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LEVELS OF ABSORPTION, 2004 by LAURA MAYOTTE
36”w x 20 1/2”h x 16”d
Handmade flax paper, handspun and dyed linen yarn, indigo dye.
Artist’s Statement
Levels of Absorption holds many meanings for me. Literal meanings, such as the actual absorption of the indigo dye on the pages and watermarks, and abstract meanings, such as (being a book form) how much knowledge we absorb over a lifetime, the fact that we never make use of our entire brain, that there is always room for more knowledge, learning and growth, and that also the tree-like shape adds to this idea of growth over time. All the sewing reflects the pathways of the brain and how we think; how everything is connected, how odd things can remind us of seemingly unrelated things, but they are all there and accessible. This sewing is also rather electricity-like in appearance, and metaphorically, referring to how fast our thoughts can be, our natural reflexes or responses to stimuli, and how knowledge gained over time can be instantly accessed once learned.
The Hague
March 2012
The Netherlands
Urban life in the Netherlands
Ricoh GRD IV
Please do not reproduce or use this picture without my explicit permission.
If you ask nicely i will probably say yes, just ask me first!
If you happen to be in one of my frames and have any objections to this.
Please contact me!
All rights reserved
FOV: 6" wide.
This experiment was an attempt to recreate the fluorescence of chromium activated corundum (aka 'ruby'). Aluminum hydroxide was mixed with 1-4 drops of Cr(III) oxide in a basic solution. This was placed on a small amount of aluminum sulfate in an aluminum foil container and a bit of water was added.
The sample was then heated, first with a propane torch until the water was removed and then with a MAPP gas torch until the aluminum sulfate expanded into foam, trapping the aluminum hydroxide which was calcined into aluminum oxide by the torch's flame. (at least that was the plan)
Shown also is a natural ruby from Mysore, India.
See ruby excitation spectrum here (0.03% Cr):
www.northropgrumman.com/BusinessVentures/SYNOPTICS/Produc...
Contains:
Ruby (FL Red >GR,BL/UVa)
Ruby Foam (FL Red >GR,BL/UVabc)
Shown under UVa light.
Key:
WL = White light (halogen + LED)
FL = Fluoresces
PHOS = Phosphorescent
BL = 450nm, GR = 532nm
UVa = 368nm (LW), UVb = 311nm (MW), UVc = 254nm (SW)
'>' = "stimulated by:", '!' = "bright", '~' = "dim"
Ruby2
24 Dec 2016
Series best viewed in Light Box mode using Right and Left arrows to navigate.
Photostream best viewed in Lightbox mode (in the dark).
18 Watt Triple Output UV lamp from Polman Minerals - Way Too Cool UV lamps
When we visited the current GOMA art works which profiles art by Australian artists, we were totally in awe of an animated work by Deborah Kelly - Beastliness.
These two girls were similarly affected, and the moment needed capturing.
This work is described as:-
The second work, Beastliness 2011, is a fast-paced animation. Taking aesthetic cues from MTV as well as early twentieth-century collage, Kelly’s characters are uncanny fusions of animals, insects and women in a world of frenzied dancing. Kelly re-mythologises femininity, avoiding the stereotypes that constrain and demonise people for their difference.
Kelly’s strategy is to embrace diversity: these creatures represent many female forms, thoughts and experiences, and celebrate acceptance and freedom of expression.
I tried to figure out how to use the Canon 60D movie mode, but couldn't find it in the dimmed lighting. I know it is there, just needed to find the beast.
(Looked just now and found the movie mode button which has obviously been installed on my camera since Saturday while I was sleeping)
I am sure these girls had a story to tell later over coffee about what they interpreted from the display.
Speaking of movies, look at this music video with a DIFFERENCE
Story in a Picture Challenge
“Light and dark, dry and wet, reflective and absorptive, these qualities give the different multiples of the painting a distinct visual rhythm. (…) The rhythms change with the light and with the position and movements of the viewer.”
Winston Roeth
Explore #496—my first photo to make Explore! Thanks guys!
My favorite Ansel Adams photograph is "Clearing Winter Storm," and so I was desperately hoping for a storm when I visited Yosemite (even though I knew I'd never get a photo as good as Ansel's as I'm not that talented!). Luckily, on the third day, this storm rolled in and brought a ton of fog with it. The fog was pouring down El Capitan like waterfalls and spiraling through the trees on the valley floor. The view was so amazing I shot five rolls of film of the changing views, plus a few shots with the digital camera for some instant gratification. This is one of the digital shots; the film shots will be scanned over the next couple of days as there are a TON of rolls of film from the trip and developing and scanning them takes awhile...
©2010 Tanya Harrison, all rights reserved. Do not reproduce or re-distribute without permission.
789, Beijing
July 2012
China
Nothing like a giant transformer to lay your head to rest against when tired
Ricoh GR Digital IV
Please do not reproduce or use this picture without my explicit permission.
If you ask nicely I will probably say yes, just ask me first!
If you happen to be in one of my frames and have any objections to this.
Please contact me!
Please no glossy awards, scripted comments and big thumbnails back to your own work.
I will remove them..
Narduris is a leader of Clan of Shadows, named Xymoorghor.
One of my biggest and favourite MOC, I ever build. This version was building over three weeks (with breaks). I know there is much work with it, but I decided to take photos, and show You, to know your opinion. Now, enjoy!
======================
Abilities and powers:
Heightened senses, great strength, icy gaze, the power capable of destroying everything (with a scepter), sensing the energy absorption capacity, the perfect warrior.
Character:
Hard, vindictive, violent, cunning, ruthless, brilliant strategist, an excellent commander, he will do anything for power and revenge.
Weapons:
Sceptre of Power (once), claws.
In the summer of 2021, I had J-131, a radioactive iodine isotope with a half-life of eight days in my body. For the duration of its absorption by the body, or more precisely, the targeted destruction of parts of it and the excretion of the material by it, I was in radiation quarantine. Such, I had enough time to capture this for me probably unique moment of being in direct contact with radioactivity. Visualising this invisible phenomenon fascinated me. The result is a limited series of Polaroids that visualise the half-life and radiation of the material in the intensity of the respective results. I did not take photographs or paint with light (deriving from the greek wtó, Ypáeiv (photós graphein), photography initially means “light” and “to paint/write/draw” and refers to both the process and the result). I only shot with body fluids.
(this is a photograph with my mobile during an exhibition with a reflection of myself in the framed work)
___
exposed without camera | Polaroid Type 52
Processed using calibrated near-infrared methane absorption band (CB2, MT2, MT3) filtered images of Saturn taken by Cassini on November 27 2012.
NASA/JPL-Caltech/SSI/CICLOPS/Kevin M. Gill
"Date: 2019. Artist: Ulrike Koch-Brinkmann. Medium: Marble stucco on plaster cast, natural pigments in egg tempera, gold foil.
The statue type known as Small Herculaneum Woman has survived in dozens of ancient marble replicas. This reconstruction is based on studies of the extensive color preserved on a replica found in Delos, which has been examined in ultraviolet, infrared, and raking light as well as with X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy. Decorative elements on the undergarment were painted with a light Egyptian blue, and iron-based pigments in shades of red and brown were used for the hair and facial features. Green malachite survived in large areas of her mantle, blackened through fire.
"The Late Classical prototype of the so-called Small Herculaneum Woman is lost, but dozens of copies of the Hellenistic and Roman periods are preserved. The young woman, her hair composed of several strands woven together into a severe bun, wraps herself in a mantle that she draws tightly around her body with both hands. Beneath the mantle she wears a finely pleated undergarment and sandals with thick soles. The reconstruction was made in 2019, as part of a project financed by the Federal Ministry for Education and Research, "The university collection as living archive. Teaching and research at the intersection of materiality and communication." It is based on studies of the polychromy of a copy found in 1894 on Delos (National Archaeological Museum, Athens, inv. 1827). The cast was taken from the Roman copy that gives the statue type its nickname, discovered in 1706 in Herculaneum (Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden inv. Hm 327).
The polychromy of the copy from Delos has been investigated on several occasions since 1982. The best-preserved colors are a light blue (Egyptian blue) for decorative elements of the under-garment and a whole palette of iron oxides in shades of red and brown, especially on the hair and face. The excavators at the end of the 19th century had already observed traces of a rich pink and violet. Traces of gilding and of a violet color, the result of corrosion, are preserved on the borders of the mantle.
Yellow pigment containing lead, as well as lead white and malachite that had been burned to a grey-black powder, could also be detected with the use of intensive scientific investigation. In ultraviolet light, bands of wave and ray patterns can be seen on the mantle. The reconstruction brings together all the colors that have been detected since the statue was excavated. The application of paint on the mantle makes especially clear what the sculptor's intentions were: the fine, greenish fabric is transparent wherever the garment is pulled tightly around the body. Thus, the flesh color of the arm and elbow, as well as the violet of the undergarment, shines through at the belly and right thigh.
The decoration of the dress hem with sea monsters and the pomegranate branch on the mantle hem are designed in analogy to robe depictions in vase painting of the 4th century BC and on Hellenistic sculpture."" - info from the Met.
"The Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York City, colloquially "the Met", is the largest art museum in the Americas. Its permanent collection contains over two million works, divided among 17 curatorial departments. The main building at 1000 Fifth Avenue, along the Museum Mile on the eastern edge of Central Park on Manhattan's Upper East Side, is by area one of the world's largest art museums. A much smaller second location, The Cloisters at Fort Tryon Park in Upper Manhattan, contains an extensive collection of art, architecture, and artifacts from medieval Europe.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art was founded in 1870 with its mission to bring art and art education to the American people. The museum's permanent collection consists of works of art from classical antiquity and ancient Egypt, paintings, and sculptures from nearly all the European masters, and an extensive collection of American and modern art. The Met maintains extensive holdings of African, Asian, Oceanian, Byzantine, and Islamic art. The museum is home to encyclopedic collections of musical instruments, costumes, and accessories, as well as antique weapons and armor from around the world. Several notable interiors, ranging from 1st-century Rome through modern American design, are installed in its galleries.
The Fifth Avenue building opened on March 30, 1880. In 2021, despite the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, the museum attracted 1,958,000 visitors, ranking fourth on the list of most-visited art museums in the world.
New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over 300.46 square miles (778.2 km2), New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States. The city is within the southern tip of New York State, and constitutes the geographical and demographic center of both the Northeast megalopolis and the New York metropolitan area – the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass. With over 20.1 million people in its metropolitan statistical area and 23.5 million in its combined statistical area as of 2020, New York is one of the world's most populous megacities, and over 58 million people live within 250 mi (400 km) of the city. New York City is a global cultural, financial, and media center with a significant influence on commerce, health care and life sciences, entertainment, research, technology, education, politics, tourism, dining, art, fashion, and sports. New York is the most photographed city in the world. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy, an established safe haven for global investors, and is sometimes described as the capital of the world." - info from Wikipedia.
The fall of 2022 I did my 3rd major cycling tour. I began my adventure in Montreal, Canada and finished in Savannah, GA. This tour took me through the oldest parts of Quebec and the 13 original US states. During this adventure I cycled 7,126 km over the course of 2.5 months and took more than 68,000 photos. As with my previous tours, a major focus was to photograph historic architecture.
Now on Instagram.
The Hague
April 2012
The Netherlands
Urban life in the Netherlands
Ricoh GRD IV
Please do not reproduce or use this picture without my explicit permission.
If you ask nicely i will probably say yes, just ask me first!
If you happen to be in one of my frames and have any objections to this.
Please contact me!
All rights reserved
The absorption of Robson’s into the United Glass Group in 1980 saw a strong phase of buying Scanias, a marque favoured by the United Group. A121 JLS Border Rebel was the first three-axle tractor unit in the Robson’s fleet. This tag-axle 6x2 was used on short-haul tipper work carrying ten loads a day of specialist silica sand used for glass-making. It may have been fitted with a day cab rather than the sleeper version depicted here (25-Oct-18).
All rights reserved. For the avoidance of doubt, this means that it would be a criminal offence to post this image on Facebook or elsewhere (please post a link instead). Follow the link below for terms and conditions, additional information about my work; and to request work from me:
www.flickr.com/photos/northernblue109/6046035749/in/set-7...
Although carrying its Greater Manchester Transport legal lettering following the absorption of the Lancashire United fleet just under two months earlier, not a great deal else had changed by the time of this May 1981 shot of ex-LUT Leyland Fleetline / NCME 497, having just set out on the long run from Manchester to Liverpool. It had still to be renumbered 6913 in the GMT series and its eventual repaint might have also been some way off.
This was one of a pair from this batch that saw further service with Chesterfield Transport after their sale by GM Buses.
This image is copyright and must not be reproduced or downloaded without the permission of the photographer.
The gradual absorption of Germanwings into a growing Eurowings continues with pace, and whilst the airline operates a subsidiary of the larger low-cost unit with their own flight number and crews, that is soon coming to an end as a number of Germanwings Airbus A319/A320's are in the process of being repainted into Eurowings colours.
Another transition is the ending of Germanwings abandoning its 4U IATA flight codes and going over the Eurowings EW code from 25th March 2018. With Eurowings growing, Germanwings is now becoming a more redundant brand, and with the amount of planes Eurowings intends to repaint, it is likely they will be gone by 2018.
The first 2 Airbus A319's from Germanwings have already transferred over to Eurowings Europe in Vienna. Meanwhile at Eurowings, 2 Airbus A319's have since transferred with another 3 expected to join the fleet, whilst one older Airbus A320 is also expected to join the fleet.
Currently, Germanwings operates 48 Airbus A320 family aircraft, which includes 36 Airbus A319's and 12 Airbus A320's (4 currently in storage).
Alpha Golf Whiskey Alpha is no longer in service with Germanwings, delivered new to the low-cost carrier in July 2006 initially on lease from SAAM and now SMBC since July 2013. She is currently at Norwich since October 2017 being repainted into Eurowings colours. She is powered by 2 International AeroEngines IAE V2524-A5 engines.
Airbus A319-132 D-AGWA powers out of Runway 23L at Manchester (MAN) on 4U343 to Cologn/Bonn (CGN).
"Did I ever tell you the definition of insanity?"
The Reisen is an upgraded version of the M4 and M16 assault rifles. With new firing mechanics, this modification solved many of the performance issues with the old weapon systems. This carbine also comes with adjustable scope and Einzbern Recoil Absorption Stock (ERAS).
"Date: 2010. Artist: Ulrike Koch-Brinkmann. Medium: plaster cast, natural pigments in egg tempera.
As early as 1762, art historian Johann Joachim Winckelmann used the well-preserved colors on the statue of Artemis from Pompeii as evidence that ancient marble sculpture was colorful. The wide range of pigments represented on the reconstruction was identified through ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, ultraviolet-induced visible luminescence, and visible-induced infrared luminescence. These include Egyptian blue; pink madder; kaolin mixed with lead white; orange and red ocher; hematite; cinnabar; umber; and two yellow pigments made from lead and ocher." - info from the Met.
"The Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York City, colloquially "the Met", is the largest art museum in the Americas. Its permanent collection contains over two million works, divided among 17 curatorial departments. The main building at 1000 Fifth Avenue, along the Museum Mile on the eastern edge of Central Park on Manhattan's Upper East Side, is by area one of the world's largest art museums. A much smaller second location, The Cloisters at Fort Tryon Park in Upper Manhattan, contains an extensive collection of art, architecture, and artifacts from medieval Europe.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art was founded in 1870 with its mission to bring art and art education to the American people. The museum's permanent collection consists of works of art from classical antiquity and ancient Egypt, paintings, and sculptures from nearly all the European masters, and an extensive collection of American and modern art. The Met maintains extensive holdings of African, Asian, Oceanian, Byzantine, and Islamic art. The museum is home to encyclopedic collections of musical instruments, costumes, and accessories, as well as antique weapons and armor from around the world. Several notable interiors, ranging from 1st-century Rome through modern American design, are installed in its galleries.
The Fifth Avenue building opened on March 30, 1880. In 2021, despite the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, the museum attracted 1,958,000 visitors, ranking fourth on the list of most-visited art museums in the world.
New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over 300.46 square miles (778.2 km2), New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States. The city is within the southern tip of New York State, and constitutes the geographical and demographic center of both the Northeast megalopolis and the New York metropolitan area – the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass. With over 20.1 million people in its metropolitan statistical area and 23.5 million in its combined statistical area as of 2020, New York is one of the world's most populous megacities, and over 58 million people live within 250 mi (400 km) of the city. New York City is a global cultural, financial, and media center with a significant influence on commerce, health care and life sciences, entertainment, research, technology, education, politics, tourism, dining, art, fashion, and sports. New York is the most photographed city in the world. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy, an established safe haven for global investors, and is sometimes described as the capital of the world." - info from Wikipedia.
The fall of 2022 I did my 3rd major cycling tour. I began my adventure in Montreal, Canada and finished in Savannah, GA. This tour took me through the oldest parts of Quebec and the 13 original US states. During this adventure I cycled 7,126 km over the course of 2.5 months and took more than 68,000 photos. As with my previous tours, a major focus was to photograph historic architecture.
Now on Instagram.
This photo is really just meant to be informative and educational for those that are curious about the Universe, and want to know how things work. As photographers we capture Photons after all, so here is a bit of the Physics behind the light that we love to capture.
This image shows the Electromagnetic Spectrum of light from the Sun, after traveling through Earth's blue Nitrogen rich skies (photographed through a Quantitative Spectroscope).
The nanometer scale in the Spectroscope shows the wavelengths of visible light, that range from 400 nm - 700 nm. Invisible light at shorter wavelengths (beyond violet) include Ultraviolet (UV), X-Ray and Gamma Ray. Longer wavelengths of light (beneath red) include Infrared, Microwave and Radio Waves.
About the Sun:
The Sun is a G-type Main-Sequence Yellow Dwarf (G2V) Star. Through the process of fusion, the Sun burns approximately 600 million tonnes (metric tons) of Hydrogen each second, turning it into 596 million tonnes of Helium. As the Hydrogen nuclei fuse, Photons are emitted, which in short is why the Sun shines (and all the other stars). The Hydrogen Atom is the simplest and most abundant element in the Universe (with only 1 Proton and 1 Electron).
Through the process of fusion, more complex elements are made at different stages of a star's life and death cycle. This is what Carl Sagan meant with one of his well known quotes from Cosmos, “The nitrogen in our DNA, the calcium in our teeth, the iron in our blood, the carbon in our apple pies were made in the interiors of collapsing stars. We are made of starstuff.”
The Sun is roughly 150,000,000 km from Earth. The speed of light is 300,000 km/sec (186,000 miles/sec), which means that the light took just over 8 light-minutes (8 minutes and 26 seconds) to reach the Spectroscope in front of my camera lens.
Here is a very simplistic explanation of Spectroscopy, and how the Electromagnetic Light Spectrum is used in Astrophysics:
This image was photographed through a basic "High School Science Classroom" Quantitative Spectrometer (100 line resolution). With higher resolution Spectrometers on Telescopes, Astronomers can determine what chemical elements Stars and Planets are made of, as each chemical element has a unique light absorption fingerprint, that shows up as dark lines in the spectrum.
The amount that the absorption lines are shifted to red or blue (redshift and blueshift), is due to the Doppler effect and gives an indication if the celestial object is moving towards or away from us, and at what speed. This is how Scientists and Physicists know what the observable Universe is made of, and that the Universe is expanding.
More Info:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_line
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer_lines
www.space.com/25732-redshift-blueshift.html
science-edu.larc.nasa.gov/EDDOCS/Wavelengths_for_Colors.html
Interested in Science, Physics & Astronomy?
Visit my Flipboard with lots of interesting articles:
flipboard.com/@mheigan/brain-food
Martin
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Planets, stars, nebulas and a galaxy -- this impressive image has them all. Closest to home are the two planets Mars (right) and Saturn (center), visible as the two bright orange spots in the upper half of the featured image. On the central right are the colorful Rho Ophiuchus star clouds featuring the bright orange star Antares lined up below Mars. These interstellar clouds contain both red emission nebulas and blue reflection nebulas. At the top right of the image is the Blue Horsehead reflection nebula. On the lower left are many dark absorption nebulas that extend from the central band of our Milky Way Galaxy. The featured deep composite was composed of multiple deep exposures taken last month from Brazil. Although you need a telescope to see the nebulosities, Saturn and Mars will remain visible to the unaided eye this month toward the east, just after sunset. via NASA ift.tt/1Xj749i
In the late fifties Foden, a well established and respected lorry manufacturer, realised that they had to offer new improved models if they were to maintain their independence in the face of takeovers and absorption by the larger manufacturers.
Traditionally Foden cabs had been of composite build, a timber frame clad with aluminium panels but now Foden decided to move into the use of fibreglass for its new cab design.
First unveiled in 1958 the S21 cab with its elaborate curves was quickly dubbed the “Sputnik” by the trade press but lorry drivers almost always referred to them as Mickey Mouse and many S21s survived by virtue of being corrosion-free.
Like many a haulier Moreton C. Cullimore started out with a Model T Ford in the Stroud area of the Cotswolds in the 1930s but here, in the 1960s, one of his sizable fleet of Foden tippers threads its careful way though a Glouchester village while in the background a Midland Red single decker approaches its bus stop.
The original painting is in oils on a canvas board 20”x30” and was painted for a transport calendar.
Please remember this image is protected by copyright law.
You may download any image for personal or non-commercial use only.
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Leiden
The Netherlands
2013
"Look what i found! Its the covert photographer's blog!"
Since today there is a blog: thecovertphotographer.wordpress.com/
On the blog i will attempt to provide more background to my images and discuss photography and everything else worth discussing on a blog.
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Processed using calibrated near-infrared methane absorption band (CB2, MT2) filtered images taken by Cassini on November 9 2007. Map projected.
NASA/JPL-Caltech/SSI/CICLOPS/Kevin M. Gill
The Horsehead, also known as Barnard 33, is a cold, dark cloud of gas and dust, silhouetted against the bright nebula, IC 434. The bright area at the top left edge is a young star still embedded in its nursery of gas and dust. But radiation from this hot star is eroding the stellar nursery. The top of the nebula also is being sculpted by radiation from a massive star located out of Hubble's field of view.
Only by chance does the nebula roughly resemble the head of a horse. Its unusual shape was first discovered on a photographic plate in the late 1800s. Located in the constellation Orion, the Horsehead is a cousin of the famous pillars of dust and gas known as the Eagle nebula. Both tower-like nebulas are cocoons of young stars.
01-12
Cumberland MS, ex Kelvin Scottish
Leyland National
218 (OLS 809T)
Whitehaven depot 8/88
BKP
Painted in Yeowart's livery for use on former Yeowart's services, after absorption of that operator by Cumberland MS.
April 2012
The Netherlands
Candid shots in and around the Public Transport in The Netherlands
Ricoh GRD IV
Please do not reproduce or use this picture without my explicit permission.
If you ask nicely I will probably say yes, just ask me first!
Appreciate the awards and scripted comments
But I will remove them...
All rights reserved
The phenomenon of the Green Ray (or Flash) occasionally seen at sunset or — with greater difficulty — at sunrise is beautifully described by Marcel Minnaert In his book: "The nature of Light and Colour in the open air" (Dover publications inc., New York, 1954, pp. 58–63). As I have reported in a previous post ( www.flickr.com/photos/bob_81667/40402297274/ ), the visibility of the phenomenon is dependent on scattering and absorption processes occurring during the long path that sunlight takes through Earth's atmosphere to reach our eyes at these times. These processes result in what is known as the telluric spectrum of the sun which is distinct from the absorption resulting from the escape of light through the solar atmosphere.
The telluric spectrum of the sky and of the sun itself varies during the day (and night) depending on both the altitude of the sun above the horizon and on the varying content of atmospheric gases, most notably that of water vapour. In his book, Minnaert shows a rough sketch of the visual spectrum of the setting sun seen through a visual spectroscope (Fig. 55, credited to N. Dijkwel, Hemel en Dampkring, 34, 261, 1936). This shows the development of the gap between the green and the red segments of the spectrum as the sun reaches the horizon but is attributed by him to water vapour absorption which, although it does play a minor role, the much larger effect of ozone absorption on the spectrum of twilight was not widely appreciated at that time.
In this picture, I assemble some of the historical drawings along with modern digital spectra to help give a clearer picture of the contributors to the sunset spectrum.
The lower frame in the picture is the sketch from Minnaert's book of the of the sunset spectrum developing downwards with time. I assume that this is a prismatic spectrum which is squashed up towards the red end compared with the linear grating spectrum in the upper plot. I have coloured Minnaert's picture to show the correct orange colour between the middle two absorption bands. The 4th strip from the top shows two pairs of absorption bands that I have labelled, from the right to left, A, B, R and Greek(delta).
[Note added in December 2020: I am not certain in my attribution of the of the two reddest absorptions in row 4 to Fraunhofer A and B as was suggested by their position in the drawing. My own examinations of the setting sun with a visual prism spectroscope reveal that the two bands, alpha near 630nm and the combination of Fraunhofer C (H-alpha) and the water band near 650nm form a more prominent pair. If this is the case, it is worth remarking that these four features drawn in row 4 contain two bands from tetra-oxygen that could not be identified as such at the time of the original investigations by Ångström and others in the 19th century. It is now known that such CIA (see below) transitions contribute a small but significant part of the ensemble of absorptions that produce the global greenhouse effect. I think that the fact that we can see these bands with the eye through a simple spectroscope is interesting.
I have now (10/12/2020) replaced the figure with this new, and more likely, interpretation of Dijkwel's drawing.]
Above this, I have reproduced (in mirror image to reverse the spectral direction) the observations of the telluric spectrum made by Ångström and shown in the book "Spectrum Analysis" by H. Schellen, D Appleton and Company, New York, 1872, Fig. 95, p183. This is on a linear wavelength scale aligned with the spectral plots at the top of the picture. Download the full size version of the image to read the labelling on this. The drawing shows the strong solar Fraunhofer lines as well as the telluric features. Note that it also includes the blue tetra-oxygen feature at ~476nm that was shown at a shorter wavelength in one of Ångström and Thalén's (presumably earlier) maps shown in plate VI of the above book.
The top plot shows a sunset spectrum (blue line) and also a spectrum of the eclipsed moon (Pallé, E. et al. Nature volume 459, pages 814–816 (11 June 2009) — red line). These are marked with the major telluric lines and bands from H_2 O (water), O_2 (molecular oxygen), O_3 (ozone) and the O_2 * O_2 dimer (now known as the CIA O_4 Collisionally Induced Absorption). Overlayed on this is the first reported spectral plot I have found of the central part of the ozone Chappuis band absorption and reported in the Astrophysical Journal in 1934 ( articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?19... ). This is inverted and flipped left-right but you can see the characteristic double dip at the centre of the Chappuis band. The red and blue line spectra are plotted as a ratio of the the spectrum of an uneclipsed moon (top) and the spectrum of the sun seen high in the sky (bottom, blue line). This results in the removal of the intrinsic spectrum of the sun, leaving only the telluric spectrum.
So what's going on here? The principal difference between the red and blue line spectra (eclipse and sunset) in the top plot is the path that the sunlight takes through the atmosphere in these two situations. In the lunar eclipse, the light grazes the Earth on its way to producing the 'copper-coloured' moon but, in this case, the path avoids the low altitude atmosphere where most of the water vapour resides. You can see that the water band absorptions are much weaker than in the blue sunset spectrum. The other difference — a more subtle one — is that the CIA features (notice especially the one around 578nm) are stronger in the sunset spectrum which was obtained from a low altitude observing site, essentially sea-level. This is because the formation of the CIA lines needs two adjacent oxygen molecules and so its strength is dependent on the oxygen partial pressure squared and so is only really produced in the low atmosphere.
How do we interpret the spectrum sketches in Minnaert's book? The clear separation between the green and red segments in the 5th strip down is predominantly due to the ozone Chappuis absorption (see the model spectra in: www.flickr.com/photos/bob_81667/40402297274/ ). The central pair of absorptions seen in the 4 strips above is partly the result of the shape of the central part if the ozone Chappuis band but it is enhanced by the CIA absorption on the short wavelength side and by the water absorption on the long wavelength side. This water band was known by Victorian observers as "The Rain Band" since is was supposed to appear more strongly in damp weather and so was used for forecasting rain (though not very successfully!) This spectral region has a very characteristic appearance in a visual spectroscope with what appears to be a broad yellow 'emission' band flanked on either side by significant absorption. It is strong in both the sky and solar spectra when the sun is low: I have labelled these absorptions by 'delta' (as used by Ångström) and 'R' for Rainband. These are shown very clearly in the Spectral drawings by Piazzi Smyth made in 1875/6.
See: www.flickr.com/photos/bob_81667/11433988063/
The absorptions further to the red in the Minnaert sketch I suggest should be identified with the very strong molecular oxygen bands known as Fraunhofer 'A' and 'B' although it is not obvious why only a single band is shown on the 3rd strip. Maybe the observation was influenced by a strong water band marked 'a'?
Why should we be so interested in this apparently rather arcane branch of observational astronomy, even though it was all-the-rage in the late 19th century? The reason is that the use of long light paths through planetary atmospheres that can be extracted from observations of a planetary transit (when the planet crosses the disc of its ‘sun’) is one of the primary ways of learning about exoplanet atmospheres, currently a major ‘industry’ in astrophysics.
The Hague
August 2012
The Netherlands
I found this man lying on the sidewalk when i walked out my door yesterday. He was totally out of it, would barely respond to anything let alone say something coherent. He was so drunk he had soiled himself and he was lying across the sidewalk without any form of shelter.
I called for an ambulance but they sent the police, who proceeded to "wake" him up before taking him to the station. I hope he had a good night sleep in a holding cell, it was storming and raining yesterday so it was probably better than staying on our sidewalk..
Urban life in the Netherlands
Ricoh GRD IV
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In Transit
May 2012
The Netherlands
Candid shots in and around the Public Transport in The Netherlands
Ricoh GRD IV
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"Date: 2010. Artist: Ulrike Koch-Brinkmann. Medium: Polymethyl metacrylate.
"This richly decorated statue stood on the tomb of a girl named Phrasikleia. She wears a crown of lotus buds and holds a single bud in her left hand. The epigram on the base tells us that she died young, before she could marry.
The famous sculptor Aristion of Paros signed the work. With the help of ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis spectroscopy) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), traces of a numbers of colors on the flesh and clothing could be identified: red and brown madder, red and brown ocher, lead white for the eyes, flesh, and hair, as well as three different reds and yellows (red and yellow iron oxide and orpiment for the garment). Wherever the underside of the fabric is visible - on the sleeve and the lower hem - a dark red pigment (hematite) was deliberately used. Gold leaf and lead tin foil that gleams like silver were applied to the dress and the jewelry.
Metal rosettes and shiny yellow swastikas (painted with orpiment and gold ocher) were scattered over the entire garment. Additionally, stars appear on the back of the garment, evidently intended to represent a constellation.
The reconstruction made in 2010 follows the incised patterns and colors that were identified by scientific analysis. But after the latest discoveries by the conservators in the Athens National Museum, the red ocher of the robe has been mixed with cinnabar, giving the color an even more intense effect. The polish of the skin was based on contemporary Egyptian mummy portraits and was
done using agate, while a shimmering lacquer (gum arabic) was applied to the irises of the eyes. In 2019, gilding was added to the volute ornament of the belt and precious stones were inserted into the round depressions that are still preserved."" - info from the Met.
"The Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York City, colloquially "the Met", is the largest art museum in the Americas. Its permanent collection contains over two million works, divided among 17 curatorial departments. The main building at 1000 Fifth Avenue, along the Museum Mile on the eastern edge of Central Park on Manhattan's Upper East Side, is by area one of the world's largest art museums. A much smaller second location, The Cloisters at Fort Tryon Park in Upper Manhattan, contains an extensive collection of art, architecture, and artifacts from medieval Europe.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art was founded in 1870 with its mission to bring art and art education to the American people. The museum's permanent collection consists of works of art from classical antiquity and ancient Egypt, paintings, and sculptures from nearly all the European masters, and an extensive collection of American and modern art. The Met maintains extensive holdings of African, Asian, Oceanian, Byzantine, and Islamic art. The museum is home to encyclopedic collections of musical instruments, costumes, and accessories, as well as antique weapons and armor from around the world. Several notable interiors, ranging from 1st-century Rome through modern American design, are installed in its galleries.
The Fifth Avenue building opened on March 30, 1880. In 2021, despite the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, the museum attracted 1,958,000 visitors, ranking fourth on the list of most-visited art museums in the world.
New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over 300.46 square miles (778.2 km2), New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States. The city is within the southern tip of New York State, and constitutes the geographical and demographic center of both the Northeast megalopolis and the New York metropolitan area – the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass. With over 20.1 million people in its metropolitan statistical area and 23.5 million in its combined statistical area as of 2020, New York is one of the world's most populous megacities, and over 58 million people live within 250 mi (400 km) of the city. New York City is a global cultural, financial, and media center with a significant influence on commerce, health care and life sciences, entertainment, research, technology, education, politics, tourism, dining, art, fashion, and sports. New York is the most photographed city in the world. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy, an established safe haven for global investors, and is sometimes described as the capital of the world." - info from Wikipedia.
The fall of 2022 I did my 3rd major cycling tour. I began my adventure in Montreal, Canada and finished in Savannah, GA. This tour took me through the oldest parts of Quebec and the 13 original US states. During this adventure I cycled 7,126 km over the course of 2.5 months and took more than 68,000 photos. As with my previous tours, a major focus was to photograph historic architecture.
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Scheveningen/The Hague
May 2012
The Netherlands
Beachlife in the Netherlands
Ricoh GRD IV
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Improved insole; premium, 3x better moisture absorption, 100% better energy absorption
•Standard: EN ISO 20345:2011 S5 CI SRC
•Resistance: minerals, animal and plant oils and fats, disinfectants, fertilizer, solvents, various chemicals
•Lining; antibacterially treated, recognisable Dunlop red
Dashilan, Beijing
July 2012
China
Urban life
Ricoh GR Digital IV
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Byland Abbey was founded as a Savigniac house in 1134, but was brought within the Cistercian family following the absorption of the Savigniac Congregation in 1147. By the late twelfth century Byland, Fountains and Rievaulx were described as 'the three shining lights of the North’ .
The community of Byland started as a colony of monks sent from Furness, to Calder, Cumberland, in 1134, but moved to several locations before finally settling at the present site, near the village of Coxwold. Most of the buildings were complete upon the monks’ arrival and the abbey church was one of the largest and most impressive in Cistercian Europe. Once settled the community prospered and was especially renowned for sheep-rearing and the export of wool.
Today, the abbey remains include one of the largest cloisters in England, which was glazed in the fifteenth century to keep out the cold. Excavation has recovered stunning thirteenth-century floor tiles in the church, as well as the only stone lecturn base in England. Byland’s altar is now at Ampleforth Abbey.
With every breath and absorption of nourishment, prana is conditioned and released into the universe by Gaia.
Amsterdam
June 2012
The Netherlands
Urban life in the Netherlands
Ricoh GRD IV
Please do not reproduce or use this picture without my explicit permission.
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Please no glossy awards, scripted comments and big thumbnails back to your own work.
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Not really my cup of tea. Plaxton body, of a design I always thought bland, uninteresting and embarrassingly named ...the "Supreme". But, where one might have expected to descry the winged blue-and-red triangle of AEC, or one of the Leyland "menagerie" badges, there was VOLVO, bold as brass. What were Volvos to me? All those rather ugly, angular-looking cars, sidelights self-righteously ablaze, built in somewhere like Uppsala by a lot of tufty-eyebrowed, sauna-steamed, angst-tormented, pine furniture-loving social democrats called Sven or Björn who lived in darkness for half the year. They meant nothing, being unconnected with what had gone before in this country. They had simply arrived out of the blue from somewhere else and were not part of the national omnibological tradition. In small things so in great. What is "globalisation" but the abolition of all that is local and its absorption into something universal and inescapable?
So it was the thin end of the wedge: Van Hool bodies were beginning to appear on domestically produced chassis and we'd had Caetanos for a while, but soon would come all those Bovas, Ivecos and the rest, and home-grown products would be quietly killed off ...AEC and Leyland side by side like two kittens drowned in a bucket. The coach was new to Morris Bros, Swansea ...a long-established user of Leylands, AECs and Bristols... in April 1976. It was photographed somewhere in London on Sunday 3rd September 1978. I can't remember exactly where it was. I suppose I must've focused on the front of the coach and the street name is slightly blurred. The previous frame on the negative strip was snapped at Vauxhall Bridgefoot coach park and the one after was shot in one of the side streets off Whitehall. Double kerb. Would it be Birdcage Walk or Horse Guards Road, with the park on the opposite side?
Wyeth Nutrition’s illuma brand helps to enhance infants’ absorption of key nutrients and supports their immune function.
30 minutes of sunlight daily
The well-understood benefit of sunlight is the production of vitamin D. When skin is exposed to sunlight, a series of chemical reactions begin that converts precursors of vitamin D to the active form of vitamin D. Vitamin D is needed for the intestinal absorption of calcium and the maintenance of calcium and phosphate levels necessary for healthy bone formation. It is also important for proper immune function, cell growth, and nerve and muscle function. Some foods naturally supply vitamin D, such as fish and liver. Other foods, such as milk and cereal, are typically fortified with vitamin D.
1. Sunlight and whole foods send breast cancer into remission. The American physician Dr. Zane Kime used sunbathing and nutrition to cure his patients. Even in terminal cases, Dr. Kime was able to completely reverse the metastasized cancer.
2. The sun's light kills bad bacteria. The German solders after WWI knew of the discoveries that had been made in 1903 by the Nobel Prize winner, Niels Finsen. They used sunlight to disinfect and heal wounds.
3. Sunlight has a beneficial effect on skin disorders, such as psoriasis, acne, eczema and fungal infections of the skin.
4. Sunlight lowers cholesterol. The sun converts high cholesterol in the blood into steroid hormones and the sex hormones we need for reproduction. In the absence of sunlight, the opposite happens; substances convert to cholesterol.
5. The sun's rays lower blood pressure. Even a single exposure significantly lowers blood pressure in individuals with high blood pressure. On the other hand, pharmaceutical drugs such as Statins have side effects, such as robbing the body of Coenzyme Q10. CoQ10 is essential for cellular and heart energy
6. Sunlight penetrates deep into the skin to cleanse the blood and blood vessels. Medical literature published in Europe showed that people with atherosclerosis (hardened arteries) improved with sun exposure.
7. Sunlight increases oxygen content in human blood. And, it also enhances the body's capacity to deliver oxygen to the tissues; very similar to the effects of exercise. The sun has a great effect on stamina, fitness and muscular development.
8. Sunlight builds the immune system. The white blood cells, which increase with sun exposure, are called lymphocytes, and these play a major role in defending the body against infections.
9. Regular sunlight exposure increases the growth and height of children, especially babies. Many cultures throughout history have recognized this fact. Studies have shown the amount of sun exposure in the first few months has an effect on how tall the person grows.
10. Sunlight can cure depression. The noon sunshine can deliver 100,000 lux. When we sit in offices for the best part of the day, out of the sun, under neon and artificial lights (150-600 lux), we are depriving ourselves of the illumination of nature. Sunlight deprivation can cause a condition called seasonal affective disorder (SAD), a form of depression. It is more common in winter months, but also common in people who work long hours in office buildings .Exposure to the sun should be done SLOWLY! If you are not used to the sun, then your skin will be more sensitive to it. Avoid sunburn by building up your tolerance SLOWLY. There are many known benefits of sunlight on mood and health, but regular sunlight exposure also can have long-lasting, positive effects on bone health, heart health, immunity and disease prevention. Sunlight often serves to encourage exercise, physical activity, travel and social interactions.
To know more visit www.yogagurusuneelsingh.comPic By Addy