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Otras etiquetas de recorridos: www.juanesjavier.net - javier juanes - monte - montaña - montañismo - senderismo - senda - ruta - recorrido - bidea - track - waypoint - gailura - sierra - mendilerroa - bosque - basoa - forest - bois - haya - hayedo - mendia - montagne - mountain - ibilbidea - pagoa - mjaiz000 - jaizkibel - europa - euskal herria - euskalherria - hegoalde - españa - espagne - spain - espainiar estatua - pais vasco - pais - vasco - cav - comunidad autonoma vasca - gipuzkoa - guipuzcoa - donostialdea - pasaia - pasajes - pasai - antxo - ancho - sanpedro - san pedro - donibane - san juan - pasai donibane - bidasoaldea - hondarribia - fuenterrabia - rjaiz008 - GR-121 - cvc - parador - guadalupe - gruta - balma - erosion - veta - celda poligonal - boxwork - colores - arenisca - pseudokarst - paramoudra - esfera - labetxu - valle - morkotz - acantilado - turroia - cala - erentzin - refugio - inaxio - prudencio san sebastian - bioznar - punta - laondo - poza - marla - Bioznar - Erentzin - Labetxu
This image of my travels in the city was created from the tracks and waypoints from a GPS device which I carried around Greater Mumbai and Vasai-Virar from 2005-2007. The background is a satellite image freely available from Landsat 7 Global Mosaic WMS from the NASA Jet Propulsion Lab. The layers were generated by QGIS, a free and open source client for geographic information systems (GIS).
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Otras etiquetas de recorridos: www.juanesjavier.net - javier juanes - monte - montaña - montañismo - senderismo - senda - ruta - recorrido - bidea - track - waypoint - gailura - sierra - mendilerroa - bosque - basoa - forest - bois - haya - hayedo - mendia - montagne - mountain - ibilbidea - pagoa - mjaiz000 - jaizkibel - europa - euskal herria - euskalherria - hegoalde - españa - espagne - spain - espainiar estatua - pais vasco - pais - vasco - cav - comunidad autonoma vasca - gipuzkoa - guipuzcoa - donostialdea - pasaia - pasajes - pasai - antxo - ancho - sanpedro - san pedro - donibane - san juan - pasai donibane - bidasoaldea - hondarribia - fuenterrabia - rjaiz008 - GR-121 - cvc - parador - guadalupe - gruta - balma - erosion - veta - celda poligonal - boxwork - colores - arenisca - pseudokarst - paramoudra - esfera - labetxu - valle - morkotz - acantilado - turroia - cala - erentzin - refugio - inaxio - prudencio san sebastian - bioznar - punta - laondo - poza - marla - Bioznar - Erentzin - Labetxu
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A push core tube is used to gather a sediment sample from waypoint 3 in Wallyland. This and other waypoint markers are used to navigate benthic crawlers Wally I and Wally II along predefined routes among the gas hydrates outcrops in Barkley Canyon. The sediment samples, each marked by a different national flag, will support a Ph.D. research project by Neus Campanya i Llovet of Memorial University in Newfoundland.
Credit: Ocean Networks Canada
“So to what lovely, life-threatening waypoint do you guide us now, Captain?” Kurga asked.
“The last caravanserai.”
“Sounds delightfully harrowing. Do they call it such perhaps, because so many journeys find their terminus there?”
“They call it such because it is the last caravanserai.”
How appropriate. And how long will it take to get there?”
“Three days.”
“Ah, I see.” Kurga gave up trying to engage her further. Their captain was not one to idle the hours with inane chatter. Probably the first woman Kurga had met who wasn’t. How fortunate for me to be trapped on a boat with her for several months, he thought. There was no sound but the hissing of sand under the foils. “Three days,” Kurga mused. No one said anything. “I don’t suppose you know any songs?” Prudence just gave him her “bug” stare. Ch’Voga didn’t move at all. He had been doing nothing but stare off into the distance since he awoke and realized what had happened. “And you Kisretti? Will you not grace us with your melodious voice at all this stretch?” There was no answer. “Oh come now! You can’t sulk the entire way!”
Prudence scoffed, a snorting sound under her veils, “Watch him.”
“Really! Grow up! You act as if you didn’t want anyone to save your life. Quite ungrateful. I’m sorry, what was that?”
“I said, perhaps you shouldn’t have,” Ch’Voga mumbled.
“Perhaps next time we will not. For a savior, you are most unappreciative of your saviors. I thought you wanted to be a missionary, not a martyr. Whom will you save if you’re dead?”
“Who will be saved if I run away in the middle of the night? What will the Emperor think of Yeshua’s followers now? The well of living water is poisoned.”
“I've no idea what their well has to do with it but maybeit he will believe Yeshua's witnesses are smart enough to know when they are not wanted.”
“The Emperor did want me there. He was eager to learn!”
“Precisely why the Vizier did not want you there! Honestly, Ch’Voga, this is not that hard to understand. For the Emperor to turn his ears toward you, he has to turn them away from some one else.”
[So i felt this illo was a bit weak, so i broke it up for some visual interest, putting the antagonists on one side and the protagonist on the other. The entry is also broken up. In the future, i should probably dull the colors of the markers. They are far too bold methinks.]
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Otras etiquetas de recorridos: www.juanesjavier.net - javier juanes - monte - montaña - montañismo - senderismo - senda - ruta - recorrido - bidea - track - waypoint - gailura - sierra - mendilerroa - bosque - basoa - forest - bois - haya - hayedo - mendia - montagne - mountain - ibilbidea - pagoa - mjaiz000 - jaizkibel - europa - euskal herria - euskalherria - hegoalde - españa - espagne - spain - espainiar estatua - pais vasco - pais - vasco - cav - comunidad autonoma vasca - gipuzkoa - guipuzcoa - donostialdea - pasaia - pasajes - pasai - antxo - ancho - sanpedro - san pedro - donibane - san juan - pasai donibane - bidasoaldea - hondarribia - fuenterrabia - rjaiz008 - GR-121 - cvc - parador - guadalupe - gruta - balma - erosion - veta - celda poligonal - boxwork - colores - arenisca - pseudokarst - paramoudra - esfera - labetxu - valle - morkotz - acantilado - turroia - cala - erentzin - refugio - inaxio - prudencio san sebastian - bioznar - punta - laondo - poza - marla - Bioznar - Erentzin - Labetxu
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Otras etiquetas de recorridos: www.juanesjavier.net - javier juanes - monte - montaña - montañismo - senderismo - senda - ruta - recorrido - bidea - track - waypoint - gailura - sierra - mendilerroa - bosque - basoa - forest - bois - haya - hayedo - mendia - montagne - mountain - ibilbidea - pagoa - mjaiz000 - jaizkibel - europa - euskal herria - euskalherria - hegoalde - españa - espagne - spain - espainiar estatua - pais vasco - pais - vasco - cav - comunidad autonoma vasca - gipuzkoa - guipuzcoa - donostialdea - pasaia - pasajes - pasai - antxo - ancho - sanpedro - san pedro - donibane - san juan - pasai donibane - bidasoaldea - hondarribia - fuenterrabia - rjaiz008 - GR-121 - cvc - parador - guadalupe - gruta - balma - erosion - veta - celda poligonal - boxwork - colores - arenisca - pseudokarst - paramoudra - esfera - labetxu - valle - morkotz - acantilado - turroia - cala - erentzin - refugio - inaxio - prudencio san sebastian - bioznar - punta - laondo - poza - marla - Bioznar - Erentzin - Labetxu
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Otras etiquetas de recorridos: www.juanesjavier.net - javier juanes - monte - montaña - montañismo - senderismo - senda - ruta - recorrido - bidea - track - waypoint - gailura - sierra - mendilerroa - bosque - basoa - forest - bois - haya - hayedo - mendia - montagne - mountain - ibilbidea - pagoa - mjaiz000 - jaizkibel - europa - euskal herria - euskalherria - hegoalde - españa - espagne - spain - espainiar estatua - pais vasco - pais - vasco - cav - comunidad autonoma vasca - gipuzkoa - guipuzcoa - donostialdea - pasaia - pasajes - pasai - antxo - ancho - sanpedro - san pedro - donibane - san juan - pasai donibane - bidasoaldea - hondarribia - fuenterrabia - rjaiz008 - GR-121 - cvc - parador - guadalupe - gruta - balma - erosion - veta - celda poligonal - boxwork - colores - arenisca - pseudokarst - paramoudra - esfera - labetxu - valle - morkotz - acantilado - turroia - cala - erentzin - refugio - inaxio - prudencio san sebastian - bioznar - punta - laondo - poza - marla - Bioznar - Erentzin - Labetxu
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Otras etiquetas de recorridos: www.juanesjavier.net - javier juanes - monte - montaña - montañismo - senderismo - senda - ruta - recorrido - bidea - track - waypoint - gailura - sierra - mendilerroa - bosque - basoa - forest - bois - haya - hayedo - mendia - montagne - mountain - ibilbidea - pagoa - mjaiz000 - jaizkibel - europa - euskal herria - euskalherria - hegoalde - españa - espagne - spain - espainiar estatua - pais vasco - pais - vasco - cav - comunidad autonoma vasca - gipuzkoa - guipuzcoa - donostialdea - pasaia - pasajes - pasai - antxo - ancho - sanpedro - san pedro - donibane - san juan - pasai donibane - bidasoaldea - hondarribia - fuenterrabia - rjaiz008 - GR-121 - cvc - parador - guadalupe - gruta - balma - erosion - veta - celda poligonal - boxwork - colores - arenisca - pseudokarst - paramoudra - esfera - labetxu - valle - morkotz - acantilado - turroia - cala - erentzin - refugio - inaxio - prudencio san sebastian - bioznar - punta - laondo - poza - marla - Bioznar - Erentzin - Labetxu
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Otras etiquetas de recorridos: www.juanesjavier.net - javier juanes - monte - montaña - montañismo - senderismo - senda - ruta - recorrido - bidea - track - waypoint - gailura - sierra - mendilerroa - bosque - basoa - forest - bois - haya - hayedo - mendia - montagne - mountain - ibilbidea - pagoa - mjaiz000 - jaizkibel - europa - euskal herria - euskalherria - hegoalde - españa - espagne - spain - espainiar estatua - pais vasco - pais - vasco - cav - comunidad autonoma vasca - gipuzkoa - guipuzcoa - donostialdea - pasaia - pasajes - pasai - antxo - ancho - sanpedro - san pedro - donibane - san juan - pasai donibane - bidasoaldea - hondarribia - fuenterrabia - rjaiz008 - GR-121 - cvc - parador - guadalupe - gruta - balma - erosion - veta - celda poligonal - boxwork - colores - arenisca - pseudokarst - paramoudra - esfera - labetxu - valle - morkotz - acantilado - turroia - cala - erentzin - refugio - inaxio - prudencio san sebastian - bioznar - punta - laondo - poza - marla - Bioznar - Erentzin - Labetxu
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Otras etiquetas de recorridos: monte - montaña - montañismo - senderismo - ruta - recorrido - track - waypoint - gailura - sierra - mendilerroa - bosque - basoa - haya - hayedo - mendia - montagne - mountain - ibilbidea - pagoa - urbasa - sierra - macizo - dulantz - san adrian - europa - euskal herria - euskalherria - eskual herria - eskualherria - hegoalde - españa - espagne - spain - espainiar estatua - navarra - nafarroa - navarre - comunidad - autonoma - autónoma - comunidad autonoma - reino - reyno - navarra - nafarroa - navarre - reino - reyno - altsasu - alsasua - olazti olazagutia - rurba005 - nieve - fuera sendas - Portupekoleze - Cuevas - Lubierri - Lezaundi - tunel - Lizarraga
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Otras etiquetas de recorridos: www.juanesjavier.net - javier juanes - monte - montaña - montañismo - senderismo - senda - ruta - recorrido - bidea - track - waypoint - gailura - sierra - mendilerroa - bosque - basoa - forest - bois - haya - hayedo - mendia - montagne - mountain - ibilbidea - pagoa - mjaiz000 - jaizkibel - europa - euskal herria - euskalherria - hegoalde - españa - espagne - spain - espainiar estatua - pais vasco - pais - vasco - cav - comunidad autonoma vasca - gipuzkoa - guipuzcoa - donostialdea - pasaia - pasajes - pasai - antxo - ancho - sanpedro - san pedro - donibane - san juan - pasai donibane - bidasoaldea - hondarribia - fuenterrabia - rjaiz008 - GR-121 - cvc - parador - guadalupe - gruta - balma - erosion - veta - celda poligonal - boxwork - colores - arenisca - pseudokarst - paramoudra - esfera - labetxu - valle - morkotz - acantilado - turroia - cala - erentzin - refugio - inaxio - prudencio san sebastian - bioznar - punta - laondo - poza - marla - Bioznar - Erentzin - Labetxu
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Otras etiquetas de recorridos: www.juanesjavier.net - javier juanes - monte - montaña - montañismo - senderismo - senda - ruta - recorrido - bidea - track - waypoint - gailura - sierra - mendilerroa - bosque - basoa - forest - bois - haya - hayedo - mendia - montagne - mountain - ibilbidea - pagoa - mjaiz000 - jaizkibel - europa - euskal herria - euskalherria - hegoalde - españa - espagne - spain - espainiar estatua - pais vasco - pais - vasco - cav - comunidad autonoma vasca - gipuzkoa - guipuzcoa - donostialdea - pasaia - pasajes - pasai - antxo - ancho - sanpedro - san pedro - donibane - san juan - pasai donibane - bidasoaldea - hondarribia - fuenterrabia - rjaiz008 - GR-121 - cvc - parador - guadalupe - gruta - balma - erosion - veta - celda poligonal - boxwork - colores - arenisca - pseudokarst - paramoudra - esfera - labetxu - valle - morkotz - acantilado - turroia - cala - erentzin - refugio - inaxio - prudencio san sebastian - bioznar - punta - laondo - poza - marla - Bioznar - Erentzin - Labetxu
Waypoint Charter Services books the wheelchair-adapted wood-hulled yacht the Sea Wolf. Small enough to be intimate (six cabins/ three wheelchair usable) and retrofitted with wheelchair lifts to each of the three main decks cruises in Glacier Bay, Alaska on the Sea Wolf include sea kayaking because the owner has installed a unique lift system. I was out of my wheelchair and into my kayak with the splash skirt fitted down in 60 seconds thanks to a skilled and attentive crew.
To take the trip yourself contact:
Sherri Backstrom
Waypoint Yacht Charter Services
contact@waypointcharter.com
www.waypointcharter.com/accessible_travel.htm
t 888-491-2949 or 360-656-5934
THE JIAYUGUAN FORTRESS: THE BEGINNING OR THE END OF THE GREAT WALL
Within the Gansu province of Northwestern China lies the Jiayuguan Fortress. It creates either the beginning or the end of the Great Wall (depending on which direction you started from). It was the last outpost before entering the Gobi Desert and the last outpost during the Ming Dynasty (1368 – 1644).
The fortress was built around the year 1372 and situated in between the legendary town of Kashgar to the west and Dunhuang to the east. It was a famous waypoint along the Silk Road and an obvious stop if you are traveling the historical route.
During the age of the Chinese Kingdom, the fortress protected the Western border with a fearless reputation. It is said that those exiled from the kingdom by the Emperor were ordered to head west into the vast Gobi desert and never return.
The Fortress is surrounded by an inner and outer wall. The inner wall is known as the “inner city” is where you will find some of the fort’s most significant buildings. These include the General’s Office and Wenchang Hall – a two-story pavilion in front of the inner city,
Legends dating back to the creation of the fort state that the master architect of the fort was such an amazing mathematician. He was so amazing in fact that he estimated the exact number of bricks required to be 99,999. Questioning his judgment, the Official had doubts regarding the estimation, so the designer added another brick. When Jiayuguan was finished … one brick remained. Today, this iconic brick is seen on top of the main entrance.
Jiayu Pass
Jiayu Pass or About this soundJiayuguan (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 嘉峪关; traditional Chinese: 嘉峪關; pinyin: Jiāyù Guān) is the first frontier fortress at the west end of the Ming dynasty Great Wall, near the city of Jiayuguan in Gansu province. Along with Juyong Pass and Shanhai Pass, it is one of the main passes of the Great Wall.
The pass is trapezoid-shaped with a perimeter of 733 metres (2,405 ft) and an area of more than 33,500 square metres (361,000 sq ft). The length of the city wall is 733 metres (2,405 ft) and the height is 11 metres (36 ft).
There are two gates: one on the east side of the pass and the other on the west side. On each gate there is a building. An inscription of "Jiayuguan" in Chinese is written on a tablet at the building at the west gate. The south and north sides of the pass are connected to the Great Wall. There is a turret on each corner of the pass. On the north side, inside the two gates, there are wide roads leading to the top of the pass.
Jiayuguan consisted of three defense lines: an inner city, an outer city, and a moat.
When famous traveler Mildred Cable first visited Jiayuguan in 1923, she described it as
To the north of the central arch was a turreted watch-tower, and from it the long line of the wall dipped into a valley, climbed a hill and vanished over its summit. Then a few poplar trees came in sight, and it was evident from the shade of green at the foot of the wall that here was grass and water. Farther on a patch of wild irises spread a carpet of blue by the roadside, just where the cart passed under an ornamental memorial arch and lurched across a rickety bridge over a bubbling stream.
Legend and history
The Great Wall near Jiayuguan
A fabulous legend recounts the meticulous planning involved in the construction of the pass. According to legend, when Jiayuguan was being planned, the official in charge asked the designer to estimate the exact number of bricks required and the designer gave him a number (99,999). The official questioned his judgment, asking him if that would be enough, so the designer added one brick. When Jiayuguan was finished, there was one brick left over, which was placed loose on one of the gates where it remains today.[2]
The structure was built during the early Ming dynasty, sometime around the year 1372. The fortress there was greatly strengthened due to fear of an invasion by Timur, but Timur died of old age while leading an army toward China.
Significance
Mural of a general from a door at the fort
Among the passes on the Great Wall, Jiayuguan is the most intact surviving ancient military building. The pass is also known by the name the "First and Greatest Pass Under Heaven" (天下第一雄关), which is not to be confused with the "First Pass Under Heaven" (天下第一关), a name for Shanhaiguan at the east end of the Great Wall near Qinhuangdao, Hebei.
The pass was a key waypoint of the ancient Silk Road.
Jiayuguan has a somewhat fearsome reputation because Chinese people who were banished were ordered to leave through Jiayuguan for the west, the vast majority never to return. Mildred Cable noted in her memoirs[4] that it was
known to men of a former generation as Kweimenkwan (Gate of the Demons)....The most important door was on the farther side of the fortress, and it might be called Traveller's Gate, though some spoke of it as the Gate of Sighs. It was a deep archway tunnelled in the thickness of the wall.... Every traveller toward the north-west passed through this gate, and it opened out on that great and always mysterious waste called the Desert of Gobi. The long archway was covered with writings...the work of men of scholarship, who had fallen on an hour of deep distress. Who were then the writers of this Anthology of Grief? Some were heavy-hearted exiles, others were disgraced officials, and some were criminals no longer tolerated within China's borders. Torn from all they loved on earth and banished with dishonoured nam to the dreary regions outside.
Amongst those once banished in disgrace was the famous Chinese Opium War Viceroy of Liangguang, Commissioner Lin Zexu, who died in Ürümqi where a statue in his honor can today be found in a local park.
The real stars of Jiayuguan are the thousands of tombs from the Wei and Western Jin Dynasty (265–420) discovered east of the city in recent years. The 700 excavated tombs are famous in China, and replicas or photographs of them can be seen in nearly every major Chinese museum. The bricks deserve their fame; they are both fascinating and charming, depicting such domestic scenes as preparing for a feast, roasting meat, picking mulberries, feeding chickens, and herding horses. Of the 18 tombs that have been excavated, only one is currently open to tourists. Many frescos have also been found around Jiayuguan but most are not open to visitors.
Triangulation pillar or trigpoint TP1664 - Brocton Field on Cannock Chase near the Glacial Boulder.
Triangulation pillar or trigpoint were part of a major project started in 1936 to map Great Britian. They are concrete pillars, about 4' tall, which were used by the Ordnance Survey in order to determine the exact shape of the country. They are generally located on the highest bit of ground in the area, so that there is a direct line of sight from one to the next. By sitting a theodolite (an accurate protractor built into a telescope) on the top of the pillar, accurate angles between pairs of nearby trigpoints could be measured. This process is called "triangulation".
Flush Bracket Number FB 11490 / Waypoint TP1664
IMG_1192
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ACCESO AL RECORRIDO DETALLADO: rjaiz008
Otras etiquetas de recorridos: www.juanesjavier.net - javier juanes - monte - montaña - montañismo - senderismo - senda - ruta - recorrido - bidea - track - waypoint - gailura - sierra - mendilerroa - bosque - basoa - forest - bois - haya - hayedo - mendia - montagne - mountain - ibilbidea - pagoa - mjaiz000 - jaizkibel - europa - euskal herria - euskalherria - hegoalde - españa - espagne - spain - espainiar estatua - pais vasco - pais - vasco - cav - comunidad autonoma vasca - gipuzkoa - guipuzcoa - donostialdea - pasaia - pasajes - pasai - antxo - ancho - sanpedro - san pedro - donibane - san juan - pasai donibane - bidasoaldea - hondarribia - fuenterrabia - rjaiz008 - GR-121 - cvc - parador - guadalupe - gruta - balma - erosion - veta - celda poligonal - boxwork - colores - arenisca - pseudokarst - paramoudra - esfera - labetxu - valle - morkotz - acantilado - turroia - cala - erentzin - refugio - inaxio - prudencio san sebastian - bioznar - punta - laondo - poza - marla - Bioznar - Erentzin - Labetxu
ACCESO AL RECORRIDO DETALLADO: rjaiz008
Otras etiquetas de recorridos: www.juanesjavier.net - javier juanes - monte - montaña - montañismo - senderismo - senda - ruta - recorrido - bidea - track - waypoint - gailura - sierra - mendilerroa - bosque - basoa - forest - bois - haya - hayedo - mendia - montagne - mountain - ibilbidea - pagoa - mjaiz000 - jaizkibel - europa - euskal herria - euskalherria - hegoalde - españa - espagne - spain - espainiar estatua - pais vasco - pais - vasco - cav - comunidad autonoma vasca - gipuzkoa - guipuzcoa - donostialdea - pasaia - pasajes - pasai - antxo - ancho - sanpedro - san pedro - donibane - san juan - pasai donibane - bidasoaldea - hondarribia - fuenterrabia - rjaiz008 - GR-121 - cvc - parador - guadalupe - gruta - balma - erosion - veta - celda poligonal - boxwork - colores - arenisca - pseudokarst - paramoudra - esfera - labetxu - valle - morkotz - acantilado - turroia - cala - erentzin - refugio - inaxio - prudencio san sebastian - bioznar - punta - laondo - poza - marla - Bioznar - Erentzin - Labetxu
Waypoint Charter Services books the wheelchair-adapted wood-hulled yacht the Sea Wolf. Small enough to be intimate (six cabins/ three wheelchair usable) and retrofitted with wheelchair lifts to each of the three main decks cruises in Glacier Bay, Alaska on the Sea Wolf include sea kayaking because the owner has installed a unique lift system. I was out of my wheelchair and into my kayak with the splash skirt fitted down in 60 seconds thanks to a skilled and attentive crew.
To take the trip yourself contact:
Sherri Backstrom
Waypoint Yacht Charter Services
contact@waypointcharter.com
www.waypointcharter.com/accessible_travel.htm
t 888-491-2949 or 360-656-5934
This map shows the route driven by NASA's Curiosity Mars rover from the location where it landed in August 2012 to its location in early March 2016, approaching a geological waypoint called "Naukluft Plateau."
Curiosity departed the "Gobabeb" waypoint, where it scooped samples from a sand dune for analysis, on Feb. 3, 2016, with a drive during the 1,243rd Martian day, or sol, of the rover's work on Mars.
The base image for the map is from the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. North is up. Bagnold Dunes form a band of dark, wind-blown material at the foot of Mount Sharp.
Snake Eyes and his four-legged companion, Timber, arrive at Waypoint 12, expecting to rendezvous with Duke and together scout the area. Instead they find an ominous clue, a single case marked with the Cobra symbol, evidence of the presence of the terrorist group, and Duke is MIA!
Launching the G. I. Joe 12-inch Figure Environment series is Recon at Waypoint 12 with Timber. This snowy rubble environment provides a detailed backdrop for 12-inch figure display.
THE JIAYUGUAN FORTRESS: THE BEGINNING OR THE END OF THE GREAT WALL
Within the Gansu province of Northwestern China lies the Jiayuguan Fortress. It creates either the beginning or the end of the Great Wall (depending on which direction you started from). It was the last outpost before entering the Gobi Desert and the last outpost during the Ming Dynasty (1368 – 1644).
The fortress was built around the year 1372 and situated in between the legendary town of Kashgar to the west and Dunhuang to the east. It was a famous waypoint along the Silk Road and an obvious stop if you are traveling the historical route.
During the age of the Chinese Kingdom, the fortress protected the Western border with a fearless reputation. It is said that those exiled from the kingdom by the Emperor were ordered to head west into the vast Gobi desert and never return.
The Fortress is surrounded by an inner and outer wall. The inner wall is known as the “inner city” is where you will find some of the fort’s most significant buildings. These include the General’s Office and Wenchang Hall – a two-story pavilion in front of the inner city,
Legends dating back to the creation of the fort state that the master architect of the fort was such an amazing mathematician. He was so amazing in fact that he estimated the exact number of bricks required to be 99,999. Questioning his judgment, the Official had doubts regarding the estimation, so the designer added another brick. When Jiayuguan was finished … one brick remained. Today, this iconic brick is seen on top of the main entrance.
Jiayu Pass
Jiayu Pass or About this soundJiayuguan (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 嘉峪关; traditional Chinese: 嘉峪關; pinyin: Jiāyù Guān) is the first frontier fortress at the west end of the Ming dynasty Great Wall, near the city of Jiayuguan in Gansu province. Along with Juyong Pass and Shanhai Pass, it is one of the main passes of the Great Wall.
The pass is trapezoid-shaped with a perimeter of 733 metres (2,405 ft) and an area of more than 33,500 square metres (361,000 sq ft). The length of the city wall is 733 metres (2,405 ft) and the height is 11 metres (36 ft).
There are two gates: one on the east side of the pass and the other on the west side. On each gate there is a building. An inscription of "Jiayuguan" in Chinese is written on a tablet at the building at the west gate. The south and north sides of the pass are connected to the Great Wall. There is a turret on each corner of the pass. On the north side, inside the two gates, there are wide roads leading to the top of the pass.
Jiayuguan consisted of three defense lines: an inner city, an outer city, and a moat.
When famous traveler Mildred Cable first visited Jiayuguan in 1923, she described it as
To the north of the central arch was a turreted watch-tower, and from it the long line of the wall dipped into a valley, climbed a hill and vanished over its summit. Then a few poplar trees came in sight, and it was evident from the shade of green at the foot of the wall that here was grass and water. Farther on a patch of wild irises spread a carpet of blue by the roadside, just where the cart passed under an ornamental memorial arch and lurched across a rickety bridge over a bubbling stream.
Legend and history
The Great Wall near Jiayuguan
A fabulous legend recounts the meticulous planning involved in the construction of the pass. According to legend, when Jiayuguan was being planned, the official in charge asked the designer to estimate the exact number of bricks required and the designer gave him a number (99,999). The official questioned his judgment, asking him if that would be enough, so the designer added one brick. When Jiayuguan was finished, there was one brick left over, which was placed loose on one of the gates where it remains today.[2]
The structure was built during the early Ming dynasty, sometime around the year 1372. The fortress there was greatly strengthened due to fear of an invasion by Timur, but Timur died of old age while leading an army toward China.
Significance
Mural of a general from a door at the fort
Among the passes on the Great Wall, Jiayuguan is the most intact surviving ancient military building. The pass is also known by the name the "First and Greatest Pass Under Heaven" (天下第一雄关), which is not to be confused with the "First Pass Under Heaven" (天下第一关), a name for Shanhaiguan at the east end of the Great Wall near Qinhuangdao, Hebei.
The pass was a key waypoint of the ancient Silk Road.
Jiayuguan has a somewhat fearsome reputation because Chinese people who were banished were ordered to leave through Jiayuguan for the west, the vast majority never to return. Mildred Cable noted in her memoirs[4] that it was
known to men of a former generation as Kweimenkwan (Gate of the Demons)....The most important door was on the farther side of the fortress, and it might be called Traveller's Gate, though some spoke of it as the Gate of Sighs. It was a deep archway tunnelled in the thickness of the wall.... Every traveller toward the north-west passed through this gate, and it opened out on that great and always mysterious waste called the Desert of Gobi. The long archway was covered with writings...the work of men of scholarship, who had fallen on an hour of deep distress. Who were then the writers of this Anthology of Grief? Some were heavy-hearted exiles, others were disgraced officials, and some were criminals no longer tolerated within China's borders. Torn from all they loved on earth and banished with dishonoured nam to the dreary regions outside.
Amongst those once banished in disgrace was the famous Chinese Opium War Viceroy of Liangguang, Commissioner Lin Zexu, who died in Ürümqi where a statue in his honor can today be found in a local park.
The real stars of Jiayuguan are the thousands of tombs from the Wei and Western Jin Dynasty (265–420) discovered east of the city in recent years. The 700 excavated tombs are famous in China, and replicas or photographs of them can be seen in nearly every major Chinese museum. The bricks deserve their fame; they are both fascinating and charming, depicting such domestic scenes as preparing for a feast, roasting meat, picking mulberries, feeding chickens, and herding horses. Of the 18 tombs that have been excavated, only one is currently open to tourists. Many frescos have also been found around Jiayuguan but most are not open to visitors.
This mosaic of nine images, taken by the Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) camera on NASA's Mars rover Curiosity, shows detailed texture in a conglomerate rock bearing small pebbles and sand-size particles.
The rock is at a location called "Darwin," inside Gale Crater. Exposed outcrop at this location, visible in images from the High Resolution Imaging Science Experment (HiRISE) camera on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, prompted Curiosity's science team to select it as the mission's first waypoint during the mission's long trek from the "Glenelg" area to Mount Sharp.
MAHLI took the component images shortly before sunset on the 400th Martian day, or sol, of Curiosity's work on Mars (Sept. 21, 2013). The camera was positioned about 4 inches (10 centimeters) from the rock. Scale is indicated by the Lincoln penny from the MAHLI calibration target, shown beside the mosaic.
Reddish dust coats much of the surface visible in this mosaic, but the patch of rock also offers some bare patches where sand and pebble grains can be seen. Pebbles here are mostly gray, with some white in them. Some grains are somewhat translucent, and some are shiny.
Researchers interpret the sand and pebbles in the rock as material that was deposited by flowing water, then later buried and cemented into rock. Curiosity's science team is studying the textures and composition of the conglomerate rock at Darwin to understand its relationship to streambed conglomerate rock found closer to Curiosity's landing site. A major goal for observations at waypoint stops along the 5-mile (8-kilometer) route to Mount Sharp is to piece together the relationship between rock layers at "Yellowknife Bay" in the Glenelg area, where the mission found evidence of an ancient freshwater-lake environment favorable for microbial life, and layers at the main destination on lower slopes of Mount Sharp.
Malin Space Science Systems, San Diego, developed, built and operates MAHLI. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., manages the Mars Science Laboratory Project and the mission's Curiosity rover for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington. The rover was designed and assembled at JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.
More information about Curiosity is online at www.nasa.gov/msl and mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/.
Waypoint: Oratori at Borda del Gasto, Fontaneda, Sant Julia de Loria, Gran Valira, Andorra, Pyrenees
More Borda del Gasto, Fontaneda & Sant Julia de Loria images: Follow the group links at right side.
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