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Cityscape scenery Hagia Sophia, Şehir manzarası Ayasofya. Yavuz Selim, Fatih District, Istanbul, Turkei. One1stanbul Photo Album - Candidate Photographs. NATIONAL SUGRAPHIC Always Under The Light Of Your ❤ Masters of the Art - SANATIN USTALARI
Please contact Mr. ÇAKAR to use this photo. COPYRIGHT OWNER © 2014 All Rights Reserved Ayhan ÇAKAR. Please contact photograph artist to use this photo. When the album is completed, a portion of the revenues will be donated to Social Welfare Institutions. Please Pluse and Share!
Krak des Chevaliers - wikipedia - Qal’at Salah El-Din
Il Krak des Chevaliers domina il passo, strategicamente determinante, che divide il Mediterraneo dalle città dell’entroterra mediorientale di Homs e Hama, e sorge sulle rive del fiume Oronte.
Noto fra gli Arabi con il nome di Hisn al Akrad, o Fortezza dei Curdi, venne costruito sulle fondamenta di un preesistente castello mussulmano.
Arroccato su di una montagna costantemente sconvolta e modellata dai venti e che strapiomba vertiginosamente su tre lati, il Krak, sia per il suo modello costruttivo, sia per la particolare collocazione geografica scelta per la sua ubicazione, per lungo tempo fu il più inespugnabile dei castelli crociati in Terra Santa.
E non possiamo non dare una prima menzione delle meravigliose architetture che lo compongono, se non attraverso gli occhi di un giovane studioso dei primi del ‘900, T.E. Lawrence, meglio noto come Lawrence d’Arabia : “…è questo forse il più meraviglioso dei castelli del mondo…”.
Perle des sizilianischen Barock und UNESCO-Weltkulturerbe.
Pearl of Sicilian Baroque and UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Istanbul Archeological Museums, İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri. Gülhane Park, Fatih District, Istanbul, Turkei. One1stanbul Photo Album - Candidate Photographs. NATIONAL SUGRAPHIC Always Under The Light Of Your ❤ Masters of the Art - SANATIN USTALARI
Aššur (Akkadian) (Turkish-Türkçe Asur Kalat Şergat, English | Ashur/Assyria, Assyrian / Aššur; Assyrian Neo-Aramaic / Ātûr ; Hebrew: אַשּׁוּר / Aššûr; Arabic: آشور / ALA-LC: Āshūr; Kurdish: Asûr), also known as Ashur, Qal'at Sherqat and Kalah Shergat, is a city from the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
Please contact Mr. ÇAKAR to use this photo. COPYRIGHT OWNER © 2014 All Rights Reserved Ayhan ÇAKAR. Please contact photograph artist to use this photo. When the album is completed, a portion of the revenues will be donated to Social Welfare Institutions. Please Pluse and Share!
Lost cities abound in Myanmar, but none approach the splendour of Bagan. Scattered across an arid plain in a bend of Ayeyarwady are the ruins of around 2000 monasteries, temples, shrines and stupas - remnants of an imperial capital that reached its peak between the 11th and 13th centuries.
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A native woman in front of the Traditional Harran Houses. Yöresel Harran Evleri önünde bir yerli kadın.
Harran, Şanlıurfa Province, TURKEI. OneTurkei Photo Album - Candidate Photographs
NATIONAL SUGRAPHIC Always Under The Light Of Your ❤ Masters of the Art - SANATIN USTALARI. COPYRIGHT OWNER © 2015 All Rights Reserved Ayhan ÇAKAR. Please contact photograph artist to use this photo. When the album is completed, a portion of the revenues will be donated to Social Welfare Institutions. Please Pluse and Share!
Harran (Turkish: Harran, Ottoman Turkish: حران,) was a major ancient city in Upper Mesopotamia whose site is near the modern village of Altınbaşak, Republic of Turkei, 44 kilometers southeast of Şanlıurfa or Urfa Province.
25th March 2012 - Pikestones is the remains of a Neolithic Burial Cairn, located on Anglezarke moor in Lancashire, England. The site is approximately 150 feet (45 metres) long and 60 feet (18 metres) across at its widest point. It consisted of one burial chamber constructed of large upright slabs, capped by two lintel slabs, forming a chamber of 15 feet (4.5 metres) long, 3 feet (0.9 metres) wide and 3 feet (0.9 metres) high, covered by a huge mound of stones and turves. The cairn was aligned almost exactly North-South, with the burial chamber under the wider northern end. At the northern edge of the cairn, a double wall could be made out, curving inwards to form an entrance to a forecourt.
Today the cairn has been badly robbed and the main features are the five large gritstone slabs, the remains of the burial chamber.
Surprisingly, evidence suggests that the bodies were not interred directly in the tomb, but were left outside, perhaps at the entrance to the cairn, for birds and wild animals to consume the flesh and then, probably after elaborate ceremonies, the bones were placed inside the chamber.
Pikestones is the earliest man-made structure in the area and only one other chambered tomb has been found in Lancashire. The monument must have taken an immense amount of labour to construct and like most long barrows was erected in a prominent position, located on a ridge at a height of just over 900 feet (276 metres). This gave the neolithic builders excellent views, and made the structure visible from a wide area of the Lancashire plain, perhaps warning other people that the land belonged to the builders.
I did want to show you the general area where the tombs were found. It is so typical of the rocky and rugged terrain of Oman. This area is near Wadi Al Ayn. There are 21 tombs built in a row. This photo shows two of the tombs.
As of now, it s believed that they were built in the third millennium BC. Many countries have offered their assistance to Oman officials to continue try to identify their origin and original function.
A reminder that all of my images are copyrighted and are not for your use in any way unless you contact me. Thank you so much for your visits and comments.
I thought that I would post one or two pictures from Jordan since this small Arab country is now playing center stage in the news of the day. The pictures are from a trip I made about 5 years ago.
This is the first view one has of Petra after following the long path from the hotels to the ancient UNESCO World heritage Site. The opening is the siq and the building is the Treasury. To see this mysterious view is a memory that will always be etched in my mind.
The gorgeous pink/coral/red sandstone caravan city dates back to the 6th century BC. Goods such as Arabian frankincense, Chinese silk and Indian spices were traded in this remarkable city that sits between the Dead Sea and the Red Sea. Its magic continues to mesmerize people today as the sandstone rock changes colors through out the day.
A reminder that all of my images are copyrighted and are not for your use in any way unless you contact me. Thank you so much for your visits and comments.
In a time when Santa Fe was a called a 'small town', and things of the world were black and white.
'way out Cerrillos Road, a scant mile from a service station where we went once for water to make our beer, because they had a well (city water was not available that far out).
This was our pride and joy for less than a year, when the kinfolks lured us back to Texas.
I visit this place whenever I'm in Santa Fe. The old neighborhood looks a little run down nowadays, and the streets are filled with parked cars which overflow the single garages and driveways now.
The view across the vast prairie back to Rodeo Road and beyond is filled with houses now, and the prairie dogs that once inhabited the area, I'm sure have long since abandoned the place.
We were a nice, friendly bunch of young homeowners back then, though.
Nostalgia is an old man's pleasure.
Fanciful reconstruction, 19th century, mistakenly attributed to Maarten van Heemskerck (1498-1574), apparently based on Berossus, c.250 BC (mountain shaped, high walkways) and Philo, c.250 BC, or c.150 BC, or 1st century AD, or 6th century AD (forest of columns, fountains) and Diodorus, c.50 BC (stairways)
Representação dos Jardins Suspensos da Babilônia com a Torre de Babel ao fundo.
Segundo a versão que atribui a Nabucodonossor, a edificação teria sido realizada em homenagem à sua esposa Amytis, filha do rei Medes, que tinha saudades das montanhas verdejantes de sua terra natal, não sendo a única edificação do rei, mas a maior de uma série que incluiu templos, ruas, palácios e muralhas em um número infindável. O casamento com Amytis estabeleceu uma aliança importante entre os dois povos. Mas Amytis ficou deprimida ao chegar à Babilônia saindo de uma terra cheia de pastagens, montanhosa, cheia de riachos e cachoeiras para residir em uma região inóspita, arenosa e plana. Seu esposo decidiu então recriar a paisagem desejada por Amytis construindo uma montanha artificial e um jardim na sua área superior. A denominação de jardins suspensos é portanto parcialmente equivocada porque não diz respeito à jardins devidamente suspensos por cabos ou correntes, mas sim proveniente de uma tradução incorreta da palavra grega Kremastos ou do latim Pensilis que possuem outro significado, o de superpostos. Strabo, um geógrafo da Grécia antiga tratou os jardins da seguinte forma: "Eles consistem de terraços superpostos, erguidos sobre pilares em forma de cubo. Estes pilares são ocos e preenchidos com terra para que ali sejam plantadas as árvores de maior porte. Os pilares e terraços são construídos de tijolos cozidos e asfalto. A subida até o andar mais elevado era feita por escadas, e na lateral, estavam os motores de água, que sem cessar levavam a água do rio Eufrates até os Jardins”.
This beautiful bracelet of Psusennes I bears the Wadjet Eye amulet. Wadjet was the most popular amulet of ancient Egypt, it represents the healed eye of the god Horus and embodies healing power as well as regeneration and protection in general. This amulet protects the deceased on his journey after death.
Gold and Lapis lazuli
21st dynasty
Provenance: Tanis, Tomb of Psusennes I
JE 85773.
Egyptian Museum, Cairo
The story of the Five Guardians in the Emeq HaMelekh protecting the Treasures of Solomon’s Temple, brings us to the city of Babylon where Shimur Ha Levi, Haggai the Prophet, Zechariah, Zedekiah, Hezekiah plus Ezra and Baruch the scribe were living in a land where the inhabitants of Judah were exposed to a life of sensual pleasure, robust economic prosperity and a religion in Babylon that was ‘almost’ a clone of the temple services that they were accustom to at the temple of Solomon.
Also they found that they were in the company of many of their exiled brethren from Judah during the invasion of Senna-cherib about a century prior when according the Taylor Prism, Hezekiah was ‘shut up like a bird in a cage’. Here also were some descendants of the former Northern Kingdom of Israel known as the Saki in the Behistun Stone and the Guti, Ghomerians, and the Cimmerians that had participated in the wars against Assyria that Babylon eventually conquered.
Within the city of Babylon, the most conspicuous sites were the Temple Etemenanki, a seven story ziggurat reputedly built over the site of the ancient Tower of Babylon. Here also was the Hanging Gardens, fed by a chain pump bringing water from the Euphrates. It was built for the wife of Nebuchadnezzar, Amyitis, a Median princess, daughter of Cyaxarses and dedicated to the semi-legendary Queen Semirames.
The religion of Babylon was a religion easily adapted to by the Judean captives. The rituals in the Temple of Esagila, where the sacred vessels of Solomon were stored, and the gods of the Babylonians and the festive New Years celebration of Akitu were a seductive lure to the displaced children of Judah.
After the death of Nebuchadnezzar, Nabonidus took over the realm. In the Cylinder, Stele and Chronicles of Nabonidus we learn of the last remaining years of Babylon, the co-regency of his son Belshazzar, who was drinking libations in the gold sacred vessels from the Temple of the Lord when Babylon fell without the shedding of any blood. Gobryas, the general of Cyrus, who was of Israeli descent, conquered Babylon, the priests of Babylon fled to Pergamum and soon the seventy years of exile were over as Cyrus the anointed messiah encouraged all the displaced tribes and peoples to return to the land of their ancestors.
Perseus has come to save Andromeda, who is tied to a rock and is about to be ripped apart by a sea monster, who stares at her with bared teeth. In his left hand, Perseus holds the head of Medusa, which he has just cut off and which will help him to defeat the monster.
Nereids on either side offer gifts to the (future) couple. The one to the right is the more charming of the two, her face and torso in full frontal, rendered in classical style. She wears a diadem, earrings and red bracelets, two on her upper arms and a single one for each wrist. She extends her right arm toward the couple and proffers a plate or perhaps a phial full of wine. In her left hand, she holds a part of the veil that floats behind her in the sea breeze. Her ketos resembles the one that threatens Andromeda but it looks placidly at the Nereid. Her counterpart to the left wears the same jewellery but appears less graceful as she offers the couple a goblet with a stem. She too is partly reclining on a ketos, whose lowered hand and forelimb suggest a lion: the body of the monster has partly disappeared but it ends in a green-red tail turned upward.
Mosaic carpet/floor
Graeco-Roman Museum
Alexandria Egypt
Trinity-Lobanovo. 2012.
Nikon D7000, Nikkor 105mm, f/5.6, 1/80, ISO 100
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#ancienthistory #arch #brick #brickwork #grass #landscape #plant #tintsandshades #tree #wood
Before getting on the clipper ship, we toured other areas of the beautiful country of Greece. A place that I will always remember was Olympia where the ancients held the first Olympics and where the ornate Temple of Zeus was heralded as one of the ancient wonders of the world.
Of course the Temple is now longer there, but on the foggy morning of my visit about six years ago, I quickly sensed the importance of this site to the ancient Greeks.
Who loses himself in his passion, is losing less than who loses his passion -
Wer sich in seiner Leidenschaft verliert, verliert weniger, als der, der seine Leidenschaft verliert -
-St. Augustinus-
Two armlets of King Psusennes I
21st dynasty
Provenance: Tanis, Tomb of Psusennes I
Egyptian Museum, Cairo
Solid gold bracelet with a triangular in cross-section
Inside the bracelet a cartouche with Birth Name of Psusennes I (upside down in this picture):
Pa seba kha en niut
pꜢ-sbꜢ-ḫꜤi-n-niwt
The star who has appeared in Niut (Thebes)
21st dynasty
Provenance: Tanis, Tomb of Psusennes I
Egyptian Museum, Cairo
Palamidi (Greek: Παλαμήδι) is a fortress to the east of the Acronauplia in the town of Nafplio in the Peloponnese region of southern Greece. Nestled on the crest of a 216-metre high hill, the fortress was built by the Venetians during their second occupation of the area (1686–1715).
The fortress was a very large and ambitious project, but was finished within a relatively short period from 1711 until 1714. It is a typical baroque fortress based on the plans of the engineers Giaxich and Lasalle. In 1715 it was captured by the Turks and remained under their control until 1822, when it was captured by the Greeks.
The eight bastions of the fortress were originally named after the Venetian provveditori. However, when it fell to the Ottoman Empire, the bastions were given Turkish names. Lastly, when the Greeks overthrew the Turks the bastions were renamed after ancient Greek leaders and heroes (Epaminondas, Miltiades, Leonidas, Phocion, Achilles, Themistocles. The two remaining bastions were named after St. Andrew (Agios Andreas) and the French Philhellene Robert who died in battle on the Acropolis of Athens. The "Miltiades," was used as a prison and among its walls was also held Theodoros Kolokotronis, hero of the Greek Revolution.
The fortress commands an impressive view over the Argolic Gulf, the city of Náfplio and the surrounding country. There are 857 steps in the winding stair from the town to the fortress. However, to reach the top of the fortress there are over one thousand. Locals in the town of Nafplion will say there are 999 steps to the top of the castle, and specials can be found on menus that incorporate this number to catch a tourist's eye.
Source: Wikipedia | en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palamidi
One of the most important objects in a tomb was naturally the coffin that would protect its owner's mummy and incidentally preserve important information and research material for modern-day Egyptologists. During the New Kingdom coffins were often human-shaped. A deceased could have as many as three nested coffins.
Nakhtkhonsueru's wooden meticulously crafted coffin is representative of a typical Late Period coffin style. The maker has spread a layer of white plaster on the wooden lid and executed the paintings on the plaster. The coffin was discovered in the tomb of Prince Khaemwaset, son of Ramses III, among several other coffins. According to the inscriptions on the coffin, Nakhtkhonsueru was an important Theban person, "the Lord of the Necropolis at the temple of Amun".
25th dynasty
Egypt of Glory exhibition, Amos Rex Art Museum, Helsinki
From the collection of Museo Egizio, Turin, Italy
9.10.2020-21.3.2021
Standard of Wepwawet
Egypt of Glory exhibition, Amos Rex Art Museum, Helsinki
From the collection of Museo Egizio, Turin, Italy
9.10.2020-21.3.2021
Babylon: Ancient Middle Eastern city. The city's ruins are located about 55 mi (89 km) south of Baghdad, near the modern city of Al-Hillah, Iraq. Babylon was one of the most famous cities in antiquity. Probably first settled in the 3rd millennium BC, it came under the rule of the Amorite kings around 2000 BC. It became the capital of Babylonia and was the chief commercial city of the Tigris and Euphrates river system. Destroyed by Sennacherib in 689 BC, it was later rebuilt. It attained its greatest glory as capital of the Neo-Babylonian empire under Nebuchadrezzar II (r. 605 – c. 561 BC). Alexander the Great, who took the city in 331 BC, died there. Evidence of its topography comes from excavations, cuneiform texts, and descriptions by the Greek historian Herodotus. Most of the ruins are from the city built by Nebuchadrezzar. The largest city in the world at the time, it contained many temples, including the great temple of Marduk with its associated ziggurat, which was apparently the basis for the story of the Tower of Babel. The Hanging Gardens, a simulated hill of vegetation-clad terracing, was one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
Legend says that Zeus released an eagle from either side of the world, bidding them fly until they met. After many days of flying toward each other they came together over Delphi, thus determining the centre of the world.
Image From www.mxdesign.dk/mediagallery.htm
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon (also known as the Hanging Gardens of Semiramis) and the walls of Babylon (present-day Iraq) were considered one of the Seven Wonders of the World. They were both supposedly built by Nebuchadnezzar II around 600 BC .
The Hanging Gardens are extensively documented by Greek historians such as Strabo and Diodorus Siculus, but otherwise there is little evidence for their existence. In fact, there are no Babylonian records of any such gardens having existed. Some (circumstantial) evidence gathered at the excavation of the palace at Babylon has accrued, but does not completely substantiate what look like fanciful descriptions.
Some schools of thought think that through the ages the location may have been confused with gardens that existed at Nineveh as tablets from there clearly showing gardens have been found. Writings on these tablets describe the possible use of something similar to an Archimedes' screw as a process of raising the water to the required height.
According to accounts, the gardens were built to cheer up Nebuchadnezzar's homesick wife, Amyitis. Amyitis, daughter of the king of the Medes, was married to Nebuchadnezzar to create an alliance between the nations. The land she came from, though, was green, rugged and mountainous, and she found the flat, sun-baked terrain of the Mesopotamia (a region of southwest Asia) depressing. The king decided to recreate her homeland by building an artificial mountain with rooftop gardens.
The Hanging Gardens probably did not really "hang" in the sense of being suspended from cables or ropes. The name comes from an inexact translation of the Greek word kremastos or the Latin word pensilis, which means not just "hanging² but "overhanging," as in the case of a terrace or balcony.
The Greek geographer Strabo, who described the gardens in the first century BC, wrote, "It consists of vaulted terraces raised one above another, and resting upon cube-shaped pillars. These are hollow and filled with earth to allow trees of the largest size to be planted. The pillars, vaults, and terraces are constructed of baked brick and asphalt."
More recent archaeological excavations at the ancient city of Babylon in Iraq uncovered the foundation of the palace. Other findings include the Vaulted Building with thick walls and an irrigation well near the southern palace. A group of archaeologists surveyed the area of the southern palace and reconstructed the Vaulted Building as the Hanging Gardens.
However, the Greek historian Strabo had stated that the gardens were situated by the River Euphrates. So others argue that the site is too far from the Euphrates to support the theory since the Vaulted Building is several hundreds of meters away.
They reconstructed the site of the palace and located the Gardens in the area stretching from the River to the Palace. On the river banks, recently discovered massive walls 25 m thick may have been stepped to form terraces... the ones described in Greek references.
Crane Estate - Ipswich, Massachusetts - A castle influenced stone tower and walls surround the lawn and gardens as the sun starts to go down on an overcast day. The image was captured on analog black and white film.
Com as intensas pesquisas feitas na região, foram descobertos vários vestígios e inscrições que levaram os pesquisadores a concluírem que uma cultura até mesmo mais antiga que a egípcia tinha se desenvolvido naquela parte da Terra.
Foi a partir dessas descobertas que se descobriu a história dos Sumerianos, o "povo misterioso" que antecedeu os assírios e babilônios.
O descobrimento de um mundo anterior foi de tão grande importância para a compreensão da Babilônia, quanto foi o descobrimento da cultura de Creta e Tróia para se compreender a antiguidade grega .
Foram os sumerianos que melhoraram as condições da região, construindo um grande sistema de canais e fazendo o saneamento e o cultivo do terreno. Construíram também muitos templos, como atestam os tijolos, pórticos e colunas encontrados nas ruínas das cidades de Ur, Shirpurla, Erech e outras.
Não esqueçamos, também, que foi esse povo que criou a tão conhecida Escrita Cuneiforme , que se constituiu na primeira escrita de que a humanidade teve conhecimento .
Alguns estudiosos chegaram a dizer que quase tudo que tinha sido apresentado pela Babilônia remontava ao trabalho dos sumerianos.
Consideramos importante destacar aqui um trecho bastante interessante do livro "Deuses,Túmulos e Sábios "do historiador C.W. Ceram , mostrando as conclusões dos pesquisadores sobre a origem da Babilônia e os sumerianos:
"Juntaram-se centenas de pesquisas isoladas , convergindo na afirmação de que não podiam ser nem os babilônios semíticos, nem os assírios, os inventores da escrita cuneiforme , mas um outro povo , não semita, cuja existência , aliás, ainda não pôde ser provada por um único achado sequer. Tal hipótese não deixava nada a desejar em ousadia.Contudo, os pesquisadores tornaram-se tão seguros, no decorrer dos anos, que, apesar de apenas afirmar a existência de tal povo, deram-lhe um nome. O franco-alemão Jules Oppert falou em sumerianos. É deduzido do título dos mais antigos soberanos da parte mais austral do país dos Dois Rios, os reis de Sumer e Akkad. Não demorou muito e descobriu-se que quase tudo que tinha sido apresentado por Babilônia e Nínive remontava ao trabalho preparatório do misterioso povo sumeriano."
OS QUATRO ANIMAIS-HUMANOS E OS JARDINS SUSPENSOS
É difícil não citar os chamados "animais-humanos" e os Jardins Suspensos quando se está falando da história da antiga Babilônia .
Os animais-humanos são os tão conhecidos "quatro gênios" que são bastante citados na Bíblia .
São chamados de animais-humanos, pois, segundo as antigas escrituras, são seres que possuem expressões humanas e corpos de animais.
Podemos aqui citar algumas passagens da Bíblia que falam dos "quatro gênios" .
Citemos alguns trechos da mensagem do profeta Ezequiel :
"E do meio dela saía a semelhança de quatro seres viventes. E esta era a sua aparência: tinham a semelhança de homem..."
"(...) cada um tinha quatro rostos, como também cada um deles quatro asas"
"(...) e a semelhança dos seus rostos era como o rosto de homem; e à mão direita todos os quatro tinham o rosto de leão, e à mão esquerda todos os quatro tinham o rosto de boi; e também tinham todos os quatro o rosto de águia"
"E cada um tinha quatro rostos: o primeiro rosto era rosto de querubim, o segundo era rosto de homem, o terceiro era rosto de leão, e o quarto era rosto de águia."
Podemos também mostrar alguns trechos do Apocalipse de João :
"(...) também havia diante do trono como que um mar de vidro, semelhante ao cristal; e ao redor do trono, um ao meio de cada lado, quatro seres viventes cheios de olhos por diante e por detrás"
"Os quatro seres viventes tinham, cada um, seis asas, e ao redor e por dentro estavam cheios de olhos..."
"Um dos quatro seres viventes deu aos sete anjos sete taças de ouro, cheias da ira do Deus que vive pelos séculos dos séculos. "
Foi com grande espanto e admiração que os pesquisadores encontraram os restos dessas gigantescas figuras que foram construídas na região da Babilônia há milhares de anos. Quando o explorador Henry Layard,explorando aquela região, pôs a descoberto uma das estátuas, foram necessários mais de trezentos homens para tirá-la do enorme carro em que havia sido colocada.
É bastante interessante observar essa relação entre as escrituras antigas e os achados. Isso mostra que as obras de arte encontradas tinham um grande significado, não sendo apenas produtos da fantasia desses povos antigos.
Existe também uma certa polêmica que diz respeito aos construtores dos animais-humanos e ao significado dessas obras. Alguns falam que esses seres eram "deuses austrais" dos assírios, protetores dos palácios dos reis. Outros estudiosos falam que as obras são bem mais antigas e provavelmente tenham sido construídas pelo antigo povo Sumeriano. Neste último caso, as construções teriam um significado totalmente diferente, espiritual .
Recomendamos, no final deste texto, alguns livros, para que as pessoas interessadas em se aprofundar neste assunto, possam tirar suas próprias conclusões .
OS JARDINS SUSPENSOS
Os famosos "Jardins Suspensos da Babilônia" se constitui em uma das sete maravilhas do mundo antigo.
Existem muitas hipóteses e polêmicas sobre os Jardins Suspensos. Não se sabe ao certo quem foi o responsável por sua construção e nem porque foram construídos.
Muitos estudiosos disseram que os Jardins foram construídos em 600 a.C. por ordem do poderoso Nabucodonosor II, para "agradar e consolar sua esposa preferida, Amitis, que sentia saudade das montanhas e do verde de sua terra natal", a Média.
Na verdade, nenhum vestígio concreto dos jardins permanece. Mas, enquanto as mais detalhadas descrições dos Jardins vêm dos historiadores Gregos como Berossus e Diodorus, escrituras babilônicas não falam nada sobre o assunto. Nos documentos do tempo de Nabucodonosor não há uma simples referência aos Jardins Suspensos, embora descrições dos palácios, da cidade da Babilônia e das muralhas são encontradas. Mesmo os historiadores que deram descrições detalhadas dos Jardins Suspensos nunca os viram. Historiadores modernos argumentam que quando os soldados de Alexandre, o Grande, conquistaram a fértil terra da Mesopotâmia e viram a Babilônia, eles ficaram impressionados. Mais tarde, quando eles retornaram para terra natal deles, contavam história sobre fantásticos jardins e palmeiras da Mesopotâmia... sobre o palácio de Nabucodonosor... sobre a Torre de Babel e os zigurates (espécie de templo).
Até hoje, arqueologistas ainda estão trabalhando para juntar evidências suficientes antes de alcançar as conclusões finais sobre a localização dos Jardins, seu sistema de irrigação e sua verdadeira aparência.
Alguns pesquisadores consideram também que a data de construção dos Jardins é mais antiga que a data hoje aceita ( 600 a.C.). Talvez tivessem sido, também, os próprios sumerianos os construtores dessa maravilha do mundo antigo.
These female figures, dressed in long, richly pleated cloaks with intricate hairstyles or delicate hats, show us the elegant ladies of Alexandria. Sculpted by local artisans throughout the 3rd century BC, some still retaining vivid colours, they were discovered in tombs of the city's necropolis. Some carry a child, others play instruments, while others still, less elegant, lift their skirts and expose themselves. They were 'dolls of death' which accompanied the deceased to the other word.
The Tanagra figurines were a mould-cast type of Greek terracotta figurines, named after the Boeotian town of Tanagra, where many were excavated and which has given its name to the whole class. However, they were produced in many other Mediterranean sites, including Alexandria, Tarentum in Magna Graecia, Centuripe in Sicily and Myrina in Mysia.
Although not portraits, Tanagra figures depict real women—and some men and boys—in elegant but everyday costumes, with familiar accessories like hats, wreaths or fans.
3rd century BC
Graeco-Roman Museum
Alexandria, Egypt
Algumas histórias indicam que os Jardins Suspensos se lavantavam por centenas de metros do chão, mas explorações arqueológicas indicam um número mais modesto, mas ainda impressionante, de altura.
A cidade de Babilônia, sob comando do Rei Nabucodonossor II, (604 – 562 a.C.) deveria ter sido uma maravilha aos olhos do viajante. " Além de seu tamanho, " escreveu para Herodotus, historiador em 450 a.C., a " Babilônia ultrapassa em esplendor qualquer cidade no mundo ".
Herodotus descreve : as paredes exteriores tinham 90 quilometros em comprimento, 24,30 metros de espessura e 97,536 metros de altura. Largo bastante para permitir uma carruagem de quatro-cavalo a fazer meia volta. As paredes internas não eram " tão espessas como as externas, mas não menos forte ". Dentro das paredes estavam fortalezas e templos que continham imensas estátuas de ouro maciço. Subindo sobre a cidade era a famosa Torre de Babel, um templo para o deus Marduk que parecia alcançar aos céus.
Enquanto um exame arqueológico dicorda de alguns dados de Herodotus (as paredes exteriores parecem ter só 16 quilometros de comprimento e não eram tão altas) a narrativa dele nos dá uma sensação de como as características da cidade pareciam a esses que a visitaram . De maneira bastante interessante, entretanto, um dos locais mais espetaculares da cidade não é nem mencionada por Herodotus: Os Jardins Suspensos, uma das Sete Maravilhas do Mundo Antigo.
Contas indicam que o jardim foi construído por Rei Nabucodonossor que regeu a cidade durante 43 anos que começam em 605 a.C. (há uma história menos fiel, diz que os jardins foram construídos pela Rainha assíria Semiramis durante o reinado de cinco anos que começa em 810 AC). Esta era a imensidão do poder da cidade e influência e Rei Nabucodonossor : construiram uma ordem surpreendente de templos, ruas, palácios e paredes.
De acordo com contas, os jardins foram construídos para animar a esposa nostálgica de Nabucodonossor, Amyitis. Amyitis, filha do rei do Medes, foi casada a Nabucodonossor para criar uma aliança entre as nações. A terra da que ela veio, entretanto, era verde, áspera e montanhosa, e ela achou o apartamento, terreno sol-assado de Mesopotamia deprimimente. O rei decidiu recrear a pátria dela construindo uma montanha artificial com jardins .
Os Jardins Suspensos provavelmente não se mantiveram " realmente " a sensação de ser suspendida de cabos ou cordas. O nome vem de uma tradução inexata da palavra grega kremastos ou latina pensilis que não significa só "suspensos" mas também " pendendo " como no caso de um terraço ou sacada.
O geógrafo grego Strabo que descreveu os jardins no primeiro século AC, escreveu, " consiste em terraços elevados um sobre outro, e apoiados em pilares cubo-amoldados. Estes são ocos e encheram de terra para permitir plantar árvores do tamanho maior. Os pilares, as abóbadas e terraços são construídos de tijolo assado e asfalto ".
" A ascensão para a história mais alta está através de degraus, e no lado deles estão máquinas de água por meio das quais são empregadas pessoas, designadas expressamente para o propósito, de continuar levando água do Eufrates ao jardim ".
Strabo toca nisso que, para os antigos, provavelmente era a parte mais surpreendente do jardim. Babilônia raramente recebeu chuva e para o jardim sobreviver a isto teria que ter sido irrigado usando água do Rio de Eufrates. O esquema era : erguia-se a água no ar para que assim pudesse fluir abaixo pelos terraços e poderia molhar as plantas a cada nível. Isto era provavelmente feito por meio de uma "bomba de cadeia."
Uma bomba de cadeia é : duas rodas grandes, uma sobre a outra, conectada por uma cadeia. Na corrente ficam os baldes amarrados. Debaixo da roda, no fundo de uma piscina está a fonte de água. Como a roda é virada, os baldes imergem na piscina e apanham água. A cadeia os ergue então para a roda superior onde os baldes são inclinados e são esvaziados em uma piscina superior. A cadeia leva então o vazio até ser novamente cheio.
A piscina ao topo dos jardins poderia ser alcancada através de portões em canais que faziam papel de fluxos artificiais para molhar os jardins. A roda da bomba debaixo foi presa a uma seta e uma manivela. Virando a manivela dava a energia para o aparelho funcionar.
A construção do jardim não era complicada só por ser difícil levar água até o topo, mas também porque tinha que evitar que a água destruísse-a. Considerando que pedra era difícil de se conseguir na planície de Mesopotamia, a maioria da arquitetura em Babel utilizou tijolo. Os tijolos eram compostos de barro misturado com palha cortada e assados ao sol. Os tijolos foram unidos então com bitumen, uma substância enlodada que agiu como um morteiro. Estes tijolos dissolveram depressa quando empapou com água. Para a maioria dos edifícios em Babel este não era um problema porque chuva era muito rara. Porém, os jardins foram expostos continuamente a irrigação e a fundação teve que ser protegida.
Diodorus Siculus, um historiador grego, declarou que as plataformas nas quais o jardim estava sobre lajes enormes de pedra, cobertas com capas de cana, asfalto e azulejos. Em cima disto uma coberta foi posta, com folhas de chumbo, evitando que a água da terra pudesse desgastar a base. Em cima de tudo isso foi posta terra de uma profundidade conveniente, suficiente para o crescimento das maiores árvores. Quando a terra foi posta e planificada, foram plantadas todos os tipos de árvores que pela grandeza e beleza encantavam os espectadores.
Qual era a grandeza dos jardins ? Diodorus nos fala que tinha aproximadamente 121 metros de largura por 121 metros de comprimento e mais de 24,3 metros de altura. Outras contas indicam que a altura era igual às paredes de cidade exteriores. Paredes que Herodotus disse que tinham 97,5 metros de altura.
Em todo caso os jardins tinham uma vista surpreendente: uma montanha verde, copada, artificial que sobe a planície. Mas, na verdade existiu? Afinal de contas, Herodotus nunca menciona isto.
"The King Hammurabi is the most famous king of the Babylonian kingdom. The whole kingdom flourished under his rule. His son Nebuchadnezzar is the one who built the Hanging gardens of Babylon, one of the Seven wonders of world.
Nebuchadnezzar ruled the country for 43 years from 605 BC. He constructed impressive array of temples, palaces and streets. It is being told that he built this garden to please his wife, Amyitis. Amyitis, daughter of the king Medes seems to have had a passion for mountainous surroundings. There are some other accounts which say that this wonder of the world was actually built by the Assyrian Queen Semiramis.
The ancient accounts of this hanging gardens (one of the seven wonders of the world) describes the structure to be a stairs like one. The Greek geographer Strabo, describes it as , "the garden consists of vaulted terraces raised one above another, and resting upon cube-shaped pillars. These are hollow and filled with earth to allow trees of the largest size to be planted. The pillars, the vaults, and terraces are constructed of baked brick and asphalt."
The irrigation system was supposedly the complex part built on this gardens. This region had very scarce rains. Slaves were used to push the water upwards using some ancient method of irrigation. Of course there must be some exploitation of slave labor to maintain one among the seven wonders of the world. The gardens did not really hang on the roof using cables or ropes. But this name from the sense that it was built on the roof top. Some accounts state that the gardens are 400 by 400 feet and 80 feet high.
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Wooden gilded bier under the outer coffin, resting on the bottom of the sarcophagus
Heavy wooden bed-shaped bier, gesso gilt, having within outer framework an imitation webbing. On the front two heads of lions, on the back tails of lions; the legs, in like manner, represent the fore and hind feet of a lion. The head is of concave form to fit and receive the convex bottom of the anthropoid outer coffin. The under part of the imitation mesh webbing is varnished with black resin.
Egyptian Museum, Cairo