign of temple destruction included Khajuraho. The remoteness and isolation of Khajuraho protected the Hindu and Jain temples from continued destruction by Muslims. Over the centuries, vegetation and forests overgrew, took over the temples.

 

In the 1830s, local Hindus guided a British surveyor, T.S. Burt, to the temples and they were thus rediscovered by the global audience. Alexander Cunningham later reported, few years after the rediscovery, that the temples were secretly in use by yogis and thousands of Hindus would arrive for pilgrimage during Shivaratri celebrated annually in February or March based on a lunar calendar. In 1852, Maisey prepared earliest drawings of the Khajuraho temples.

 

NOMENCLATURE

The name Khajuraho, or Kharjuravāhaka, is derived from ancient Sanskrit (kharjura, खर्जूर means date palm, and vāhaka, वाहक means "one who carries" or bearer). Local legends state that the temples had two golden date-palm trees as their gate (missing when they were rediscovered). Desai states that Kharjuravāhaka also means scorpion bearer, which is another symbolic name for deity Shiva (who wears snakes and scorpion garlands in his fierce form).

 

Cunningham’s nomenclature and systematic documentation work in 1850s and 1860s have been widely adopted and continue to be in use. He grouped the temples into the Western group around Lakshmana, Eastern group around Javeri, and Southern group around Duladeva.

 

Khajuraho is one of the four holy sites linked to deity Shiva (the other three are Kedarnath, Kashi and Gaya). Its origin and design is a subject of scholarly studies. Shobita Punja has proposed that the temple’s origin reflect the Hindu mythology in which Khajuraho is the place where Shiva got married; with Raghuvamsha verse 5.53, Matangeshvara honoring ‘’Matanga’’, or god of love.

 

DESCRIPTION

The temple site is within Vindhya mountain range in central India. An ancient local legend held that Hindu deity Shiva and other gods enjoyed visiting the dramatic hill formation in Kalinjar area. The center of this region is Khajuraho, set midst local hills and rivers. The temple complex reflects the ancient Hindu tradition of building temples where gods love to play.

 

The temples are clustered near water, another typical feature of Hindu temples. The current water bodies include Sib Sagar, Khajur Sagar (also called Ninora Tal) and Khudar Nadi (river). The local legends state that the temple complex had 64 water bodies, of which 56 have been physically identified by archeologists so far.

 

All temples, except one (Chaturbhuja) face sunrise - another symbolic feature that is predominant in Hindu temples. The relative layout of temples integrate masculine and feminine deities and symbols highlight the interdependence. The art work symbolically highlight the four goals of life considered necessary and proper in Hinduism - dharma, kama, artha and moksha.

 

Of the surviving temples, 6 are dedicated to Shiva and his consorts, 8 to Vishnu and his affinities, 1 to Ganesha, 1 to Sun god, 3 to Jain Tirthanks. For some ruins, there is insufficient evidence to assign the temple to specific deities with confidence.

 

An overall examination of site suggests that the Hindu symbolic mandala design principle of square and circles is present each temple plan and design. Further, the territory is laid out in three triangles that converge to form a pentagon. Scholars suggest that this reflects the Hindu symbolism for three realms or trilokinatha, and five cosmic substances or panchbhuteshvara. The temple site highlights Shiva, the one who destroys and recycles life, thereby controlling the cosmic dance of time, evolution and dissolution. The temples have a rich display of intricately carved statues. While they are famous for their erotic sculpture, sexual themes cover less than 10% of the temple sculpture. Further, most erotic scene panels are neither prominent nor emphasized at the expense of the rest, rather they are in proportional balance with the non-sexual images. The viewer has to look closely to find them, or be directed by a guide. The arts cover numerous aspects of human life and values considered important in Hindu pantheon. Further, the images are arranged in a configuration to express central ideas of Hinduism. All three ideas from Āgamas are richly expressed in Khajuraho temples - Avyakta, Vyaktavyakta and Vyakta.

 

The Beejamandal temple is under excavation. It has been identified with the Vaidyanath temple mentioned in the Grahpati Kokalla inscription.

 

Of all temples, the Matangeshvara temple remains an active site of worship. It is another square grid temple, with a large 2.5 metres high and 1.1 metres diameter lingam, placed on a 7.6 metres diameter platform.

 

The most visited temple, Kandariya Mahadev, has an area of about 6,500 square feet and a shikhara (spire) that rises 116 feet. Jain templesThe Jain temples are located on east-southeast region of Khajuraho monuments. Chausath jogini temple features 64 jogini, while Ghantai temple features bells sculptured on its pillars.

 

ARCHITECTURE OF THE TEMPLES

Khajuraho temples, like almost all Hindu temple designs, follow a grid geometrical design called vastu-purusha-mandala. This design plan has three important components - Mandala means circle, Purusha is universal essence at the core of Hindu tradition, while Vastu means the dwelling structure.

 

The design lays out a Hindu temple in a symmetrical, concentrically layered, self-repeating structure around the core of the temple called garbhagriya, where the abstract principle Purusha and the primary deity of the temple dwell. The shikhara, or spire, of the temple rises above the garbhagriya. This symmetry and structure in design is derived from central beliefs, myths, cardinality and mathematical principles.

 

The circle of mandala circumscribe the square. The square is considered divine for its perfection and as a symbolic product of knowledge and human thought, while circle is considered earthly, human and observed in everyday life (moon, sun, horizon, water drop, rainbow). Each supports the other. The square is divided into perfect 64 sub-squares called padas.

 

Most Khajuraho temples deploy the 8x8 padas grid Manduka Vastupurushamandala, with pitha mandala the square grid incorporated in the design of the spires. The primary deity or lingas are located in the grid’s Brahma padas.

The architecture is symbolic and reflects the central Hindu beliefs through its form, structure and arrangement of its parts. The mandapas as well as the arts are arranged in the Khajuraho temples in a symmetric repeating patterns, even though each image or sculpture is distinctive in its own way. The relative placement of the images are not random but together they express ideas, just like connected words form sentences and paragraphs to compose ideas. This fractal pattern that is common in Hindu temples. Various statues and panels have inscriptions. Many of the inscriptions on the temple walls are poems with double meanings, something that the complex structure of Sanskrit allows in creative compositions. All Khajuraho temples, except one, face sunrise, and the entrance for the devotee is this east side.Above the vastu-purusha-mandala of each temple is a superstructure with a dome called Shikhara (or Vimana, Spire). Variations in spire design come from variation in degrees turned for the squares. The temple Shikhara, in some literature, is linked to mount Kailash or Meru, the mythical abode of the gods.In each temple, the central space typically is surrounded by an ambulatory for the pilgrim to walk around and ritually circumambulate the Purusa and the main deity. The pillars, walls and ceilings around the space, as well as outside have highly ornate carvings or images of the four just and necessary pursuits of life - kama, artha, dharma and moksa. This clockwise walk around is called pradakshina. Larger Khajuraho temples also have pillared halls called mandapa. One near the entrance, on the east side, serves as the waiting room for pilgrims and devotees. The mandapas are also arranged by principles of symmetry, grids and mathematical precision. This use of same underlying architectural principle is common in Hindu temples found all over India. Each Khajuraho temple is distinctly carved yet also repeating the central common principles in almost all Hindu temples, one which Susan Lewandowski refers to as “an organism of repeating cells”.

 

CONSTRUCTION

The temples are grouped into three geographical divisions: western, eastern and southern.

 

The Khajuraho temples are made of sandstone, with a granite foundation that is almost concealed from view. The builders didn't use mortar: the stones were put together with mortise and tenon joints and they were held in place by gravity. This form of construction requires very precise joints. The columns and architraves were built with megaliths that weighed up to 20 tons. Some repair work in the 19th Century was done with brick and mortar; however these have aged faster than original materials and darkened with time, thereby seeming out of place.

 

The Khajuraho and Kalinjar region is home to superior quality of sandstone, which can be precision carved. The surviving sculpture reflect fine details such as strands of hair, manicured nails and intricate jewelry.

 

While recording the television show Lost Worlds (History Channel) at Khajuraho, Alex Evans recreated a stone sculpture under 4 feet that took about 60 days to carve in an attempt to develop a rough idea how much work must have been involved. Roger Hopkins and Mark Lehner also conducted experiments to quarry limestone which took 12 quarrymen 22 days to quarry about 400 tons of stone. They concluded that these temples would have required hundreds of highly trained sculptors.

 

CHRONOLOGY

The Khajuraho group of temples belong to Vaishnavism school of Hinduism, Saivism school of Hinduism and Jainism - nearly a third each. Archaeological studies suggest all three types of temples were under construction at about the same time in late 10th century, and in use simultaneously. Will Durant states that this aspect of Khajuraho temples illustrates the tolerance and respect for different religious viewpoints in the Hindu and Jain traditions. In each group of Khajuraho temples, there were major temples surrounded by smaller temples - a grid style that is observed to varying degrees in Hindu temples in Angkor Wat, Parambaran and South India.

 

The largest surviving Saiva temple is Khandarya Mahadeva, while the largest surviving Vaishnava group includes Chaturbhuja and Ramachandra.

 

Kandariya Mahadeva Temple plan is 109 ft in length by 60 ft, and rises 116 ft above ground and 88 ft above its own floor. The central padas are surrounded by three rows of sculptured figures, with over 870 statues, most being half life size (2.5 to 3 feet). The spire is a self repeating fractal structure.

 

ARTS AND SCULPTURE

The Khajuraho temples feature a variety of art work, of which 10% is sexual or erotic art outside and inside the temples. Some of the temples that have two layers of walls have small erotic carvings on the outside of the inner wall. Some scholars suggest these to be tantric sexual practices. Other scholars state that the erotic arts are part of Hindu tradition of treating kama as an essential and proper part of human life, and its symbolic or explicit display is common in Hindu temples. James McConnachie, in his history of the Kamasutra, describes the sexual-themed Khajuraho sculptures as "the apogee of erotic art": "Twisting, broad-hipped and high breasted nymphs display their generously contoured and bejewelled bodies on exquisitely worked exterior wall panels. These fleshy apsaras run riot across the surface of the stone, putting on make-up, washing their hair, playing games, dancing, and endlessly knotting and unknotting their girdles....Beside the heavenly nymphs are serried ranks of griffins, guardian deities and, most notoriously, extravagantly interlocked maithunas, or lovemaking couples."

 

The temples have several thousand statues and art works, with Kandarya Mahadeva Temple alone decorated with over 870. Some 10% of these iconographic carvings contain sexual themes and various sexual poses. A common misconception is that, since the old structures with carvings in Khajuraho are temples, the carvings depict sex between deities; however the kama arts represent diverse sexual expressions of different human beings. The vast majority of arts depict various aspects the everyday life, mythical stories as well as symbolic display of various secular and spiritual values important in Hindu tradition. For example, depictions show women putting on makeup, musicians making music, potters, farmers, and other folks in their daily life during the medieval era. These scenes are in the outer padas as is typical in Hindu temples.

 

There is iconographic symbolism embedded in the arts displayed in Khajuraho temples. Core Hindu values are expressed in multitude of ways. Even the Kama scenes, when seen in combination of sculptures that precede and follow, depict the spiritual themes such as moksha. In the words of Stella Kramrisch,

 

This state which is “like a man and woman in close embrace” is a symbol of moksa, final release or reunion of two principles, the essence (Purusha) and the nature (Prakriti).

— Stella Kramrisch, 1976

 

The Khajuraho temples represent one expression of many forms of arts that flourished in Rajput kingdoms of India from 8th through 10th century CE. For example, contemporary with Khajuraho were the publications of poems and drama such as Prabodhacandrodaya, Karpuramanjari, Viddhasalabhanjika and Kavyamimansa. Some of the themes expressed in these literary works are carved as sculpture in Khajuraho temples. Some sculptures at the Khajuraho monuments dedicated to Vishnu include the Vyalas, which are hybrid imaginary animals with lions body, and are found in other Indian temples. Some of these hybrid mythical art work include Vrik Vyala (hybrid of wolf and lion) and Gaja Vyala (hybrid of elephant and lion). These Vyalas may represent syncretic, creative combination of powers innate in the two.

 

TOURISM AND CULTURAL EVENTS

The temples in Khajuraho are broadly divided into three parts: the Eastern group, the Southern Group and the Western group of temples of which the Western group alone has the facility of an Audio guided tour wherein the tourists are guided through the seven eight temples. There is also an audio guided tour developed by the Archaeological Survey of India which includes a narration of the temple history and architecture.

 

The Khajuraho Dance Festival is held every year in February. It features various classical Indian dances set against the backdrop of the Chitragupta or Vishwanath Temples.

 

The Khajuraho temple complex offers a light and sound show every evening. The first show is in English language and the second one in Hindi. It is held in the open lawns in the temple complex, and has received mixed reviews.

 

The Madhya Pradesh Tourism Development has set up kiosks at the Khajuraho railway station, with tourist officers to provide information for Khajuraho visitors.

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Der Tempelbezirk von Khajuraho umfasst eine Gruppe von etwa 20 Tempeln im Zentrum und in der näheren Umgebung der Stadt Khajuraho im indischen Bundesstaat Madhya Pradesh. Sie zählen zum UNESCO-Welterbe.

 

GESCHICHTE

Nahezu alle Tempel Khajurahos wurde von den Herrschern der Chandella-Dynastie zwischen 950 und 1120 erbaut. Die Chandellas waren ein zwischen dem 10. und 16. Jahrhundert regierender Rajputen-Klan, welcher sich um 950 in Gwalior festsetzte. Im 10. und 11. Jahrhundert waren die Chandellas die führende Macht in Nordindien, wenngleich sie formell noch bis 1018 Vasallen der Pratihara waren.

 

Nach dem Niedergang der Dynastie im 12. Jahrhundert wurden die Tempel kaum noch oder gar nicht mehr benutzt und blieben dem Wuchs des Dschungels überlassen. Der politisch, militärisch und wirtschaftlich bedeutungslos gewordene Ort lag abseits aller Wege und blieb somit auch in der Zeit des islamischen Vordringens in Nordindien von Zerstörungen verschont. Im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert zählte die einstmals bedeutsame Stadt nur noch etwa 300 Einwohner. Im 19. Jahrhundert wurden die Tempel von den Briten 'wiederentdeckt'. Zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts begannen systematische Sicherungs- und Restaurierungsarbeiten, die schließlich zur Wiederherstellung dieses einzigartigen Architektur-Ensembles führten.

 

TEMPEL

Ursprünglich gab es in Khajuraho etwa 80 Tempelbauten verstreut auf einer Gesamtfläche von ca. 21 Quadratkilometer, heutzutage sind davon nur noch etwa 20 erhalten, von denen die meisten in zwei Gruppen stehen. Die Mehrzahl der Tempel ist den hinduistischen Hauptgöttern geweiht, einige den Jaina-Tirthankaras. Buddhistische Bauten gab es wohl nicht, jedenfalls wurden keine buddhistischen Skulpturen entdeckt.

 

Alle Tempel stehen auf 1,50 bis 3 Meter hohen Plattformen (jagatis), die das Bauwerk vor Witterungseinflüssen (Monsunregen) und freilaufenden Tieren schützten. Hinzu kommt eine Sockelzone, die bei den späteren Tempeln (ab ca. 950) mehrfach gestuft ist und durchaus nochmals 3 Meter hoch sein kann. Plattform und Sockel tragen natürlich auch zu einer 'Erhöhung' des aufstehenden Bauwerks im übertragenen Sinn bei.

 

Die Mehrzahl der Tempeleingänge sind nach Osten, also in Richtung der aufgehenden Sonne ausgerichtet, d. h. die Cella (garbhagriha) liegt im Westen. Bei zwei Tempeln ist es umgekehrt: sie orientieren sich nach Westen, d. h. in Richtung der untergehenden Sonne (Lalguan-Mahadeva-Tempel und Chaturbuja-Tempel). Beide Ausrichtungen sind bei indischen Tempeln seit Jahrhunderten möglich und üblich. Die vorderen zwei Begleitschreine des Lakshmana-Tempels liegen einander gegenüber und sind nach Süden bzw. Norden ausgerichtet.

 

WESTGRUPPE (Hindu-Tempel)

- Matangeshvara-Tempel (ca. 950)

- Varaha-Tempel (ca. 950)

- Lakshmana-Tempel (ca. 950)

- Devi-Tempel

- Vishvanatha-Tempel (ca. 1000)

- Nandi-Schrein

- Parvati-Schrein

- Jagadambi-Tempel

- Chitragupta-Tempel

- Kandariya-Mahadeva-Tempel (1. Hälfte 11. Jh.)

 

OSTGRUPPE (Jain-Tempel)

- Parsvanatha-Tempel (ca. 960)

- Adinatha-Tempel (ca. 1050)

- Shantinatha-Tempel

- Ghantai-Tempel (ca. 990)

 

EINZELTEMPEL (Hindu-Tempel)

- Chausath-Yogini-Tempel (ca. 875)

- Lalguan-Mahadeva-Tempel (ca. 920)

- Brahma-Tempel (ca. 930)

- Khakra-Math-Tempel (ca. 980)

- Vamana-Tempel (ca. 1050)

- Javari-Tempel (ca. 1100)

- Chaturbuja-Tempel (ca. 1120)

- Duladeo-Tempel (ca. 1120)

 

ARCHITEKTUR

Die Tempel von Khajuraho bieten die Möglichkeit, auf engstem Raum die Entwicklung der indischen Baukunst in einer Zeitspanne von etwa 200 Jahren zu verfolgen − von kleinen (wenig gegliederten, einräumigen und geschlossenen) Tempeln hin zu großen (stark gegliederten, mehrräumigen und offenen) Bauten. Auch die Höhe der Bauten erfährt während dieser Zeit eine enorme Steigerung. Gemeinsam ist nahezu allen Bauten (Ausnahme: Chausath-Yogini-Tempel), dass sie über Dachaufbauten (Shikhara-Türme oder Pyramidendächer) verfügen, die von gerippten amalaka-Steinen und kalasha-Krügen bekrönt werden.

 

FRÜHZEIT

Abgesehen vom Chausath-Yogini-Tempel, dem ältesten und vollkommen anderen baulichen Traditionen verpflichteten Tempelbau in Khajuraho, bestehen die frühen Tempel nur aus einer − von einem gestuften Pyramidendach bedeckten − Cella (garbhagriha), der im Fall des Brahma-Tempels noch ein Portalvorbau (antarala), im Fall des Varaha-Tempels und des Matangesvara-Tempels jeweils ein kleiner offener Vorraum (mandapa) vorgesetzt ist. Die Außenwände sind nur geringfügig gegliedert und überwiegend steinsichtig.

 

BLÜHTZEIT

Die Blütezeit der Tempelarchitektur in Khajuraho beginnt mit dem Lakshmana-Tempel (ca. 930−950), der wahrscheinlich vom Maladevi-Tempel in Gyaraspur und von früheren Tempelbauten in Rajasthan beeinflusst ist, die ihrerseits wiederum allesamt auf die beim Bau des Kalika-Mata-Tempels in Chittorgarh (ca. 700) erstmals entwickelten baulichen Innovationen zurückgeführt werden können. Diese sind im Wesentlichen: mehrere hintereinander liegende, aber harmonisch miteinander verbundenen Bauteile (mandapas, antarala und garbhagriha); gleiche Grundfläche von großer Vorhalle (mahamandapa) und Sanktumsbereich; Cella als eigenständiger Baukörper im Innern; Pfeiler − und nicht mehr Wände − als tragende Stützelemente für die Dachaufbauten − dadurch wurde es möglich, die Räume nach außen hin durch balkonähnliche Vorbauten zu öffnen; mehrfache Abstufung und Gliederung der verbliebenen Wandteile außen wie innen − dadurch treten sie gar nicht mehr als 'Wand' in Erscheinung; Fortsetzung der Außenwandgliederung im Dachaufbau.

 

Beim Lakshmana-Tempel ist die Cella als eigener, innenliegender Baukörper gestaltet und von einem Umgang (pradakshinapatha) umgeben. Der gesamte Sanktumsbereich sowie seine vier Nebenschreine werden − erstmals in Khajuraho − von steil und hoch aufragenden Shikhara-Türmen überhöht; die weniger wichtigen Vorhallen werden auch weiterhin von den insgesamt flacheren, pyramidenförmigen Dächern bedeckt, so dass eine architektonische Steigerung der Tempel − einem Gebirge durchaus vergleichbar − hin zur Cella erreicht wird.

 

Die wichtigsten Nachfolgebauten des Lakshmana-Tempels sind der Vishvanatha-Tempel (ca. 1000) und der Kandariya-Mahadeva-Tempel (ca. 1050), bei denen wegen der vielfältigen architektonischen Gliederungen und des dichten Skulpturenprogramms eine Stein- bzw. Wandsichtigkeit nicht mehr wahrzunehmen ist.

 

SKULPTUREN

Auch im Hinblick auf die Entwicklung der indischen Skulptur bieten die Tempel von Khajuraho einen Überblick über ca. 200 Jahre indischer Kunstgeschichte − von den in Architekturelemente eingebundenen und eher unbewegt und statisch erscheinenden Reliefdarstellungen der Frühzeit bis hin zu den beinahe freiplastisch gearbeiteten und durch ihre Posenvielfalt nahezu lebendig wirkenden Figuren.

 

FRÜHZEITLICHE SKULPTUREN

Die nur wenig gegliederten Außenwände der frühen Tempel von Khajuraho zeigen kaum figürlichen oder ornamentalen Schmuck. Dieser ist, noch stark reliefgebunden, auf die Portale (Lalguan-Mahadeva-Tempel, Brahma-Tempel) sowie auf einige Fensternischen (Matangeshvara-Tempel) beschränkt. Erotische Skulpturen sind in den frühen Tempeln noch nicht zu finden.

 

SKULPTUREN DER BLÜHTEZEIT

Auch hier ist es der Lakshmana-Tempel, der für Khajuraho neue Zeichen setzt: Während die Außenwände der Vorhallen nur wenig figürliche Reliefs zeigen, sind die Wände des Sanktums überreich mit Skulpturen geschmückt. Darunter finden sich Götterfiguren (devas oder devis), „schöne Mädchen“ (surasundaris) und Liebespaare (mithunas); auch die ersten erotischen Skulpturen sind in den unteren (erdnahen) Feldern der Mittelregister sowie im Figurenfries der Plattform zu sehen. Die mittleren Felder zeigen dagegen zärtliche Liebespaare mit kleineren Begleitfiguren, die oberen Götterfiguren. Eine Hierarchie der Figurenanordnung ist also deutlich wahrnehmbar. Bei den unmittelbaren Nachfolgebauten (Vishvanatha-Tempel, Jagadambi-Tempel und Kandariya-Mahadeva-Tempel) nimmt die Anzahl der Figuren und somit auch der erotischen Darstellungen zu.

 

Bei den Jain-Tempeln und den späteren Hindu-Tempeln sind kaum noch erotisch-sexuelle Darstellungen zu finden; hier überwiegt die Anzahl der Götterfiguren manchmal sogar die der „schönen Mädchen“.

 

ARCHÄOLOGISCHES MUSEUM

Zu den Sehenswürdigkeiten im Bereich des Tempelbezirks von Khajuraho gehört auch das im Ortskern gelegene Archäologische Museum (auch Rani Durgavati-Museum genannt). Es beherbergt einige sehr schöne Skulpturen, die im Rahmen der Ausgrabungs- und Restaurierungsarbeiten gefunden und hierher verbracht wurden, weil sie keinem der erhaltenen Tempelbauten direkt zuzuordnen waren.

 

WIKIPEDIA

 

Allahabad - Prayagraj

 

Starting on January 15, 2019, and lasting until March 4, 2019, the Hindu festival of Kumbh Mela will take place in Allahabad, India. Authorities are expecting approximately 100 million visitors to come for a holy dip at Sangam, the confluence of the Ganges, Yamuna, and mythical Saraswati Rivers.

Allahabad - Prayagraj

 

Naga Sadhus are considered as militant groups of Hindus for safeguarding Hinduism and India from foreign invaders. They mostly live in Himalayan Caves and they appear during the time of Kumbh Mela. They never disturb or kill any innocent people of the Society. Naga Sadhus are mostly half clothed Saints, long Jata on their heads. Their faces are always covered with ash. (Quora)

 

Starting on January 15, 2019, and lasting until March 4, 2019, the Hindu festival of Kumbh Mela will take place in Allahabad, India. Authorities are expecting approximately 100 million visitors to come for a holy dip at Sangam, the confluence of the Ganges, Yamuna, and mythical Saraswati Rivers.

Allahabad - Prayagraj

 

Starting on January 15, 2019, and lasting until March 4, 2019, the Hindu festival of Kumbh Mela will take place in Allahabad, India. Authorities are expecting approximately 100 million visitors to come for a holy dip at Sangam, the confluence of the Ganges, Yamuna, and mythical Saraswati Rivers.

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Prayagraj

Panorama

Allahabad - Prayagraj

 

Naga Sadhu blessing people.

 

A sadhu, also spelt saddhu, is a religious ascetic, mendicant (monk) or any holy person in Hinduism and Jainism who has renounced the worldly life. Naga = naked.

  

Allahabad - Prayagraj

Sangam, Prayagraj Ardh Kumbh Mela, 2019

 

Kumbh Mela or Kumbha Mela is a mass Hindu pilgrimage of faith in which Hindus gather to bathe in a sacred or holy river.

 

Prayagraj Ardh Kumbh Mela, 2019 is the Ardh Kumbh Mela to being held at Triveni Sangam in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India from 15 January to 4 March 2019

 

According to Hindu mythology, Vishnu dropped drops of amrita (the drink of immortality) at four places, while transporting it in a kumbha (pot). These four places, including Allahabad, are identified as the present-day sites of the Kumbh Mela. The river-side fair at Allahabad is centuries old, but its association with the kumbha myth and a 12-year old cycle dates back to the 19th century. The priests of Allahabad borrowed these concepts from the Haridwar Kumbh Mela and applied it to their local Magh Mela, an annual celebration. The Magh Mela probably dates back to the early centuries CE, and has been mentioned in several Puranas.

 

Rising attendance and scale

 

Kumbh Mela at Prayagraj, c. 2001.

 

Maha Kumbh at Prayagraj is the largest in the world, the attendance and scale of preparation of which keeps rising with each successive celebration. For the 2019 Ardh Kumbh at Prayagraj, the preparations include a ₹42,000 million (US$580 million or €510 million) temporary city over 2,500 hectares with 122,000 temporary toilets and range of accommodation from simple dormitory tents to 5-star tents, 800 special trains by the Indian Railway, artificially intelligent video surveillance and analytics by IBM, disease surveillance, river transport management by Inland Waterways Authority of India, and an app to help the visitors.

 

In 1903, 400,000 pilgrims were recorded as attending the fair at Prayagraj.

 

On 14 April 1998, 10 million pilgrims attended the Kumb Mela at Haridwar on the busiest single day.

 

In 2001, 70 million pilgrims attended the 55 days long Kumbh Mela at Prayagraj, including more than 40 million on the busiest single day.

 

In 2007, 70 million pilgrims attended the 45-day long Ardha Kumbh Mela at Prayagraj.

 

In 2013, 120 million pilgrims attended the Kumbh Mela at Prayagraj.

 

#kumbhmela #kumbh #prayagraj #ardh #allahabad #2019

Kumbh Mela or Kumbha Mela is a mass Hindu pilgrimage of faith in which Hindus gather to bathe in a sacred or holy river.

 

Prayagraj Ardh Kumbh Mela, 2019 is the Ardh Kumbh Mela to being held at Triveni Sangam in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India from 15 January to 4 March 2019

 

According to Hindu mythology, Vishnu dropped drops of amrita (the drink of immortality) at four places, while transporting it in a kumbha (pot). These four places, including Allahabad, are identified as the present-day sites of the Kumbh Mela. The river-side fair at Allahabad is centuries old, but its association with the kumbha myth and a 12-year old cycle dates back to the 19th century. The priests of Allahabad borrowed these concepts from the Haridwar Kumbh Mela and applied it to their local Magh Mela, an annual celebration. The Magh Mela probably dates back to the early centuries CE, and has been mentioned in several Puranas.

 

Rising attendance and scale

 

Kumbh Mela at Prayagraj, c. 2001.

 

Maha Kumbh at Prayagraj is the largest in the world, the attendance and scale of preparation of which keeps rising with each successive celebration. For the 2019 Ardh Kumbh at Prayagraj, the preparations include a ₹42,000 million (US$580 million or €510 million) temporary city over 2,500 hectares with 122,000 temporary toilets and range of accommodation from simple dormitory tents to 5-star tents, 800 special trains by the Indian Railway, artificially intelligent video surveillance and analytics by IBM, disease surveillance, river transport management by Inland Waterways Authority of India, and an app to help the visitors.

 

In 1903, 400,000 pilgrims were recorded as attending the fair at Prayagraj.

 

On 14 April 1998, 10 million pilgrims attended the Kumb Mela at Haridwar on the busiest single day.

 

In 2001, 70 million pilgrims attended the 55 days long Kumbh Mela at Prayagraj, including more than 40 million on the busiest single day.

 

In 2007, 70 million pilgrims attended the 45-day long Ardha Kumbh Mela at Prayagraj.

 

In 2013, 120 million pilgrims attended the Kumbh Mela at Prayagraj.

 

#kumbhmela #kumbh #prayagraj #ardh #allahabad #2019

 

Allahabad - Prayagraj

Allahabad - Prayagraj

 

Starting on January 15, 2019, and lasting until March 4, 2019, the Hindu festival of Kumbh Mela will take place in Allahabad, India. Authorities are expecting approximately 100 million visitors to come for a holy dip at Sangam, the confluence of the Ganges, Yamuna, and mythical Saraswati Rivers.

Allahabad - Prayagraj

 

Starting on January 15, 2019, and lasting until March 4, 2019, the Hindu festival of Kumbh Mela will take place in Allahabad, India. Authorities are expecting approximately 100 million visitors to come for a holy dip at Sangam, the confluence of the Ganges, Yamuna, and mythical Saraswati Rivers.

Allahabad - Prayagraj

 

Naga Sadhus are considered as militant groups of Hindus for safeguarding Hinduism and India from foreign invaders. They mostly live in Himalayan Caves and they appear during the time of Kumbh Mela. They never disturb or kill any innocent people of the Society. Naga Sadhus are mostly half clothed Saints, long Jata on their heads. Their faces are always covered with ash. (Quora)

 

Starting on January 15, 2019, and lasting until March 4, 2019, the Hindu festival of Kumbh Mela will take place in Allahabad, India. Authorities are expecting approximately 100 million visitors to come for a holy dip at Sangam, the confluence of the Ganges, Yamuna, and mythical Saraswati Rivers.

Allahabad - Prayagraj

Allahabad - Prayagraj

Sangam, Prayagraj Ardh Kumbh Mela, 2019

 

Kumbh Mela or Kumbha Mela is a mass Hindu pilgrimage of faith in which Hindus gather to bathe in a sacred or holy river.

 

Prayagraj Ardh Kumbh Mela, 2019 is the Ardh Kumbh Mela to being held at Triveni Sangam in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India from 15 January to 4 March 2019

 

According to Hindu mythology, Vishnu dropped drops of amrita (the drink of immortality) at four places, while transporting it in a kumbha (pot). These four places, including Allahabad, are identified as the present-day sites of the Kumbh Mela. The river-side fair at Allahabad is centuries old, but its association with the kumbha myth and a 12-year old cycle dates back to the 19th century. The priests of Allahabad borrowed these concepts from the Haridwar Kumbh Mela and applied it to their local Magh Mela, an annual celebration. The Magh Mela probably dates back to the early centuries CE, and has been mentioned in several Puranas.

 

Rising attendance and scale

 

Kumbh Mela at Prayagraj, c. 2001.

 

Maha Kumbh at Prayagraj is the largest in the world, the attendance and scale of preparation of which keeps rising with each successive celebration. For the 2019 Ardh Kumbh at Prayagraj, the preparations include a ₹42,000 million (US$580 million or €510 million) temporary city over 2,500 hectares with 122,000 temporary toilets and range of accommodation from simple dormitory tents to 5-star tents, 800 special trains by the Indian Railway, artificially intelligent video surveillance and analytics by IBM, disease surveillance, river transport management by Inland Waterways Authority of India, and an app to help the visitors.

 

In 1903, 400,000 pilgrims were recorded as attending the fair at Prayagraj.

 

On 14 April 1998, 10 million pilgrims attended the Kumb Mela at Haridwar on the busiest single day.

 

In 2001, 70 million pilgrims attended the 55 days long Kumbh Mela at Prayagraj, including more than 40 million on the busiest single day.

 

In 2007, 70 million pilgrims attended the 45-day long Ardha Kumbh Mela at Prayagraj.

 

In 2013, 120 million pilgrims attended the Kumbh Mela at Prayagraj.

 

#kumbhmela #kumbh #prayagraj #ardh #allahabad #2019

Kumbh Mela or Kumbha Mela is a mass Hindu pilgrimage of faith in which Hindus gather to bathe in a sacred or holy river.

 

Prayagraj Ardh Kumbh Mela, 2019 is the Ardh Kumbh Mela to being held at Triveni Sangam in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India from 15 January to 4 March 2019

 

According to Hindu mythology, Vishnu dropped drops of amrita (the drink of immortality) at four places, while transporting it in a kumbha (pot). These four places, including Allahabad, are identified as the present-day sites of the Kumbh Mela. The river-side fair at Allahabad is centuries old, but its association with the kumbha myth and a 12-year old cycle dates back to the 19th century. The priests of Allahabad borrowed these concepts from the Haridwar Kumbh Mela and applied it to their local Magh Mela, an annual celebration. The Magh Mela probably dates back to the early centuries CE, and has been mentioned in several Puranas.

 

Rising attendance and scale

 

Kumbh Mela at Prayagraj, c. 2001.

 

Maha Kumbh at Prayagraj is the largest in the world, the attendance and scale of preparation of which keeps rising with each successive celebration. For the 2019 Ardh Kumbh at Prayagraj, the preparations include a ₹42,000 million (US$580 million or €510 million) temporary city over 2,500 hectares with 122,000 temporary toilets and range of accommodation from simple dormitory tents to 5-star tents, 800 special trains by the Indian Railway, artificially intelligent video surveillance and analytics by IBM, disease surveillance, river transport management by Inland Waterways Authority of India, and an app to help the visitors.

 

In 1903, 400,000 pilgrims were recorded as attending the fair at Prayagraj.

 

On 14 April 1998, 10 million pilgrims attended the Kumb Mela at Haridwar on the busiest single day.

 

In 2001, 70 million pilgrims attended the 55 days long Kumbh Mela at Prayagraj, including more than 40 million on the busiest single day.

 

In 2007, 70 million pilgrims attended the 45-day long Ardha Kumbh Mela at Prayagraj.

 

In 2013, 120 million pilgrims attended the Kumbh Mela at Prayagraj.

 

#kumbhmela #kumbh #prayagraj #ardh #allahabad #2019