Zhui photos on Flickr

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Có fãi t làm m qá thấc zọng hem ? - Trong time vừa qa , trong đầu t rắc nhèo bùn fìn w rắc rối m có bíc hem ? - T hem fãi mún nghĩ m là nz.đâu - Tại zdì lúc đó ... thôu thì cho là t làm đi cho là t sai đi - Bh` t nhắc đến nữa chĩ làm m bùn fiền w thấc zọng thôu - Thậc ra t rắc mún nóu nhưng thui , do t do chính bãn thân t hem giữ đc t.b - Ừ ! thì do t hết , hem fãi tui bây đâu , t bíc tụi bây rắc tốt vs t , Ừ ! thì tuị bây mún nghĩ t s cũng đc - T hem cần tụi bây fãi nghĩ qá tốt zdề t đâu - Tốt qá thì cũng thành xấu thôi đúng hem ? - Cho zdù bh t nói này noí cia đi nữa thì tuị bây đã hem cònz bên t nữa - Tao chĩ mún tìm 1 chỗ nào đó thật sự yên tĩnh đễ t có thễ suy nghĩ w những gì t đã làm cho tuị bây - Tuị bây cũng cần có time suy nghĩ về t thật cĩ ồu hãy ra quyết định nhoé ! Bh` t thay đỗi òu fk? Ừ ! thì t thay đỗi đó , trách t đi , chữi t đi - T thay đỗi về cái gì chớ , thay đỗi về tính chất hay về bề ngoài - Mà t thay đỗi về aiz tuị bây bíc hem? - Trong đầu t bh nhìu chuyện qá - T thì lúc naò c~ làm cho tuị bây bùn hết - T tồi l' fk? - Thì t hễu tuị bây đó , nhưng tuị bây có wt tớu t hem? - Có bíc trong đầu t nghĩ gì hem ? - Chuyện gia đình , tình bạn , tình yêu ... rắc rối thật - T càng nghĩ t càng thấy mình thay đỗi đi bãn tchất thật of mình - T nghĩ t đã dựa dẫm zdào tuị bây qá nhèo , chã làm choz tuị bây zhui màz còn làm cho tuị bây f~ khóc zdì t nữa ! T còn nhớ chứ , mỗi lần zdô lớp t lun mún tuị bây fãi cười , t lun làm những trò lố bịch làm cho cã lúp zhui l' - Híhí - T càng thấy zhui hơn nữa đó ! - Chắc bh những trò đó chĩ là trò đùa , trò hề thôu fk? - Ừ ! thì thôu từ nay t sẽ im lặng sẽ hem làm ai cười sẽ hem làm bất cì chuyện gì n~ - Chắc tuị bây ghét t l' fk? , tuị bây mún trách hay hận t gì gì đó thì cứ việc - T bh chã bíc làm gì đễ chứng minh cho tuị bây hễu cã - Đùng 1 cái chuyện này chuyện cia - T đã mất đi con Ami ồu , bh t chã mún mất đi cái lớp thân yêu đó - Tuị bây có nhớ hem - Mỗu lần t khóc tuị bây lun bên t màz fk? : Hony m bị gì zda , shao khóc zda ! - T vẫn nhớ chứ - Hem bíc tuị bây có nhớ hem ^^ - Mọi ng xung quanh t đều ghét t thì fãi ? - M.người xung quanh t đều oán trách t - Nhưng t hem w.tâm đâu ^^! - Mặc cệ những gì ngta nóu - Trước mắt t chĩ mún nghĩ tuị bây nhèo hơn thôu :] - Chắc bh t mún thay đỗi thì cũng chã thay đỗi đc đâu :] - T mún cho tuị bây thấy con ng thật sự of t ntn` - Nếu t thây đỗi nữa thì chắc tuị bây sẽ bùn vì t nhèo hơn nữa - Thôu vậy đành thôi , t sẽ cố làm 1 ng hoàn toàn khác [ Hem nc , hem wtam , hem lo lắg , hem bùn fiền , hem khóz , hem cừiz ... ] T sẽ thay đỗi :] bằng 1 con ng hoàn toàn khác cho vz những ngày tháng tr'c - T nghĩ chắc năm nay là năm cuối íz ^^ sẽ hem gặp tuị bây nữa - T mong là tuị bây fãi zhui w thật sự hp - Đừng bh chán nãn hay bùn fiền nữa nhé - Hay lun nhớ t mãi trong trái tim of tuị bây :-x - T yêu cã lớp ^^! - Time sẽ cho tuị bây thấy t rắc cần tuị bây :-x

vn.360plus.yahoo.com/honybear.love

*Bùn lắm T_T , cmt cho Hony zhui nhoé :-x

OOF by LP Wong

38 15

Đọc des :-" by {♥} End

5 48

[...] Ba dấu chấm đó có nghĩa là " Em yêu anh "

Em vẫn yêu và vẫn đợi a *

Hãy bên e trong phút này đi , e cần a rất cần a đó *

Chính a đã cho e bíc thế nào là cuộc sống *

Cho e bíc thế nào là tình yêu thương thật sự *

Chính a đã cho e những phút ngọt ngào và hạnh phúc nhất *

Đã quan tâm w giúp đỡ e qa cì thi đó *

E nhớ a qó *

Bíc làm gì khi e và a đối mặt với nhao đây *

2 ánh mắt đó nhìn nhao và cất bước ra đi *

Em chĩ bíc khóc , e " ngốc " qó đúng hông a *

Chã làm nên tích sự gì hết

Cứ phiền a mãi *

Em ... em chã bíc làm gì cã *

Khi có a e qó mạnh mẽ sao a ra đi e lại rụt rè và yếu đuối thế nhĩ *

Khi có a , a luông động viên e *

Bây giờ nghĩ lại chắc " phôi pha " qó a hơ *

A luông nói với e rằng : " Cho dù chuyện gì xãy ra đi nữa e phãi nói a nghe nhé " *

Bây giờ câu nói đó có còn hông a *

Tại shao nó vụt bay nhanh vậy a *

Khi rời xa a , chuyện gì cũng tới với e lắm *

Em bíc làm gì khi phãi đối mặt với những điều đó đây *

Em.. bây giờ chã bíc làm shao cã *

Suốt ngày e cứ bám vấy theo a như 1 con nít , cứ phiền a mãi *

Em phãi làm gì đây khi hông có a *

Quay về với e đi a *

Em cần a cần tất cã về a *

Đừng như z. nữa đừng lạnh lùng với e như thế *

+Mọi người cứ sem e như 1 con ngốc sem e như 1 đứa hông có tình thương *

+Mọi người khinh bĩ e , mọi người ghét e *

+ƯỚC GÌ bây giờ a đang bên e , cho e sự hạnh phúc nhĩ *

Thôi níu céo làm gì *

Cứ khóc cứ bùn , cứ phiền a đi , rồi 1 ngày a cũng nói e là " đồ ngốc " thôi *

Em vẫn ngồi đây và chờ a như em đã nói *

Yêu anh và sẽ chờ anh *

+Thi tốt nhóe người yêu *

_ Ai cũng zhui và hp - Còn mình , lại ngồi đây chờ a mãi sao - Em đã khóc bao nhìu rồi - Nước mắt đễ cạn như e vẫn cố khóc cho ~ cĩ niệm đó đừng ùa về với e nữa - E đã mất đi hết ~ gì e mong mún - Em vô tích sự :(( - E ngốc :((

Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu Huhu

Flick ciễu này chắc dẹp tiệm ==''

Chùa là FUCK DOG

Con ngốc ♥ by O.F.F *

3 38

Em là 1 con ngốc ! Ngốc lắm đúng hông a !

E qá dô dụng qá nhút nhát . Qá bất tài :((

Em có còn là cô bé hay vui cừi cũa những ngày tr'c hông .

Em bh` hông còn là chính mình nữa . Khi a đã cất bc' ra đi

Nhưng e vẫn cứ nhớ .. Nhớ mãi

*Người e iu nhấc vẫn mãi là a ..
Người mà đã từng wt e ...
Người mà đã cho e ~ dòng tin nhắn ngọt ngào w hp í !
Người mà đã chỡ che , động viên e lúc e gục ngã !
Lúc e khóc + bùn + íu đúi
A chính là người đã mang nìm zhui đến cho e !
A đã từng nói sẽ tin e , chỡ e đi flim phim , chỡ đi dòng dòng mõi khi e bùn :]
A sẽ sem e làm món cơm chiên mà a thíc :]
Nhưng e chưa cịp làm a đã ra đi :]
Ra đi trong phút chốc !
E chĩ bùn và đôi lúc chợt nhớ đến a thôi !
A hãy nhớ rằng e sẽ mãi bên a khi a bùn :]
E sẽ là chỗ dựa vẫn chắc cho a :]
Hãy zhui và học thật tốt a nhé
Cho dù e hông còn ỡ bên a nhìu nữa !

Bh` a thay đỗi lắm , hông wt e nhìu n~
Nhưng e hông bùn , e đang zhui mà :]
Eya !

Bây giờ e ước a là of e .
Đơn giãn l' nhưng ...
Người e iu vẫn mãi là a IPVT .
Phãi mĩn cừi đễ a zhui .
A lun là ngôi s thật to of e :]
E đã từng mơ a mãi là of e mãi trong <3 e :]

Có phãi a đang bùn về e hông ..
Có phãi a đang bận tâm về ch. og Nguyên hông
A đang bùn về e sao ?
Sorry !
Tại e mà e đã làm a bùn :]
Đừng nghĩ e là người nz. nha a !
E xin , a đó ..
E mún a vẫn là 1 người lun tin e vẫn còn 1 người bên e ;]
Tim e vẫn còn có a :x

*Hông còn tâm trạng nữa
Bật khóc òa lên :((

ĐÃ BOUNS*

-Cúp đi park ft Lotte nè haaaaaaaaa :'x đông zhui mợ by -NhiNhi <3

25 75

17 ngừi cúp lun á =)) Cúp cũm có đồng bọn đồ :"> Pic' này s' Gyn, má Hào w' Shan siđa ko chụp :( Quỷ Choi lạc lòi mạy :)) Có ai hấy tuiii hăm, tuiii xấu nhứt =)) Đi bộ qãi mà zhui :"> Đi dô cái lotte tuki đồ :"> Mốt cúp qài lun qá, h/p qài qài =))

- Có Bn* :"> Gốc toàn tập ^^ Hình nhìu lắm mà làm pín up :P Bn* mấy pic' à koi đỡ hen ;)

Chùa thì phắn hennnnnnnnnnnn :'x

Kết Thúc Từ Hôm Qua :'x by -NhiNhi <3

48 137

- Tuiii tàn r` :'( Xấu qớk :-sssssssssss. . Gốc toàn tập lun á . . . Kpts đău ;)Có bn* đó \m/

Ngiện bài Kết Thúc từ hôm qua r` :-s Pấn loạn Hú hú :)) \m/

Tuii nhớ pạn Syn, pạn Choi, chồq Boo, chồq ShU, chồq Tủn,chồq Kẹo, zợb Bo, zợb Zin, zợb Yon, zợb Xun, pạn Ryna, pạn Shan siđa :)),pạn Mio, pạn Ny, pạn Pư Pự, e gái Zyn, e gái Kun, a zai A Hù, chị gái Jon,s' Kel, s' Shyn Mèo, s' Shon, s'Sue, s' Rô, s' Pu . . . . . . Cả đốnq :)) Thưn all~ Tui lăq nhăq hôqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq? Lăq Nhăq haaaaaaaaaaaaa :))

* Còn cái này tuiii nói pạn Ân nè : Pạn tính làm Ân đôla e gái Cườq đôla hả :)) Đưu dữ :)) Tiền pạn nhìu qá :-j Ngĩ s pạn nói mọi ngừi mám tiền pạn z. =; Xàm qá :)) Làm ơn đi đi má . . Yêu Ân lém mà Ân làm Subi thấy căq qá :-j Ân là ngôi sao mà, hotgirl TBC lun mà, subi hăm dám thưn :"> :)) Chân pạn lùn ơi là lùn tóc pạn ấy ngắn ơi là ngắn chân đi ngang con zịt pạn núi chuyện thật là hài =)) Subi xấu hưn Ân đúng hăm :( đẹp hăm lại . . :-ssssss pạn vĩ đại lắm, trq sáng nè haaaa, đâu có fake đâu :)) chĩ có fake hình ng` khác lừa tình zai dô xì hô teo th0y :)) Chài, tuii là tuii nhớ nhứt lúc pạn kênh cái mặt xoq chạy dô chùa trốn á :)) Bà me việt nam anh hùnq r` :)) Tướng như con nhái mà khoái kím chịn với Zin hăm à :-j thứ mám zai.. Ân không bạn trai, đang cô đơn là điều Subi biết !Như nghiện thuốc và đang cai, Ân thèm trai ! (Người-Đặc-Biệt !) =))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))" * :-h Đi đi, đếch tỹn đău haaaaaaaaaa :))

CHÙA= TRÓ . . AI MÚN LÀM TRÓ THÌ CỨ CHÙA :))

Ai thưn tuôi add nick haaaaaaaaa :'x: ry.ngox_3pyz

-Add nc' cko zhui nhà zhui cửa nhe :)) Tui thân thiện lém. . . Đean đean khùm khùm =))))))))))))))))))

Spotted Redshank (Tringa erythropus) 鹤鹬 hè yù and Common Snipe (Gallinago gallinago) 扇尾沙锥 shàn wěi shā zhuī by Khalid Sharif

26 6

Jiangsu Nanjing 江苏南京 jiāng sū nán jīng

Đ ô r ê m o n <333 [ BN* ] by ◦'⌣'◦ c h ụ t l ù n ≧◡≦ Only you

8 107

HPBĐ Bảo Hưng ^o^ Zhui lắmmmmmmmmmmmmmm ;))~ Lúc đầu đi lên Parkson ăn đồ w' chơi game . Song đi karaokê cắt bánh sn . Chét bánh đồ đúg gớm luôggg. Mà rức là zhui .

Not chùa :)~ Chùa là loài 4 chân . Tự hĩu đi har :-j~

I Misss... by Giàng A Ni Là cô dâu of Phã A Lìng :">

6 127

3 tuân` k có a o? pên ..

k gap. dc. nhao :(

~~pùn n.l'~~ :((

Nho' a l' :-s

So. a qên mâc' e ...

——————————

~~Tâm trag. k zhui~~ =P~

Not chùa

Cm + Fav + Note =)

Chùa là shit =P~

Chùa làh dék mên' =P~

..............

Western New Guinea - Baliem Valley - Mummy - 3 by Manfred Sommer

19

A mummy is a deceased human or an animal whose skin and organs have been preserved by either intentional or accidental exposure to chemicals, extreme cold, very low humidity, or lack of air, so that the recovered body does not decay further if kept in cool and dry conditions. Some authorities restrict the use of the term to bodies deliberately embalmed with chemicals, but the use of the word to cover accidentally desiccated bodies goes back to at least 1615 AD (See the section Etymology and meaning).

Mummies of humans and other animals have been found on every continent, both as a result of natural preservation through unusual conditions, and as cultural artifacts. Over one million animal mummies have been found in Egypt, many of which are cats.

In addition to the well-known mummies of ancient Egypt, deliberate mummification was a feature of several ancient cultures in areas of America and Asia with very dry climates. The Spirit Cave mummies of Fallon, Nevada in North America were accurately dated at more than 9,400 years old. Before this discovery, the oldest known deliberate mummy is a child, one of the Chinchorro mummies found in the Camarones Valley, Chile, which dates around 5050 BCE. The oldest known naturally mummified human corpse is a severed head dated as 6,000 years old, found in 1936 CE at the site named Inca Cueva No. 4 in South America.

ETYMOLOGY AND MEANING

The English word mummy is derived from medieval Latin mumia, a borrowing of the medieval Arabic word mūmiya (مومياء) and from a Persian word mūm (wax), which meant an embalmed corpse, and as well as the bituminous embalming substance, and also meant "bitumen". The Medieval English term "mummy" was defined as "medical preparation of the substance of mummies", rather than the entire corpse, with Richard Hakluyt in 1599 CE complaining that "these dead bodies are the Mummy which the Phisistians and Apothecaries doe against our willes make us to swallow".

THESE SUBSTANCES WERE DEFINED AS MUMMIES

The OED defines a mummy as "the body of a human being or animal embalmed (according to the ancient Egyptian or some analogous method) as a preparation for burial", citing sources from 1615 CE onward. However, Chamber's Cyclopædia and the Victorian zoologist Francis Trevelyan Buckland define a mummy as follows: "A human or animal body desiccated by exposure to sun or air. Also applied to the frozen carcase of an animal imbedded in prehistoric snow".

Wasps of the genus Aleiodes are known as "mummy wasps" because they wrap their caterpillar prey as "mummies".

HISTORY OF MUMMY STUDIES

While interest in the study of mummies dates as far back as Ptolemaic Greece, most structured scientific study began at the beginning of the 20th century. Prior to this, many rediscovered mummies were sold as curiosities or for use in pseudoscientific novelties such as mummia. The first modern scientific examinations of mummies began in 1901, conducted by professors at the English-language Government School of Medicine in Cairo, Egypt. The first X-ray of a mummy came in 1903, when professors Grafton Elliot Smith and Howard Carter used the only X-ray machine in Cairo at the time to examine the mummified body of Thutmose IV. British chemist Alfred Lucas applied chemical analyses to Egyptian mummies during this same period, which returned many results about the types of substances used in embalming. Lucas also made significant contributions to the analysis of Tutankhamun in 1922.

Pathological study of mummies saw varying levels of popularity throughout the 20th century. In 1992, the First World Congress on Mummy Studies was held in Puerto de la Cruz on Tenerife in the Canary Islands. More than 300 scientists attended the Congress to share nearly 100 years of collected data on mummies. The information presented at the meeting triggered a new surge of interest in the subject, with one of the major results being integration of biomedical and bioarchaeological information on mummies with existing databases. This was not possible prior to the Congress due to the unique and highly specialized techniques required to gather such data.

In more recent years, CT scanning has become an invaluable tool in the study of mummification by allowing researchers to digitally "unwrap" mummies without risking damage to the body. The level of detail in such scans is so intricate that small linens used in tiny areas such as the nostrils can be digitally reconstructed in 3-D. Such modelling has been utilized to perform digital autopsies on mummies to determine cause of death and lifestyle, such as in the case of Tutankhamun.

TYPES

Mummies are typically divided into one of two distinct categories: anthropogenic or spontaneous. Anthropogenic mummies were deliberately created by the living for any number of reasons, the most common being for religious purposes. Spontaneous mummies, such as Ötzi, were created unintentionally due to natural conditions such as extremely dry heat or cold, or anaerobic conditions such as those found in bogs. While most individual mummies exclusively belong to one category or the other, there are examples of both types being connected to a single culture, such as those from the ancient Egyptian culture.

EGYPTIAN MUMMIES

The earliest ancient Egyptian mummies were created naturally due to the environment in which they were buried. In the era prior to 3500 BCE, Egyptians buried the dead in pit graves, without regard to social status. Pit graves were often shallow. This characteristic allowed for the hot, dry sand of the desert to dehydrate the bodies, leading to natural mummification.

The natural preservation of the dead had a profound effect on ancient Egyptian religion. Deliberate mummification became an integral part of the rituals for the dead beginning as early as the 2nd dynasty (about 3400 BCE). New research of an 11-year study by University of York, Macquarie University and University of Oxford suggests mummification occurred 1,500 years earlier than first thought. Egyptians saw the preservation of the body after death as an important step to living well in the afterlife. As Egypt gained more prosperity, burial practices became a status symbol for the wealthy as well. This cultural hierarchy lead to the creation of elaborate tombs, and more sophisticated methods of embalming.

By the 4th dynasty (about 2600 BCE) Egyptian embalmers began to achieve "true mummification" through a process of evisceration, followed by preserving the body in various minerals and oils. Much of this early experimentation with mummification in Egypt is unknown.

The few documents that directly describe the mummification process date to the Greco-Roman period. The majority of the papyri that have survived only describe the ceremonial rituals involved in embalming, not the actual surgical processes involved. A text known as The Ritual of Embalming does describe some of the practical logistics of embalming, however, there are only two known copies and each is incomplete. With regards to mummification shown in images, there are apparently also very few. The tomb of Tjay designated TT23, is one of only two known which show the wrapping of a mummy (Riggs 2014).

Another text that describes the processes being used in latter periods is Herodotus' Histories. Written in Book 2 of the Histories is one of the most detailed descriptions of the Egyptian mummification process, including the mention of using natron in order to dehydrate corpses for preservation. However, these descriptions are short and fairly vague, leaving scholars to infer the majority of the techniques that were used by studying mummies that have been unearthed.

By utilizing current advancements in technology, scientists have been able to uncover a plethora of new information about the techniques used in mummification. A series of CT scans performed on a 2,400-year-old mummy in 2008 revealed a tool that was left inside the cranial cavity of the skull. The tool was a rod, made of an organic material, that was used to break apart the brain to allow it to drain out of the nose. This discovery helped to dispel the claim within Herodotus' works that the rod had been a hook made of iron. Earlier experimentation in 1994 by researchers Bob Brier and Ronald Wade supported these findings. While attempting to replicate Egyptian mummification, Brier and Wade discovered that removal of the brain was much easier when the brain was liquefied and allowed to drain with the help of gravity, as opposed to trying to pull the organ out piece-by-piece with a hook.

Through various methods of study over many decades, modern Egyptologists now have an accurate understanding of how mummification was achieved in ancient Egypt. The first and most important step was to halt the process of decomposition, by removing the internal organs and washing out the body with a mix of spices and palm wine. The only organ left behind was the heart, as tradition held the heart was the seat of thought and feeling and would therefore still be needed in the afterlife. After cleansing, the body was then dried out with natron inside the empty body cavity as well as outside on the skin. The internal organs were also dried and either sealed in individual jars, or wrapped to be replaced within the body. This process typically took forty days.

After dehydration, the mummy was wrapped in many layers of linen cloth. Within the layers, Egyptian priests placed small amulets to guard the decedent from evil. Once the mummy was completely wrapped, it was coated in a resin in order to keep the threat of moist air away. Resin was also applied to the coffin in order to seal it. The mummy was then sealed within its tomb, alongside the worldly goods that were believed to help aid it in the afterlife.

Aspergillus niger has been found in the mummies of ancient Egyptian tombs and can be inhaled when they are disturbed.

MUMMIFICATION AND RANK

Mummification is one of the defining customs in ancient Egyptian society for people today. The practice of preserving the human body is believed to be a quintessential feature of Egyptian life. Yet even mummification has a history of development and was accessible to different ranks of society in different ways during different periods. There were at least three different processes of mummification according to Herodotus. They range from "the most perfect" to the method employed by the "poorer classes".

"MOST PERFECT" METHOD

The most expensive process was to preserve the body by dehydration and protect against pests, such as insects. Almost all the actions Herodotus described serve one of these two functions.

First, the brain was removed by passing an iron hook through the nose into the cranium and retracting it by the same pathway; the gray matter was discarded. Modern mummy excavations have shown that instead of an iron hook inserted through the nose as Herodotus claims, a rod was used to liquefy the brain via the cranium, which then drained out the nose by gravity. The embalmers then rinsed the skull with certain drugs that mostly cleared any residue of brain tissue and also had the effect of killing bacteria. Next, the embalmers made an incision along the flank with a sharp blade fashioned from an Ethiopian stone and removed the contents of the abdomen. Herodotus does not discuss the separate preservation of these organs and their placement either in special jars or back in the cavity, a process that was part of the most expensive embalming, according to archaeological evidence.

The abdominal cavity was then rinsed with palm wine and an infusion of crushed, fragrant herbs and spices; the cavity was then filled with spices including myrrh, cassia, and, Herodotus notes, "every other sort of spice except frankincense," also to preserve the person.

The body was further dehydrated by placing it in natron, a naturally occurring salt, for seventy days. Herodotus insists that the body did not stay in the natron longer than seventy days. Any shorter time and the body is not completely dehydrated; any longer, and the body is too stiff to move into position for wrapping. The embalmers then wash the body again and wrapped it with linen bandages. The bandages were covered with a gum that modern research has shown is both waterproofing agent and an antimicrobial agent.

At this point, the body was given back to the family. These "perfect" mummies were then placed in wooden cases that were human-shaped. Richer people placed these wooden cases in stone sarcophagi that provided further protection. The family placed the sarcophagus in the tomb upright against the wall, according to Herodotus.

AVOIDING EXPENSE

The second process that Herodotus describes was used by middle-class people or people who "wish to avoid expense". In this method, an oil derived from cedar trees was injected with a syringe into the abdomen. A rectal plug prevented the oil from escaping. This oil probably had the dual purpose of liquefying the internal organs, but also of disinfecting the abdominal cavity. (By liquefying the organs, the family avoided the expense of canopic jars and separate preservation). The body was then placed in natron for seventy days. At the end of this time, the body was removed and the cedar oil, now containing the liquefied organs, was drained through the rectum. With the body dehydrated, it could be returned to the family. Herodotus does not describe the process of burial of such mummies, but they were perhaps placed in a shaft tomb. Poorer people used coffins fashioned from terracotta.

INEXPENSIVE METHOD

The third and least-expensive method the embalmers offered was to clear the intestines with an unnamed liquid, injected as an enema. The body was then placed in natron for seventy days and returned to the family. Herodotus gives no further details.

CHRISTIAN MUMMIES

In Christian tradition some bodies of Saints are naturally conserved, and venerated.

MUMMIFICATION IN OTHER CULTURES

AFRICA

In addition to the mummies of Egypt, there have been instances of mummies being discovered in other areas of the African continent. The bodies show a mix of anthropogenic and spontaneous mummification, with some being thousands of years old.

LIBYA

The mummified remains of an infant were discovered during an expedition by archaeologist Fabrizio Mori to Libya during the winter of 1958–1959 in the natural cave structure of Uan Muhuggiag. After curious deposits and cave paintings were discovered on the surfaces of the cave, expedition leaders decided to excavate. Uncovered alongside fragmented animal bone tools was the mummified body of an infant, wrapped in animal skin and wearing a necklace made of ostrich egg shell beads. Professor Tongiorgi of the University of Pisa radiocarbon-dated the infant to between 5,000–8,000 years old. A long incision located on the right abdominal wall, and the absence of internal organs, indicated that the body had been eviscerated post-mortem, possibly in an effort to preserve the remains. A bundle of herbs found within the body cavity also supported this conclusion. Further research revealed that the child had been around 30 months old at the time of death, though gender could not be determined due to poor preservation of the sex organs.

SOUTH AFRICA

The first mummy to be discovered in South Africa was found in the Baviaanskloof Wilderness Area by Dr. Johan Binneman in 1999. Nicknamed Moses, the mummy was estimated to be around 2,000 years old. After being linked to the indigenous Khoi culture of the region, the National Council of Khoi Chiefs of South Africa began to make legal demands that the mummy be returned shortly after the body was moved to the Albany Museum in Grahamstown.

ASIA

The mummies of Asia are usually considered to be accidental. The decedents were buried in just the right place where the environment could act as an agent for preservation. This is particularly common in the desert areas of the Tarim Basin and Iran. Mummies have been discovered in more humid Asian climates, however these are subject to rapid decay after being removed from the grave.

CHINA

Mummies from various dynasties throughout China's history have been discovered in several locations across the country. They are almost exclusively considered to be unintentional mummifications. Many areas in which mummies have been uncovered are difficult for preservation, due to their warm, moist climates. This makes the recovery of mummies a challenge, as exposure to the outside world can cause the bodies to decay in a matter of hours.

An example of a Chinese mummy that was preserved despite being buried in an environment not conducive to mummification is Xin Zhui. Also known as Lady Dai, she was discovered in the early 1970s at the Mawangdui archaeological site in Changsha. She was the wife of the marquis of Dai during the Han dynasty, who was also buried with her alongside another young man often considered to be a very close relative. However, Xin Zhui's body was the only one of the three to be mummified. Her corpse was so well-preserved that surgeons from the Hunan Provincial Medical Institute were able to perform an autopsy. The exact reason why her body was so completely preserved has yet to be determined.

Some of the more infamous mummies to be discovered in China are those termed Tarim mummies because of their discovery in the Tarim Basin. The dry desert climate of the basin proved to be an excellent agent for desiccation. For this reason, over 200 Tarim mummies, which are over 4,000 years old, were excavated from a cemetery in the present-day Xinjiang region. The mummies were found buried in upside-down boats with hundreds of 13-foot long wooden poles in the place of tombstones. DNA sequence data shows that the mummies had Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA) characteristic of western Eurasia in the area of East-Central Europe, Central Asia and Indus Valley. This has created a stir in the Turkic-speaking Uighur population of the region, who claim the area has always belonged to their culture, while it was not until the 10th century when the Uighurs are said by scholars to have moved to the region from Central Asia. American Sinologist Victor H. Mair claims that "the earliest mummies in the Tarim Basin were exclusively Caucasoid, or Europoid" with "east Asian migrants arriving in the eastern portions of the Tarim Basin around 3,000 years ago", while Mair also notes that it was not until 842 that the Uighur peoples settled in the area. Other mummified remains have been recovered from around the Tarim Basin at sites including Qäwrighul, Yanghai, Shengjindian, Shanpula, Zaghunluq, and Qizilchoqa.

IRAN

As of 2012, at least eight mummified human remains have been recovered from the Douzlakh Salt Mine at Chehr Abad in northwestern Iran. Due to their salt preservation, these bodies are collectively known as Saltmen. Carbon-14 testing conducted in 2008 dated three of the bodies to around 400 BCE. Later isotopic research on the other mummies returned similar dates, however, many of these individuals were found to be from a region that is not closely associated with the mine. It was during this time that researchers determined the mine suffered a major collapse, which likely caused the death of the miners. Since there is significant archaeological data that indicates the area was not actively inhabited during this time period, current consensus holds that the accident occurred during a brief period of temporary mining activity

SIBERIA

In 1993, a team of Russian archaeologists led by Dr. Natalia Polosmak discovered the Siberian Ice Maiden, a Scytho-Siberian woman, on the Ukok Plateau in the Altai Mountains near the Mongolian border. The mummy was naturally frozen due to the severe climatic conditions of the Siberian steppe. Also known as Princess Ukok, the mummy was dressed in finely detailed clothing and wore an elaborate headdress and jewelry. Alongside her body were buried six decorated horses and a symbolic meal for her last journey. Her left arm and hand were tattooed with animal style figures, including a highly stylized deer.

The Ice Maiden has been a source of some recent controversy. The mummy's skin has suffered some slight decay, and the tattoos have faded since the excavation. Some residents of the Altai Republic, formed after the breakup of the Soviet Union, have requested the return of the Ice Maiden, who is currently stored in Novosibirsk in Siberia.

Another Siberian mummy, a man, was discovered much earlier in 1929. His skin was also marked with tattoos of two monsters resembling griffins, which decorated his chest, and three partially obliterated images which seem to represent two deer and a mountain goat on his left arm.

PHILIPPINES

Philippine mummies are called Kabayan Mummies.They are common in Igorot culture and their heritage.The mummies are found in some areas named Kabayan, Sagada and among others. The mummies are dated between the 14th and 19th centuries.

EUROPE

The European continent is home to a diverse spectrum of spontaneous and anthropogenic mummies. Some of the best-preserved mummies have come from bogs located across the region. The Capuchin monks that inhabited the area left behind hundreds of intentionally-preserved bodies that have provided insight into the customs and cultures of people from various eras. One of the oldest, and most infamous, mummies (nicknamed Ötzi) was discovered on this continent. New mummies continue to be uncovered in Europe well into the 21st Century.

BOG BODIES

The United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Denmark have produced a number of bog bodies, mummies of people deposited in sphagnum bogs, apparently as a result of murder or ritual sacrifices. In such cases, the acidity of the water, low temperature and lack of oxygen combined to tan the body's skin and soft tissues. The skeleton typically disintegrates over time. Such mummies are remarkably well preserved on emerging from the bog, with skin and internal organs intact; it is even possible to determine the decedent's last meal by examining stomach contents. A famous case is that of the Haraldskær Woman, who was discovered by labourers in a bog in Jutland in 1835. She was erroneously identified as an early medieval Danish queen, and for that reason was placed in a royal sarcophagus at the Saint Nicolai Church, Vejle, where she currently remains. Another famous bog body, also from Denmark, known as the Tollund Man was discovered in 1950. The corpse was noted for its excellent preservation of the face and feet, which appeared as if the man had recently died. To this day, only the head of Tollund Man remains, due to the decomposition of the rest of his body, which was not preserved along with the head.

CANARY ISLANDS

The mummies of the Canary Islands belong to the indigenous Guanche people and date to the time before 14th Century Spanish explorers settled in the area. All deceased people within the Guanche culture were mummified during this time, though the level of care taken with embalming and burial varied depending on individual social status. Embalming was carried out by specialized groups, organized according to gender, who were considered unclean by the rest of the community. The techniques for embalming were similar to those of the ancient Egyptians; involving evisceration, preservation, and stuffing of the evacuated bodily cavities, then wrapping of the body in animal skins. Despite the successful techniques utilized by the Guanche, very few mummies remain due to looting and desecration.

CZECH REPUBLIC

The majority of mummies recovered in the Czech Republic come from underground crypts. While there is some evidence of deliberate mummification, most sources state that desiccation occurred naturally due to unique conditions within the crypts.

The Capuchin Crypt in Brno contains three hundred years of mummified remains directly below the main altar. Beginning in the 18th Century when the crypt was opened, and continuing until the practice was discontinued in 1787, the Capuchin monks of the monastery would lay the deceased on a pillow of bricks on the ground. The unique air quality and topsoil within the crypt naturally preserved the bodies over time.

Approximately fifty mummies were discovered in an abandoned crypt beneath the Church of St. Procopius of Sázava in Vamberk in the mid-1980s. Workers digging a trench accidentally broke into the crypt, which began to fill with waste water. The mummies quickly began to deteriorate, though thirty-four were able to be rescued and stored temporarily at the District Museum of the Orlické Mountains until they could be returned to the monastery in 2000. The mummies range in age and social status at time of death, with at least two children and one priest. The majority of the Vamberk mummies date from the 18th century.

The Klatovy catacombs currently house an exhibition of Jesuit mummies, alongside some aristocrats, that were originally interred between 1674–1783. In the early 1930s, the mummies were accidentally damaged during repairs, resulting in the loss of 140 bodies. The newly updated airing system preserves the thirty-eight bodies that are currently on display.

DENMARK

Apart from several bog bodies, Denmark has also yielded several other mummies, such as the three Borum Eshøj mummies, the Skrydstrup Woman and the Egtved Girl, who were all found inside burial mounds, or tumulus.

In 1875, the Borum Eshøj grave mound was uncovered, which had been built around three coffins, which belonged to a middle aged man and woman as well as a man in his early twenties. Through examination, the woman was discovered to be around 50–60 years old. She was found with several artifacts made of bronze, consisting of buttons, a belt plate, and rings, showing she was of higher class. All of the hair had been removed from the skull later when farmers had dug through the casket. Her original hairstyle is unknown. The two men wore kilts, and the younger man wore a sheath of which contained a bronze dagger. All three mummies were dated to 1351–1345 BCE.

The Skrydstrup Woman was unearthed from a tumulus in Southern Jutland, in 1935. Carbon-14 dating showed that she had died around 1300 BCE; examination also revealed that she was around 18–19 years old at the time of death, and that she had been buried in the summertime. Her hair had been drawn up in an elaborate hairstyle, which was then covered by a horse hair hairnet made by sprang technique. She was wearing a blouse and a necklace as well as two golden earrings, showing she was of higher class.

The Egtved Girl, dated to 1370 BCE, was found also inside a sealed coffin inside of a tumulus, in 1921. She was wearing a bodice and a skirt, including a belt and bronze bracelets. Also found with the girl were the cremated remains of a child at her feet, and by her head a box containing some bronze pins, a hairnet, and an awl.

HUNGARY

In 1994, 265 mummified bodies were found in the crypt of a Dominican church in Vác, Hungary from the 1729–1838 period. The discovery proved to be scientifically important, and by 2006 an exhibition was established in the Museum of Natural History in Budapest. Unique to the Hungarian mummies are their elaborately decorated coffins, with no two being exactly alike.

ITALY

The varied geography and climatology of Italy has led to many cases of spontaneous mummification. Italian mummies display the same diversity, with a conglomeration of natural and intentional mummification spread across many centuries and cultures.

The oldest natural mummy in Europe was discovered in 1991 in the Ötztal Alps on the Austrian-Italian border. Nicknamed Ötzi, the mummy is a 5,300-year-old male believed to be a member of the Tamins-Carasso-Isera cultural group of South Tyrol. Despite his age, a recent DNA study conducted by Walther Parson of Innsbruck Medical University revealed Ötzi has 19 living genetic relatives.

The Capuchin Catacombs of Palermo were built in to the 16th century by the monks of Palermo’s Capuchin monastery. Originally intended to hold the deliberately mummified remains of dead friars, interment in the catacombs became a status symbol for the local population in the following centuries. Burials continued until the 1920s, with one of the most famous final burials being that of Rosalia Lombardo. In all, the catacombs host nearly 8000 mummies.

The most recent discovery of mummies in Italy came in 2010, when sixty mummified human remains were found in the crypt of the Conversion of St Paul church in Roccapelago di Pievepelago, Italy. Built in the 15th Century as a cannon hold and later converted in the 16th Century, the crypt had been sealed once it had reached capacity, leaving the bodies to be protected and preserved. The crypt was reopened during restoration work on the church, revealing the diverse array of mummies inside. The bodies were quickly moved to a museum for further study.

NORTH AMERICA

The mummies of North America are often steeped in controversy, as many of these bodies have been linked to still-existing native cultures. While the mummies provide a wealth of historically-significant data, native cultures and tradition often demands the remains be returned to their original resting places. This has led to many legal actions by Native American councils, leading to most museums keeping mummified remains out of the public eye.

CANADA

Kwäday Dän Ts'ìnchi ("Long ago person found" in the Southern Tutchone language of the Champagne and Aishihik First Nations), was found in August 1999 by three First Nations hunters at the edge of a glacier in Tatshenshini-Alsek Provincial Park, British Columbia, Canada. According to the Kwäday Dän Ts'ìnchi Project, the remains are the oldest well preserved mummy discovered in North America. (It should be noted that the Spirit Cave mummy although not well preserved, is much older.) Initial radiocarbon tests date the mummy to around 550 years-old.

GREENLAND

In 1972, eight remarkably preserved mummies were discovered at an abandoned Inuit settlement called Qilakitsoq, in Greenland. The "Greenland Mummies" consisted of a six-month-old baby, a four-year-old boy, and six women of various ages, who died around 500 years ago. Their bodies were naturally mummified by the sub-zero temperatures and dry winds in the cave in which they were found.

MEXICO

Intentional mummification in pre-Columbian Mexico was practiced by the Aztec culture. These bodies are collectively known as Aztec mummies. Genuine Aztec mummies were "bundled" in a woven wrap and often had their faces covered by a ceremonial mask. Public knowledge of Aztec mummies increased due to traveling exhibits and museums in the 19th and 20th centuries, though these bodies were typically naturally desiccated remains and not actually the mummies associated with Aztec culture. (See: Aztec mummy)

Natural mummification has been known to occur in several places in Mexico, though the most famous are the mummies of Guanajuato. A collection of these mummies, most of which date to the late 19th century, have been on display at El Museo de las Momias in the city of Guanajuato since 1970. The museum claims to have the smallest mummy in the world on display (a mummified fetus). It was thought that minerals in the soil had the preserving effect, however it may rather be due to the warm, arid climate. Mexican mummies are also on display in the small town of Encarnación de Díaz, Jalisco.

UNITED STATES

Spirit Cave Man was discovered in 1940 during salvage work prior to guano mining activity that was scheduled to begin in the area. The mummy is a middle-aged male, found completely dressed and lying on a blanket made of animal skin. Radiocarbon tests in the 1990s dated the mummy to being nearly 9,000 years old. The remains are currently held at the Nevada State Museum. There has been some controversy within the local Native American community, who began petitioning to have the remains returned and reburied in 1995.

AUSTRALIA

The aboriginal mummification traditions found in Australia are thought be related to those found in the Torres Strait islands, the inhabitants of which achieved a high level of sophisticated mummification techniques (See:Torres Strait). Australian mummies lack some of the technical ability of the Torres Strait mummies, however much of the ritual aspects of the mummification process are similar. Full-body mummification was achieved by these cultures, but not the level of artistic preservation as found on smaller islands. The reason for this seems to be for easier transport of bodies by more nomadic tribes.

NEW ZEALAND

Some Māori tribes from New Zealand would keep mummified heads as trophies from tribal warfare. They are also known as Mokomokai. In the 19th Century, many of the trophies were acquired by Europeans who found the tattooed skin to be a phenomenal curiosity. Westerners began to offer valuable commodities in exchange for the uniquely tattooed mummified heads. The heads were later put on display in museums, 16 of which being housed across France alone. In 2010, the Rouen City Hall of France returned one of the heads to New Zealand, despite earlier protests by the Culture Ministry of France.

There is also evidence that some Maori tribes may have practiced full-body mummification, though the practice is not thought to have been widespread. The discussion of Maori mummification has been historically controversial, with some experts in past decades claiming that such mummies have never existed. Contemporary science does now acknowledge the existence of full-body mummification in the culture. There is still controversy, however, as to the nature of the mummification process. Some bodies appear to be spontaneously created by the natural environment, while others exhibit signs of deliberate practices. General modern consensus tends to agree that there could be a mixture of both types of mummification, similar to that of the ancient Egyptian mummies.

SOUTH AMERICA

The South American continent contains some of the oldest mummies in the world, both deliberate and accidental. The bodies were preserved by the best agent for mummification: the environment. Rather than developing elaborate processes such as later-dynasty ancient Egyptians, the early South Americans often left their dead in naturally dry or frozen areas, though some did perform surgical preparation when mummification was intentional. Some of the reasons for intentional mummification in South America include memorialization, immortalization, and religious offerings.

INCA MUMMIES

Several naturally-preserved, unintentional mummies dating from the Incan period have been found in the colder regions of Argentina, Chile, and Peru. These are collectively known as "ice mummies". The first Incan ice mummy was discovered in 1954 atop El Plomo Peak in Chile, after an eruption of the nearby volcano Sabancaya melted away ice that covered the body. The Mummy of El Plomo was a male child who was presumed to be wealthy due to his well-fed bodily characteristics. He was considered to be the most well-preserved ice mummy in the world until the discovery of Mummy Juanita in 1995.

Mummy Juanita was discovered near the summit of Ampato in the Peruvian section of the Andes mountains by archaeologist Johan Reinhard. Her body had been so thoroughly frozen that it had not been desiccated; much of her skin, muscle tissue, and internal organs retained their original structure. She is believed to be a ritual sacrifice, due to the close proximity of her body to the Incan capital of Cusco, as well as the fact she was wearing highly intricate clothing to indicate her special social status. Several Incan ceremonial artifacts and temporary shelters uncovered in the surrounding area seem to support this theory.

More evidence that the Inca left sacrificial victims to die in the elements, and later be unintentionally preserved, came in 1999 with the discovery of the Llullaillaco mummies on the border of Argentina and Peru. The three mummies are children, two girls and one boy, who are thought to be sacrifices associated with the ancient ritual of qhapaq hucha. Recent biochemical analysis of the mummies has revealed that the victims had consumed increasing quantities of alcohol and coca, possibly in the form of chicha, in the months leading up to sacrifice. The dominant theory for the drugging reasons that, alongside ritual uses, the substances probably made the children more docile. Chewed coca leaves found inside the eldest child's mouth upon her discovery in 1999 supports this theory.

SELF-MUMMIFICATION

Monks whose bodies remain incorrupt without any traces of deliberate mummification are venerated by some Buddhists who believe they successfully were able to mortify their flesh to death. Self-mummification was practiced until the late 1800s in Japan and has been outlawed since the early 1900s.

Many Mahayana Buddhist monks were reported to know their time of death and left their last testaments and their students accordingly buried them sitting in lotus position, put into a vessel with drying agents (such as wood, paper, or lime) and surrounded by bricks, to be exhumed later, usually after three years. The preserved bodies would then be decorated with paint and adorned with gold.

Bodies purported to be those of self-mummified monks are exhibited in several Japanese shrines, and it has been claimed that the monks, prior to their death, stuck to a sparse diet made up of salt, nuts, seeds, roots, pine bark, and urushi tea.

PLASTINATION

Plastination is a technique used in anatomy to conserve bodies or body parts. The water and fat are replaced by certain plastics, yielding specimens that can be touched, do not smell or decay, and even retain most microscopic properties of the original sample.

The technique was invented by Gunther von Hagens when working at the anatomical institute of the Heidelberg University in 1978. Von Hagens has patented the technique in several countries and is heavily involved in its promotion, especially as the creator and director of the Body Worlds traveling exhibitions, exhibiting plastinated human bodies internationally. He also founded and directs the Institute for Plastination in Heidelberg.

More than 40 institutions worldwide have facilities for plastination, mainly for medical research and study, and most affiliated to the International Society for Plastination.

Treatment of ancient mummies in modern times

In the Middle Ages, based on a mistranslation from the Arabic term for bitumen, it was thought that mummies possessed healing properties. As a result, it became common practice to grind Egyptian mummies into a powder to be sold and used as medicine. When actual mummies became unavailable, the sun-desiccated corpses of criminals, slaves and suicidal people were substituted by mendacious merchants. The practice developed into a wide-scale business that flourished until the late 16th century. Two centuries ago, mummies were still believed to have medicinal properties to stop bleeding, and were sold as pharmaceuticals in powdered form as in mellified man. Artists also made use of Egyptian mummies; a brownish pigment known as mummy brown, based on mummia (sometimes called alternatively caput mortuum, Latin for death's head), which was originally obtained by grounding human and animal Egyptian mummies. It was most popular in the 17th century, but was discontinued in the early 19th century when its composition became generally known to artists who replaced the said pigment by a totally different blend -but keeping the original name, mummia or mummy brown-yielding a similar tint and based on ground minerals (oxides and fired earths) and or blends of powdered gums and oleoresins (such as myrrh and frankincense) as well as ground bitumen. These blends appeared on the market as forgeries of powdered mummy pigment but were ultimately considered as acceptable replacements, once antique mummies were no longer permitted to be destroyed. Many thousands of mummified cats were also sent from Egypt to England to be processed for use in fertilizer.

During the 19th century, following the discovery of the first tombs and artifacts in Egypt, Egyptology was a huge fad in Europe, especially in Victorian England. European aristocrats would occasionally entertain themselves by purchasing mummies, having them unwrapped, and holding observation sessions. These sessions destroyed hundreds of mummies, because the exposure to the air caused them to disintegrate.

WIKIPEDIA

FELIZ CUMPLE :D by ValentinaBeatriz ♥ !

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Cumpleaños Feliz te decea la shelita hermosa a ti (A) ; cumpleaños Ivan Ignacio Fernandez Lopez :D qe los cumpla ultra mega feliz :D (8) …..(la hice corta xd )

Ya no lo miren mucho porque es mi amorsh 88 y es mio no mah 88

Ya primero qe todo; queria subir una foto pero no sabia cual porque todas me encanta ; asiqe hice un collage y arregle la foto a lo arta tack :D. La foto es de mi amorsh Ivan qe lo amo y qe lo e aprendio a conocer taanto ^^.

Me acuerdo cuando fue la 1º vez qe te vi *-* ; ahí su bacilon en el LOLA con la zhui el dano tu y io (H) y tu ahí con tu cara de bebe *¬*; era taan cool esos tiempos ^^ ; onda la 1º vez qe nos vimos no hablamos nada asi :| xd y no me acuerdo como chucha empezamos hablar; pero se qe te qero muucho :D y qe gracias a la zhui margarita te pude conocer y gracias a ella pude conocer a alguien qe es una de las personas mas lindas qe e conocido y qe eri una de las personas qe mas rico lo hace :O:X eri tan cool (H) ^^

yaa saludenlo porque es un amor de persona :D

www.fotolog.com/x__nhinaciii0o

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www.flickr.com/photos/ninacioo/

yaya te veo hoy y mañaña y saldremos y tomaremos y robaremos helao :O y seremos felices :D xd

Te ami ninacio :D

Western New Guinea - Baliem Valley - Smoked Mummy Of Dani Village Chief - 2e by Manfred Sommer

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Original picture taken February 1994 on slide. Digital captured from paper print.

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BACKGROUND OF THIS MUMMY

This is the mummy of Mr. Wimitok Mabel. He was the head of the warriors and head of the tribes in Kurulu, Wasi and Wandaku Area. All Communities of these area obeyed him and followed him with commitment, specifically about warrior, culture ceremony such as wedding ceremony, pig ceremony, dance and the other daily activities such as garden work and house building and so on. Mr. Wimitok Mabel had 9 wives and each wife had 2 children, so in total 18 children. Before he died, he made an agreement that he wanted to be preserved not to be burned or buried. Therefore after he died all families followed his agreement.

THE METHOD OF THE PRESERVATION

Not all people can do the preservation. For the preservation you need four people - two boys and two ladies. The two boys do the preperation and the two ladies cook for them and serve the food. As food only sweet potatoes and sugarcane is allowed - no water, coffee or tea. To preserve a dead body it is hung over a fire for three month.

During this activity no other people are allowed inside the house - only the four. After three month they bring the mummy to the big Mans House. This mummy is about 360 years old.

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