Street Photography
View allAll Photos Tagged affiliated
Sichuan, China.
Are you looking for the best and the most intelligent photo editor? Try Luminar! Click my affiliate link here. You will get a US$10 discount with your referral discount code - LUMINAR-FRIEND. Important note: use it only with your referral link.
If you wish to support my art, you can do it here :)
milamaiphotography@gmail.com
I enjoy taking portraits and I am particularly fascinated by smiles. All of them! Whilst some are easier to interpret than others, not all of them represent happiness and I’m sure that this enigmatic facial expression has been the subject of hundreds of studies...
I’ve been thinking about trying to categorise some of my portraits into the various smile ‘categories’. I’m certain that I’ll be wrong on the nuance and I’m also aware, particularly after reading the opinion of the great Garry Winogrand, that photography provides very little context.
But here I go with my first. I think this is an affiliative smile - a smile trying to express acknowledgement and tolerance. What do you think?
Here are some of the smile types :)
- The Reward Smile
- The Dominance Smile
- The Lying Smile
- The Wistful Smile
- The Polite Smile
- The Flirtatious Smile
- The Embarrassed Smile
- The Pan Am Smile
- The Smug Smile
- The Mona Lisa ‘Mysterious’
- The Sneer
And the gold standard of smiles - The Duchenne Smile
——————————-//——————————-
Candid Eye Contact
Sydney Mardi Gras, Hyde Park
February, 2020
Numbers 16:32 “The earth opened its mouth and swallowed them, all their households, everyone who was affiliated with Korah, and all of their property.”
DHS identifies over 400 migrants brought to the U.S. by an ISIS-affiliated human smuggling network:
“Over 150 have been arrested, but the whereabouts of over 50 remain unknown, officials said. ICE is looking to arrest them on immigration charges when they are found.”
Two of what may be the largest extant species of woodpeckers in North America appear suddenly on a tree in Loxahatchee NWR. Pileated woodpeckers are mostly black with white stripes on their face and neck and a flaming-red crest. The male has a red stripe on his cheek while the female does not. One needn’t even leave the parking lot at this reserve to enjoy the pleasure of hearing and seeing this strikingly large bird. These are woodpeckers that approach the size of crows. Their low, slow drumming is loud and haunting, carrying distances through the forest air. #PileatedWoodpeckers
Despite his lack of practical farm expertise, William Johnston (1848-1885) was the "founder" of the Ontario Agricultural College and its Principal from 1876-1879. It was his vision that led to the creation of a three-year degree program, affiliated with the University of Toronto, which began in 1887 and continued until 1964. Johnston Hall, built in 1932 as a student residence and administrative offices, is now one of the University's most recognized buildings.
Johnston Hall's stone tower is the University of Guelph's best-known landmark, and its spacious front lawn one of the most loved spots on campus. Administrative offices fill the lower floor, while 315 students live on the top three floors in large double and triple rooms. Built in 1932, Johnston Hall's traditional architecture and its spacious tower lounge make it a favorite with many students.
Units of the Neolith Corporation affiliated private military & security company - "Damage Inc." - are marching forward through the empty streets of yet another rebellious corporate colony, on their way to regain lost assets and restore justice, however, on their terms.
Obviously, this whole MOC heavily inspired by numerous amazing works in "World In Darkness" setting, but there's countless evident visual nods to continuous conflicts in the Middle East.
Originally this diorama was intended to be a small showcase for this crab'ish mecha, but eventually it has grown into a full-scale scene. I'm only partially satisfied with overall result, but it was a nice experience at making large and detailed scenes, although it was made for a single shot.
More pics of that mecha coming soon.
Semller - Thigh High Stomper Boots Patent Edt.
★ Available in the Special Edition Section at the Mainstore.
Sizes Support:
⍛ Legacy female; eBody Reborn; & Maitreya Lara.
Try a demo before purchase.
Singles available:
⍛ 2 colors sold separately.
★ Warning: This item is sold as an own edition and is in
no way affiliated with the original Thigh High Stomper Boots Fatpack.
________________________________
⍛ mainstore to visit our store.
⍛ facebook to follow our page.
⍛ marketplace for retired products.
⍛ flickr group for photo submission.
⍛ instagram release posts.
⍛ Get access to Group Gifts.
⍛ Get 10% off full priced items with active group tag.
⍛ Get the latest updates on products, sales and events.
★ By joining the official Semller Group;
⌸ IM/Notecard Semller Resident for inquires.
This was a small independent roadside pit-stop for weary highway travelers on old US-59. I think this place was around when the state initially widened 59 from a two-lane highway to a four-lane divided highway way back in the 1970s. It appeared to be out of business and abandoned when this pic was taken. It was not affiliated at all with the Denny's national chain of restaurants. Any corrections or additional info concerning the history of Denney's would be greatly appreciated.
Kiyomizu-dera (清水寺?), officially Otowa-san Kiyomizu-dera (音羽山清水寺?) is an independent Buddhist temple in eastern Kyoto. The temple is part of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (Kyoto, Uji and Otsu Cities) UNESCO World Heritage site.[1] (It should not be confused with Kiyomizu-dera in Yasugi, Shimane, which is part of the 33-temple route of the Chūgoku 33 Kannon Pilgrimage through western Japan.)
Kiyomizu-dera was founded in the early Heian period.[2] The temple was founded in 778, and its present buildings were constructed in 1633, ordered by the Tokugawa Iemitsu.[3] There is not a single nail used in the entire structure. It takes its name from the waterfall within the complex, which runs off the nearby hills. Kiyomizu means clear water, or pure water.[4][5]
It was originally affiliated with the old and influential Hossō sect dating from Nara times.[6] However, in 1965 it severed that affiliation, and its present custodians call themselves members of the "Kitahossō" sect.
Gear I Use (affiliate links):
Photography:
Canon R1: bhpho.to/4bU0wsP
Canon R3: bhpho.to/4ivgITU
Canon R5 II: bhpho.to/41R4uhf
Tripod: Promediagear TR423: bit.ly/3hSdy2k
Gitzo Fluid Gimbal Head:
Amazon amzn.to/3Y3XTQn B&H:bhpho.to/4czYVc1
Canon 100-500mm: bhpho.to/4bQm3mi
Canon 600mm F4: bhpho.to/4iRigr4
Canon 100-300mm: bhpho.to/4izhEGF
The best lens covers: amzn.to/3HtQGQ5
Bags:
Think Tank International Roller: bit.ly/2NWLfOg
Osprey Roller: amzn.to/4fbJGpl
Video:
RED Dragon-X
Canon R1: bhpho.to/4bU0wsP
Canon R3: bhpho.to/4ivgITU
Canon R5 II: bhpho.to/41R4uhf
Canon R5C: bhpho.to/3Ra6zjr
Canon 100-500mm: bhpho.to/4bQm3mi
Canon 600mm F4: bhpho.to/4iRigr4
The best lens covers: amzn.to/3HtQGQ5
Mic on Camera: amzn.to/3gDIy2a
Mic off Camera: amzn.to/4cWLjqu
Field Audio Recorder: amzn.to/4f1g27C
Cartoni Focus 12 SDS Tripod: bhpho.to/4hy04Sf
Calendars: www.createphotocalendars.com/Shop/harrycollinsphotography
Prints: www.etsy.com/shop/HarColPhotographs
Website: www.harrycollinsphoto.com
I use Topaz Denoise on all of my photos: topazlabs.com/ref/519/
Want to learn how to become an Affiliate, texture baby clothing, use mannequins, use the poser kit, take photos and and understand furniture kits?
TAKE A CLASS! Learn about the classes here:
These classes are designed for those who wish to become an Affiliate, are new to being an Affiliate or desire more education on being an Affiliate.
Classes are offered twice a week beginning the week of June 5, 2023. (see below for schedule).
Classes are 1 hour in length and will have time for some questions and answers.
Classes are held on the Zooby Discord server in the Education Voice Channel under Community. The instructor will be on voice and screen sharing. You need to be able to hear and watch the screen share to benefit most from the class
Class sessions are provided à la carte. You can select and choose which individual session suits your needs
Cost: $5.00 (paid via PayPal) or 900L (paid in-world at the vendor), per person, per class.
*****************************************************************************
Registration & Payment:
1. Copy this link into your browser and fill out the regisration form.
docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeKt2zRhOdf-pAveRWA6YxBS...
2. Pay for the number of classes you wish at attend either via paypal or by using the in-world vendor at the Whimsical Designs Main Store.
- To pay via Paypal: log into your Paypal account, go to send, search @ZoobyAffiliateEdu to make payment. (if you pay via PayPal). Make sure you
put your SL name in "whats this payment for" to make it easier to match up registration and payment.
- To pay in world: Use this LM to get to the Love Momma room. The vendor is on a table
.
Purchase the session(s) you wish to attend.
3. Once registration and payment is received, you'll be given access to the Zooby Discord Education Voice Channel when it's time for class
****************************************************************************
Important Information:
Refunds for classes will only be offered if the instructor is unable to make it that day. We do not provide refunds for classes you do not attend. If you are ill or have a real life emergency, please contact the instructor for enrollment into another class.
• Classes are for paid students only.
• Class content is the intellectual property of the instructor.
• Any screen shots you take are for your own personal use and cannot be shared with others.
• Any course material provided is for personal use only and cannot be shared with others.
• Screen recording for public use and sharing of class material will result in termination of all classes.
• Please be respectful during class.
• Please mute your mic if you are not actively asking a question.
We want this to be an enriching environment for learning and growing.
****************************************************************************
Class Schedule
Session 1: June 6, 2023 3-4pm SLT
June 7, 2023 10-11 am SLT
Session 2: June 13, 2023 3-4pm SLT
June 14, 2023 10-11 am SLT
Session 3: June 20, 2023 3-4pm SLT
June 21, 2023 10-11 am SLT
Session 4: June 27, 2023 3-4pm SLT
June 28, 2023 10-11am SLT
One week break for July 4th holiday
Session 5: July 11 , 2023 3-4pm SLT
July 12, 2023 10-11 am SLT
****************************************************************************
Session Content:
Session 1
• Becoming an Affiliate.
• Steps to approval.
• How to use the website.
Session 2
• Mesh Clothing Kit contents, purchase, and use.
• Organization tips and tricks.
• Setting up an AO map in Photoshop
Session 3
• Basic Photoshop texturing.
• How to use the mannequin (for testing and store use).
Session 4
• How to use the Mesh Poser Kit.
• Picture taking for display image use.
• Display image requirements
Session 5
• Furniture kit contents, purchase and use.
****************************************************************************
If you have any questions, contact sweetdelilaheve resident
Discord: Dělĭląh Ęνě#2964
See the short Youtube video or Vimeo video of the creation of this photo.
Chicago, September 2013: Visual Acoustics VI - Silence and Light - Echoes - Wrigley Building & Trump Tower
(...)“I sense a Threshold: Light to Silence, Silence to Light – an ambiance of inspiration, in which the desire to be, to express, crosses with the possible … Light to Silence, Silence to Light crosses in the sanctuary of art.”(...) - Architect Louis Kahn.
Hardware
Camera: Canon 5D Mk III
Lens: 24 mm T/S with Max. Shift no Tilt
Filters: Formatt-Hitech IRND Prostop IRND JT signature Edition Long Exposure kit 10 stops + 6 stops
Exposure: 370 sec.
ISO 100
Software
Photoshop CS6
NIK Software Silver Efex Pro2
Topaz ReMask 3
B&W Method: Iterative Selective Gradient Masking - iSGM
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The National Atomic Testing Museum is one of 37 national museums in the U.S. It covers the period from the first test at NTS on January 27, 1951, to the present. Among its exhibits covering American nuclear history is a "Ground Zero Theater", which simulates the experience of observing an atmospheric nuclear test. The museum operates as an affiliate of the Smithsonian Institution.
Gear I Use (affiliate links):
Photography:
Canon R3: amzn.to/3Tnb220
Canon R5: amzn.to/3pU9GP3
Tripod: Promediagear TR423: bit.ly/3hSdy2k
Gimbal: Promediagear GKJr: bit.ly/3hSdy2k
Gitzo Fluid Gimbal Head: amzn.to/3Y3XTQn
Canon 100-500mm: amzn.to/3LiHFv8
Canon 600mm F4: amzn.to/3S4rVzU
The best lens covers: amzn.to/3HtQGQ5
Video:
RED Dragon-X
Canon R3: amzn.to/3Tnb220
Canon R5: amzn.to/3pU9GP3
Canon 100-500mm: amzn.to/3LiHFv8
Canon 600mm F4: amzn.to/3S4rVzU
The best lens covers: amzn.to/3HtQGQ5
Mic on Camera: amzn.to/3gDIy2a
Mic off Camera: amzn.to/4cWLjqu
Field Audio Recorder: amzn.to/4f1g27C
Cartoni Focus 12 SDS Tripod: Cartoni Focus 12 Fluid Head with 2-Stage Carbon Fiber KSDS12-C (bhphotovideo.com)
Core Nano X Batteries: amzn.to/4bFhbyE
Scarborough is a seaside town in the district and county of North Yorkshire, England. It is located on the North Sea coastline. Historically in the North Riding of Yorkshire, the town lies between 10 and 230 feet (3–70 m) above sea level, from the harbour rising steeply north and west towards limestone cliffs. The older part of the town lies around the harbour and is protected by a rocky headland.
With a population of 61,749, Scarborough is the largest holiday resort on the Yorkshire Coast and largest seaside town in North Yorkshire. The town has fishing and service industries, including a growing digital and creative economy, as well as being a tourist destination. Residents of the town are known as Scarborians.
The town is claimed to have been founded around 966 AD as Skarðaborg by Thorgils Skarthi, a Viking raider. There is no archaeological evidence to support this claim, which was made during the 1960s as part of a pageant of Scarborough events. The claim is based on a fragment of an Icelandic Saga. In the 4th century, there was briefly a Roman signal station on Scarborough headland, and there is evidence of earlier settlements, during the Stone Age and Bronze Age. Any settlement between the fifth and ninth centuries would have been burned to the ground by a band of Vikings under Tostig Godwinson (a rival of Thorgils Skarthi), Lord of Falsgrave, or Harald III of Norway. These periodic episodes of destruction and massacre means that very little evidence of settlement during this period remained to be recorded in the Domesday survey of 1085. (The original inland village of Falsgrave was Anglo-Saxon rather than Viking.)
A Roman signal station was built on a cliff-top location overlooking the North Sea. It was one of a chain of signal stations, built to warn of sea-raiders. Coins found at the site show that it was occupied from c. AD 370 until the early fifth century.
In 2021 an excavation at a housing development in Eastfield, Scarborough, revealed a Roman luxury villa, religious sanctuary, or combination of both. The building layout is unique in Britain and extends over an area of about the size of two tennis courts. It included a bathhouse and a cylindrical tower with rooms radiating from it. The buildings were “designed by the highest-quality architects in northern Europe in the era and constructed by the finest craftsmen.” Historic England described the finds as “one of the most important Roman discoveries in the past decade.” There are plans to revise the housing development layout, recover the remains and incorporate them in a public green area. Historic England is to recommend the remains be protected as a scheduled monument.
Scarborough recovered under King Henry II, who built an Angevin stone castle on the headland and granted the town charters in 1155 and 1163, permitting a market on the sands and establishing rule by burgesses.
Edward II granted Scarborough Castle to his favourite, Piers Gaveston. The castle was subsequently besieged by forces led by the barons Percy, Warenne, Clifford and Pembroke. Gaveston was captured and taken to Oxford and thence to Warwick Castle for execution.
In 1318, the town was burnt by the Scots, under Sir James Douglas following the Capture of Berwick upon Tweed.
In the Middle Ages, Scarborough Fair, permitted in a royal charter of 1253, held a six-week trading festival attracting merchants from all over Europe. It ran from Assumption Day, 15 August, until Michaelmas Day, 29 September. The fair continued to be held for 500 years, from the 13th to the 18th century, and is commemorated in the song Scarborough Fair:
Are you going to Scarborough Fair?
—parsley, sage, rosemary and thyme...
Scarborough and its castle changed hands seven times between Royalists and Parliamentarians during the English Civil War of the 1640s, enduring two lengthy and violent sieges. Following the civil war, much of the town lay in ruins.
In 1626, Mrs Thomasin Farrer discovered a stream of acidic water running from one of the cliffs to the south of the town. This gave birth to Scarborough Spa, and Dr Robert Wittie's book about the spa waters published in 1660 attracted a flood of visitors to the town. Scarborough Spa became Britain's first seaside resort, though the first rolling bathing machines were not reported on the sands until 1735. It was a popular getaway destination for the wealthy of London, such as the bookseller Andrew Millar and his family. Their son Andrew junior died there in 1750.
The coming of the Scarborough–York railway in 1845 increased the tide of visitors. Scarborough railway station claims a record for the world's longest platform seat. From the 1880s until the First World War, Scarborough was one of the regular destinations for The Bass Excursions, when fifteen trains would take between 8,000 and 9,000 employees of Bass's Burton brewery on an annual trip to the seaside.
During the First World War, the town was bombarded by German warships of the High Seas Fleet, an act which shocked the British (see Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby). Scarborough Pier Lighthouse, built in 1806, was damaged in the attack. A U-boat assault on the town, on 25 September 1916 saw three people killed and a further five injured. Eleven of Scarborough's trawler fleet were sunk at sea in another U-boat attack, on 4 September 1917.
In 1929, the steam drifter Ascendent caught a 560 lb (250 kg) tunny (Atlantic bluefin tuna) and a Scarborough showman awarded the crew 50 shillings so he could exhibit it as a tourist attraction. Big-game tunny fishing off Scarborough effectively started in 1930 when Lorenzo "Lawrie" Mitchell–Henry, landed a tunny caught on rod and line weighing 560 lb (250 kg). A gentlemen's club, the British Tunny Club, was founded in 1933 and set up its headquarters in the town at the place which is now a restaurant with the same name. Scarborough became a resort for high society. A women's world tuna challenge cup was held for many years.
Colonel (and, later, Sir) Edward Peel landed a world-record tunny of 798 lb (362 kg), capturing the record by 40 lb (18.1 kg) from one caught off Nova Scotia by American champion Zane Grey. The British record which still stands is for a fish weighing 851 lb (386 kg) caught off Scarborough in 1933 by Laurie Mitchell-Henry.
On 5 June 1993, Scarborough made international headlines when a landslip caused part of the Holbeck Hall Hotel, along with its gardens, to fall into the sea. Although the slip was shored up with rocks and the land has long since grassed over, evidence of the cliff's collapse remains clearly visible from The Esplanade, near Shuttleworth Gardens.
Scarborough has been affiliated with a number of Royal Navy vessels, including HMS Apollo, HMS Fearless and HMS Duncan.
The town has an Anglican church, St Martin-on-the-Hill, built in 1862–63 as the parish church of South Cliff. It contains works by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, William Morris, Edward Burne-Jones and Ford Madox Brown. A young Malton architect, John Gibson, designed the Crown Spa Hotel, Scarborough's first purpose-built hotel. Notable Georgian structures include the Rotunda Museum, Cliff Bridge and Scarborough Pier Lighthouse. Victorian buildings include the Classical Public Library and Market Hall, the Town Hall, Scarborough Spa, the Art Gallery, the South Cliff Methodist Church, and Scarborough railway station. The architecture of Scarborough generally consists of small, low, orange pantile-roofed buildings in the historic old town, and larger Classical and late Victorian buildings reflecting the time during the 19th century as it expanded away from its historic centre into a coastal spa resort.
A notable landmark in the town is the Grand Hotel on St Nicholas Cliff. Designed by Cuthbert Brodrick of Hull, it was completed in 1867; at the time of its opening, it was the largest hotel and the largest brick structure in Europe. It uses local yellow brickwork with red detailing and is based around a theme of time: four towers represent the seasons, 12 floors the months, 52 chimneys the weeks and the original 365 bedrooms represented the days of the year. A blue plaque outside the hotel marks where the novelist Anne Brontë died in 1849. She was buried in the graveyard of St Mary's Church by the castle.
An amount of 20th century architecture exists within the main shopping district and in the form of surrounding suburbs. Buildings from this century include the Futurist Theatre (1914), Stephen Joseph Theatre, Brunswick Shopping Centre (1990), and GCHQ Scarborough, a satellite station on the outskirts of the town.
Altos de Chavón is a re-creation of a Mediterranean style European village located atop the Chavón River in La Romana, Dominican Republic. It is the most popular attraction in the city and hosts a cultural center, an archeological museum, and an amphitheater. The project was conceived by the Italian architect Roberto Copa, and the industrialist Charles Bluhdorn.
The project began in 1976 when the construction of a nearby road and bridge crossing the Chavón River had to be blasted through a mountain of stone. Charles Bludhorn, chairman of Paramount then parent Gulf+Western, had the idea of using the stones to re-create a sixteenth-century style Mediterranean village, similar to some of the architecture found in the historic center of Santo Domingo. Construction was completed in the early 1980s.
Charles Bluhdorn's daughter, Dominique Bluhdorn, is the current president of the Altos de Chavón Cultural Center Foundation. Narrow, cobble-covered alleyways lined with lanterns and shuttered limestone walls yield several good Mediterranean-style restaurants, a number of quaint shops featuring the diverse craftwork of local artisans, and three galleries exhibiting the talents of students from the on-site design school (La Escuela de Diseño, an affiliate of Parsons School of Design in New York City). Notable attendees of the Altos de Chavón Design School have included Lisa Thon and Mía Lourdes Taveras López.
Adding authenticity to the project is the charming St. Stanislaus Church (Iglesia San Estanislao de Cracovia in Spanish) with its plaza and sparkling fountain that is a popular wedding venue. The Church of St Stanislaus was named after the patron saint of Poland in tribute to Pope John Paul II, who visited Santo Domingo in 1979 and left some of the saint's ashes behind. It was in this church that Louis Alphonse, Duke of Anjou married Venezuelan heiress Maria Margarita de Vargas y Santaella on November 6, 2004.
A Roman-styled 5,000-seat amphitheater hosts 20th century musical acts—The Pet Shop Boys, Frank Sinatra, and Julio Iglesias to name a few—while Génesis nightclub provides a popular dance venue for guests from the Casa de Campo resort nearby. The Regional Museum of Archaeology (El Museo Arqueológico Regional) contains a collection of pre-Columbian Indian artifacts unearthed in the surrounding area. Altos de Chavón overlooks Rio Chavón and the Dye Fore golf course of Casa de Campo; both built by former Gulf+Western chairman Charles Bluhdorn.
The Concert for the Americas was held here in August 1982. Performers included Frank Sinatra, Buddy Rich, Heart and Santana.
Credit for the data above is given to the following website:
7 of 31
This sweater is a recent addition to my closet. I just thrifted it a few months ago.
My neck was chilly and I added a serape scarf for a stripes on stripes look. I swear this scarf goes with everything.
Sweater, Essentials by Full Tilt (thrifted). Skirt, London Jean. Boots, Vionic. Earrings, Cozlane. Scarf, consignment. Belt, Linea Pelle (thrifted).
We are a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.
One of the greatest things about affiliate marketing is that you can
literally start making money online in a matter of a few days, even a
few hours.
You don't need a product of your own, or even a website if you choose
to create campaigns that direct visitors through your affiliate links, and
you can choose from a wide variety of products to promote as well .
Download Here. free-content-subscribe-list.gcrc.co.uk/wordpress/?p=114
Sobrasada is a raw, cured sausage from the Balearic Islands made with ground pork, paprika and salt and other spices.
In a traditional Mediterranean diet, containing little meat, as Mallorca had until the 1950s, sobrasada and its affiliated pork sausages were usually the main and exclusive pork meat source for Mallorquins.
(Source: Wikipedia)
Are you looking for the best and the most intelligent photo editor? Try Luminar! Click my affiliate link here. You will get a US$10 discount with your referral discount code - LUMINAR-FRIEND. Important note: use it only with your referral link.
Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve is a U.S. national monument and national preserve in the Snake River Plain in central Idaho. It is along US 20 (concurrent with US 93 and US 26), between the small towns of Arco and Carey, at an average elevation of 5,900 feet (1,800 m) above sea level.
The Monument was established on May 2, 1924. In November 2000, a presidential proclamation by President Clinton greatly expanded the Monument area. The 410,000-acre National Park Service portions of the expanded Monument were designated as Craters of the Moon National Preserve in August 2002. It spreads across Blaine, Butte, Lincoln, Minidoka, and Power counties. The area is managed cooperatively by the National Park Service and the Bureau of Land Management (BLM).
The Monument and Preserve encompass three major lava fields and about 400 square miles (1,000 km2) of sagebrush steppe grasslands to cover a total area of 1,117 square miles (2,893 km2). The Monument alone covers 343,000 acres (139,000 ha). All three lava fields lie along the Great Rift of Idaho, with some of the best examples of open rift cracks in the world, including the deepest known on Earth at 800 feet (240 m). There are excellent examples of almost every variety of basaltic lava, as well as tree molds (cavities left by lava-incinerated trees), lava tubes (a type of cave), and many other volcanic features.
Craters of the Moon is in south-central Idaho, midway between Boise and Yellowstone National Park. The lava field reaches southeastward from the Pioneer Mountains. Combined U.S. Highway 20–26–93 cuts through the northwestern part of the monument and provides access to it. However, the rugged landscape of the monument itself remains remote and undeveloped, with only one paved road across the northern end.
The Craters of the Moon Lava Field spreads across 618 square miles (1,601 km2) and is the largest mostly Holocene-aged basaltic lava field in the contiguous United States. The Monument and Preserve contain more than 25 volcanic cones, including outstanding examples of spatter cones. The 60 distinct solidified lava flows that form the Craters of the Moon Lava Field range in age from 15,000 to just 2,000 years. The Kings Bowl and Wapi lava fields, both about 2,200 years old, are part of the National Preserve.
This lava field is the largest of several large beds of lava that erupted from the 53-mile (85 km) south-east to north-west trending Great Rift volcanic zone, a line of weakness in the Earth's crust. Together with fields from other fissures they make up the Lava Beds of Idaho, which in turn are in the much larger Snake River Plain volcanic province. The Great Rift extends across almost the entire Snake River Plain.
Elevation at the visitor center is 5,900 feet (1,800 m) above sea level.
Total average precipitation in the Craters of the Moon area is between 15–20 inches (380–510 mm) per year. Most of this is lost in cracks in the basalt, only to emerge later in springs and seeps in the walls of the Snake River Canyon. Older lava fields on the plain have been invaded by drought-resistant plants such as sagebrush, while younger fields, such as Craters of the Moon, only have a seasonal and very sparse cover of vegetation. From a distance this cover disappears almost entirely, giving an impression of utter black desolation. Repeated lava flows over the last 15,000 years have raised the land surface enough to expose it to the prevailing southwesterly winds, which help to keep the area dry. Together these conditions make life on the lava field difficult.
Paleo-Indians visited the area about 12,000 years ago but did not leave much archaeological evidence. Northern Shoshone created trails through the Craters of the Moon Lava Field during their summer migrations from the Snake River to the camas prairie, west of the lava field. Stone windbreaks at Indian Tunnel were used to protect campsites from the dry summer wind. No evidence exists for permanent habitation by any Native American group. A hunting and gathering culture, the Northern Shoshone pursued elk, bears, American bison, cougars, and bighorn sheep — all large game who no longer range the area. The most recent volcanic eruptions ended about 2,100 years ago and were likely witnessed by the Shoshone people. Ella E. Clark has recorded a Shoshone legend which speaks of a serpent on a mountain who, angered by lightning, coiled around and squeezed the mountain until liquid rock flowed, fire shot from cracks, and the mountain exploded.
In 1879, two Arco cattlemen named Arthur Ferris and J.W. Powell became the first known European-Americans to explore the lava fields. They were investigating its possible use for grazing and watering cattle but found the area to be unsuitable and left.
U.S. Army Captain and western explorer B.L.E. Bonneville visited the lava fields and other places in the West in the 19th century and wrote about his experiences in his diaries. Washington Irving later used Bonneville's diaries to write the Adventures of Captain Bonneville, saying this unnamed lava field is a place "where nothing meets the eye but a desolate and awful waste, where no grass grows nor water runs, and where nothing is to be seen but lava."
In 1901 and 1903, Israel Russell became the first geologist to study this area while surveying it for the United States Geological Survey (USGS). In 1910, Samuel Paisley continued Russell's work and later became the monument's first custodian. Others followed and in time much of the mystery surrounding this and the other Lava Beds of Idaho was lifted.
The few European settlers who visited the area in the 19th century created local legends that it looked like the surface of the Moon. Geologist Harold T. Stearns coined the name "Craters of the Moon" in 1923 while trying to convince the National Park Service to recommend protection of the area in a national monument.
The Snake River Plain is a volcanic province that was created by a series of cataclysmic caldera-forming eruptions which started about 15 million years ago. A migrating hotspot thought to now exist under Yellowstone Caldera in Yellowstone National Park has been implicated. This hot spot was under the Craters of the Moon area some 10 to 11 million years ago but 'moved' as the North American Plate migrated northwestward. Pressure from the hot spot heaves the land surface up, creating fault-block mountains. After the hot spot passes the pressure is released and the land subsides.
Leftover heat from this hot spot was later liberated by Basin and Range-associated rifting and created the many overlapping lava flows that make up the Lava Beds of Idaho. The largest rift zone is the Great Rift; it is from this 'Great Rift fissure system' that Craters of the Moon, Kings Bowl, and Wapi lava fields were created. The Great Rift is a National Natural Landmark.
In spite of their fresh appearance, the oldest flows in the Craters of the Moon Lava Field are 15,000 years old and the youngest erupted about 2000 years ago, according to Mel Kuntz and other USGS geologists. Nevertheless, the volcanic fissures at Craters of the Moon are considered to be dormant, not extinct, and are expected to erupt again in less than a thousand years. There are eight major eruptive periods recognized in the Craters of the Moon Lava Field. Each period lasted about 1000 years or less and were separated by relatively quiet periods that lasted between 500 and as long as 3000 years. Individual lava flows were up to 30 miles (50 km) long with the Blue Dragon Flow being the longest.
Kings Bowl Lava Field erupted during a single fissure eruption on the southern part of the Great Rift about 2,250 years ago. This eruption probably lasted only a few hours to a few days. The field preserves explosion pits, lava lakes, squeeze-ups, basalt mounds, and an ash blanket. The Wapi Lava Field probably formed from a fissure eruption at the same time as the Kings Bowl eruption. More prolonged activity over a period of months to a few years led to the formation of low shield volcanoes in the Wapi field. The Bear Trap lava tube, between the Craters of the Moon and the Wapi lava fields, is a cave system more than 15 miles (24 km) long. The lava tube is remarkable for its length and for the number of well-preserved lava cave features, such as lava stalactites and curbs, the latter marking high stands of the flowing lava frozen on the lava tube walls. The lava tubes and pit craters of the monument are known for their unusual preservation of winter ice and snow into the hot summer months, due to shielding from the sun and the insulating properties of basalt.
A typical eruption along the Great Rift and similar basaltic rift systems starts with a curtain of very fluid lava shooting up to 1,000 feet (300 m) high along a segment of the rift up to 1 mile (1.6 km) long. As the eruption continues, pressure and heat decrease and the chemistry of the lava becomes slightly more silica rich. The curtain of lava responds by breaking apart into separate vents. Various types of volcanoes may form at these vents: gas-rich pulverized lava creates cinder cones (such as Inferno Cone – stop 4), and pasty lava blobs form spatter cones (such as Spatter Cones – stop 5). Later stages of an eruption push lava streams out through the side or base of cinder cones, which usually ends the life of the cinder cone (North Crater, Watchmen, and Sheep Trail Butte are notable exceptions). This will sometimes breach part of the cone and carry it away as large and craggy blocks of cinder (as seen at North Crater Flow – stop 2 – and Devils Orchard – stop 3). Solid crust forms over lava streams, and lava tubes (a type of cave) are created when lava vacates its course (examples can be seen at the Cave Area – stop 7).
Geologists feared that a large earthquake that shook Borah Peak, Idaho's tallest mountain, in 1983 would restart volcanic activity at Craters of the Moon, though this proved not to be the case. Geologists predict that the area will experience its next eruption some time in the next 900 years with the most likely period in the next 100 years.
All plants and animals that live in and around Craters of the Moon are under great environmental stress due to constant dry winds and heat-absorbing black lavas that tend to quickly sap water from living things. Summer soil temperatures often exceed 150 °F (66 °C) and plant cover is generally less than 5% on cinder cones and about 15% over the entire monument. Adaptation is therefore necessary for survival in this semi-arid harsh climate.
Water is usually only found deep inside holes at the bottom of blow-out craters. Animals therefore get the moisture they need directly from their food. The black soil on and around cinder cones does not hold moisture for long, making it difficult for plants to establish themselves. Soil particles first develop from direct rock decomposition by lichens and typically collect in crevices in lava flows. Successively more complex plants then colonize the microhabitat created by the increasingly productive soil.
The shaded north slopes of cinder cones provide more protection from direct sunlight and prevailing southwesterly winds and have a more persistent snow cover (an important water source in early spring). These parts of cinder cones are therefore colonized by plants first.
Gaps between lava flows were sometimes cut off from surrounding vegetation. These literal islands of habitat are called kīpukas, a Hawaiian name used for older land surrounded by younger lava. Carey Kīpuka is one such area in the southernmost part of the monument and is used as a benchmark to measure how plant cover has changed in less pristine parts of southern Idaho.
Idaho is a landlocked state in the Mountain West subregion of the United States. It shares a small portion of the Canada–United States border to the north, with the province of British Columbia. It borders Montana and Wyoming to the east, Nevada and Utah to the south, and Washington and Oregon to the west. The state's capital and largest city is Boise. With an area of 83,570 square miles (216,400 km2), Idaho is the 14th largest state by land area. With a population of approximately 1.8 million, it ranks as the 13th least populous and the 6th least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states.
For thousands of years, and prior to European colonization, Idaho has been inhabited by native peoples. In the early 19th century, Idaho was considered part of the Oregon Country, an area of dispute between the U.S. and the British Empire. It officially became a U.S. territory with the signing of the Oregon Treaty of 1846, but a separate Idaho Territory was not organized until 1863, instead being included for periods in Oregon Territory and Washington Territory. Idaho was eventually admitted to the Union on July 3, 1890, becoming the 43rd state.
Forming part of the Pacific Northwest (and the associated Cascadia bioregion), Idaho is divided into several distinct geographic and climatic regions. The state's north, the relatively isolated Idaho Panhandle, is closely linked with Eastern Washington, with which it shares the Pacific Time Zone—the rest of the state uses the Mountain Time Zone. The state's south includes the Snake River Plain (which has most of the population and agricultural land), and the southeast incorporates part of the Great Basin. Idaho is quite mountainous and contains several stretches of the Rocky Mountains. The United States Forest Service holds about 38% of Idaho's land, the highest proportion of any state.
Industries significant for the state economy include manufacturing, agriculture, mining, forestry, and tourism. Several science and technology firms are either headquartered in Idaho or have factories there, and the state also contains the Idaho National Laboratory, which is the country's largest Department of Energy facility. Idaho's agricultural sector supplies many products, but the state is best known for its potato crop, which comprises around one-third of the nationwide yield. The official state nickname is the "Gem State."
The history of Idaho is an examination of the human history and social activity within the state of Idaho, one of the United States of America located in the Pacific Northwest area near the west coast of the United States and Canada. Other associated areas include southern Alaska, all of British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, western Montana and northern California and Nevada.
Humans may have been present in Idaho for 16,600 years. Recent findings in Cooper's Ferry along the Salmon River in western Idaho near the town of Cottonwood have unearthed stone tools and animal bone fragments in what may be the oldest evidence of humans in North America. Earlier excavations in 1959 at Wilson Butte Cave near Twin Falls revealed evidence of human activity, including arrowheads, that rank among the oldest dated artifacts in North America. Native American tribes predominant in the area in historic times included the Nez Perce and the Coeur d'Alene in the north; and the Northern and Western Shoshone and Bannock peoples in the south.
Idaho was one of the last areas in the lower 48 states of the US to be explored by people of European descent. The Lewis and Clark expedition entered present-day Idaho on August 12, 1805, at Lemhi Pass. It is believed that the first "European descent" expedition to enter southern Idaho was by a group led in 1811 and 1812 by Wilson Price Hunt, which navigated the Snake River while attempting to blaze an all-water trail westward from St. Louis, Missouri, to Astoria, Oregon. At that time, approximately 8,000 Native Americans lived in the region.
Fur trading led to the first significant incursion of Europeans in the region. Andrew Henry of the Missouri Fur Company first entered the Snake River plateau in 1810. He built Fort Henry on Henry's Fork on the upper Snake River, near modern St. Anthony, Idaho. However, this first American fur post west of the Rocky Mountains was abandoned the following spring.
The British-owned Hudson's Bay Company next entered Idaho and controlled the trade in the Snake River area by the 1820s. The North West Company's interior department of the Columbia was created in June 1816, and Donald Mackenzie was assigned as its head. Mackenzie had previously been employed by Hudson's Bay and had been a partner in the Pacific Fur Company, financed principally by John Jacob Astor. During these early years, he traveled west with a Pacific Fur Company's party and was involved in the initial exploration of the Salmon River and Clearwater River. The company proceeded down the lower Snake River and Columbia River by canoe, and were the first of the Overland Astorians to reach Fort Astoria, on January 18, 1812.
Under Mackenzie, the North West Company was a dominant force in the fur trade in the Snake River country. Out of Fort George in Astoria, Mackenzie led fur brigades up the Snake River in 1816-1817 and up the lower Snake in 1817-1818. Fort Nez Perce, established in July, 1818, became the staging point for Mackenzies' Snake brigades. The expedition of 1818-1819 explored the Blue Mountains, and traveled down the Snake River to the Bear River and approached the headwaters of the Snake. Mackenzie sought to establish a navigable route up the Snake River from Fort Nez Perce to the Boise area in 1819. While he did succeed in traveling by boat from the Columbia River through the Grand Canyon of the Snake past Hells Canyon, he concluded that water transport was generally impractical. Mackenzie held the first rendezvous in the region on the Boise River in 1819.
Despite their best efforts, early American fur companies in this region had difficulty maintaining the long-distance supply lines from the Missouri River system into the Intermountain West. However, Americans William H. Ashley and Jedediah Smith expanded the Saint Louis fur trade into Idaho in 1824. The 1832 trapper's rendezvous at Pierre's Hole, held at the foot of the Three Tetons in modern Teton County, was followed by an intense battle between the Gros Ventre and a large party of American trappers aided by their Nez Perce and Flathead allies.
The prospect of missionary work among the Native Americans also attracted early settlers to the region. In 1809, Kullyspell House, the first white-owned establishment and first trading post in Idaho, was constructed. In 1836, the Reverend Henry H. Spalding established a Protestant mission near Lapwai, where he printed the Northwest's first book, established Idaho's first school, developed its first irrigation system, and grew the state's first potatoes. Narcissa Whitman and Eliza Hart Spalding were the first non-native women to enter present-day Idaho.
Cataldo Mission, the oldest standing building in Idaho, was constructed at Cataldo by the Coeur d'Alene and Catholic missionaries. In 1842, Father Pierre-Jean De Smet, with Fr. Nicholas Point and Br. Charles Duet, selected a mission location along the St. Joe River. The mission was moved a short distance away in 1846, as the original location was subject to flooding. In 1850, Antonio Ravalli designed a new mission building and Indians affiliated with the church effort built the mission, without nails, using the wattle and daub method. In time, the Cataldo mission became an important stop for traders, settlers, and miners. It served as a place for rest from the trail, offered needed supplies, and was a working port for boats heading up the Coeur d'Alene River.
During this time, the region which became Idaho was part of an unorganized territory known as Oregon Country, claimed by both the United States and Great Britain. The United States gained undisputed jurisdiction over the region in the Oregon Treaty of 1846, although the area was under the de facto jurisdiction of the Provisional Government of Oregon from 1843 to 1849. The original boundaries of Oregon Territory in 1848 included all three of the present-day Pacific Northwest states and extended eastward to the Continental Divide. In 1853, areas north of the 46th Parallel became Washington Territory, splitting what is now Idaho in two. The future state was reunited in 1859 after Oregon became a state and the boundaries of Washington Territory were redrawn.
While thousands passed through Idaho on the Oregon Trail or during the California gold rush of 1849, few people settled there. In 1860, the first of several gold rushes in Idaho began at Pierce in present-day Clearwater County. By 1862, settlements in both the north and south had formed around the mining boom.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints missionaries founded Fort Lemhi in 1855, but the settlement did not last. The first organized town in Idaho was Franklin, settled in April 1860 by Mormon pioneers who believed they were in Utah Territory; although a later survey determined they had crossed the border. Mormon pioneers reached areas near the current-day Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming and established most of the historic and modern communities in Southeastern Idaho. These settlements include Ammon, Blackfoot, Chubbuck, Firth, Idaho Falls, Iona, Pocatello, Rexburg, Rigby, Shelley, and Ucon.
Large numbers of English immigrants settled in what is now the state of Idaho in the late 19th and early 20th century, many before statehood. The English found they had more property rights and paid less taxes than they did back in England. They were considered some of the most desirable immigrants at the time. Many came from humble beginnings and would rise to prominence in Idaho. Frank R. Gooding was raised in a rural working-class background in England, but was eventually elected as the seventh governor of the state. Today people of English descent make up one fifth of the entire state of Idaho and form a plurality in the southern portion of the state.
Many German farmers also settled in what is now Idaho. German settlers were primarily Lutheran across all of the midwest and west, including Idaho, however there were small numbers of Catholics amongst them as well. In parts of Northern Idaho, German remained the dominant language until World War I, when German-Americans were pressured to convert entirely to English. Today, Idahoans of German ancestry make up nearly one fifth of all Idahoans and make up the second largest ethnic group after Idahoans of English descent with people of German ancestry being 18.1% of the state and people of English ancestry being 20.1% of the state.
Irish Catholics worked in railroad centers such as Boise. Today, 10% of Idahoans self-identify as having Irish ancestry.
York, a slave owned by William Clark but considered a full member of Corps of Discovery during expedition to the Pacific, was the first recorded African American in Idaho. There is a significant African American population made up of those who came west after the abolition of slavery. Many settled near Pocatello and were ranchers, entertainers, and farmers. Although free, many blacks suffered discrimination in the early-to-mid-late 20th century. The black population of the state continues to grow as many come to the state because of educational opportunities, to serve in the military, and for other employment opportunities. There is a Black History Museum in Boise, Idaho, with an exhibit known as the "Invisible Idahoan", which chronicles the first African-Americans in the state. Blacks are the fourth largest ethnic group in Idaho according to the 2000 census. Mountain Home, Boise, and Garden City have significant African-American populations.
The Basque people from the Iberian peninsula in Spain and southern France were traditionally shepherds in Europe. They came to Idaho, offering hard work and perseverance in exchange for opportunity. One of the largest Basque communities in the US is in Boise, with a Basque museum and festival held annually in the city.
Chinese in the mid-19th century came to America through San Francisco to work on the railroad and open businesses. By 1870, there were over 4000 Chinese and they comprised almost 30% of the population. They suffered discrimination due to the Anti-Chinese League in the 19th century which sought to limit the rights and opportunities of Chinese emigrants. Today Asians are third in population demographically after Whites and Hispanics at less than 2%.
Main articles: Oregon boundary dispute, Provisional Government of Oregon, Oregon Treaty, Oregon Territory, Washington Territory, Dakota Territory, Organic act § List of organic acts, and Idaho Territory
On March 4, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln signed an act creating Idaho Territory from portions of Washington Territory and Dakota Territory with its capital at Lewiston. The original Idaho Territory included most of the areas that later became the states of Idaho, Montana and Wyoming, and had a population of under 17,000. Idaho Territory assumed the boundaries of the modern state in 1868 and was admitted as a state in 1890.
After Idaho became a territory, legislation was held in Lewiston, the capital of Idaho Territory at the time. There were many territories acts put into place, and then taken away during these early sessions, one act being the move of the capital city from Lewiston to Boise City. Boise was becoming a growing area after gold was found, so on December 24, 1864, Boise City was made the final destination of the capital for the Territory of Idaho.
However, moving the capital to Boise City created a lot of issues between the territory. This was especially true between the north and south areas in the territory, due to how far south Boise City was. Problems with communicating between the north and south contributed to some land in Idaho Territory being transferred to other territories and areas at the time. Idaho’s early boundary changes helped create the current boundaries of Washington, Wyoming, and Montana States as currently exist.
In a bid for statehood, Governor Edward A. Stevenson called for a constitutional convention in 1889. The convention approved a constitution on August 6, 1889, and voters approved the constitution on November 5, 1889.
When President Benjamin Harrison signed the law admitting Idaho as a U.S. state on July 3, 1890, the population was 88,548. George L. Shoup became the state's first governor, but resigned after only a few weeks in office to take a seat in the United States Senate. Willis Sweet, a Republican, was the first congressman, 1890 to 1895, representing the state at-large. He vigorously demanded "Free Silver" or the unrestricted coinage of silver into legal tender, in order to pour money into the large silver mining industry in the Mountain West, but he was defeated by supporters of the gold standard. In 1896 he, like many Republicans from silver mining districts, supported the Silver Republican Party instead of the regular Republican nominee William McKinley.
During its first years of statehood, Idaho was plagued by labor unrest in the mining district of Coeur d'Alene. In 1892, miners called a strike which developed into a shooting war between union miners and company guards. Each side accused the other of starting the fight. The first shots were exchanged at the Frisco mine in Frisco, in the Burke-Canyon north and east of Wallace. The Frisco mine was blown up, and company guards were taken prisoner. The violence soon spilled over into the nearby community of Gem, where union miners attempted to locate a Pinkerton spy who had infiltrated their union and was passing information to the mine operators. But agent Charlie Siringo escaped by cutting a hole in the floor of his room. Strikers forced the Gem mine to close, then traveled west to the Bunker Hill mining complex near Wardner, and closed down that facility as well. Several had been killed in the Burke-Canyon fighting. The Idaho National Guard and federal troops were dispatched to the area, and union miners and sympathizers were thrown into bullpens.
Hostilities would again erupt at the Bunker Hill facility in 1899, when seventeen union miners were fired for having joined the union. Other union miners were likewise ordered to draw their pay and leave. Angry members of the union converged on the area and blew up the Bunker Hill Mill, killing two company men.
In both disputes, the union's complaints included pay, hours of work, the right of miners to belong to the union, and the mine owners' use of informants and undercover agents. The violence committed by union miners was answered with a brutal response in 1892 and in 1899.
Through the Western Federation of Miners (WFM) union, the battles in the mining district became closely tied to a major miners' strike in Colorado. The struggle culminated in the December 1905 assassination of former Governor Frank Steunenberg by Harry Orchard (also known as Albert Horsley), a member of the WFM. Orchard was allegedly incensed by Steunenberg's efforts as governor to put down the 1899 miner uprising after being elected on a pro-labor platform.
Pinkerton detective James McParland conducted the investigation into the assassination. In 1907, WFM Secretary Treasurer "Big Bill" Haywood and two other WFM leaders were tried on a charge of conspiracy to murder Steunenberg, with Orchard testifying against them as part of a deal made with McParland. The nationally publicized trial featured Senator William E. Borah as prosecuting attorney and Clarence Darrow representing the defendants. The defense team presented evidence that Orchard had been a Pinkerton agent and had acted as a paid informant for the Cripple Creek Mine Owners' Association. Darrow argued that Orchard's real motive in the assassination had been revenge for a declaration of martial law by Steunenberg, which prompted Orchard to gamble away a share in the Hercules silver mine that would otherwise have made him wealthy.
Two of the WFM leaders were acquitted in two separate trials, and the third was released. Orchard was convicted and sentenced to death. His sentence was commuted, and he spent the rest of his life in an Idaho prison.
Mining in Idaho was a major commercial venture, bringing a great deal of attention to the state. From 1860-1866 Idaho produced 19% of all gold in the United States, or 2.5 million ounces.
Most of Idaho's mining production, 1860–1969, has come from metals equating to $2.88 billion out of $3.42 billion, according to the best estimates. Of the metallic mining areas of Idaho, the Coeur d'Alene region has produced the most by far, and accounts for about 80% of the total Idaho yield.
Several others—Boise Basin, Wood River Valley, Stibnite, Blackbirg, and Owyhee—range considerably above the other big producers. Atlanta, Bear Valley, Bay Horse, Florence, Gilmore, Mackay, Patterson, and Yankee Fork all ran on the order of ten to twenty million dollars, and Elk City, Leesburg, Pierce, Rocky Bar, and Warren's make up the rest of the major Idaho mining areas that stand out in the sixty or so regions of production worthy of mention.
A number of small operations do not appear in this list of Idaho metallic mining areas: a small amount of gold was recovered from Goose Creek on Salmon Meadows; a mine near Cleveland was prospected in 1922 and produced a little manganese in 1926; a few tons of copper came from Fort Hall, and a few more tons of copper came from a mine near Montpelier. Similarly, a few tons of lead came from a property near Bear Lake, and lead-silver is known on Cassia Creek near Elba. Some gold quartz and lead-silver workings are on Ruby Creek west of Elk River, and there is a slightly developed copper operation on Deer Creek near Winchester. Molybdenum is known on Roaring River and on the east fork of the Salmon. Some scattered mining enterprises have been undertaken around Soldier Mountain and on Chief Eagle Eye Creek north of Montour.
Idaho proved to be one of the more receptive states to the progressive agenda of the late 19th century and early 20th century. The state embraced progressive policies such as women's suffrage (1896) and prohibition (1916) before they became federal law. Idahoans were also strongly supportive of Free Silver. The pro-bimetallism Populist and Silver Republican parties of the late 1890s were particularly successful in the state.
Eugenics was also a major part of the Progressive movement. In 1919, the Idaho legislature passed an Act legalizing the forced sterilization of some persons institutionalized in the state. The act was vetoed by governor D.W. Davis, who doubted its scientific merits and believed it likely violated the Equal Protection clause of the US Constitution. In 1925, the Idaho legislature passed a revised eugenics act, now tailored to avoid Davis's earlier objections. The new law created a state board of eugenics, charged with: the sterilization of all feebleminded, insane, epileptics, habitual criminals, moral degenerates and sexual perverts who are a menace to society, and providing the means for ascertaining who are such persons.
The Eugenics board was eventually folded into the state's health commission; between 1932 and 1964, a total of 30 women and eight men in Idaho were sterilized under this law. The sterilization law was formally repealed in 1972.
After statehood, Idaho's economy began a gradual shift away from mining toward agriculture, particularly in the south. Older mining communities such as Silver City and Rocky Bar gave way to agricultural communities incorporated after statehood, such as Nampa and Twin Falls. Milner Dam on the Snake River, completed in 1905, allowed for the formation of many agricultural communities in the Magic Valley region which had previously been nearly unpopulated.
Meanwhile, some of the mining towns were able to reinvent themselves as resort communities, most notably in Blaine County, where the Sun Valley ski resort opened in 1936. Others, such as Silver City and Rocky Bar, became ghost towns.
In the north, mining continued to be an important industry for several more decades. The closure of the Bunker Hill Mine complex in Shoshone County in the early 1980s sent the region's economy into a tailspin. Since that time, a substantial increase in tourism in north Idaho has helped the region to recover. Coeur d'Alene, a lake-side resort town, is a destination for visitors in the area.
Beginning in the 1980s, there was a rise in North Idaho of a few right-wing extremist and "survivalist" political groups, most notably one holding Neo-Nazi views, the Aryan Nations. These groups were most heavily concentrated in the Panhandle region of the state, particularly in the vicinity of Coeur d'Alene.
In 1992 a stand-off occurred between U.S. Marshals, the F.B.I., and white separatist Randy Weaver and his family at their compound at Ruby Ridge, located near the small, northern Idaho town of Naples. The ensuing fire-fight and deaths of a U.S. Marshal, and Weaver's son and wife gained national attention, and raised a considerable amount of controversy regarding the nature of acceptable force by the federal government in such situations.
In 2001, the Aryan Nations compound, which had been located in Hayden Lake, Idaho, was confiscated as a result of a court case, and the organization moved out of state. About the same time Boise installed an impressive stone Human Rights Memorial featuring a bronze statue of Anne Frank and quotations from her and many other writers extolling human freedom and equality.
The demographics of the state have changed. Due to this growth in different groups, especially in Boise, the economic expansion surged wrong-economic growth followed the high standard of living and resulted in the "growth of different groups". The population of Idaho in the 21st Century has been described as sharply divided along geographic and cultural lines due to the center of the state being dominated by sparsely-populated national forests, mountain ranges and recreation sites: "unless you're willing to navigate a treacherous mountain pass, you can't even drive from the north to the south without leaving the state." The northern population gravitates towards Spokane, Washington, the heavily Mormon south-east population towards Utah, with an isolated Boise "[being] the closest thing to a city-state that you'll find in America."
On March 13, 2020, officials from the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare announced the first confirmed case of the novel coronavirus COVID-19 within the state of Idaho. A woman over the age of 50 from the southwestern part of the state was confirmed to have the coronavirus infection. She contracted the infection while attending a conference in New York City. Conference coordinators notified attendees that three individuals previously tested positive for the coronavirus. The Idahoan did not require hospitalization and was recovering from mild symptoms from her home. At the time of the announcement, there were 1,629 total cases and 41 deaths in the United States. Five days beforehand, on March 8, a man of age 54 had died of an unknown respiratory illness which his doctor had believed to be pneumonia. The disease was later suspected to be – but never confirmed as – COVID-19.
On March 14, state officials announced the second confirmed case within the state. The South Central Public Health District, announced that a woman over the age of 50 that resides in Blaine County had contracted the infection.[44] Like the first case, she did not require hospitalization and she was recovering from mild symptoms from home. Later on in the day, three additional confirmed cases of COVID-19 were reported in the state by three of the seven health districts in the state, which brought the confirmed total cases of coronavirus to five in Idaho. Officials from Central District Health announced their second confirmed case, which was a male from Ada County in his 50s. He was not hospitalized and was recovering at home. South Central Public Health reported their second confirmed case in a female that is over the age of 70 who was hospitalized. Eastern Idaho Public Health reported a confirmed positive case in a woman under the age of 60 in Teton County. She had contracted the coronavirus from contact with a confirmed case in a neighboring state; she was not hospitalized. The South Central Public Health District announced that a woman over the age of 50 that resides in Blaine County had contracted the infection. Like the first case, she did not require hospitalization and she was recovering from mild symptoms from home.
On March 17, two more confirmed cases of the infection were reported, bringing the total to seven. The first case on this date was by officials from Central District Health reported that a female under the age of 50 in Ada County was recovering at home and was not hospitalized. The second confirmed case was a female over the age of 50 as reported by South Central Public Health officials.
On March 18, two additional confirmed cases were announced by South Central Public Health District officials. One is a male from Blaine County in his 40s and the other a male in his 80s from Twin Falls County. These cases were the first known community spread transmission of the coronavirus in South Central Idaho.
Another main goal of this trip was to fill in gap that was missed back in the spring. I wanted to visit the Lake Superior Railroad Museum, ride the affiliated North Shore Scenic Railroad and chase the Two Harbors excursion that traverses the full length of their line. I accomplished all three with Friday being our North Shore day including a chase of the excursion and then an absolutely fabulously fun trip on the annual Beer Train.
Here is the railroad's First Class Two Harbors Fall Colors Tour just starting back to Duluth. The train is back on their own rails after a mile of running over CN to get out of the Two Harbors depot. They are at about MP 25.6 on the Lake Division as they pass beneath CN's Two Harbors Sub which is the route all empty ore trains take departing the yard back north to rejoin the Iron Range Sub at Waldo to go on back to the mines.
Leading the way very much on home rails is DMIR 193 an EMD SD18 blt. Apr. 1960 as the last of nineteen of the model purchased by the road. Chop nosed in 1992 the the locomotive was donated to the museum in 1998 and then repainted in 2002 at the Missabe's Proctor shops. The veteran first generation six axle undoubtedly led countless ore trains over that very bridge during its career and it was such a treat to see it here right where she was built to work.
The North Shore Scenic Railroad operates on 26 miles of government owned track which was originally the Duluth and Iron Range Railway's mainline built as an extension from Two Harbors (then known as Agate Bay). Opened in 1886 only two years after Charlemagne Tower's road hauled its first trainload of ore down from the Soudan Mine, this extension provided the D&IR with a physical connection to the rest of the national rail network. Known as the Lake Division under the auspices of the Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range it had revenue passenger service until 1961 between Duluth and Ely. As it was not a route for ore trains the line's utility diminished until it was shuttered in 1982 and then petitioned for abandonment a few years later. St. Louis and Lake County banded together to form a regional railroad authority and then purchased the line from the DMIR in 1988. Tourist trains began running in 1990 and for the first half dozen years it was attempted to operate as a for profit entity. Today the railroad is a volunteer run non profit arm of the museum running over 700 trains during the regular May to October season and then more around the holidays!
Near Two Harbors
Lake County, Minnesota
Friday October 6, 2023
Note to whom it may concern: As a member of the Philippine Bus Enthusiasts Society (PhilBES) and its junior and affiliate group, the Philippine Bus Photographers Association (PBPA), both of which are communities/groups of bus and coach enthusiasts and amateur photographers, that focus on bus companies' history, technical specifications of vehicles, and other related subject matter, that is based in the Philippines, I would like inform you that the number plate of the bus on this photo has been blurred out to prevent it being used as evidence by any agencies, whether be it privately-owned or government-owned, to apprehend the said vehicle or the operating company of the vehicle on the photo at times when the said vehicle may be involved in any motoring mishap, incident, or accident. This is to prevent the involvement of myself, and/or any members of the groups stated to any such cases or the hassles and possible dangers presented with being involved at such cases. I would also like to stress out that I am NOT a part nor am I affiliated or connected in any way with any bus companies inside or outside the country. At times when you may experience any of employees of the operating company of the bus on the photo behave in an offensive manner; such that of reckless driving, lack of manners towards the passengers, incorrect and excessive charging of fare, and any other offenses they may commit, I do advise you report them to their respective managements for further action.
However, despite the limitation I stated earlier about the use of my photos, any person is free to download and use any of my photos to any general or civilian use such as advertisement and other promotional use, school works, or personal interests about the subject.
Shot Location: EDSA-Cubao cor. New York Ave. (Pablo P. Reyes, Sr. Street), Quezon City, Philippines
Date Taken: May 19, 2012
Basic Details:
Operator: DAGUPAN BUS COMPANY, INC.
Fleet Number: 1004
Classification: Ordinary Fare / Non-Air-Conditioned Provincial Operation Bus
Seating Configuration: 3x2 Seats
Seating Capacity: 66 Passengers
Body:
Coachbuilder: Santarosa Philippines Motor Works, Inc.
Body Model: SR Cityliner
Air-Conditioning Unit: None
Chassis:
Chassis Manufacturer: Daewoo Bus, Corp.
Chassis Model: Daewoo BV115
Layout: Rear-Mounted Engine Rear-Wheel Drive (4x2 RR layout)
Suspension: Leaf Springs Suspension
Engine:
Engine Manufacturer: Doosan Infracore, Corp.
Engine Model: Doosan DE12TIS
Cylinder Displacement: 674.370 cu. inches (11,051 cc / 11.1 Liters)
Cylinder Configuration: Straight-6
Engine Aspiration: Turbocharged and Intercooled
Max. Power Output: 335 bhp (340 PS - metric hp / 250 kW) @ 2,100 rpm
Peak Torque Output: 1,048 lb.ft (1,421 N.m / 145 kg.m) @ 1,260 rpm
Transmission:
Type: Manual Transmission
Gears: 6-Speed Forward, 1-Speed Reverse
* The specifications may be subjected for verification and may be changed without prior notice...
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee
Memphis is a city along the Mississippi River in southwestern Shelby County, Tennessee, United States. The 2019 population was 651,073, making Memphis the largest city on the Mississippi River, the second most populous in Tennessee, as well as the 26th largest city in the United States. Greater Memphis is the 42nd largest metropolitan area in the United States, with a population of 1,348,260 in 2017. The city is the anchor of West Tennessee and the greater Mid-South region, which includes portions of neighboring Arkansas, Mississippi, and the Missouri Bootheel. Memphis is the seat of Shelby County, Tennessee's most populous county. One of the more historic and culturally significant cities of the southern United States, Memphis has a wide variety of landscapes and distinct neighborhoods.
The first European explorer to visit the area of present-day Memphis was Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto in 1541 with his expedition into the New World. The high Chickasaw Bluffs protecting the location from the waters of the Mississippi was then contested by the Spanish, French, and the English as Memphis took shape. Modern Memphis was founded in 1819 by three prominent Americans: John Overton, James Winchester, and future president Andrew Jackson.
Memphis grew into one of the largest cities of the Antebellum South as a market for agricultural goods, natural resources like lumber, and the American slave trade. After the American Civil War and the end of slavery, the city experienced even faster growth into the 20th century as it became among the largest world markets for cotton and lumber.
Home to Tennessee's largest African-American population, Memphis played a prominent role in the American civil rights movement and was the site of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s 1968 assassination. The city now hosts the National Civil Rights Museum—a Smithsonian affiliate institution. Since the civil rights era, Memphis has become one of the nation's leading commercial centers in transportation and logistics. Its largest employer is the multinational courier corporation FedEx, which maintains its global air hub at Memphis International Airport, making it the second-busiest cargo airport in the world. In addition to being a global air cargo leader, the International Port of Memphis also hosts the 5th busiest inland water port in the U.S., with access to the Mississippi River allowing shipments to arrive from around the world for conversion to train and trucking transport throughout the United States, making Memphis a multi-modal hub for trading goods for imports and exports despite its inland location.
Memphis is a regional center for commerce, education, media, art, and entertainment. It has long had a prominent music scene, with historic blues clubs on Beale Street originating the unique Memphis blues sound in the early 20th century. The city's music has continued to be shaped by a multicultural mix of influences: the blues, country, rock n' roll, soul, and hip-hop. Memphis barbecue has achieved international prominence, and the city hosts the World Championship Barbecue Cooking Contest, which attracts over 100,000 visitors to the city annually.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beale_Street
Beale Street is a street in Downtown Memphis, Tennessee, which runs from the Mississippi River to East Street, a distance of approximately 1.8 miles (2.9 km). It is a significant location in the city's history, as well as in the history of blues music. Today, the blues clubs and restaurants that line Beale Street are major tourist attractions in Memphis. Festivals and outdoor concerts frequently bring large crowds to the street and its surrounding areas.
International Gallery Creative Arts started as a business entity with a passion to bring it's first Affiliate Partners Programs into reality in collaboration with Creative Arts Solution Foundation formed in 2017 by Olusola David, Ayibiowu as the pioneer.
Blogger:www. internationalgallerycreativearts.blogspot.com.ng Email: internationalgcarts@gmail.com
First Baptist Church, Austin
901 Trinity Street, Austin, Travis County, Texas, US
Autonomous Baptist Church voluntarily affiliated with the Baptist General Convention of Texas
1847 — Church formed
12 March 1916 — Second Building Dedicated (10th & Colorado)
Spetember 1969 — Cornerstone laid
1969 — Current building completed
1970 —
Dr William E Denham, Jr — Pastor
Barnes Landes Goodman Youngblood — Architects
Page Southerland Page — Architects
Ricks Construction Co — Contractor
Historic Marker Text (at original location at 10th & Colorado): "The Rev. R. H. Taliaferro of Kentucky organized the First Baptist Church in July 1847. Worship services were first held in the Capitol and later moved to a frame building at 12th and Lavaca. The congregation met in the 700 block of Congress Avenue until it built its first sanctuary at this site in 1857. The structure was remodeled in the 1880s. A larger brick church was constructed here in 1916. It was razed when the congregation moved to 9th and Trinity in 1970. Many governors, state officials, and prominent Austin families worshiped at this location."
No Podemos esperar: Government officials, community organizers and immigration and human rights activists rally to support a federal budget that includes citizenship for millions of essential workers and an investment in good jobs, New Haven City Hall, 165 Church Street, New Haven, Connecticut, Thursday, August 26, 2021.
Quote from the media advisory for Thursday, August 26, 2021
Media Contacts: Frank Soults, 32BJ SEIU
Megan Fountain, ULA
Connecticut Leaders Call on Congress to Center Immigrant Workers in Economic Recovery
Senator Blumenthal to rally with homecare workers, janitors, and farmworkers to support a historic budget that includes citizenship for millions of essential workers and an investment in good jobs
What: Just Recovery for Immigrant Workers Press Conference
When: Thursday, August 26, 2021 at 10:30 am
Where: New Haven City Hall, 165 Church St, New Haven, CT 06510
Who: Connecticut Domestic Worker Justice Campaign, National Domestic Workers Alliance (NDWA), 32BJ SEIU (Service Employees International Union), District 1199 SEIU (New England Health Care Employees Union), Unidad Latina en Accion (ULA), Connecticut TPS Committee, CT Shoreline Indivisible, New Sanctuary CT, CT Workers Center, Comunidades Sin Fronteras, Black and Brown United in Action.
Speakers:
Senator Richard Blumenthal
Mayor Justin Elicker
State Representative Robyn Porter, Co-Chair of Labor Committee
State Senator Julie Kushner, Co-Chair of Labor Committee
Cynthia Johnson of New Haven, homecare worker and member of District 1199 SEIU
Fausto Canelas, office cleaner and member of 32BJ SEIU
Adela Camacho of West Haven, agricultural worker and member of ULA
New Haven, CT -- On Thursday, August 26, 2021 at 10:30 am, union and community groups will host a press conference with Senator Blumenthal to demand a national economic recovery that centers our nation’s most vulnerable and essential workers, including a pathway to citizenship for those without status. The COVID-19 pandemic made visible how millions of workers — a majority of whom are women, immigrants, and workers of color — are essential parts of our economy, yet about five million lack citizenship rights and the ability to organize for better working conditions, and millions more lack living wages and safe workplaces.
President Biden’s economic recovery plan, Build Back Better, proposes a huge investment in building a new economy with good jobs for working families. On August 24, the House of Representatives approved the Senate’s $3.5 trillion budget blueprint, including a path to citizenship for undocumented essential workers, farm workers, and immigrants in limbo, including those with Temporary Protected Status (TPS) and Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA). Citizenship for millions is an investment in the American economy and will boost wages, reduce deficits, and accelerate GDP growth.
To create good jobs for all working families, Congress must include in the final budget reconciliation package an investment in good jobs and a path to citizenship. Congress must also pass the PRO Act, strengthen the rights of workers to organize, and create whistleblower protections for undocumented immigrants who speak out about labor abuses.
"Congress has a historic opportunity to level the 'paying' field by investing in homecare jobs,” said State Representative Robyn Porter of New Haven. “The workers who care for our growing elderly population, who are mostly women, majority non-white, deserve equity in pay, benefits and worker protections. It's time to put our money where our mouths are, which means taking care of those who take such good care of our most vulnerable populations."
“I am forever grateful to have Temporary Protected Status, but much like COVID-19 has limited everyone for a year and a half, so my status has limited my ability to see family and plan for the future for a quarter century,” said Fausto Canelas, a Bridgeport office cleaner and 32BJ member originally from Honduras. “Millions of immigrants risked their lives throughout the pandemic so all Americans could live as normally as possible; we are asking Congress to honor our sacrifice by opening a path to citizenship so we can live normally, too.”
The press conference, which will take place on the steps of New Haven City Hall, will serve as an opportunity for policymakers to hear directly from members of their communities who would benefit from the Build Back Better Plan and would thus contribute to a stronger economic recovery.
National Domestic Workers Alliance (NDWA) is the leading voice for dignity and fairness for millions of nannies, house cleaners, and care workers in the United States. NDWA has four affiliate organizations in Connecticut: ULA in New Haven; CT Workers Center in Bridgeport; Comunidades Sin Fronteras in Norwalk; and Naugatuck Valley Project in Waterbury. Together with 20 faith and labor organizations, they are the Connecticut Domestic Workers Justice Campaign.
32BJ SEIU is the largest building service workers union in the country, with more than 175,000 members in 11 states and Washington DC, including 4,500 members in Connecticut.
District 1199ne SEIU is the largest organization of healthcare workers in the Northeast, with more than 20,000 workers in hospitals, nursing homes, home care and other health settings.
--- End of quote
Mount Auburn Cemetery is the first rural cemetery in the United States, located on the line between Cambridge and Watertown in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, 4 miles (6.4 km) west of Boston.
With classical monuments set in a rolling landscaped terrain, it marked a distinct break with Colonial-era burying grounds and church-affiliated graveyards. The appearance of this type of landscape coincides with the rising popularity of the term "cemetery", derived from the Greek for "a sleeping place." This language and outlook eclipsed the previous harsh view of death and the afterlife embodied by old graveyards and church burial plots.]
The 174-acre (70 ha) cemetery is important both for its historical aspects and for its role as an arboretum. It is Watertown’s largest contiguous open space and extends into Cambridge to the east, adjacent to the Cambridge City Cemetery and Sand Banks Cemetery. It was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 2003 for its pioneering role in 19th-century cemetery development.
Wikipedia
Our second cohort of Affiliate Trainee Teachers joined us at the School for a week on intensive training.
©2022 The Royal Ballet School. Photographed by Rachel Cherry.
I visited Fraserburgh on Tuesday 13th of November 2018, after a few hours at the harbour I made my way to Kinnaird Lighthouse Museum.
I decided to walk along the harbours path rather than drive, as I made my way towards the museum I came across this historic building.
I post its tragic history below, thanks to Wiki etc for the research.
The Winetower
The Winetower is a small three-storey tower located approximately 50 metres (160 ft) from Kinnaird Head Lighthouse.
The tower has been dated to the 16th-century, and may have gained its name through use as a store associated with the castle
The tower is accessed via the second floor, and contains elaborate carved stone pendants.
It is reputed that in the cave below, one of the Fraser family imprisoned his daughter's boyfriend, leaving him to drown there.
The daughter then jumped from the roof of the tower. There is red paint on the rocks below to illustrate her blood. According to local tradition, the tower is said to be haunted.
Castle
Kinnaird Head Castle and the adjacent Wine Tower are two of the best preserved structures of the ancient “nine castles of the knuckle” situated along the Buchan coast.
The 16th century castle was built by the Frasers of Philorth to demonstrate dominance and power over their planned town of Fraserburgh.
Falling out of fashion, the castle was sold to the Northern Lighthouse Board in 1787 to be converted into Scotland’s first mainland lighthouse, making Kinnaird Head unique among Scotland’s castles.
As well as the tower itself, original features such as the old castle kitchens and elements of the grand hall can be seen by visitors.
Discover the castle’s unique 450 year story of continual reinvention and survival from castle, to lighthouse, to museum.
The adjacent Wine Tower is an ancient pre-reformation building steeped in mystery and curiosity, dramatically perched over the crashing waves.
Visit the upper vaulted chamber of the Wine Tower to view seven preserved roof pendants, carved in stone, showing the Fraser’s family connections and commitment to the faith.
The monument consists of the upstanding remains of a 16th century tower, originally an ancillary building associated with the nearby Kinnaird Head Castle.
The tower retains its original scale and form and contains unusual sculptural detail in the form of seven carved stone bosses.
The bosses depict heraldic symbols of the Frasers and affiliated families, the royal arms of Scotland and the coat of arms of Christ. They demonstrate the familial connections and interests of the Frasers of Philorth.
The tower was built in the 16th century, probably in the latter half of the century. One of the carved bosses bears the Arms of Fraser impaling Ogilvie, commemorating the marriage of Sir Alexander Fraser, 8th Laird of Philorth, and his first wife Magdalen Ogilvie in 1559.
This suggests the tower could not have been built before this date unless the bosses are insertions into an older building. The figure of eight gun loops below the windows in the upper floor also suggest a late 16th century date.
The purpose of the tower is uncertain. It originally stood at the edge of the courtyard of Kinnaird Head Castle flanked by the now demolished doocot tower, and was part of the castle complex. It has been interpreted as a private chapel built for Magdalen Ogilvie, the Roman Catholic wife of Alexander Fraser (Bryce 1987).
The semi-defended nature of the upper chamber may support this interpretation, along with the decoration of one of the carved bosses with the symbols of Christ, known as the Arma Christi.
However, the room is not obviously a chapel; it is oriented north-south with a fireplace occupying the east wall and there are no features indicating a specific ecclesiastical use.
The remaining bosses depict the heraldic symbols of the Frasers and other families, rather than religious symbols.
It is likely the tower has served several different purposes since its construction in the 16th century.
The tower was used as a powder magazine and store during the 19th century and is recorded as being used as a store for the nearby lighthouse in 1914.
Scientific study of the monument would allow us to develop a better understanding of the overall form of the tower (for instance did it have additional fllors) and its relationship with the wider castle complex. It would also help our understanding of the chronology of the site, including its date of origin, original purpose and changing use and status.
The monument has the potential to enhance our understanding of the date of construction and function of the tower and its relationship to the nearby castle. It can add to our knowledge of construction techniques and architectural preferences of the time, and the way in which the fashion and function of such buildings developed.
The carved stone bosses have the potential to further the study of craftsmanship, design influences and artistic significance and enhance our knowledge of sculpture and heraldry. They can add to our knowledge of the religious, social and political history of late 16th century Scotland.
Contextual Characteristics
The monument is the only surviving ancillary structure of the nearby Kinnaird Head Castle (which was converted into Scotland's first mainland lighthouse in 1787). Although most castles were provided with additional buildings such associated features rarely survive.
Additionally, the seven finely carved stone bosses within the tower are of particular significance. Similar carvings are found at the castles of Gight (scheduled monument reference SM2508; Canmore ID 19800), Craig (listed building reference LB2736; Canmore ID 17245), Towie-Barclay (listed building reference LB16405; Canmore ID 19196) and Delgatie (listed building reference LB16421; Canmore ID 19251).
The bosses in the Wine Towner are particularly well carved and their presence in an otherwise plainly decorated ancillary tower is unusual. The tower therefore is an unusual survival of a structure associated with a late medieval/early modern castle.
The Wine Tower has the potential to broaden our understanding of the nature and chronology of late medieval/early modern defensible houses and their ancillary structures, their place within the landscape of northeast Scotland, and the development and use of such sites over time.
Associative Characteristics
The tower is connected with a legend which tells the story of the 17th century daughter of the head of the Fraser family who fell in love with a piper. Her father imprisoned the piper in a cave which supposedly runs below the Wine Tower and locked his daughter in the tower above.
During a high tide the piper drowned and the daughter leapt to her death from the window to the rocks below. Until recently the lighthouse keepers threw red paint on the spot as a tribute when they were painting the lighthouse.
Statement of National Importance
This monument is of national importance because it makes a significant addition to our understanding of the date, construction, use and development of late medieval/early modern defensible houses and their ancillary structures. It is an impressive structure that retains its field characteristics and contains unusual sculptural detail in the form of seven stone bosses carved with heraldic designs. The tower makes a significant contribution to today's landscape and would have been a prominent part of the historic landscape. The loss or damage of the monument would diminish our ability to appreciate and understand the character and development of tower houses and their ancillary structures. It would reduce our understanding of religious, social and political history during the late medieval and early post-medieval periods, as well as the development of such sites over time.
Archaeology Notes
The Wine Tower is most probably so called because it was the wine-cellar of those who at one time resided in the nearby castle which is now the lighthouse. Under this tower is a cave more than 100 feet in length.
Wine Tower: No satisfactory explanation of its existence has been produced for this tower. It is clearly a 16th century work, subsequent to the first quarter of that century, and built by the Frasers. It is built of very rough masonry in three stories, all vaulted, with walls about 5 ft thick and measures externally 26 feet 7 inches by 21 feet by 27 feet high. It is probably connected with the cave below.
Lord Saltoun (Saltoun 1963) states that the Wine Tower and Kinnaird were 'almost certainly successors one of another'.
They were two of a chain of castles along the Buchan coast probably originated by the Comyns in the 13th century.
It has been associated with one of the north-east’s most gruesome legends.
And now, the mysterious Wine Tower at the Scottish Museum of Lighthouses in Fraserburgh is being opened for guided tours later in the summer.
It was built in the 16th century and the Kinnaird Head structure is the oldest building in the port.
The Wine Tower was said to be a store for the old Fraserburgh Castle and there was even a suggestion it was a hidden Catholic chapel.
But the building is perhaps best known as the site of one of Aberdeenshire’s darkest tales.
Legend has it that in the late 1500s, Sir Alexander Fraser, the 8th Laird of Philorth was so enraged by his daughter, Isobel’s romantic dalliance with a piper that he had the musician chained in a sea cave below the tower.
The piper drowned and the distraught Isobel killed herself by jumping on to the rocks below.
It has been claimed the piper can still be heard playing in the cave during stormy conditions.
The tower used to have four different levels, but only three of these still remain.
Each level can be accessed through hatches and stairs placed on the side of the building and different rooms.
Lynda McGuigan, manager of the Museum of Scottish Lighthouses, said they have decided to reopen it after demand from visitors.
She added they had to keep it closed to deter people who damaging the interior.
Ms McGuigan said: “We had a problem with vandals kicking stairs and doors in the past.
“It has not been open on a regular basis and the tours will be an extra.
“We realised people wanted to see inside it, so we are going to open it for a one-off.”
The tower will open for a single daily tour over July and August.