View allAll Photos Tagged alanturing
Aqui teniu la reencarnació del primer ordinador del mon, el Colossus! Els models originals foren destruits per guardar-ne el secret despres de la SGM, però un esforçat grup d'enginyers anglesos l'ha refet fa uns pocs anys. El seu unic proposit era desxifrar els aparentment imposibles codis de la maquina alemanya Lorenz.
Bletchley Park és un dels llocs més fascinants de la historia del segle XX. Aquí, durant la II Guerra Mundial i buscant la manera de desxifrar els codis militars alemanys, en sorgí la informatica i els ordinadors.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1ofh6n8VZY&feature=related
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossus
ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchley_Park
========================================================
Bletchley Park is one of the most amazing historical places related to the XX Century in general and to WWII in particular. Here, during the colossal effort to crack the german military codes, computers and computing science were born (or at least had their main initial development).
This is the reborn Colossus, the first computer in history. The original ones were destroyed during the Cold War, but some years ago, a heroic team managed to built an exact, full working replica. Colossus managed to broke the almost unbreakable Lorenz machine cyphers, used by Hitler's hight command in WWII.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossus_computer
www.codesandciphers.org.uk/index.htm
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchley_Park
www.bletchleypark.org/content/museum.rhtm
For an impresive virtual visit, take a look to these videos:
Bletchley Park 1940s events, July and September 2019. Both excellent, combined and individually.
Many reenactors, people in 1940s attire, vintage stalls, singers, dancing, vehicles and of course the incredible historical story of Bletchley Park, home of the code breakers.
A place of intrigue, mind crunching information, a truly fascinating place to visit.
Bletchley Park 1940s events, July and September 2019. Both excellent, combined and individually.
Many reenactors, people in 1940s attire, vintage stalls, singers, dancing, vehicles and of course the incredible historical story of Bletchley Park, home of the code breakers.
A place of intrigue, mind crunching information, a truly fascinating place to visit.
Bletchley Park 1940s events, July and September 2019. Both excellent, combined and individually.
Many reenactors, people in 1940s attire, vintage stalls, singers, dancing, vehicles and of course the incredible historical story of Bletchley Park, home of the code breakers.
A place of intrigue, mind crunching information, a truly fascinating place to visit.
1945 Royal Enfield WD / RE125. Flying Flea. C5860035.
Zoom in to read more.
--
Bletchley Park, Buckinghamshire, put on its customary 1940s weekend and didn't disappoint. Such a fantastic venue, home of the codebreakers. There were re-enactors, vintage vehicles, dancing and so much more that makes it so memorable for everyone.
--
No Group Awards/Banners, thanks
The majestic show, entitled Thank You, was created by curator Craig Morrison, who specialises in digital art. The lights say thank you to Turing in Morse Code, shooting beams two miles into the sky.
National Radio Centre. RSGB at Bletchley Park.
Yaesu FT DX 5000 MP Limited HF 50 Mhz 200 Watt Transceiver. usb/lsb/am/fm/cw/rtty/pkt/dual vfo. £3,199.95
Yaesu SM-5000 Station Monitor Scope. £324.95
LDG RC600 Controller. £439.96
Diamond Sx-100 swr/power meter. £94.96
G4FWZ Antenna switch Box.
AMSAT LVB Tracker.
Bletchley Park 1940s events, July and September 2019. Both excellent, combined and individually.
Many reenactors, people in 1940s attire, vintage stalls, singers, dancing, vehicles and of course the incredible historical story of Bletchley Park, home of the code breakers.
A place of intrigue, mind crunching information, a truly fascinating place to visit.
Bletchley Park, in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, was the central site of the United Kingdom's Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS), which during the Second World War regularly penetrated the secret communications of the Axis Powers – most importantly the German Enigma and Lorenz ciphers. The official historian of World War II British Intelligence has written that the "Ultra" intelligence produced at Bletchley shortened the war by two to four years, and that without it the outcome of the war would have been uncertain. The site is now an educational and historical attraction memorialising and celebrating those accomplishments.
The bombe was an electromechanical device used by British cryptologists to help decipher German Enigma-machine-encrypted secret messages during World War II. The US Navy and US Army later produced machines to the same functional specification, but engineered differently.
The initial design of the bombe was produced in 1939 at the UK Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park by Alan Turing, with an important refinement devised in 1940 by Gordon Welchman. The engineering design and construction was the work of Harold Keen of the British Tabulating Machine Company. It was a substantial development from a device that had been designed in 1938 by Polish Cipher Bureau cryptologist Marian Rejewski, and known as the "cryptologic bomb" (Polish: "bomba kryptologiczna").
The bombe was designed to discover some of the daily settings of the Enigma machines on the various German military networks: specifically, the set of rotors in use and their positions in the machine; the rotor core start positions for the message—the message key—and one of the wirings of the plugboard.
With the upcoming release ot the film " The Imitation Game" about Alan Turing the man who was instrumental in cracking the 'Enigma Code' it reminded me of the tribute Liverpool paid to him with a laser light show at the Pier Head last year
Bletchley Park 1940s events, July and September 2019. Both excellent, combined and individually.
Many reenactors, people in 1940s attire, vintage stalls, singers, dancing, vehicles and of course the incredible historical story of Bletchley Park, home of the code breakers.
A place of intrigue, mind crunching information, a truly fascinating place to visit.
--
No Group Awards/Banners, thanks
Are You Paying Attention?
... .-.. . - -.-. .... .-.. . -.-- / .--. .- .-. -.-
Bletchley Park. Hut 11A. The Bombe Breakthrough.
A permanent exhibition that tells the story of the Bombe machines in the actual building that housed the machines which broke Enigma.
Hut 11A: The Bombe Breakthrough explains in detail the challenges posed by Enigma and explores how Alan Turing, Gordon Welchman and others devised a machine to help solve it. Using the museum’s Oral History archive and historic objects, it also considers how this contribution to the success of Allied signals intelligence had a significant impact on the course of WW2.
Bletchley Park, Home of the Codebreakers, is one of the cornerstones of British History during WWII. Its story being told the world over through the life and death, of Alan Turing (Mathematician and computer scientist). The most recognised films, Enigma (2001) and The Imitation Game (2014). I found Bletchley Park to be so interesting and fascinating. The more you learn, the more you want to discover. It's one of those places where you just have to visit to get a sense of what was going on in secrecy, during wartimes.
Hut 11A at Bletchley Park. Grade II Listed Building.
--
No Group Awards/Banners, thanks
--
Links:
historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/139179...
www.iguzzini.com/projects/project-gallery/hut-11a-the-bom...
These wheels belong to a cryptoanalytic device called The Bombe used in Bletchley Park to crack the code of the Enigma cipher machine.
The Bombe has been developed by Alan Turing and Gordon Welchman based on a earlier Polish development called bomba kryptologiczna (this is where the name The Bombe comes from).
The Bombe utilizes the fact that the Enigma is an involutory device, i.e. the relations between letters in the plain text and the cipher text are reciprocal so that a letter A in the plaintext associated with B in the ciphertext is the same as B in the plaintext associated with A in the ciphertext. Using this fact together with the knowledge about the way the Enigma works, The Bombe is able to exclude wrong settings of the Enigma parameters by comparing the ciphertext with a piece of plaintext (called crib) which is assumed to be included in the message. Hence, after The Bombe has been set up with a menu derived from the ciphertext and the crib, the device performs an exhaustive search until the Enigma setup has been found which has been used for encrypting the cipher text.
The depicted device is a reconstruction of The Bombe, created in Bletchley Park within the Bombe Rebuild Project.
The cracking of the enigma code is estimated to have saved approximately 14million lives and shortened the war by an estimate 2 years.
"This is where Dilly Knox and John Jeffreys worked on the ideas for breaking Enigma that they had gained from the Poles at the famous meeting in the Pyry forest in Poland, 25 July 1939.
John Jeffreys set up a production line to make copies of the Polish 'Zygalski Sheets.' One set of these was taken by Alan Turing to Chateau Vignolles just outside Paris. The Polish mathematicians, Rozecki, Zygalski and Rejewski, had escaped there from Poland.
The first break back into Enigma occurred at Vignolles in January 1940 using the sheets Jeffreys took.
A few weeks later the German Air Force key, known as RED, was broken in the cottage. Immediately the cottage was quarantined to keep the breaking of Enigma absolutely secret."
Depiction in slate at Bletchley Park of the most celebrated cryptographer's of the 2nd World War.
He helped crack the Enigma encryption devices and their later developments including the Lorentz at Bletchley Park.
In 1936, Alan Turing went to Princeton University in America, returning to England in 1938. He began to work secretly part-time for the British cryptanalytic department, the Government Code and Cypher School. On the outbreak of war he took up full-time work at its headquarters, Bletchley Park.
Here he played a vital role in deciphering the messages encrypted by the German Enigma machine, which provided vital intelligence for the Allies.
He took the lead in a team that designed a machine known as a bombe that successfully decoded German messages. He became a well-known and rather eccentric figure at Bletchley.
Bletchley Park is an estate located in the town of Bletchley, in Buckinghamshire, England, which currently houses the National Codes Centre and the National Museum of Computing. During the Second World War, Bletchley Park was the site of the United Kingdom's main decryption establishment, the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS), where ciphers and codes of several Axis countries were decrypted, most importantly the ciphers generated by the German Enigma and Lorenz machines. It also housed Station X, a secret radio intercept station.
For more information about the secrets of Bletchley Park in World War II please see this link :
anyone who's seen the awesome film The Imitation Game,will recognise the faces plus the desk is the real one from the film..still under the window it was filmed in..
Here at his desk in Hut 8 at Bletchley Park, Turing took the lead on breaking naval Enigma ciphers - something few thought could ever be done. His mathematical skills also enabled him to break other ciphers, including the complex Lorenz cipher where he used a method that became known as Turingery. Together with his fellow Codebreaker Gordon Welchman, he developed the Bombe machine to help speed up the codebreaking process.
One of Turing's "eccentricities" involved chaining his tea mug to the radiator. Years later, when the lake adjacent to Bletchley Park was drained in a search for Enigma machines, workers found several cups and mugs that had been thrown into the lake by Alexander denniston during his morning walks, presumably somewhat absentmindedly when he was in a bad mood. So although odd, there was probably good reason for Turing's worries over mug security.
During the Second World War, Turing worked for the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebreaking centre that produced Ultra intelligence. For a time he led Hut 8, the section which was responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. Here he devised a number of techniques for speeding the breaking of German ciphers, including improvements to the pre-war Polish bombe method, an electromechanical machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine. Turing played a pivotal role in cracking intercepted coded messages that enabled the Allies to defeat the Nazis in many crucial engagements, including the Battle of the Atlantic, and in so doing helped win the war. Counterfactual history is difficult with respect to the effect Ultra intelligence had on the length of the war, but at the upper end it has been estimated that this work shortened the war in Europe by more than two years and saved over fourteen million lives.
Hut 8 was a section in the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park (the British World War II codebreaking station) tasked with solving German naval (Kriegsmarine) Enigma messages. The section was led initially by Alan Turing. He was succeeded in November 1942 by his deputy, Hugh Alexander. Patrick Mahon succeeded Alexander in September 1944.
Hut 8 was partnered with Hut 4, which handled the translation and intelligence analysis of the raw decrypts provided by Hut 8.
Located initially in one of the original single-story wooden huts, the name "Hut 8" was retained when Huts 3, 6 & 8 moved to a new brick building, Block D, in February 1943.
After 2005, the first Hut 8 was restored to its wartime condition, and it now houses the "HMS Petard Exhibition".
Bletchley Park was the central site for British (and subsequently, Allied) code-breakers during World War II. It housed the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS), which regularly penetrated the secret communications of the Axis Powers – most importantly the German Enigma and Lorenz ciphers. According to the official historian of British Intelligence, the "Ultra" intelligence produced at Bletchley shortened the war by two to four years, and that without it the outcome of the war would have been uncertain.
Located in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, Bletchley Park is open to the public, and receives hundreds of thousands of visitors annually.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing
Bletchley Park
Colossus was the world's first electronic, digital, fixed-program, single-purpose computer with variable coefficients.
The Colossus computers were used to help decipher (radio) teleprinter messages that had been encrypted using the electromechanical Lorenz SZ40/42 in-line cipher machine.
Update: William Newman has the true history of this artifact: "May I confess to being the perpetrator of said 'board', which I drew on a sheet of paper back in the 1950s when I was in my early teens and lacked the money to buy a proper set. My brother and I played on it, and when Alan asked if he could join us in a game we played a threesome (Alan lost). Later the board fell into disuse and I lost track of it about 50 years ago, but it recently turned up (together with the rules), see www.bletchleypark.org.uk/news/docview.rhtm/644565. The Roman numerals indicated property prices. I forget why I added the diagonal. "
Bletchley Park, in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, was the central site of the United Kingdom's Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS), which during the Second World War regularly penetrated the secret communications of the Axis Powers – most importantly the German Enigma and Lorenz ciphers. The official historian of World War II British Intelligence has written that the "Ultra" intelligence produced at Bletchley shortened the war by two to four years, and that without it the outcome of the war would have been uncertain. The site is now an educational and historical attraction memorialising and celebrating those accomplishments.
Bletchley Park
Lady Grey 400 iso 35mm
Pentax Espio 928
No Crop, No Filter, No Post Production.
Alan Turing, was a very important British mathematician and logician who helped to decode the encryption of German Enigma machines during the Second World War. And on this day of June 5th 2024, on the Eve of remembering the importance of D-Day June 6th 1944 in Europe, 80 years ago. I wish to remember and honor Alan, and his absolutely crucial work along with his colleagues at Bletchley Park, Codebreaking in WWII.
Considered the father of Modern Computer Science. Alan's genius along with his colleagues, was estimated to have saved the lives of thousands of people and helped to shortened World War II by 2-4 years.
This Hero who fought to end fascism in Europe, ended up facing it on his very own doorstep in Britain in 1952. When he was arrested and prosecuted for being homosexual. In 1954, heartbreakingly, this incredible person with this genius brain would take his own life due to no longer being able to take the sheer evil and cruelty he encountered by forced chemical castration.
I will forever be disgusted by what the Government of 1950s Britain did to this man, and hundreds-thousands just like him for simply just being his true authentic self. Wanting to live in peace, as he SO deserved. Like everyone does.
R.I.P Alan, and Thank you, for the freedoms I enjoy today, that I really wish you'd of had too.
Bletchley Park, Buckinghamshire, put on its customary 1940s weekend and didn't disappoint. Such a fantastic venue, home of the codebreakers. There were re-enactors, vintage vehicles, dancing and so much more that makes it so memorable for everyone.
--
No Group Awards/Banners, thanks
seen at Churchill college, Cambridge, Alan Turing was a British mathematician, cryptographer, and computer scientist often credited as the founder of computer science. In 1936 he developed the concept of the Turing Machine and with it the intellectual underpinnings of the modern digital computer. A pioneer in the field of artificial intelligence, Turing was keenly involved in the development of the first self-modifying stored program computer. He also proposed a method for determining machine intelligence, the now famous Turing Test. For more information on Alan Turing see en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing
Bletchley Park, in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, was the central site of the United Kingdom's Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS), which during the Second World War regularly penetrated the secret communications of the Axis Powers – most importantly the German Enigma and Lorenz ciphers. The official historian of World War II British Intelligence has written that the "Ultra" intelligence produced at Bletchley shortened the war by two to four years, and that without it the outcome of the war would have been uncertain. The site is now an educational and historical attraction memorialising and celebrating those accomplishments.
Bletchley Park 1940s events, July and September 2019. Both excellent, combined and individually.
Many reenactors, people in 1940s attire, vintage stalls, singers, dancing, vehicles and of course the incredible historical story of Bletchley Park, home of the code breakers.
A place of intrigue, mind crunching information, a truly fascinating place to visit.
Bletchley Park 1940s events, July and September 2019. Both excellent, combined and individually.
Many reenactors, people in 1940s attire, vintage stalls, singers, dancing, vehicles and of course the incredible historical story of Bletchley Park, home of the code breakers.
A place of intrigue, mind crunching information, a truly fascinating place to visit.
Beneath Bishop’s Bridge Road, halfway between Sheldon Square and the entrance to Paddington underground station, you’ll find an intriguing work of art. Curated by Futurecity on behalf of British Land, this permanent installation is a collaboration between United Visual Artists and poet Nick Drake.
Alan Turing is one of Paddington’s most famous sons. This artwork, Message From the Unseen World, celebrates his groundbreaking work on artificial intelligence. Its outer shell comprises aluminium panels, punctuated with holes. LED lights shine through the holes, forming the words to Drake’s poem. A Turing-inspired algorithm shuffles through the poem, creating new interpretations of the verse.
You can see the full poem below.
MESSAGE FROM THE UNSEEN WORLD
Nick Drake
This is Alan speaking
to you who pass by this bridge
in the enchantment of time
under the echoing arch
over the mirror of water
on your way to work or home
and to other places in the infinity
held in the secret dream cave
of your mysterious minds
This is Alan speaking
through this interface with time and space
I am the ghost in the universal machine
the one I dreamed as I lay on the grass
that grew in the green of lost time
of a meadow in Grantchester alone
thinking about whoever I was in love with at the time
and the unchanging truth of numbers
in their beautiful equations
and the enigma of human beings
in their infinite possible configurations -
I was puzzling the problem of the apple
of the knowledge of good and evil -
For on that day you eat of it
you shall surely die
but the winding snake
the only creature coded as a question
looked me in the eye and asked
in his intelligent high voice -
What’s wrong with this picture?
Why do starfish have five arms
and why are they fish not stars?
What connects stars and grains of sand?
What is the secret ciphered in a fir cone?
Why is the heart always on the left?
Natural wonders every child should know…
He smiled like the flickering pages of a book -
Christopher, my first true love, appeared
his beautiful fingers blue with ink
holding his telescope and the star globe
I made him as a present -
We lay side by side
looking through the window at the stars
naming the constellations
as they wheeled across the night
The maths brain lies often awake in his bed
Doing logs to ten places and trig in his head
When I woke in the shock of light
he was gone
and nothing was ever the same again
What happens to the dead
when spirit separates from matter?
Is time a river ever giving birth
in an endless wheel?
Why is loss always incalculable?
What is the heart’s square root,
its point and infinite recurrences?
This is Alan speaking
perhaps you wish to hear about the task
of deciphering the Enigma messages?
It was the impossible before breakfast
to imagine the unimaginable
the day after war was declared -
but a logical theorem says
you can deduce everything from a contradiction
so we imagined a cryptanalytic machine
an electric brain ticking away
to solve the insoluble
to sort the irrelevant from the essential
to discover the heart of the mystery
in thousands of meaningless signals every day
enciphered and sent by the enemy
in billions of different possible combinations -
like reading a poem written in random static
in wind and rain and dark
threaded with the dot and dash of Morse
encrypted transmitted transcribed
but there was one clue -
a letter was never enciphered as itself
so that was the starting point
to find the letters that made the only word
that helped to save ships and lives
in the middle of the Atlantic
and some say win the war -
We kept hush hush but I wondered
Could a machine be intelligent and if so how?
Could a machine be fascinated by another machine?
Could machines talk to each other?
Could a machine experience delight
and suffer fear and jealousy?
If a machine could dream what would it dream
in the forest of the night?
Could a machine fall sick or fall in love?
Could a machine imagine the future?
This is Alan speaking
we devised the Automatic Computing Engine
capable of calculating anything
quantified in an algorithm
and that was the basis of the future -
But how is it I found myself
a stranger in a room alone
a sequence of contradictory instructions
coded into my criminal heart?
Of gross indecency accused
I replied truthfully
Englishman atheist mathematician
Order of the British Empire
Recreations listed in Who’s Who
chess long-distance running gardening
(the last a kind of lie, I like wild flowers) -
Homosexual cryptographer
noble in reason or traitor in his bones?
Unable to say a word of what I knew
unable to speak the unspeakable
secret within the secret
I felt no guilt -
They offered me a choice
Prison or probation
with hormonal emasculation -
I made my decision
and emerged a different man
Why does nothing happen for a long time
Then everything suddenly changes?
Why does the rational give rise to the irrational?
Who is this man kissing me on the mouth?
Is he telling truth or lies?
This is Alan speaking
now as I could not speak before
to you who were unborn when I died -
Oh beautiful people of tomorrow
we are not fallen creatures
life is the only garden
the apple is love
two Adams, two Eves
in open celebration hand in hand
So I delight to watch you dance
in the enchantment of time
like angels in a forest of mirrors
but in the age of shopping
festivals and information consumption
the sign of the bitten apple is everywhere
and your lives are held in the beautiful devices
familiar in your hands -
So revel in your liberty
but read between the lines
you are becoming information
touch screen to touch screen
connected but alone
the algorithm of desires and dreams
end to end encryption held
in the infinite memory of the great ghost server
How did the zebra get its stripes
and the leopard its disguise of spots?
Why does a snail have a spiral shell?
Why do sunflowers follow not just the sun
but the Fibonacci sequence
in the structure of their beautiful faces?
How does a bud of cells generate your seeing eyes
and beating heart?
This is Alan speaking
I have been waiting a long time
puzzling everything and nothing -
I leave no note of explanation
but a mystery story
it is an ordinary summer evening
by the side of my bed is found
a half-eaten slice of apple
Dip the apple in the brew
let the sleeping death seep through -
I lie alone for the last time
at the edge of reality
my arms at my sides
like a badly-dressed figure on a tomb
looking out of the window at the sun
setting for the final night
a golden apple in the black branches
of a tree of shadows where the birds quibble -
until it disappears into the dark
17th February 2017.
The Bombe is a cryptoanalytic device, which has been used by the codecrackers in Bletchley Park to decipher messages encrypted with the legendary Enigma cipher machine. At its outside, The Bombe possesses of a set of wheels with letters on them, which belong to a set of cartridges with rotors. At its inside, The Bombe contains huge amounts of wires and a set of mechanical relays, resistors and other passive components.
Alan Turing. The "Street Art" seems to have been given a bit of a...ahem.... "makeover".
I wonder what the etiquette is?
Can someone update their own stuff or can anyone else just turn up and spray over it - meaning that the original artist is just as pissed off as the person who the wall belongs to in that someone had painted on it in the first place. Answers on a postcard....
For what it is worth, I prefer the original.
Are You Paying Attention?
... .-.. . - -.-. .... .-.. . -.-- / .--. .- .-. -.-
Bletchley Park. Hut 3.
Bletchley Park, Home of the Codebreakers, is one of the cornerstones of British History during WWII. Its story being told the world over through the life and death, of Alan Turing (Mathematician and computer scientist). The most recognised films, Enigma (2001) and The Imitation Game (2014). I found Bletchley Park to be so interesting and fascinating. The more you learn, the more you want to discover. It's one of those places where you just have to visit to get a sense of what was going on in secrecy, during wartimes.
The home of British codebreaking and a birthplace of modern information technology. It played a major role in World War Two (WWII), producing secret intelligence which had a direct and profound influence on the outcome of the conflict.
Hut 3's significance is principally historic. It was an important building in the early phase of Bletchley Park, which is renowned for its part in this breaking of the German Enigma code, and in contributing to the Allied victory (especially in the Battle of the Atlantic). It was in Hut 3 that from June 1940 crucial analysis of decrypted German army and air force communications took place.
--
No Group Awards/Banners, thanks
--
Links:
www.facebook.com/watch/?v=834688065388201
www.facebook.com/Bletchleypark1
historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1391799
historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/139179...
www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?ui...
--
if I remember the inscription ,this was recovered from underwater..the case is still water-damaged,,
Bletchley Park, in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, was the central site of the United Kingdom's Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS), which during the Second World War regularly penetrated the secret communications of the Axis Powers – most importantly the German Enigma and Lorenz ciphers. The official historian of World War II British Intelligence has written that the "Ultra" intelligence produced at Bletchley shortened the war by two to four years, and that without it the outcome of the war would have been uncertain. The site is now an educational and historical attraction memorialising and celebrating those accomplishments.