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The rivers of Bangladesh mark both the physiography of the nation and the life of the people. About 700 in number, these rivers generally flow south.
The larger rivers serve as the main source of water for cultivation and as the principal arteries of commercial transportation. Rivers also provide fish, an important source of protein.
Flooding of the rivers during the monsoon season causes enormous hardship and hinders development, but fresh deposits of rich silt replenish the fertile but overworked soil. The rivers also drain excess monsoon rainfall into the Bay of Bengal. Thus, the great river system is at the same time the country's principal resource and its greatest hazard.
The profusion of rivers can be divided into five major networks. The Jamuna-Brahmaputra is 292 kilometers long and extends from northern Bangladesh to its confluence with the Padma. Originating as the Yarlung Zangbo Jiang in China's Xizang Autonomous Region (Tibet) and flowing through India's state of Arunachal Pradesh, where it becomes known as the Brahmaputra ("Son of Brahma"), it receives waters from five major tributaries that total some 740 kilometers in length. At the point where the Brahmaputra meets the Tista River in Bangladesh, it becomes known as the Jamuna. The Jamuna is notorious for its shifting subchannels and for the formation of fertile silt islands (chars). No permanent settlements can exist along its banks.
The second system is the Padma-Ganges, which is divided into two sections: a 258-kilometer segment, the Ganges, which extends from the western border with India to its confluence with the Jamuna some 72 kilometers west of Dhaka, and a 126-kilometer segment, the Padma, which runs from the Ganges-Jamuna confluence to where it joins the Meghna River at Chandpur. The Padma-Ganges is the central part of a deltaic river system with hundreds of rivers and streams—some 2,100 kilometers in length—flowing generally east or west into the Padma.
The third network is the Surma-Meghna River System, which courses from the northeastern border with India to Chandpur, where it joins the Padma. The Surma-Meghna, at 669 kilometers by itself the longest river in Bangladesh, is formed by the union of six lesser rivers. Below the city of Kalipur it is known as the Meghna.
When the Padma and Meghna join together, they form the fourth river system—the Padma-Meghna—which flows 145 kilometers to the Bay of Bengal.
This mighty network of four river systems flowing through the Bangladesh Plain drains an area of some 1.5 million square kilometers. The numerous channels of the Padma-Meghna, its distributaries, and smaller parallel rivers that flow into the Bay of Bengal are referred to as the Mouths of the Ganges. Like the Jamuna, the Padma-Meghna and other estuaries on the Bay of Bengal are also known for their many chars.
A fifth river system, unconnected to the other four, is the Karnaphuli. Flowing through the region of Chittagong and the Chittagong Hills, it cuts across the hills and runs rapidly downhill to the west and southwest and then to the sea. The Feni, Karnaphuli, Sangu, and Matamuhari—an aggregate of some 420 kilometers—are the main rivers in the region. The port of Chittagong is situated on the banks of the Karnaphuli. The Karnaphuli Reservoir and Karnaphuli Dam are located in this area. The dam impounds the Karnaphuli River's waters in the reservoir for the generation of hydroelectric power.
During the annual monsoon period, the rivers of Bangladesh flow at about 140,000 cubic meters per second, but during the dry period they diminish to 7,000 cubic meters per second. Because water is so vital to agriculture, more than 60 % of the net arable land, some 91,000 km², is cultivated in the rainy season despite the possibility of severe flooding, and nearly 40 % of the land is cultivated during the dry winter months. Water resources development has responded to this "dual water regime" by providing flood protection, drainage to prevent overflooding and waterlogging, and irrigation facilities for the expansion of winter cultivation.
Major water control projects have been developed by the national government to provide irrigation, flood control, drainage facilities, aids to river navigation and road construction, and hydroelectric power. In addition, thousands of tube wells and electric pumps are used for local irrigation. Despite severe resource constraints, the government of Bangladesh has made it a policy to try to bring additional areas under irrigation without salinity intrusion.
...and the course was half closed, only the second nine open due to waterlogging. So we had two go's at the second nine. Happy New Year!
This appears to be **Tradescantia zebrina** (synonym: _Zebrina pendula_), commonly called the “silver inch plant” or (less preferred) “wandering Jew.”
Here’s a detailed description and notes:
* * *
Identification & Key Features
-----------------------------
Leaves are elongated-ovate, with two broad silvery or whitish stripes on the upper surface and a mix of green to purple tones between stripes. The underside is typically deep magenta / purple.
| Leaf Surface & Texture | Smooth, somewhat glossy; sometimes tiny hairs along margins.
| Growth Habit | Creeping trailing stems that root at nodes when touching soil. It can form dense mats or hang over edges in containers.
| Flowers | Inconspicuous, small, three-petaled, rose-pink to lavender, located in leaf axils. Often not very showy indoors.
| Native Range / Habitat | Native to Mexico, Central America, and Colombia. In its native or favorable climates it may naturalize.
| Synonyms / Common Names | Formerly _Zebrina pendula_. Common names include silver inch plant, wandering Jew (less used now), wandering dude.
Ecological / Cultivation
Notes & Care
* **Light**: Prefers bright, indirect light. In strong direct sun, the variegation may bleach or fade; under low light, the colors may become muted.
* **Soil & Moisture**: Likes well-draining soil. Water when the top soil is slightly dry; avoid waterlogging.
* **Temperature / Hardiness**:
Not frost-tolerant. It’s grown indoors or as an annual in cooler climates. Outdoors only in zones ~9–11.
* **Propagation**: Easy via stem cuttings. Nodes root readily.
* **Behavior / Invasiveness**: In favorable climates it can become invasive, spreading via rooted stems.
* **Caution**: Its sap is watery and may irritate skin in sensitive individuals.
A shot from a while back from the glasshouse at R.H.S. Wisley Gardens , with a part of the display of Cacti and Succulents .
(All cacti are succulents but not all succulents are cacti ).
The common linking characteristic of cacti and succulents is the ability to store water in the leaves or stems enabling them to survive in arid habitats. All cacti are succulents, yet cacti are defined by the presence of areoles (specialised sites where spines form) whereas succulents have none.
The majority of cacti and succulents grow in desert and savannah situations with low moisture, dry air, bright sunshine, good drainage and high temperatures. However there are succulents such as Schlumbergera and Epiphyllum which grow as epiphytes in rainforests. These require semi-shade and humid conditions. So to cultivate cacti and succulents successfully it is best to research their native habitat, to provide their ideal growing conditions as far as possible.
Cacti and succulents utilise the Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthetic pathway. Although this makes the best use water, it is much less efficient than other photosynthetic pathways, hence the slow growth of cacti and succulents compared to other plants.
How to care for cacti and succulents typically grown as houseplants
Compost
The compost must be open and free draining, to help prevent waterlogging and recreate natural habitat. Cacti compost is readily available from garden centres. Alternatively, use John Innes No 2 with up to 30 percent extra grit or fine gravel by volume, to help with drainage.
Re-pot pot-bound plants in spring, into a pot only slightly larger in diameter.
Holding spiny specimens can be tricky when re-potting so use thick strips of folded newspaper as tongs or an oven glove.
Position
Most cacti and succulents can be placed on a sunny or bright window all year round. Forest-growing epiphytes such as Rhipsalis, however, need semi-shade.
During the winter it is beneficial for plants to have cool night temperatures of 8-10°C (46-50°F) as a minimum, for a period of rest.
Central heating is not usually a problem for these plants over the winter; just remember they need sufficient water to prevent them from shrivelling.
Watering, feeding and ventilation
Spring and summer
From April onwards water cacti and succulents freely, allowing excess water to drain away
The compost should be allowed to dry out slightly between waterings, rather than keeping it constantly moist
Forest-growing epiphytes will benefit from a humid atmosphere
Feed established plants once a month during the growing season (April-September) using either a liquid houseplant feed or specialist liquid cacti feed
Cacti and succulents need fresh air and particularly need good ventilation during the summer months
Autumn and winter
From about September onwards reduce watering to a minimum, to encourage a period of rest
Allow the compost to virtually dry out before watering
Some desert dwellers can be left un-watered from early November to the end of February especially if they are away from overly heated rooms
Winter-flowering types will require warmth and regular watering during this time, to be then followed with a resting period in summer
Ideally use tepid rainwater for watering. The minerals in tap water builds up in the soil and can cause deposits on the leaves of succulents.
Flowering
Cacti and succulents will perform and look better if you allow them to follow their natural seasonal pattern. A period of rest, to mimic the dry season, to be then followed by an increase in water to act as the rainy season will ensure a good display of flowers. Always check as to what seasonal treatment is required as some will need to rest in the winter to then flower in the spring, while others will rest over summer to flower in the autumn.
Pruning and cleaning
Pruning depends on the habit of the plant and is not often necessary. Propagation is a great way of tidying up an old plant, reducing the height of leggy specimens and thinning-out overcrowded pots.
Dust can build up on cacti and succulents and make them look unsightly. Keep on top of the dusting by using a soft paint brush or blusher brush to remove the dust from in and around the plant. A damp cloth also works really well on smooth succulents.
Propagation
The habit of the cacti and succulents will give you an indication as to which method of propagation will suit it;
Branching habits can have their side shoots and stem removed to produce stem cuttings.
Columnar types are propagated by stem cutting.
Clump-forming species readily produce offsets which can be lifted and divided.
Some fleshy leaves make great leaf cuttings, which are so simple and great fun.
Cuttings and offsets
Most cuttings require time to dry and produce a callus on the wound, this can take from a week to a day depending on size and type. Use John Innes No 1 with up to 30 percent by volume of added grit and keep the compost on the dry side to prevent the cutting rotting off. Always check what your individual specimen will require.
Seed
Many species can also be grown from seed;
Use John Innes No 1 with added grit or sand for added drainage
Sow the seed in spring. Large seed will need a covering of one to two times the depth of the size of the seed. Small fine seed should not be covered, but mix the seed with a little sand to help with an even distribution
Water with a misting bottle or a watering can with a fine rose and cover the pot with a sheet of glass or plastic bag. Keeping them at 21°C in partial shade
Allow air into the pot daily by removing glass or plastic bag and wiping off condensation
Keep moist but not overly wet
Pot on seedlings when they are big enough to handle. It can take up to 12 months for them to reach this stage
info from RHS website with thanks .
In the railway workshops at Pingdingshan Mines Railway, JS8122 undergoes a heavy overhaul. Cab, motion and boiler casing having been removed, the insulation (asbestos or otherwise) is now being sprayed, thereby waterlogging it and causing it to fall off of its own accord. 11.01.2003
Wilde Malve
Malva sylvestris
Staude für die sonnige Staudenrabatte, sehr schöner, lange blühender Blickfang.
Diese Malvenart wird wegen ihrer Saatkapselform auch Käsemalve genannt.
Höhe: 100 cm /3 or 4 feet
Blüte Juni - September, violett, dunkle Adern
Blätter/Laub: grün, handförmig gelappt, buschig aufrechter Wuchs
Standort: sonnig, trockener, normaler Gartenboden, besonders im Winter Staunässe vermeiden
Common mallow
Malva sylvestris
Perennial for the sunny perennial borders, very beautiful, long flowering eye catcher.
This Mallow is also called cheese because they are shaped like a cheese wheel
Height: 100 cm
Bloom June - September, purple, dark veins
Leaves / foliage: green, lobate, with a bushy upright habit
Location: sunny, dry, normal garden soil, avoid waterlogging especially in winter
Britains last deep coal mine, operational from 1965 to 2015, is now mostly demolished.
The history and engineering of the site is impressive; to drive the shafts the ground had to be frozen using pumped brine because of waterlogging at about 200 metres down, the coal seams being about 800 metres down.
Just when we thought it was all over, the colliery got a contract for waste to be used as the base for a new wharf near Immingham, giving about 6 months traffic of 2 or 3 trains a day. Here the 0814 Kellingley Colliery - Killingholme passes the colliery on the main, crossing the AIre and Calder Navigation. The train ran out of the colliery a while ago, has reversed and is about to take the U turn at Knottingley towards destination.
Ana Trees are the ghostly looking trees with bare white branches on the right hand side of this photo and they're very well known for the stunning pictures of elephants reaching up into them at Mana Pools.
What makes the tree really remarkable is that Faidherbia albida has an inverse leaf phenology: it sheds its leaves during the wet summer season, while the leaves mature during the dry winter season and the pods ripen at the end of winter. This makes them a very important source of nutrition during the dry Winter months.
They occur in seasonally dry tropical to subtropical forests, riparian woodlands and floodplains. It is tolerant to waterlogging and salinity. In fact it's seeds need to be soaked in water before they germinate and I'm told that those beautiful trees in Mana Pools will die off eventually and not be replaced due to the Kariba dam preventing the flooding of the area.
This picture was taken outside the gates of Baobab Hill Bush House in between the morning and evening game drives when I got bored and decided to go for a walk.
Baobab Hill Bush House
Makuleke Concession
Kruger National Park
Limpopo
South Africa
Due to sudden flood In three upazilas of South Chittagong, more than 3 lakh people have been trapped in water.
++++ From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ++++
Cattle in religion and mythology
Due to the multiple benefits from cattle, there are varying beliefs about cattle in societies and religions. In some regions, especially most states of India, the slaughter of cattle is prohibited and their meat may be taboo.
Cattle are considered sacred in world religions such as Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, and others. Cattle played other major roles in many religions, including those of ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, ancient Israel, ancient Rome, and ancient Germany.
In Indian religions
Legislation against cattle slaughter is in place throughout most states of India except Kerala, West Bengal and parts of the North-East.[1]
Hinduism
If anybody said that I should die if I did not take beef tea or mutton, even on medical advice, I would prefer death. That is the basis of my vegetarianism.
— Mahatma Gandhi, to the London Vegetarian Society on 20 November 1931.[2]
A bull bas relief, Mamallapuram
Hinduism specifically considers the zebu (Bos indicus) to be sacred.[3][4][5] Respect for the lives of animals including cattle, diet in Hinduism and vegetarianism in India are based on the Hindu ethics. The Hindu ethics are driven by the core concept of Ahimsa, i.e. non-violence towards all beings, as mentioned in the Chandogya Upanishad (~ 800 BCE)..[6][7] By mid 1st millennium BCE, all three major religions – Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism were championing non-violence as an ethical value, and something that impacted one's rebirth. According to Harris, by about 200 CE, food and feasting on animal slaughter were widely considered as a form of violence against life forms, and became a religious and social taboo.[8][9] India, which has 79.80% Hindu population as of (2011 census),[10] had the lowest rate of meat consumption in the world according to the 2007 UN FAO statistics,[11] and India has more vegetarians than the rest of the world put together.[12]
Vegetarianism in ancient India
India is a strange country. People do not kill
any living creatures, do not keep pigs and fowl,
and do not sell live cattle.
—Faxian, 4th/5th century CE
Chinese pilgrim to India[13]
According to Ludwig Alsdorf, "Indian vegetarianism is unequivocally based on ahimsa (non-violence)" as evidenced by ancient smritis and other ancient texts of Hinduism." He adds that the endearment and respect for cattle in Hinduism is more than a commitment to vegetarianism and has become integral to its theology.[14] The respect for cattle is widespread but not universal. According to Christopher Fuller, animal sacrifices have been rare among the Hindus outside a few eastern states.[14][15] To the majority of modern Indians, states Alsdorf, respect for cattle and disrespect for slaughter is a part of their ethos and there is "no ahimsa without renunciation of meat consumption".[14]
Several scholars explain the veneration for cows among Hindus in economic terms, including the importance of dairy in the diet, the use of cow dung as fuel and fertilizer, and the importance that cattle have historically played in agriculture.[16] Ancient texts such as Rig Veda, Puranas highlight the importance of cattle.[16] The scope, extent and status of cows throughout ancient India is a subject of debate. According to D. N. Jha, cattle, including cows, were neither inviolable nor as revered in ancient times as they were later.[17] A Gryhasutra recommends that beef be eaten by the mourners after a funeral ceremony as a ritual rite of passage.[18] In contrast, according to Marvin Harris, the Vedic literature is contradictory, with some suggesting ritual slaughter and meat consumption, while others suggesting a taboo on meat eating.[8]
Sacred status of cow
The Hindu god Krishna is often shown with cows listening to his music.
The calf is compared with the dawn, in Hinduism. Here, with a sadhu.
Many ancient and medieval Hindu texts debate the rationale for a voluntary stop to cow slaughter and the pursuit of vegetarianism as a part of a general abstention from violence against others and all killing of animals.[19][20]
The interdiction of the meat of the bounteous cow as food was regarded as the first step to total vegetarianism.[21] Dairy cows are called aghnya "that which may not be slaughtered" in Rigveda. Yaska, the early commentator of the Rigveda, gives nine names for cow, the first being "aghnya".[22] According to Harris, the literature relating to cow veneration became common in 1st millennium CE, and by about 1000 CE vegetarianism, along with a taboo against beef, became a well accepted mainstream Hindu tradition.[8] This practice was inspired by the beliefs in Hinduism that a soul is present in all living beings, life in all its forms is interconnected, and non-violence towards all creatures is the highest ethical value.[8][9] Vegetarianism is a part of the Hindu culture. The god Krishna and his Yadav kinsmen are associated with cows, adding to its endearment.[8][9]
According to Nanditha Krishna the cow veneration in ancient India during the Vedic era, the religious texts written during this period called for non-violence towards all bipeds and quadrupeds, and often equated killing of a cow with the killing of a human being specifically a Brahmin.[23] Nanditha Krishna stated that the hymn 8.3.25 of the Hindu scripture Atharvaveda (~1200–1500 BCE) condemns all killings of men, cattle, and horses, and prays to god Agni to punish those who kill.[24][25]
Prithu chasing Prithvi, who is in the form of a cow. Prithu milked the cow to generate crops for humans.
In Puranas, which are part of the Hindu texts, the earth-goddess Prithvi was in the form of a cow, successively milked of beneficent substances for the benefit of humans, by deities starting with the first sovereign: Prithu milked the cow to generate crops for humans to end a famine.[26] Kamadhenu, the miraculous "cow of plenty" and the "mother of cows" in certain versions of the Hindu mythology, is believed to represent the generic sacred cow, regarded as the source of all prosperity.[27] In the 19th century, a form of Kamadhenu was depicted in poster-art that depicted all major gods and goddesses in it.[28][29] Govatsa Dwadashi which marks the first day of Diwali celebrations, is the main festival connected to the veneration and worship of cows as chief source of livelihood and religious sanctity in India, wherein the symbolism of motherhood is most apparent with the sacred cows Kamadhenu and her daughter Nandini.[30]
Historical significance
Main articles: Cattle slaughter in India and Cow protection movement
A pamphlet protesting cow slaughter, first created in 1893. A meat eater (mansahari) is shown as a demon with sword, with a man telling him "don't kill, cow is life-source for all". It was interpreted by Muslims in British Raj to be representing them.[31] Redrawn the Raja Ravi Varma (c. 1897).
The reverence for the cow played a role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the British East India Company. Hindu and Muslim sepoys in the army of the East India Company came to believe that their paper cartridges, which held a measured amount of gunpowder, were greased with cow and pig fat. The consumption of swine is forbidden in Islam and Judaism. Because loading the gun required biting off the end of the paper cartridge, they concluded that the British were forcing them to break edicts of their religion.[32]
A historical survey of major communal riots in India between 1717 and 1977 revealed that 22 out of 167 incidents of rioting between Hindus and Muslims were attributable directly to cow slaughter.[33][34]
In Gandhi's teachings
The cow protection was a symbol of animal rights and of non-violence against all life forms for Gandhi. He venerated cows, and suggested ending cow slaughter to be the first step to stopping violence against all animals.[35] He said: "I worship it and I shall defend its worship against the whole world", and stated that "The central fact of Hinduism is cow protection."[35]
Jainism
See also: Ahimsa in Jainism
Jainism is against violence to all living beings, including cattle. According to the Jaina sutras, humans must avoid all killing and slaughter because all living beings are fond of life, they suffer, they feel pain, they like to live, and long to live. All beings should help each other live and prosper, according to Jainism, not kill and slaughter each other.[36][37]
In the Jain religious tradition, neither monks nor laypersons should cause others or allow others to work in a slaughterhouse.[38] Jains believe that vegetarian sources can provide adequate nutrition, without creating suffering for animals such as cattle.[38] According to some Jain scholars, slaughtering cattle increases ecological burden from human food demands since the production of meat entails intensified grain demands, and reducing cattle slaughter by 50 percent would free up enough land and ecological resources to solve all malnutrition and hunger worldwide. The Jain community leaders, states Christopher Chapple, has actively campaigned to stop all forms of animal slaughter including cattle.[39]
Cattle at a temple, in Ooty India
Cattle making themselves at home on a city street in Jaipur, Rajasthan
Buddhism
The texts of Buddhism state ahimsa to be one of five ethical precepts, which requires a practicing Buddhist to "refrain from killing living beings".[40] Slaughtering cow has been a taboo, with some texts suggest taking care of a cow is a means of taking care of "all living beings". Cattle are seen in some Buddhist sects as a form of reborn human beings in the endless rebirth cycles in samsara, protecting animal life and being kind to cattle and other animals is good karma.[40][41] Not only do some, mainly Mahayana, Buddhist texts state that killing or eating meat is wrong, it urges Buddhist laypersons to not operate slaughterhouses, nor trade in meat.[42][43][44] Indian Buddhist texts encourage a plant-based diet.[9][8]
According to Saddhatissa, in the Brahmanadhammika Sutta, the Buddha "describes the ideal mode of life of Brahmins in the Golden Age" before him as follows:[45]
Like mother (they thought), father, brother or any other kind of kin,
cows are our kin most excellent from whom come many remedies.
Givers of good and strength, of good complexion and the happiness of health,
having seen the truth of this cattle they never killed.
Those brahmins then by Dharma did what should be done, not what should not,
and so aware they graceful were, well-built, fair-skinned, of high renown.
While in the world this lore was found these people happily prospered.
— Buddha, Brahmanadhammika Sutta 13.24, Sutta Nipāta[46][45][47]
Saving animals from slaughter for meat, is believed in Buddhism to be a way to acquire merit for better rebirth.[41] According to Richard Gombrich, there has been a gap between Buddhist precepts and practice. Vegetarianism is admired, states Gombrich, but often it is not practiced. Nevertheless, adds Gombrich, there is a general belief among Theravada Buddhists that eating beef is worse than other meat and the ownership of cattle slaughterhouses by Buddhists is relatively rare.[48][note 1]
Meat eating remains controversial within Buddhism, with most Theravada sects allowing it, reflecting early Buddhist practice, and most Mahayana sects forbidding it. Early suttas indicate that the Buddha himself ate meat and was clear that no rule should be introduced to forbid meat eating to monks. The consumption, however, appears to have been limited to pork, chicken and fish and may well have excluded cattle.[50]
Bhubaneswar (/ˌbʊbəˈneɪʃwər/; Odia: [ˈbʱubɔneswɔɾɔ] (About this soundlisten)) is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Odisha. The region, especially the old town, was historically often depicted as Ekamra Kshetra (area (kshetra) adorned with mango trees (ekamra)).[9] Bhubaneswar is dubbed the "Temple City"[10][11]—a nickname earned because of the 700 temples which once stood there. In contemporary times, it has emerged as an education hub[12][13] and an attractive business destination.[14][15][16]
Although the modern city of Bhubaneswar was formally established in 1948, the history of the areas in and around the present-day city can be traced to the 7th century BCE and earlier. It is a confluence of Hindu, Buddhist and Jain heritage and includes several Kalingan temples, many of them from 6th-13th century CE. With Puri and Konark it forms the 'Swarna Tribhuja' ("Golden Triangle"), one of eastern India's most visited destinations.[17][18]
Bhubaneswar replaced Cuttack as the capital on 19 August 1949, 2 years after India gained its independence from Britain. The modern city was designed by the German architect Otto Königsberger in 1946. Along with Jamshedpur and Chandigarh, it was one of modern India's first planned cities.[19] Bhubaneswar and Cuttack are often referred to as the 'twin cities of Odisha'. The metropolitan area formed by the two cities had a population of 1.7 million in 2011.[20] Recent data from the United Nations released in 2016 states that Bhubaneswar's metro area has a population of around a million people.[6] Bhubaneswar is categorised as a Tier-2 city. Bhubaneswar and Rourkela are the only cities in smart city mission from Odisha.
Etymology
Bhubaneswar is the anglicisation of the Odia name "Bhubaneswara"(ଭୁବନେଶ୍ୱର), derived from the word Tribhubaneswara (ତ୍ରିଭୁବନେଶ୍ୱର), which literally means the Lord (Eeswara) of the Three Worlds (Tribhubana), which refers to Shiva.[21]
History
Remains of the ancient city of Sisupalagada, on the outskirts of Bhubaneswar, dated to 7th century BCE
Inscription on rock in Brahmi language
Hathigumpha inscriptions at the Udayagiri and Khandagiri caves near Bhubaneswar
Bhubaneswar stands near the ruins of Sisupalgarh, the ancient capital of the erstwhile province of Kalinga. Dhauli, near Bhubaneswar was the site of the Kalinga War (c. 262-261 BCE), in which the Mauryan emperor Ashoka invaded and annexed Kalinga.[22] One of the most complete edicts of the Mauryan Emperor, Ashoka, dating from between 272 and 236 BCE, remains carved in rock, 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to the southwest of the modern city.[23] After the decline of the Mauryan empire, the area came under the rule of Mahameghavahana dynasty, whose most well-known rule is Kharavela. His Hathigumpha inscription is located at the Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves near Bhubaneswar. The area was subsequently ruled by several dynasties, including Satavahanas, Guptas, Matharas, and Shailodbhavas.[22]
In the 7th century, Somavamshi or Keshari dynasty established their kingdom in the area, and constructed a number of temples. After the Kesharis, the Eastern Gangas ruled Kalinga area until the 14th century CE. Their capital Kalinganagara was located in present-day Bhubaneswar City. After them, Mukunda Deva of the Bhoi dynasty – the last Hindu ruler of the area until the Marathas – developed several religious buildings in the area.[22] Most of the older temples in Bhubaneswar were built between 8th and 12th centuries, under Shaiva influence. The Ananta Vasudeva Temple is the only old temple of Vishnu in the city.[24] In 1568, the Karrani dynasty of Afghan origin gained control of the area. During their reign, most of the temples and other structures were destroyed or disfigured.[22]
In the 16th century, the area came under pachamani Mughal control. The Marathas, who succeeded the Mughals in the mid-18th century, encouraged pilgrimage in the region. In 1803, the area came under British colonial rule, and was part of the Bengal Presidency (until 1912), Bihar and Orissa Province (1912-1936) and Orissa Province (1936-1947).[22] The capital of the British-ruled Orissa Province was Cuttack, which was vulnerabile to floods and suffered from space constraints. Because of this, on 30 September 1946, a proposal to move the capital to a new capital was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of the Odisha Province. After independence of India, the foundation of the new capital was laid by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on 13 April 1948.[22]
The name of the new capital came from "Tribhubaneswara" or "Bhubaneswara" (literally "Lord of the Earth"), a name of Shiva, the deity of the Lingaraja temple.[21] The Legislative Assembly of Odisha was shifted from Cuttack to Bhubaneswar in 1949.[22] Bhubaneswar was built as a modern city, designed by German architect Otto Königsberger with wide roads, gardens and parks.[25] Though part of the city followed the plan, it grew rapidly over the next few decades, outstripping the planning process.[26] According to the first census of independent India, taken in 1951, the city's population was just 16,512. From 1952 to 1979, it was administered by a Notified Area Council or a nagar panchayat; a municipality was established only on 12 March 1979. By the 1991 census, the population of Bhubaneswar had increased to 411,542. Accordingly, on 14 August 1994, the Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation was established.[22]
Geography
Daya River at the foothills of Dhauli
Bhubaneswar is in Khordha district of Odisha.[27] It is in the eastern coastal plains, along the axis of the Eastern Ghats mountains.[28] The city has an average altitude of 45 m (148 ft) above sea level.[28] It lies southwest of the Mahanadi River that forms the northern boundary of Bhubaneswar metropolitan area, within its delta.
City of Bhubaneswar from Khandagiri hill
The city is bounded by the Daya River to the south and the Kuakhai River to the east;[28] the Chandaka Wildlife Sanctuary and Nandankanan Zoo lie in the western and northern parts of Bhubaneswar, respectively.[25]
Bhubaneswar is topographically divided into western uplands and eastern lowlands, with hillocks in the western and northern parts.[28] Kanjia lake on the northern outskirts, affords rich biodiversity and is a wetland of national importance.[29] Bhubaneswar's soils are 65 per cent laterite, 25 per cent alluvial and 10 per cent sandstone.[30] The Bureau of Indian Standards places the city inside seismic zone III on a scale ranging from I to V in order of increasing susceptibility to earthquakes.[31] The United Nations Development Programme reports that there is "very high damage risk" from winds and cyclones.[31] The 1999 Odisha cyclone caused major damage to buildings, the city's infrastructure and cost many human lives.[32] Floods and waterlogging in the low-lying areas have become common due to unplanned growth.[30][33]
Bhubaneswar Schematic Map
Bhubaneswar schematic tourist map
Urban structure
See also: List of neighbourhoods in Bhubaneswar
Rajpath, Bhubaneswar
Pathani Samanta Planetarium Bhubaneswar
The Bhubaneswar urban development area consists of the Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation area, 173 revenue villages and two other municipalities spread over 1,110 km2 (430 sq mi).[3][34] The area under the jurisdiction of the Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation covers 186 square kilometres (72 sq mi).[2] The city is somewhat dumbbell-shaped with most of the growth taking place to the north, northeast and southwest.[35] The north–south axis of the city is widest, at roughly 22.5 kilometres (14.0 mi). Growth in the east is restricted due to the presence of Kuakhai River and by the wildlife sanctuary in the northwestern part.[35] The city can be broadly divided into the old town, planned city (or state capital), added areas and outer peripheral areas. It is subdivided into Units and Colonies.
The old town or "Temple Town", the oldest part of the city, is characterised by many temples, including the Lingaraja, Rajarani and Muktesvara temples, standing alongside residential areas. This area is congested, with narrow roads and poor infrastructure.[35] Among neighbourhoods in the old town are Rajarani Colony, Pandaba Nagar, Brahmeswara Bagh, Lingaraja Nagar, Gouri Nagar, Bhimatangi and Kapileswara. The planned city was designed in 1948 to house the capital. It is subdivided into units, each with a high school, shopping centres, dispensaries and play areas. While most of the units house government employees, Unit V houses the administrative buildings, including the State Secretariat, State Assembly, and the Raj Bhavan. Private residential areas were later built in other areas of the planned city, including Saheed Nagar and Satya Nagar. Unit I, popularly known as the Market Building, was formed to cater to the shopping needs of the new capital's residents. Later, markets and commercial establishments developed along the Janpath and Cuttack-Puri Road at Saheed Nagar, Satya Nagar, Bapuji Nagar and Ashok Nagar. A dedicated institutional area houses educational and research institutes, including Utkal University, the Institute of Physics, the Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology and Sainik School. Indira Gandhi Park, Gandhi Park and the Biju Patnaik Park are located in the unit.[35]
The added areas are mostly areas lying north of National Highway 5, including Nayapalli, Jayadev Vihar, Chandrasekharpur and Sailashree Vihar, #Niladri vihar which were developed by Bhubaneswar Development Authority to house the growing population.[35] With the development of the new areas such as Chandrasekharpur the city is now divided roughly into North(newer areas) and South Bhubaneswar (older areas) by the NH-5 highway.
The peripheral areas are outside the municipal boundary or have subsequently been included within the extended boundary, including Tomando, Patia and Raghunathpur. Most of these areas were developed in a haphazard manner, without proper planning.[36] The Master Planning Branch of the Bhubaneswar Development Authority developed the Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) in 2010.[37] According to the Odisha Development Authorities Act, 1982, the Development Authority has control over the planning for municipal areas.[38] Apart from the CDP, BDA has also created Zonal Development Plans for some of the areas under the CDP.[37] Bhubaneswar secured the top rank in the Smart city list in India.[39][40]
Deras Dam
Climate
A one storied building with decorative plants and landscaping around it
Meteorological Centre, Bhubaneswar
Bhubaneswar has a tropical savanna climate, designated Aw under the Köppen climate classification. The annual mean temperature is 27.4 °C (81.3 °F); monthly mean temperatures are 22–32 °C (72–90 °F).[41] Summers (March to June) are hot and humid, with temperatures in the low 30s C; during dry spells, maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) in May and June.[41] Winter lasts for only about ten weeks, with seasonal lows dipping to 15–18 °C (59–64 °F) in December and January. May is the hottest month, when daily temperatures range from 32–42 °C (90–108 °F). January, the coldest month, has temperatures varying from 15–28 °C (59–82 °F). The highest recorded temperature is 46.7 °C (116.1 °F), and the lowest is 8.2 °C (47 °F).[42]
Rains brought by the Bay of Bengal branch of the south west summer monsoon[43] lash Bhubaneswar between June and September, supplying it with most of its annual rainfall of 1,638 mm (64 in). The highest monthly rainfall total, 404 mm (16 in), occurs in August.[44]
Economy
East Coast Railway Headquarters in Bhubaneswar
Bhubaneswar is an administrative, information technology, education and tourism city.[28] Bhubaneswar was ranked as the best place to do business in India by the World Bank in 2014.[46] Bhubaneswar has emerged as one of the fast-growing, important trading and commercial hub in the state and eastern India.[14] Tourism is a major industry, attracting about 1.5 million tourists in 2011.[28][47] Bhubaneswar was designed to be a largely residential city with outlying industrial areas. The economy had few major players until the 1990s and was dominated by retail and small-scale manufacturing. With the economic liberalisation policy adopted by the Government of India in the 1990s, Bhubaneswar received investment in telecommunications, information technology (IT) and higher education.[28]
As of 2001, around 2.15% of the city's workforce was employed in the primary sector (agriculture, forestry, mining, etc.); 2.18% worked in the secondary sector (industrial and manufacturing); and 95.67% worked in the tertiary sector (service industries).[28]
In 2011, according to a study by Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India, Bhubaneswar had the highest rate of employment growth among 17 Tier-2 cities in India.[48] It has been listed among the top ten emerging cities in India by Cushman and Wakefield, taking into consideration factors like demographics, physical, social and real estate infrastructure, current level and scope of economic activities and government support.[15] In 2012, Bhubaneswar was ranked third among Indian cities, in starting and operating a business by the World Bank.[16] Bhubaneswar has been traditionally home to handicrafts industry, including silver filigree work, appliqué work, stone and wood carvings and patta painting, which significantly contributes to the city's economy.[28] The late 2000s saw a surge of investments in the real estate, infrastructure, retail and hospitality sectors; several shopping malls and organised retails opened outlets in Bhubaneswar.[49][50][51][52]
The Department of Industries established four industrial areas in and around Bhubaneswar, in the Rasulgarh, Mancheswar, Chandaka, and Bhagabanpur areas.[28] In the informal sector, 22,000 vendors operate in regulated or unregulated vending zones.[53][54]
In 2009, Odisha was ranked ninth among Indian states in terms of software export by NASSCOM, with most IT/ITES companies established in Bhubaneswar. In 2011–12, Odisha had a growth rate of 17% for software exports.[55] According to a 2012 survey, among the tier-2 cities in India, Bhubaneswar has been chosen as the best for conducting IT/ITES business.[56] The government fostered growth by developing of IT parks such as Infocity-1, Infovalley, STPI-Bhubaneswar and JSS STP.[57][58] Infocity was conceived as a five-star park, under the Export Promotion Industrial Parks (EPIP) Scheme to create infrastructure facilities for setting up information technology related industries. Infosys and Tech Mahindra have been present in Bhubaneswar since 1996. Other software companies include TCS, Wipro, IBM, Genpact, Firstsource, Mindtree, MphasiS, Ericsson, Semtech and Reliance Communications, AnantaTek and SA Intellect. Apart from the big multinationals, some 300 small and mid-size IT companies and business startups have offices in Bhubaneswar.[58]
Demographics
Population
Bhubaneswar population
CensusPopulation%±
195116,512
As per the 2011 census of India, Bhubaneswar had a population of 837,737, while the metropolitan area had a population of 881,988.[62] As per the estimate of IIT Kharagpur, which made a development plan, the Bhubaneswar–Cuttack Urban complex, consisting of 721.9 square kilometres (278.7 sq mi), has a population of 1.9 million (as of 2008).[63] As of 2011, the number of males was 445,233, while the number of females were 392,504. The decadal growth rate was 45.90 per cent.[citation needed]
Literacy
Effective male literacy was 95.69 per cent, while female literacy was 90.26 per cent. About 75,237 were under six. Bhubaneswar's literacy rate is 93.15 per cent[62]—significantly higher than the national average of 74.04 per cent.[64]
Language
The main language spoken in the city is Odia. However, English and Hindi are understood by most residents. Although Odias comprise the vast majority, migrants from other states like Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Jharkhand also dwell in the city. Growth in the information technology industry and education sector in Bhubaneswar changed the city's demographic profile; likely infrastructure strains and haphazard growth from demographic changes have been a cause of concern.
Religion
Panoramic view of Mukteshvara Temple, Bhubaneswar
Bhubaneswar is a very religiously diverse city. Hindus form the majority in it. It also has large minorities of Christians and Muslim.
Governance and Politics
Krushi Bhavan building in Bhubaneswar
Civic Administration
The Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation (BMC) oversees and manages civic infrastructure for the city's 67 wards.[65] It started as a Notified Area Committee in 1946 and was upgraded to a municipal corporation in 1994.[66] Orissa Municipal Corporation Act, 2003 is the governing act.[67] Residents of each ward elect a corporator to the BMC for a five-year term. Standing committees handle urban planning and maintain roads, government-aided schools, hospitals and municipal markets.[68]
As Bhubaneswar's apex body, the corporation discharges its functions through the mayor-in-council, which comprises a mayor, a deputy mayor and other elected members. The executive wing is headed by a Commissioner. There are 13 administrative departments under BMC: PR & Communication, Disaster Management, Finance, Health & Sanitation, Engineering, Revenue & Tax, Electrical, Environment, Social Welfare, IT and Social Projects, Establishment, Land & Assets, Enforcement & Recovery.[69] The responsibilities of the municipal body include drainage and sewerage, sanitation, solid waste management and street lighting.[28]
The tenure of the last elected body ended in January 2019 and new elections have not taken place yet, because the High Court struck down the delimitation process that was carried out for exceeding 50% reservations of seats.[70][71] Ward committees have been formed in Bhubaneswar and are very active.[72] The Committees are responsible for issues such as public health, sanitation, street lighting and conservancy in their respective wards. There is no fixed number of members in the committees.
The processes for the municipal budget 2020-21 was initiated in February 2020, but it is unclear if they have continued after the lockdown was accounced.[73] The budget for 2020-21 was supposed to be aroound Rs. 700, an increase of 51.8% from the 2019-20 budget. The increase was suppsoedly to fund the various socio-economic welfare schemes in the city. The key revenue sources for BMC are: Holding Taxes, tax from advertisements, rent from municipal properties such as markets, shopping complexes, and kalyan mandaps (marriage halls), fees and user charges, and grants from state and central governments.[74]
Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha Constituencies
Citizens of Bhubaneswar elect one representative to India's lower house, the Lok Sabha, and three representatives to the state legislative assembly, through the constituencies of Bhubaneswar North, Ekamra-Bhubaneswar, and Bhubaneswar Central.[75][76] The last Lok Sabha election was in 2019, when Aparajita Sarangi from Bharatiya Janata Party won the seat.[77] The last state assembly election took place in 2019 as well, when all three Vidhan Sabha seats in Bhubaneswar were won by Biju Janata Dal: Susant Kumar Rout from North, Ashok Chandra Panda from Ekamra, and Ananta Narayan Jena from Central.[78][79][80]
Judicial and Police Institutions
As the seat of the Government of Odisha, Bhubaneswar is home to the Odisha Legislative Assembly and the state secretariat. Bhubaneswar has lower courts: the Court of Small Causes and the District Civil Court decide civil matters; the Sessions Court rules in criminal cases.[81] The Bhubaneswar–Cuttack Police Commissionerate, established in 2008, is a city police force with primary responsibilities in law enforcement and investigation in the Bhubaneswar-Cuttack area.[82][83] Shri S.K. Priyadarshi, IPS is the police commissioner.[84]
A wide four storied building with landscaped lawn and garden in the foreground
Odisha State Secretariat building
Public utilities
Electricity is supplied by the state-operated Central Electricity Supply Utility of Odisha, or CESU.[30] TATA Power as a private entity started Power distribution in the city by the end of 2020.[85] Fire services are handled by the state agency Odisha Fire Service. Drinking water is sourced from the Mahanadi, Kuakhai and Daya rivers. Water supply and sewerage are handled by the Public Health Engineering Organisation.[28] As of 2015, 35% of the city was covered by piped water connections, 1.4% of the households had metered water connection, and the extent of non-revenue water in the city ran to 62.5%.[86] The Engineering Department of BMC creates and maintains roads.[87]
26.7% of the city is covered by sewage network, while more than 50% of the households are dependent on onsite containment systems, such as septic tanks.[88] There is no sewage treatment plant in Bhubaneswar right now,[when?] but one is being built using JNNURM funds.[86][89] The waste from the limited sewage network flows untreated into the Daya river. There is one septage treatment plant for fecal sludge with a capacity of 75 KLD.[90]
The municipal corporation is responsible for the solid waste management in the city. The average municipal waste generated in the city is 480 kg/m3 for wet waste and 600 kg/m3 for wet waste.[91] Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation BMC has introduced door to door collection through battery operated garbage collection vehicle.[92] It is trying to introduce segregation at source by providing two waste bins to every household, one each for dry and wet waste.[93] Landfilling is the most common method of waste disposal in Bhubaneswar.[91] State-owned Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, or BSNL, as well as private enterprises, among them Reliance Jio, Vodafone, Bharti Airtel, Reliance, Idea Cellular, Aircel and Tata DoCoMo, are the leading telephone, cell phone and internet service providers in the city.[94][95]
Education
See also: List of institutions of higher education in Odisha
Academic Block of Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar
Institute of Physics Bhubaneswar library
NISER, Bhubaneshwar
Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhubaneswar
Utkal University Bhubaneswar
Bhubaneswar is a centre for higher education in the Eastern Region and is considered the education hub of Eastern India with several government and privately funded Universities and colleges.[12][13] IIT Bhubaneswar, NISER Bhubaneswar, AIIMS Bhubaneswar and NIFT Bhubaneswar are some of the elite institutions of country which are located in the city. Utkal University Bhubaneswar is the oldest university in Odisha and the 17th oldest university in India.
Primary and secondary education
Odia and English are the primary languages of instruction. Schools in Bhubaneswar follow the "10+2+3" plan for Regular Graduates and "10+2+4" plan for Technical studies. Schools in Bhubaneswar are either run by the state government or private organisations. Students typically enroll in schools that are affiliated with any of the following mediums of education.
BSE, Odisha
CHSE, Odisha
CBSE
Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations
SCTE&VT, Odisha
Notable union government schools in the city include
Kendriya Vidyalaya No. 1, Bhubaneswar,
Kendriya Vidyalaya No 2 CRPF,
Kendriya Vidyalaya, Mancheswar,
Kendriya Vidyalaya, Niladrivihar,
Kendriya Vidyalaya, Pokhriput,
Sainik School,
Notable state government schools in the city include
Badagada Government High School, Bhubaneswar
Capital High School, Bhubaneswar
Government High School, Saheed Nagar
Notable private schools in the city include
Aditya Birla School, Bhubaneswar,
BJEM School, Bhubaneswar,
DAV Public School, Unit-8, Bhubaneswar,
D.A.V. Public School, Chandrasekharpur,
D.A.V. Public School, Pokhariput
Delhi Public School, Bhubaneswar,
D M School, Bhubaneswar
KIIT International School, Bhubaneswar,
Loyola School, Bhubaneswar,
O D M School, Bhubaneswar
Prabhujee English Medium School, Bhubaneswar,
Sai International School, Bhubaneswar,
St. Joseph's High School, Bhubaneswar,
St. Xavier's High School, Bhubaneswar
Higher education
Several colleges are affiliated with universities or institution based in Bhubaneswar or elsewhere in India. Most offer a wide range of programs in STEM and applied research and are rated highly by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, India.
Engineering and applied sciences institutions
C. V. Raman Global University
Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture
College of Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar
Eastern Academy of Science and Technology
Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai (off campus in collaboration with IndianOil and IIT Kharagpur)
Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (IMMT, erstwhile RRL)
Institute of Physics
International Institute of Information Technology, Bhubaneswar (IIIT-BH)
Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology
National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT)
National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)
Orissa Engineering College
Regional Institute of Education
Medical institutions
All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhubaneswar
Hi-Tech Medical College & Hospital, Bhubaneswar
Institute of Medical Sciences and Sum Hospital
Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences
Regional Medical Research Center
Universities
Birla Global University, Bhubaneswar
Centurion University of Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar
College of Engineering and Technology[96]
Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology
Odisha State Open University[97]
Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology
Rama Devi Women's University
Regional College of Management[98]
Siksha 'O' Anusandhan
Utkal University of Culture
Utkal University
Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar(XIM) university
Tourism education is another field of study emerging. The Eastern Regional Centre of Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management (IITTM), the second in the country after Gwalior, was established in 1996. One IATA Authorised Training Centre (ATC) is also located in the city premises. Several regional management educational institutions also have travel and tourism related courses in their curriculum.[citation needed]
Transport
Mo Cycle
Bicycle
A public bicycle sharing project named Mo Cycle has been started by the Bhubaneswar Smart City Limited (BSCL) and the Capital Region Urban Transport (CRUT). The scheme aims to reduce traffic congestion, promote non-motorized transport in the city and ensure better last mile connectivity. Chief minister Naveen Patnaik in November 2011 inaugurated Mo Cycle. Around 400 cycle stands have been set up across the city. Around 2,000 bicycles have been ordered from three companies - Hexi, Yaana and Yulu. Hexi (from Hero Cycles) will provide 1,000 bicycles and Yaana and Yulu will provide 500 each. The availability of rentals Bicycles are accessed by the Dedicated mobile app - "mo app".[99]
Bus
Mo Bus
Internal public transport is maintained by "Mo Bus (My Bus)" service administrated by CRUT(Capital Region Urban Transport) along with connecting nearest cities like Cuttack and Puri. The headquarters of the Odisha State Road Transport Corporation (OSRTC) is in Bhubaneswar. The main Bhubaneswar inter-state bus terminus is at Barmunda, 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from the city centre, from where OSRTC and private operators run buses connecting Bhubaneswar to cities in Odisha and with the neighbouring states of Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Chhattisgarh.[100] Bhubaneswar is connected to the rest of Odisha and India by National Highway-NH 16, which is a part of the Kolkata-Chennai prong of the Golden Quadrilateral, NH 203, State Highway 13 (Odisha) and State Highway 27 (Odisha). Asian Highway- AH 45 passes through the city.[34]
Road
One of the many fly-overs in the city.
Bhubaneswar has roads in grid form in the central city. Bhubaneswar has approximately 1,600 kilometres (990 mi) of roads, with average road density of 11.82 square kilometres (4.56 sq mi).[28] Baramunda Inter State Bus Terminus (ISBT) is the major bus terminus in the city from where buses ply to all the districts in Odisha as well as to neighbouring state's cities like Hyderabad, Kolkata, Visakhapatnam, Raipur and Ranchi. City bus service (Mo Bus) runs across Bhubaneswar by Capital Region Urban Transport Authority run by Bhubaneswar Development Authority .[101] A fleet of 300+ buses cover all major destinations including Cuttack, Puri and Khordha.[101] Auto rickshaws are available for hire and on a share basis throughout the city. In parts of the city, cycle rickshaws offer short trips.[102] To ease traffic jams, over-bridges at major road junctions and expansion of roads are under construction.[103][104] In a study of six cities in India, Bhubaneswar was ranked third concerning pedestrian infrastructure. The city scored 50 points out of a maximum of 100.
Rail
Bhubaneswar railway station
Bhubaneswar has the following stations:
Station name Station code Railway zone Number of platforms
Bhubaneswar BBS East Coast Railway 6
Mancheswar MCS East Coast Railway 4
Lingaraj Temple Road LGTR East Coast Railway 3
Vani Vihar BNBH East Coast Railway 2
Patia PTAB East Coast Railway 2
New Bhubaneswar BBSN East Coast Railway 7
The East Coast Railway has its headquarters in Bhubaneswar. Bhubaneswar railway station is one of the main stations of the Indian railway network. It is connected to major cities by daily express and passenger trains and daily service to all metro cities is available from here. However, the station is overloaded by existing traffic. Currently, the station has six platforms. There are plans to add two more platforms.[105]
A satellite station New Bhubaneswar railway station is opened near Barang in July 2018 to decongest the existing installation.[106]
Air
Biju Patnaik International Airport
Biju Patnaik International Airport (IATA: BBI, ICAO: VEBS) also known as Bhubaneswar Airport, 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) south of the city centre, is the major and sole international airport in Odisha. There are daily domestic flights from Bhubaneswar to Delhi, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Kolkata, Vishakhapatnam, Chennai and Bangalore. There are international flights from Bhubaneswar to Bangkok and Kuala Lumpur thrice a week. The major carriers from Bhubaneswar are Indigo, Vistara, GoAir, AirAsia Berhad, AirAsia India and Air India. In March 2013, a new domestic terminal with a capacity of handling 30 million passengers per year was inaugurated to handle increased air traffic.[107] On 10 July 2015, the first international flight took off from terminal 2 of Biju Patnaik International Airport.
Culture
Muktesvara deula, covered with erotic ancient carvings, known for its quality of sculptures
Bindusagara water tank on a winter morning
Ravindra Mandapa, an auditorium in Bhubaneswar
Bhubaneswar is supposed to have had over one thousand temples, earning the tag of the 'Temple City of India'. Temples are made in the Kalinga architectural style with a pine spire that curves up to a point over the sanctum housing the presiding deity and a pyramid-covered hall where people sit and pray.
Famous temples include Lingaraja Temple, Muktesvara Temple, Rajarani Temple, Ananta Vasudeva Temple.[108]
The twin hills of Khandagiri and Udayagiri, served as the site of an ancient Jaina monastery which was carved into cave-like chambers in the face of the hill. These caves, with artistic carvings, date back to the 2nd century BCE. Dhauli hills has major edicts of Ashoka engraved on a mass of rock and a white Peace Pagoda was built by the Japan Buddha Sangha and the Kalinga Nippon Buddha Sangha in the 1970s. Apart from the ancient temples, other important temples were built in recent times include Ram Mandir and ISKCON.
Bhubaneswar along with Cuttack is the home of the Odia cinema industry, dubbed "Ollywood", where most of the state's film studios are situated.
Odia culture survives in the form of Classical Odissi dance, handicrafts, sand artistry and sculpturing as well as theatre and music. Boundary walls and gardens are increasingly being redone to depict the folk art of the state.[109][110] Odissi, the oldest of the eight surviving classical dance forms of India can be traced from archaeological evidence from the temples in Bhubaneswar.[111][112][113]
Odissi dance
Odissi dance is generally accompanied by Odissi music. Srjan, the Odissi dance academy founded by Guru Kelucharan Mohapatra, the legendary Odissi dancer is found here.[114][115] The Rabindra Mandapa in central Bhubaneswar plays host to cultural engagements, theatre and private functions.[116]
Odissi dance
Dress and attire
Though Odia women traditionally wear the sari, shalwar kameez and of late, Western attire is gaining acceptance among younger women.[117] Western-style dress has greater acceptance among men, although the traditional dhoti and kurta are seen during festivals.[118]
The Odisha State Museum offers archaeological artefacts, weapons, local arts and crafts as well as insights into Odisha's natural and indigenous history.[119] The Tribal Research Institute Museum hosts authentic tribal dwellings created by tribal craftsmen.[120] Nandankanan Zoological Park, located on the northern outskirt of the city, is India's first zoo to join World Association of Zoos and Aquariums.[121][122] The State Botanical Garden (Odisha) and Regional Plant Resource Center, popularly known as Ekamra Kanan, a park and botanical garden, has a large collection of exotic and regional fauna. The Ekamra Haat is a hand-loom and handicrafts market. Nicco Park and Ocean World are amusement parks. Other museums include Pathani Samanta Planetarium, Regional Museum of Natural History, Regional Science Center and State Handicrafts Museum.
Festivals
On the day of Ashokashtami in the month of March or April, the image of Lingaraja (Shiva) and other deities are taken in a procession from Lingaraja Temple to the Mausima Temple, where the deities remain for four days.[123] Hundreds of devotees participate in pulling the temple car that carries the deities, known as Rukuna Ratha.[124] Ratha-Yatra, "Temple Car Festival," is the most important festival in Odisha and Bhubaneswar.[125] The festival commemorates Jagannatha, who is said to have been the incarnation of India's revered deities, Vishnu and Krishna. Durga Puja, held in September–October, is an occasion for glamorous celebrations.[126][127]
As a part of the Ekamra Festival, many cultural sub-festivals take place in January in Bhubaneswar which include Kalinga Mahotsaba (for traditional martial arts), Dhauli-Kalinga Mahotsaba (for classical dance forms), Rajarani Music Festival (for classical music) and Mukteswara Dance Festival (for Odishi dance).[128] Residents engage in khattis, or leisurely chats, that often take the form of freestyle intellectual conversation.[129]
Other festivals celebrated include Shivaratri, Diwali, Ganesha Chaturthi, Nuakhai and Saraswati Puja. Eid and Christmas are celebrated by the religious minorities in the city.[130][131][132]
The Adivasi Mela, held in January, is a fair that displays the art, artefacts, tradition, culture, and music of the tribal inhabitants of Odisha.[133] The Toshali National Crafts Mela, held in December, showcases handicrafts from all over India and from foreign countries.[134] Other important fairs in the city include the Rajdhani Book Fair, Dot Fest[135] and Khandagiri Utsav.[136][137] Two international literary festivals are held in the city, Kalinga Literary Festival[138][139] and Mystic Kalinga Festival.[140][141] In modern times Bhubaneswar hosts a literary festival, the Odisha Literary Fest.[142]
Cuisine
Pahala rasagola, a famous sweet which originated in Odisha
Chhena Gaja, another famous sweet of Odisha
Key elements of the city's cuisine include rice and a fish curry known as Machha Jhola, which can be accompanied by desserts such as Rasagola, Rasabali, Chhena Gaja, Chhena Jhilli and Chhena Poda.[143] Odisha's large repertoire of seafood dishes includes various preparations of lobsters and crabs brought in from Chilika Lake.[144]
Street foods such as gupchup (a deep-fried crêpe, stuffed with a mix of mashed potatoes and boiled yellow peas, and dipped in tamarind-infused water), cuttack-chaat, dahi bara-aloo dum (a deep-fried doughnut-shaped lentil dumpling marinated in yogurt-infused water and served alongside potato curry) and bara-ghuguni are sold all over the city.[145] Traditional Oriya food such as dahi-pakhala (rice soaked in water with yogurt and seasonings) which is considered as a body coolant, accompanied by badi chura or saga are consumed during the months of April–June.[146]
The abadha of Lingaraja Temple and Ananta Vasudeva Temple served for devotees is considered a vegetarian culinary delight. Other vegetarian dishes are Dalma (made of lentils and vegetables boiled together and then fried with other spices) and Santula (lightly spiced steamed vegetables).[144]
Sports
Kalinga Stadium, Bhubaneswar
Bhubaneswar Golf Club
Bhubaneswar's major sporting arena is the Kalinga Stadium, having facilities for athletics, football, hockey, basketball, tennis, table tennis and swimming.[147][148][149] It is known for hosting the Odisha Hockey World Cup in November–December 2018. Kalinga Lancers, the sixth franchise of Hockey India League and Odisha FC, a Club of Indian Super League, are based in Bhubaneswar with Kalinga Stadium as their home ground. East Coast Railway Stadium, a prominent cricket stadium hosts Ranji Trophy and other matches.[150]
The construction of a gallery and stadium renovation is under way. An air-conditioned indoor stadium, with a capacity of 2000 spectators for badminton, volleyball, basketball and table tennis games is also being constructed.[147] Barabati Stadium in Cuttack, Odisha's only venue for international cricket matches, is located around 25 kilometres (16 mi) away.[151] Bhubaneswar has a franchise of Odisha Premier League, Bhubaneswar Jaguars, which started in 2010. Bhubaneswar Golf Club, a nine-hole golf course is situated in Infocity.[152]
The Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology Stadium commonly KIIT Stadium is a new multipurpose stadium located as a part of Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology University Campus or KIIT University in Bhubaneswar with a capacity of 40,000 currently.
The 2017 Asian Athletics Championships was the 22nd edition of the Asian Athletics Championships. It was held from 6-9 July 2017 at the Kalinga Stadium. Bhubaneswar is the third Indian city to host the Asian Athletics Championships, with Delhi being the first, in 1989, and Pune, the second, in 2013.[153]
Bhubaneswar is emerging as the new sports capital of India, as the FIH and the IOA president, Narindar Batra, recently stated in a ceremony, while unveiling the new logo for the Indian hockey team jersey, which is sponsored by the government of Odisha. The state, Batra mentioned, provides equal importance and opportunity for all sports such as cricket, football, field hockey, tennis, badminton, chess and many more.[154]
Media
The city's widely circulated Odia-language newspapers are Sambad, Dharitri, Pragatibadi, Samaja, Khabara, Orissa Bhaskara, Prameya and Samaya.[155] Orissa Post and Odia Age are the English-language newspaper that is produced and published from Bhubaneswar. Other popular English-language newspapers published and sold in Bhubaneswar include The Times of India, The Statesman, Hindustan Times, The Hindu, The Indian Express and the Asian Age.[155] Bhubaneswar has substantial circulation of financial dailies, including The Economic Times, The Financial Express, Business Line and Business Standard.[155] Vernacular newspapers, such as those in the Hindi, Bengali and Telugu languages are read by minorities.[155] Major periodicals based in Bhubaneswar include Saptahika Samaya, Saptahika Samaja and Kadambini.
All India Radio, the national state-owned radio broadcaster, airs several AM channels from the radio station located in Cuttack.[156] Bhubaneswar has five local radio stations broadcasting on FM, including two from AIR.[156][157] India's state-owned television broadcaster Doordarshan Odia provides two free-to-air terrestrial channels,[158] while a mix of Odia, Hindi, English and other regional channels are accessible via cable subscription and direct-broadcast satellite services. Some of the Odia language television channels are Colors Odia, Sarthak TV and Tarang TV. Odia-language 24-hour television news channels include News 7, Odisha TV, Kanak TV, ETV News Odia, MBC TV and Naxatra News.[159]
Notable people
The following are some of the notable people associated with Bhubaneswar:[clarification needed]
Subroto Bagchi
Ranjib Biswal
Dutee Chand
Nabakrushna Choudhuri
Bidhu Bhusan Das
Prabhat Nalini Das
Pankaj Charan Das
Baidyanath Misra
B. K. Misra
Bhubaneswar Mishra
Aparajita Mohanty
Bijay Mohanty
Debashish Mohanty
Gopinath Mohanty
Saraju Mohanty
Uttam Mohanty
Bibhu Mohapatra
Kelucharan Mohapatra
Mira Nair
Oopali Operajita
Sanjukta Panigrahi
Ramesh Chandra Parida
Prasanna Kumar Patasani
Biju Patnaik
Janaki Ballabh Patnaik
Naveen Patnaik
Sudarsan Pattnaik
Rakesh Pradhan
Trilochan Pradhan
Biswa Kalyan Rath
Mahasweta Ray
Tandra Ray
Archita Sahu
Salabega
Achyuta Samanta
Pathani Samanta
Mayadhar Swain
Parámetros :: Parameters :: Paramètres: Canos EOS 7D ; ISO 200; 0 ev; f10; 1/500 s; 400 mm Canon EF 100-400 f/4.5-5.L OS USM
Título :: Title :: Titre ::: Fecha (Date): Vive de inmediato :: Live immediately :: Vivre immédiatement ::: 2016/05/15 10:03
Palabras Clave, Keywords: "Lagunas Sentiz", León, España, Agua, , Reflejo, Azul, Spain, Water, Reflection, Blue, Espagne, Réflexion, Eau, Bleu.
(Es). Historia: Valdepolo, León. España. Vuelvo a las Lagunas Sentiz, en Valdepolo. No madrugo demasiado, de hecho salimos de casa alrededor de las 9; tarde. Ha llovido mucho los últimos días y los caminos están embarrados, lo que significa que por la tarde tendré que lavar el coche por fuera. Llego hasta las Lagunas y estamos solos Fray, las aves de la Laguna Sentiz y Yo. Voy rodeando la laguna a varios metros de la orilla porque el suelo está muy encharcado, pero Fray chapotea cerca del borde, lo que facilita que salgan súbitamente aves asustadas. Y así fue, al cabo de unos minutos de estar Fray haciendo ruido por la orilla, sale un ave batiendo alas y piernas a toda prisa. Después de terminar la serie de fotos de esa carrera desenfrenada, cuando ya el ave estaba de nuevo relajada varios metros más lejos, me viene a la mente un fogonazo de Séneca en su "Sobre la brevedad de la vida". Séneca, aquel Cordobés que nació un año después de Cristo, siempre actual; siempre. Aquel Cordobés que un estúpido Nerón obligo a suicidarse.
Séneca. Sobre la brevedad de la vida. Exordio
1. La mayor parte de los mortales, Paulino, se queja a una voz de la malicia de la naturaleza porque se nos ha engendrado para un período escaso, porque el espacio de tiempo que se nos da transcurre tan veloz, tan rápidamente que, con excepción de unos pocos, casi todos los demás quedan inhabilitados ya en la propia preparación de la vida. Y ante este mal, que según creen es general, no solloza solamente la masa y el vulgo necio, también este mismo sentimiento ha sacado quejas de personajes esclarecidos.
2. Viene de ahí aquella proclama del más grande de los médicos de que "la vida es breve, la ciencia larga". Viene de ahí aquel pleito tan poco propio de un hombre sabio que Aristóteles planteó a la naturaleza, pues sería que ella le ha regalado a los animales una edad tan larga que alcanzan cinco o diez generaciones, mientras que en el hombre, engendrado para tantas y tan grandes empresas, el límite se ha fijado mucho más acá.
3. No tenemos un tiempo escaso, sino que perdemos mucho. La vida es lo bastante larga y para realizar las cosas más importantes se nos ha otorgado con generosidad, si se emplea bien toda ella. Pero si se desparrama en la ostentación y la dejadez, donde no se gasta en nada bueno, cuando al fin nos acosa el inevitable trance final, nos damos cuenta de que ha pasado una vida que no supimos que estaba pasando.
4. Es así: no recibimos una vida corta sino que la hacemos corta; no somos menesterosos de ella sino derrochadores. Tal como unas riquezas cuantiosas y principescas, cuando caen en manos de un mal amo, en un instante se disipan, y al revés, cuando, pese a ser escasas, se entregan a un buen custodio, crecen al emplearlas, igualmente la existencia se le expande mucho a quien bien la organiza.
Toma: Fray chapoteaba por la orilla, oculto entre los juncos. Yo caminada a unos 20 metros de la orilla con la cámara preparada. Sólo tenía que esperar a oír el ruido esperado de un ave saliendo volando hacia el centro de la laguna. Y al poco tiempo sale de entre los juncos este ave como si le fuera la vida en ello. Luego calma de nuevo.
Tratamiento: Con Lightroom. Original en RAW. Prefiero quitar toda la parte superior de borde lejano de la laguna, dejando sólo unos reflejos de los juntos en la parte derecha. Por la parte inferior recorto la mallar parte de los juncos fuera de foco, dejando sólo los inevitables que se superponen a la ruta del ave. Luego juego con las diferentes luces y contraste para reforzar el reflejo de la nube que aclara el agua, justo en la zona donde está el ave.
¡Eso es todo amigos!
(En). The History: Valdepolo, León. Spain. Another day I return to Lagunas Sentiz in Valdepolo. Without early, in fact we left home around 9; late. Much has happened in Spain in recent days and the roads are muddy, meaning that afternoon have to dedicate a little time to wash the car out. I park the car up to a kilometer away from the lakes. We are alone: Fray, birds of "Laguna Sentiz" and I. Surrounding the lagoon road several meters from the shore because the ground is very waterlogged, but Fray sloshing near the edge, which facilitates leaving suddenly frightened birds. And so it happened: after a few minutes of Fray noisily along the shore, get a beating wings and legs in a hurry bird. After completing the series of photos of the bird and her wild race, when the bird was again relaxed several meters further, I came to my mind a flash of Seneca in his "On the brevity of life." Seneca, the Cordovan than a year after Christ was born, always present; always. That Cordobes a stupid Nero forced him to commit suicide.
Highly recommended reading "On the brevity of life" of Seneca. This belongs to the chapter Exordio.
1. La mayor parte de los mortales, Paulino, se queja a una voz de la malicia de la naturaleza porque se nos ha engendrado para un período escaso, porque el espacio de tiempo que se nos da transcurre tan veloz, tan rápidamente que, con excepción de unos pocos, casi todos los demás quedan inhabilitados ya en la propia preparación de la vida. Y ante este mal, que según creen es general, no solloza solamente la masa y el vulgo necio, también este mismo sentimiento ha sacado quejas de personajes esclarecidos.
2. Viene de ahí aquella proclama del más grande de los médicos de que "la vida es breve, la ciencia larga". Viene de ahí aquel pleito tan poco propio de un hombre sabio que Aristóteles planteó a la naturaleza, pues sería que ella le ha regalado a los animales una edad tan larga que alcanzan cinco o diez generaciones, mientras que en el hombre, engendrado para tantas y tan grandes empresas, el límite se ha fijado mucho más acá.
3. No tenemos un tiempo escaso, sino que perdemos mucho. La vida es lo bastante larga y para realizar las cosas más importantes se nos ha otorgado con generosidad, si se emplea bien toda ella. Pero si se desparrama en la ostentación y la dejadez, donde no se gasta en nada bueno, cuando al fin nos acosa el inevitable trance final, nos damos cuenta de que ha pasado una vida que no supimos que estaba pasando.
4. Es así: no recibimos una vida corta sino que la hacemos corta; no somos menesterosos de ella sino derrochadores. Tal como unas riquezas cuantiosas y principescas, cuando caen en manos de un mal amo, en un instante se disipan, y al revés, cuando, pese a ser escasas, se entregan a un buen custodio, crecen al emplearlas, igualmente la existencia se le expande mucho a quien bien la organiza.
Taking up: Fray continuously paddled along the shore, hidden among the reeds. I walked about 20 meters from the shore of the lagoon, with the camera ready. I just had to wait to hear the expected noise of a bird flying scared toward the center of the lagoon. And soon, out of the reeds this bird as if his life depended on it. Then calm again.
Treatment: With Lightroom. Original in RAW. I prefer to remove the entire top far edge of the lagoon, revealing only a few reflexes together on the right side. On the bottom I cut the meshed part of the reeds out of focus, leaving only the inevitable rushes overlap the path of the bird. Then play with the different lights and contrast to enhance the reflection of the cloud that clarifies the central part of the water at the scene, right in the area where the bird is.
That's all folks !!
(Fr). Histoire: Valdepolo, León. Espagne. Un autre jour je reviens à Lagunas Sentiz en Valdepolo. Sans début, en fait nous avons quitté la maison vers 9; plus tard. On a passé en Espagne au cours des derniers jours et les routes sont boueuses, ce qui signifie que l'après-midi ont à consacrer un peu de temps pour laver la voiture. Je gare la voiture jusqu'à un kilomètre des lacs. Nous sommes seuls: Fray, oiseaux de "Laguna Sentiz» et I. Autour de la route de la lagune à quelques mètres de la rive, car le sol est très gorgé d'eau, mais Fray ballottement près du bord, ce qui facilite en laissant les oiseaux soudain effrayés. Et il est arrivé: après quelques minutes de Fray bruyamment le long du rivage, obtenir un battements d'ailes et les jambes dans un oiseau pressé. Après avoir terminé la série de photos de l'oiseau et sa course folle, quand l'oiseau était à nouveau détendu plusieurs mètres plus loin, je suis venu à mon esprit un éclair de Sénèque dans sa «Sur la brièveté de la vie." Seneca, le cordouan d'un an après la naissance du Christ, toujours présent; toujours. Ce Cordobes Néron stupide l'a forcé à se suicider.
Hautement recommandé lecture "Sur la brièveté de la vie" de Sénèque. Celui-ci appartient au chapitre Exordio.
1. La mayor parte de los mortales, Paulino, se queja a una voz de la malicia de la naturaleza porque se nos ha engendrado para un período escaso, porque el espacio de tiempo que se nos da transcurre tan veloz, tan rápidamente que, con excepción de unos pocos, casi todos los demás quedan inhabilitados ya en la propia preparación de la vida. Y ante este mal, que según creen es general, no solloza solamente la masa y el vulgo necio, también este mismo sentimiento ha sacado quejas de personajes esclarecidos.
2. Viene de ahí aquella proclama del más grande de los médicos de que "la vida es breve, la ciencia larga". Viene de ahí aquel pleito tan poco propio de un hombre sabio que Aristóteles planteó a la naturaleza, pues sería que ella le ha regalado a los animales una edad tan larga que alcanzan cinco o diez generaciones, mientras que en el hombre, engendrado para tantas y tan grandes empresas, el límite se ha fijado mucho más acá.
3. No tenemos un tiempo escaso, sino que perdemos mucho. La vida es lo bastante larga y para realizar las cosas más importantes se nos ha otorgado con generosidad, si se emplea bien toda ella. Pero si se desparrama en la ostentación y la dejadez, donde no se gasta en nada bueno, cuando al fin nos acosa el inevitable trance final, nos damos cuenta de que ha pasado una vida que no supimos que estaba pasando.
4. Es así: no recibimos una vida corta sino que la hacemos corta; no somos menesterosos de ella sino derrochadores. Tal como unas riquezas cuantiosas y principescas, cuando caen en manos de un mal amo, en un instante se disipan, y al revés, cuando, pese a ser escasas, se entregan a un buen custodio, crecen al emplearlas, igualmente la existencia se le expande mucho a quien bien la organiza.
Prendre: Fray pagayé en continu le long du rivage, caché dans les roseaux. Je marchais à environ 20 mètres de la rive de la lagune, avec l'appareil photo prêt. Je viens d'avoir à attendre pour entendre le bruit attendu d'un oiseau volant peur vers le centre de la lagune. Et bientôt, sur les roseaux cet oiseau comme si sa vie en dépendait. Puis calmer à nouveau.
Traitement: Avec Lightroom. Original RAW. Je préfère retirer la totalité du bord loin en haut de la lagune, révélant seulement quelques réflexes ensemble sur le côté droit. Sur le fond je coupe la partie maillée des roseaux de mise au point, ne laissant que les joncs inévitables chevauchent le chemin de l'oiseau. Ensuite, jouer avec les différentes lumières et le contraste pour améliorer la réflexion du nuage qui clarifie la partie centrale de l'eau à la scène, à droite dans la zone où l'oiseau est.
Voilà, c'est tout!
Rom - Circus Maximus
You can see the Palatine Hill in the background.
Im Hintergrund ist der Palatin zu sehen.
The Circus Maximus (Latin for greatest or largest circus; Italian: Circo Massimo) is an ancient Roman chariot-racing stadium and mass entertainment venue located in Rome, Italy. Situated in the valley between the Aventine and Palatine Hills, it was the first and largest stadium in ancient Rome and its later Empire. It measured 621 m (2,037 ft) in length and 118 m (387 ft) in width and could accommodate over 150,000 spectators. In its fully developed form, it became the model for circuses throughout the Roman Empire. The site is now a public park.
The Circus was Rome's largest venue for ludi, public games connected to Roman religious festivals. Ludi were sponsored by leading Romans or the Roman state for the benefit of the Roman people (populus Romanus) and gods. Most were held annually or at annual intervals on the Roman calendar. Others might be given to fulfill a religious vow, such as the games in celebration of a triumph. In Roman tradition, the earliest triumphal ludi at the Circus were vowed by Tarquin the Proud to Jupiter in the late Regal era for his victory over Pometia.
Ludi ranged in duration and scope from one-day or even half-day events to spectacular multi-venue celebrations held over several days, with religious ceremonies and public feasts, horse and chariot racing, athletics, plays and recitals, beast-hunts and gladiator fights. Some included public executions. The greater ludi at the Circus began with a flamboyant parade (pompa circensis), much like the triumphal procession, which marked the purpose of the games and introduced the participants.
During Rome's Republican era, the aediles organised the games. The most costly and complex of the ludi offered opportunities to assess an aedile's competence, generosity, and fitness for higher office. Some Circus events, however, seem to have been relatively small and intimate affairs. In 167 BC, "flute players, scenic artists and dancers" performed on a temporary stage, probably erected between the two central seating banks. Others were enlarged at enormous expense to fit the entire space. A venatio held there in 169 BC, one of several in the 2nd century, employed "63 leopards and 40 bears and elephants", with spectators presumably kept safe by a substantial barrier.
As Rome's provinces expanded, existing ludi were embellished and new ludi invented by politicians who competed for divine and popular support. By the late Republic, ludi were held on 57 days of the year; an unknown number of these would have required full use of the Circus. On many other days, charioteers and jockeys would need to practice on its track. Otherwise, it would have made a convenient corral for the animals traded in the nearby cattle market, just outside the starting gate. Beneath the outer stands, next to the Circus' multiple entrances, were workshops and shops. When no games were being held, the Circus at the time of Catullus (mid-1st century BC) was likely "a dusty open space with shops and booths ... a colourful crowded disreputable area" frequented by "prostitutes, jugglers, fortune tellers and low-class performing artists."
Rome's emperors met the ever-burgeoning popular demand for regular ludi and the need for more specialised venues, as essential obligations of their office and cult. Over the several centuries of its development, the Circus Maximus became Rome's paramount specialist venue for chariot races. By the late 1st century AD, the Colosseum had been built to host most of the city's gladiator shows and smaller beast-hunts, and most track-athletes competed at the purpose-designed Stadium of Domitian, though long-distance foot races were still held at the Circus. Eventually, 135 days of the year were devoted to ludi.
Even at the height of its development as a chariot-racing circuit, the circus remained the most suitable space in Rome for religious processions on a grand scale, and was the most popular venue for large-scale venationes; in the late 3rd century, the emperor Probus laid on a spectacular Circus show in which beasts were hunted through a veritable forest of trees, on a specially built stage. With the advent of Christianity as the official religion of the Empire, ludi gradually fell out of favour. The last known beast-hunt at the Circus Maximus took place in 523, and the last known races there were held by Totila in 549.
After the 6th century, the Circus fell into disuse and decay, and was quarried for building materials. The lower levels, ever prone to flooding, were gradually buried under waterlogged alluvial soil and accumulated debris, so that the original track is now buried 6m beneath the modern surface. In the 11th century, the Circus was "replaced by dwellings rented out by the congregation of Saint-Guy." In the 12th century, a watercourse was dug there to drain the soil, and by the 1500s the area was used as a market garden. Many of the Circus' standing structures survived these changes; in 1587, two obelisks were removed from the central barrier by Pope Sixtus V, and one of these was re-sited at the Piazza del Popolo. Mid 19th century workings at the circus site uncovered the lower parts of a seating tier and outer portico. Since then, a series of excavations has exposed further sections of the seating, curved turn and central barrier but further exploration has been limited by the scale, depth and waterlogging of the site.
The Circus site now functions as a large park area, in the centre of the city. It is often used for concerts and meetings. The Rome concert of Live 8 (July 2, 2005) was held there. The English band Genesis performed a concert before an estimated audience of 500,000 people in 2007 (this was filmed and released as When in Rome 2007). The Rolling Stones played there in front of 71,527 people on June 22, 2014 for the Italian date of their 14 On Fire tour. The Circus has also hosted victory celebrations, following the Italian World Cup 2006 victory and the A.S. Roma Serie A victory in 2001.
(Wikipedia)
Der Circus Maximus (italienisch Circo Massimo) war der größte Circus im antiken Rom. Er hatte eine Gesamtlänge von 600 Metern (die Arena und Stufen eingerechnet) sowie eine Breite von 140 Metern. Sein Fassungsvermögen soll laut Dionysios von Halikarnassos im Ausbaustand zur Zeit des Augustus 150.000 Plätze, zur Zeit des älteren Plinius 250.000 Plätze betragen haben. Er wurde bis ins 6. Jahrhundert für Wagenrennen genutzt.
Bereits im 6. Jahrhundert v. Chr. wurde das sumpfige Murciatal zwischen Palatin und Aventin trockengelegt und konnte darauf für verschiedene Wettkämpfe genutzt werden. König Lucius Tarquinius Priscus soll, der Sage nach, erste hölzerne Tribünen errichtet haben, die in der weiteren Geschichte des Circus immer wieder einstürzten, was zuweilen viele Todesopfer forderte.
Erst Caesar, der den Circus in seiner Breite erweiterte, ließ anlässlich seiner Triumphalspiele im Jahr 46 v. Chr. zum Teil dauerhafte Sitzstufen aus Marmor einbauen und umgab die Arena mit einem Wassergraben, um sie vom Zuschauerraum zu trennen. Nach einem Brand im Jahr 31 v. Chr. erneuerte Augustus den Circus, baute ihn weiter aus, errichtete eine erste Kaiserloge und stellte im Jahr 10 v. Chr. den ersten Obelisken in der Mitte der Spina, der damals wohl noch hölzernen Trennwand zwischen den Bahnen, auf. Der Obelisk steht heute auf der Piazza del Popolo in Rom. Den zweiten, heute vor dem Lateran zu findenden Obelisken fügte Constantius II. im Jahr 357 hinzu. Der Circus diente in der Kaiserzeit nicht zuletzt der Kommunikation der Herrscher mit der Stadtbevölkerung, deren Akklamationen man hier entgegennahm.
Domitian ließ den Kaiserpalast auf dem Palatin daher so erweitern, dass er direkt von dort die Spiele verfolgen und sich von einer mit dem Palast verbundenen Kaiserloge aus dem Volk zeigen konnte. Doch erst unter Trajan wurde bis zum Jahr 103 der Circus komplett mit Stein, opus caementitium und Ziegeln ausgeführt. Er ließ die Kaiserloge Domitians abreißen und fügte eine Kaiserloge wieder dem Circus selbst ein. Im frühen 4. Jahrhundert n. Chr. erreichte der Circus dann seinen maximalen Ausbaustand.
Ein für die Rekonstruktion des damaligen Bauzustandes bedeutendes Mosaik wurde in der für ihren Carraramarmor berühmten Stadt Luna an der ligurischen Küste im „Haus der Mosaiken“ aufgedeckt. Der im 3./4. Jahrhundert n. Chr. verlegte Fußbodenschmuck zeigt den Circus sehr genau und ermöglicht zusammen mit anderen, nicht aus Luna stammenden Fundstücken, eine Rekonstruktion der berühmten Rennbahn mit Kaiserloge.
Die Circi der Römer hatten eine langgestreckte Form mit geradem Abschluss bei den Startboxen und gerundetem Abschluss an der gegenüberliegenden Seite. Die unter anderem mit zwei ägyptischen Obelisken verzierte Spina teilte die Bahn in der Längsachse. Die Gespanne umrundeten die Spina gegen den Uhrzeigersinn, in der Regel siebenmal. Auf der Spina befand sich im Circus Maximus ein Gestell mit sieben absenkbaren hölzernen Eiern, das später durch eines mit sieben marmornen Delphinen ersetzt wurde. An der Zahl der abgesenkten Eier bzw. Delphine konnten die Fahrer und Zuschauer ablesen, wie viele Runden zurückgelegt worden waren.
Die Wagenrennen (ludi circenses) im Circus Maximus waren öffentliche Veranstaltungen, die im Rahmen von Feierlichkeiten und zumeist auf Staatskosten veranstaltet wurden. Zu Zeiten der römischen Republik bestand ein tagfüllendes Programm aus 12 Rennen. In der Kaiserzeit wurde diese Zahl auf 24 erhöht. Zu diesen Anlässen wurden Bildnisse der Götter in silbernen und elfenbeinernen Wagen, die in der aedes Tensarum auf dem Kapitol aufbewahrt wurden, in einer Prozession in den Circus gebracht.
Die ersten Rennen im Circus Maximus fanden, wie Bestimmungen über Siegespreise im Zwölftafelgesetz belegen, wohl spätestens Mitte des 5. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. statt, die letzten bezeugten erst in der ausgehenden Spätantike – unter der Herrschaft des Ostgotenkönigs Totila im Jahr 549 oder 550 n. Chr.
Es gab in Rom weitere kleinere Circi, so den Circus Flaminius auf dem Marsfeld, den Circus des Nero im Bereich des heutigen Vatikan, den Circus Varianus an der Via Labicana und den Circus des Maxentius an der Via Appia.
Auch in den Provinzen wurden Circi und Hippodrome angelegt, um den dort lebenden Römern und Veteranen die gleichen Unterhaltungsmöglichkeiten wie in Rom zu bieten. Zudem spielten Wagenrennen in Kaiserresidenzen und Statthaltersitzen eine wichtige Rolle für die politische Kommunikation.
Außer den Wagenrennen der „Zirzensischen Spiele“ fanden im Circus Maximus auch Gladiatorenkämpfe und Tierhetzen statt.
Ab 186 v. Chr. wurden im Circus Maximus zudem „Spiele im griechischen Stil“, also athletische Wettkämpfe, veranstaltet. Caesar ließ für sie jedoch auf dem Marsfeld ein eigenes Stadion errichten, das spätere Stadion des Domitian.
In den Circus Maximus waren auch religiöse Gebäude integriert. Auf der Seite zum Aventin stand der Tempel des Sonnengottes. Nach Tertullian befand sich ein unterirdischer Altar für Consus unter der ersten, sogenannten Murcischen Wendemarke.
In die westlichen Unterbauten wurde ein noch heute erhaltenes Mithräum eingebaut.
Ab dem späteren 6. Jahrhundert zerfiel der Circus Maximus. Die große Freifläche wurde im Mittelalter dann teilweise landwirtschaftlich genutzt. Im Ostteil wurde die Kirche Santa Lucia in Settizodio mit zahlreichen Nebengebäuden eingebaut. Einen anderen Teil nutzte die Familie der Frangipane als Festung. Zur Wiederverwendung für den Bau des Petersdoms wurden schließlich die meisten marmornen Sitzstufen abgebaut. Im 19. Jahrhundert entstand im Westteil ein Gasometer. Die restliche Fläche war vor allem mit Kleingewerbe überbaut. In den 1930er Jahren begann man damit, die Fläche wieder freizulegen.
Der Circus Maximus ist heute eine Rasenfläche, in der die alte Form noch erkennbar ist. An der östlichen Kurve, hinter der die Via Appia beginnt, gibt es seit dem Jahr 1936 Ausgrabungen. Es wurden hier Teile der antiken Sitzreihen und Treppen wie auch die Reste eines Turms des Komplexes von Santa Lucia in Settizodio freigelegt.
Die Anlage wird für Großanlässe und ein Massenpublikum verwendet. So fand hier am 2. Juli 2005 das italienische Konzert von Live 8 laut Veranstaltern vor rund 200.000 Besuchern statt. Ebenfalls im Circus Maximus wurde die italienische Fußballnationalmannschaft am 10. Juli 2006 nach dem Gewinn der Weltmeisterschaft empfangen. Am 14. Juli 2007 spielte die britische Rockband Genesis laut Angaben der italienischen Presse im Circus Maximus vor über 500.000 Fans.
Von 2008 bis 2016 wurden am südlichen Rand der Anlage Ausgrabungen in den Fundamenten der Tribünen gemacht. Dabei konnten Wasserbecken für Pferde gleichermaßen freigelegt werden, wie Essensstände, Latrinen und mehrere Kammern, die zu einem Bordell gehörten. Unerwartet waren Fundamente des Triumphbogens des Titus, der anlässlich seines Sieges in Jerusalem errichtet wurde. Er galt als völlig zerstört. Ende 2016 öffnete eine Ausstellung in den Tribünen, die Zugang zu den Bauteilen gewährt.
(Wikipedia)
Waterlogging has occurred in various parts of Chittagong due to continuous heavy rain, waterlogging has occurred on various roads of Chittagong city due to heavy rain. It has caused severe traffic jam on the road. Due to flooding, almost half of the city's roads and streets are submerged in water. One of the causes of this water pollution is plastic polythene cokesheets and man-made waste, such as many shops selling one-time cups and polythene packaging products. After using that product, as there are no bins in the shops, the packaging is thrown directly by the shopkeepers and common people into the streets or drains. As these packaging products are non-biodegradable, they accumulate in drains and increase the intensity of waterlogging.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan_Dam
The Aswan Dam, or more specifically since the 1960s, the Aswan High Dam, is the world's largest embankment dam, which was built across the Nile in Aswan, Egypt, between 1960 and 1970. Its significance largely eclipsed the previous Aswan Low Dam initially completed in 1902 downstream. Based on the success of the Low Dam, then at its maximum utilization, construction of the High Dam became a key objective of the government following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952; with its ability to better control flooding, provide increased water storage for irrigation and generate hydroelectricity, the dam was seen as pivotal to Egypt's planned industrialization. Like the earlier implementation, the High Dam has had a significant effect on the economy and culture of Egypt.
Before the High Dam was built, even with the old dam in place, the annual flooding of the Nile during late summer had continued to pass largely unimpeded down the valley from its East African drainage basin. These floods brought high water with natural nutrients and minerals that annually enriched the fertile soil along its floodplain and delta; this predictability had made the Nile valley ideal for farming since ancient times. However, this natural flooding varied, since high-water years could destroy the whole crop, while low-water years could create widespread drought and consequently famine. Both these events had continued to occur periodically. As Egypt's population grew and technology increased, both a desire and the ability developed to completely control the flooding, and thus both protect and support farmland and its economically important cotton crop. With the greatly increased reservoir storage provided by the High Aswan Dam, the floods could be controlled and the water could be stored for later release over multiple years.
The Aswan Dam was designed by the Moscow-based Hydroproject Institute.
The earliest recorded attempt to build a dam near Aswan was in the 11th century, when the Arab polymath and engineer Ibn al-Haytham (known as Alhazen in the West) was summoned to Egypt by the Fatimid Caliph, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, to regulate the flooding of the Nile, a task requiring an early attempt at an Aswan Dam. His field work convinced him of the impracticality of this scheme.
The British began construction of the first dam across the Nile in 1898. Construction lasted until 1902 and the dam was opened on 10 December 1902. The project was designed by Sir William Willcocks and involved several eminent engineers, including Sir Benjamin Baker and Sir John Aird, whose firm, John Aird & Co., was the main contractor.
In 1952, the Greek-Egyptian engineer Adrian Daninos began to develop the plan of the new Aswan Dam. Although the Low Dam was almost overtopped in 1946, the government of King Farouk showed no interest in Daninos's plans. Instead the Nile Valley Plan by the British hydrologist Harold Edwin Hurst was favored, which proposed to store water in Sudan and Ethiopia, where evaporation is much lower. The Egyptian position changed completely after the overthrow of the monarchy, led by the Free Officers Movement including Gamal Abdel Nasser. The Free Officers were convinced that the Nile Waters had to be stored in Egypt for political reasons, and within two months, the plan of Daninos was accepted. Initially, both the United States and the USSR were interested in helping development of the dam. Complications ensued due to their rivalry during the Cold War, as well as growing intra-Arab tensions.
In 1955, Nasser was claiming to be the leader of Arab nationalism, in opposition to the traditional monarchies, especially the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq following its signing of the 1955 Baghdad Pact. At that time the U.S. feared that communism would spread to the Middle East, and it saw Nasser as a natural leader of an anticommunist procapitalist Arab League. America and the United Kingdom offered to help finance construction of the High Dam, with a loan of $270 million, in return for Nasser's leadership in resolving the Arab-Israeli conflict. While opposed to communism, capitalism, and imperialism, Nasser identified as a tactical neutralist, and sought to work with both the U.S. and the USSR for Egyptian and Arab benefit.[8] After the UN criticized a raid by Israel against Egyptian forces in Gaza in 1955, Nasser realized that he could not portray himself as the leader of pan-Arab nationalism if he could not defend his country militarily against Israel. In addition to his development plans, he looked to quickly modernize his military, and he turned first to the U.S. for aid.
American Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and President Dwight Eisenhower told Nasser that the U.S. would supply him with weapons only if they were used for defensive purposes and if he accepted American military personnel for supervision and training. Nasser did not accept these conditions, and consulted the USSR for support.
Although Dulles believed that Nasser was only bluffing and that the USSR would not aid Nasser, he was wrong: the USSR promised Nasser a quantity of arms in exchange for a deferred payment of Egyptian grain and cotton. On 27 September 1955, Nasser announced an arms deal, with Czechoslovakia acting as a middleman for the Soviet support. Instead of attacking Nasser for turning to the Soviets, Dulles sought to improve relations with him. In December 1955, the US and the UK pledged $56 and $14 million, respectively, toward construction of the High Aswan Dam.
Though the Czech arms deal created an incentive for the US to invest at Aswan, the UK cited the deal as a reason for repealing its promise of dam funds. Dulles was angered more by Nasser's diplomatic recognition of China, which was in direct conflict with Dulles's policy of containment of communism.
Several other factors contributed to the US deciding to withdraw its offer of funding for the dam. Dulles believed that the USSR would not fulfil its commitment of military aid. He was also irritated by Nasser's neutrality and attempts to play both sides of the Cold War. At the time, other Western allies in the Middle East, including Turkey and Iraq, were resentful that Egypt, a persistently neutral country, was being offered so much aid.
In June 1956, the Soviets offered Nasser $1.12 billion at 2% interest for the construction of the dam. On 19 July the U.S. State Department announced that American financial assistance for the High Dam was "not feasible in present circumstances."
On 26 July 1956, with wide Egyptian acclaim, Nasser announced the nationalization of the Suez Canal that included fair compensation for the former owners. Nasser planned on the revenues generated by the canal to help fund construction of the High Dam. When the Suez War broke out, the United Kingdom, France, and Israel seized the canal and the Sinai. But pressure from the U.S. and the USSR at the United Nations and elsewhere forced them to withdraw.
In 1958, the USSR proceeded to provide support for the High Dam project.
In the 1950s, archaeologists began raising concerns that several major historical sites, including the famous temple of Abu Simbel were about to be submerged by waters collected behind the dam. A rescue operation began in 1960 under UNESCO
Despite its size, the Aswan project has not materially hurt the Egyptian balance of payments. The three Soviet credits covered virtually all of the project's foreign exchange requirements, including the cost of technical services, imported power generating and transmission equipment and some imported equipment for land reclamation. Egypt was not seriously burdened by payments on the credits, most of which were extended for 12 years with interest at the very low rate of 2-1/2%. Repayments to the USSR constituted only a small net drain during the first half of the 1960s, and increased export earnings derived from crops grown on newly reclaimed land have largely offset the modest debt service payments in recent years. During 1965–70, these export earnings amounted to an estimated $126 million, compared with debt service payments of $113 million.
A central pylon of the monument to Arab-Soviet Friendship. The memorial commemorates the completion of the Aswan High Dam. The coat of arms of the Soviet Union is on the left and the coat of arms of Egypt is on the right.
The Soviets also provided technicians and heavy machinery. The enormous rock and clay dam was designed by the Soviet Hydroproject Institute along with some Egyptian engineers. 25,000 Egyptian engineers and workers contributed to the construction of the dams.
Originally designed by West German and French engineers in the early 1950s and slated for financing with Western credits, the Aswan High Dam became the USSR's largest and most famous foreign aid project after the United States, the United Kingdom, and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) withdrew their support in 1956. The first Soviet loan of $100 million to cover construction of coffer dams for diversion of the Nile was extended in 1958. An additional $225 million was extended in 1960 to complete the dam and construct power-generating facilities, and subsequently about $100 million was made available for land reclamation. These credits of some $425 million covered only the foreign exchange costs of the project, including salaries of Soviet engineers who supervised the project and were responsible for the installation and testing of Soviet equipment. Actual construction, which began in 1960, was done by Egyptian companies on contract to the High Dam Authority, and all domestic costs were borne by the Egyptians. Egyptian participation in the venture has raised the construction industry's capacity and reputation significantly.
On the Egyptian side, the project was led by Osman Ahmed Osman's Arab Contractors. The relatively young Osman underbid his only competitor by one-half.
1960: Start of construction on 9 January
1964: First dam construction stage completed, reservoir started filling
1970: The High Dam, as-Sad al-'Aali, completed on 21 July[18]
1976: Reservoir reached capacity.
Specifications
The Aswan High Dam is 3,830 metres (12,570 ft) long, 980 m (3,220 ft) wide at the base, 40 m (130 ft) wide at the crest and 111 m (364 ft)[ tall. It contains 43,000,000 cubic metres (56,000,000 cu yd) of material. At maximum, 11,000 cubic metres per second (390,000 cu ft/s) of water can pass through the dam. There are further emergency spillways for an extra 5,000 cubic metres per second (180,000 cu ft/s), and the Toshka Canal links the reservoir to the Toshka Depression. The reservoir, named Lake Nasser, is 500 km (310 mi) long[20] and 35 km (22 mi) at its widest, with a surface area of 5,250 square kilometres (2,030 sq mi). It holds 132 cubic kilometres (1.73×1011 cu yd) of water.
Due to the absence of appreciable rainfall, Egypt's agriculture depends entirely on irrigation. With irrigation, two crops per year can be produced, except for sugar cane which has a growing period of almost one year.
The high dam at Aswan releases, on average, 55 cubic kilometres (45,000,000 acre⋅ft) water per year, of which some 46 cubic kilometres (37,000,000 acre⋅ft) are diverted into the irrigation canals.
In the Nile valley and delta, almost 336,000 square kilometres (130,000 sq mi) benefit from these waters producing on average 1.8 crops per year. The annual crop consumptive use of water is about 38 cubic kilometres (31,000,000 acre⋅ft). Hence, the overall irrigation efficiency is 38/46 = 0.826 or 83%. This is a relatively high irrigation efficiency. The field irrigation efficiencies are much less, but the losses are reused downstream. This continuous reuse accounts for the high overall efficiency.
The following table shows the distribution of irrigation water over the branch canals taking off from the one main irrigation canal, the Mansuriya Canal near Giza.
Branch canalWater delivery in m3/feddan *
Kafret Nasser4,700
Beni Magdul3,500
El Mansuria3,300
El Hammami upstream2,800
El Hammami downstream1,800
El Shimi1,200
* Period 1 March to 31 July. 1 feddan is 0.42 ha or about 1 acre.
* Data from the Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP)
The salt concentration of the water in the Aswan reservoir is about 0.25 kilograms per cubic metre (0.42 lb/cu yd), a very low salinity level. At an annual inflow of 55 cubic kilometres (45,000,000 acre⋅ft), the annual salt influx reaches 14 million tons. The average salt concentration of the drainage water evacuated into the sea and the coastal lakes is 2.7 kilograms per cubic metre (4.6 lb/cu yd). At an annual discharge of 10 cubic kilometres (2.4 cu mi) (not counting the 2 kilograms per cubic metre [3.4 lb/cu yd] of salt intrusion from the sea and the lakes, see figure "Water balances"), the annual salt export reaches 27 million ton. In 1995, the output of salt was higher than the influx, and Egypt's agricultural lands were desalinizing. Part of this could be due to the large number of subsurface drainage projects executed in the last decades to control the water table and soil salinity.
Drainage through subsurface drains and drainage channels is essential to prevent a deterioration of crop yields from waterlogging and soil salinization caused by irrigation. By 2003, more than 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi) have been equipped with a subsurface drainage system and approximately 7.2 square kilometres (2.8 sq mi) of water is drained annually from areas with these systems. The total investment cost in agricultural drainage over 27 years from 1973 to 2002 was about $3.1 billion covering the cost of design, construction, maintenance, research and training. During this period 11 large-scale projects were implemented with financial support from World Bank and other donors.
Effects
The High Dam has resulted in protection from floods and droughts, an increase in agricultural production and employment, electricity production, and improved navigation that also benefits tourism. Conversely, the dam flooded a large area, causing the relocation of over 100,000 people. Many archaeological sites were submerged while others were relocated. The dam is blamed for coastline erosion, soil salinity, and health problems.
The assessment of the costs and benefits of the dam remains controversial decades after its completion. According to one estimate, the annual economic benefit of the High Dam immediately after its completion was LE 255 million, $587 million using the exchange rate in 1970 of $2.30 per LE 1): LE 140 million from agricultural production, LE 100 million from hydroelectric generation, LE 10 million from flood protection, and LE 5 million from improved navigation. At the time of its construction, total cost, including unspecified "subsidiary projects" and the extension of electric power lines, amounted to LE 450 million. Not taking into account the negative environmental and social effects of the dam, its costs are thus estimated to have been recovered within only two years. One observer notes: "The impacts of the Aswan High Dam have been overwhelmingly positive. Although the Dam has contributed to some environmental problems, these have proved to be significantly less severe than was generally expected, or currently believed by many people." Another observer disagreed and he recommended that the dam should be torn down. Tearing it down would cost only a fraction of the funds required for "continually combating the dam's consequential damage" and 500,000 hectares (1,900 sq mi) of fertile land could be reclaimed from the layers of mud on the bed of the drained reservoir. Samuel C. Florman wrote about the dam: "As a structure it is a success. But in its effect on the ecology of the Nile Basin – most of which could have been predicted – it is a failure".
Periodic floods and droughts have affected Egypt since ancient times. The dam mitigated the effects of floods, such as those in 1964, 1973, and 1988. Navigation along the river has been improved, both upstream and downstream of the dam. Sailing along the Nile is a favorite tourism activity, which is mainly done during the winter when the natural flow of the Nile would have been too low to allow navigation of cruise ships.[clarification needed] A new fishing industry has been created around Lake Nasser, though it is struggling due to its distance from any significant markets. The annual production was about 35 000 tons in the mid-1990s. Factories for the fishing industry and packaging have been set up near the Lake.
According to a 1971 CIA declassified report, Although the High Dam has not created ecological problems as serious as some observers have charged, its construction has brought economic losses as well as gains. These losses derive largely from the settling in dam's lake of the rich silt traditionally borne by the Nile. To date (1971), the main impact has been on the fishing industry. Egypt's Mediterranean catch, which once averaged 35,000-40,000 tons annually, has shrunk to 20,000 tons or less, largely because the loss of plankton nourished by the silt has eliminated the sardine population in Egyptian waters. Fishing in high dam's lake may in time at least partly offset the loss of saltwater fish, but only the most optimistic estimates place the eventual catch as high as 15,000-20,000 tons. Lack of continuing silt deposits at the mouth of the river also has contributed to a serious erosion problem. Commercial fertilizer requirements and salination and drainage difficulties, already large in perennially irrigated areas of Lower and Middle Egypt, will be somewhat increased in Upper Egypt by the change to perennial irrigation.
The dams also protected Egypt from the droughts in 1972–73 and 1983–87 that devastated East and West Africa. The High Dam allowed Egypt to reclaim about 2.0 million feddan (840,000 hectares) in the Nile Delta and along the Nile Valley, increasing the country's irrigated area by a third. The increase was brought about both by irrigating what used to be desert and by bringing under cultivation of 385,000 hectares (950,000 acres) that were previously used as flood retention basins. About half a million families were settled on these new lands. In particular the area under rice and sugar cane cultivation increased. In addition, about 1 million feddan (420,000 hectares), mostly in Upper Egypt, were converted from flood irrigation with only one crop per year to perennial irrigation allowing two or more crops per year. On other previously irrigated land, yields increased because water could be made available at critical low-flow periods. For example, wheat yields in Egypt tripled between 1952 and 1991 and better availability of water contributed to this increase. Most of the 32 km3 of freshwater, or almost 40 percent of the average flow of the Nile that were previously lost to the sea every year could be put to beneficial use. While about 10 km3 of the water saved is lost due to evaporation in Lake Nasser, the amount of water available for irrigation still increased by 22 km3. Other estimates put evaporation from Lake Nasser at between 10 and 16 cubic km per year.
Electricity production
The dam powers twelve generators each rated at 175 megawatts (235,000 hp), with a total of 2.1 gigawatts (2,800,000 hp). Power generation began in 1967. When the High Dam first reached peak output it produced around half of Egypt's production of electric power (about 15 percent by 1998), and it gave most Egyptian villages the use of electricity for the first time. The High Dam has also improved the efficiency and the extension of the Old Aswan Hydropower stations by regulating upstream flows.
All High Dam power facilities were completed ahead of schedule. 12 turbines were installed and tested, giving the plant an installed capacity of 2,100 megawatts (MW), or more than twice the national total in 1960. With this capacity, the Aswan plant can produce 10 billion kWh of energy yearly. Two 500-kilovolt trunk lines to Cairo have been completed, and initial transmission problems, stemming mainly from poor insulators, were solved. Also, the damage inflicted on a main transformer station in 1968 by Israeli commandos has been repaired, and the Aswan plant is fully integrated with the power network in Lower Egypt. By 1971 estimation, Power output at Aswan, won't reach much more than half of the plant's theoretical capacity, because of limited water supplies and the differing seasonal water-use patterns for irrigation and power production. Agricultural demand for water in the summer far exceeds the amount needed to meet the comparatively low summer demand for electric power. Heavy summer irrigation use, however, will leave insufficient water under Egyptian control to permit hydroelectric power production at full capacity in the winter. Technical studies indicate that a maximum annual output of 5 billion kWh appears to be all that can be sustained due to fluctuations in Nile flows.
Resettlement and compensations
In Sudan, 50,000 to 70,000 Sudanese Nubians were moved from the old town of Wadi Halfa and its surrounding villages. Some were moved to a newly created settlement on the shore of Lake Nasser called New Wadi Halfa, and some were resettled approximately 700 kilometres (430 mi) south to the semi-arid Butana plain near the town of Khashm el-Girba up the Atbara River. The climate there had a regular rainy season as opposed to their previous desert habitat in which virtually no rain fell. The government developed an irrigation project, called the New Halfa Agricultural Development Scheme to grow cotton, grains, sugar cane and other crops. The Nubians were resettled in twenty five planned villages that included schools, medical facilities, and other services, including piped water and some electrification.
In Egypt, the majority of the 50,000 Nubians were moved three to ten kilometers from the Nile near Edna and Kom Ombo, 45 kilometers (28 mi) downstream from Aswan in what was called "New Nubia". Housing and facilities were built for 47 village units whose relationship to each other approximated that in Old Nubia. Irrigated land was provided to grow mainly sugar cane.
In 2019–20, Egypt started to compensate the Nubians who lost their homes following the dam impoundment.
Archaeological sites
Twenty-two monuments and architectural complexes that were threatened by flooding from Lake Nasser, including the Abu Simbel temples, were preserved by moving them to the shores of the lake under the UNESCO Nubia Campaign. Also moved were Philae, Kalabsha and Amada.
These monuments were granted to countries that helped with the works:
The Debod temple to Madrid
The Temple of Dendur to the Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York
The Temple of Taffeh to the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden of Leiden
The Temple of Ellesyia to the Museo Egizio of Turin
These items were removed to the garden area of the Sudan National Museum of Khartoum:
The temple of Ramses II at Aksha
The temple of Hatshepsut at Buhen
The temple of Khnum at Kumma
The tomb of the Nubian prince Djehuti-hotep at Debeira
The temples of Dedwen and Sesostris III at Semna
The granite columns from the Faras Cathedral
A part of the paintings of the Faras Cathedral; the other part is in the National Museum of Warsaw.
The Temple of Ptah at Gerf Hussein had its free-standing section reconstructed at New Kalabsha, alongside the Temple of Kalabsha, Beit el-Wali, and the Kiosk of Qertassi.
The remaining archaeological sites, including the Buhen fort and the cemetery of Fadrus have been flooded by Lake Nasser.
Loss of sediments
Before the construction of the High Dam, the Nile deposited sediments of various particle size – consisting of fine sand, silt and clay – on fields in Upper Egypt through its annual flood, contributing to soil fertility. However, the nutrient value of the sediment has often been overestimated. 88 percent of the sediment was carried to the sea before the construction of the High Dam. The nutrient value added to the land by the sediment was only 6,000 tons of potash, 7,000 tons of phosphorus pentoxide and 17,000 tons of nitrogen. These amounts are insignificant compared to what is needed to reach the yields achieved today in Egypt's irrigation. Also, the annual spread of sediment due to the Nile floods occurred along the banks of the Nile. Areas far from the river which never received the Nile floods before are now being irrigated.
A more serious issue of trapping of sediment by the dam is that it has increased coastline erosion surrounding the Nile Delta. The coastline erodes an estimated 125–175 m (410–574 ft) per year.
Waterlogging and increase in soil salinity
Before the construction of the High Dam, groundwater levels in the Nile Valley fluctuated 8–9 m (26–30 ft) per year with the water level of the Nile. During summer when evaporation was highest, the groundwater level was too deep to allow salts dissolved in the water to be pulled to the surface through capillary action. With the disappearance of the annual flood and heavy year-round irrigation, groundwater levels remained high with little fluctuation leading to waterlogging. Soil salinity also increased because the distance between the surface and the groundwater table was small enough (1–2 m depending on soil conditions and temperature) to allow water to be pulled up by evaporation so that the relatively small concentrations of salt in the groundwater accumulated on the soil surface over the years. Since most of the farmland did not have proper subsurface drainage to lower the groundwater table, salinization gradually affected crop yields.[31] Drainage through sub-surface drains and drainage channels is essential to prevent a deterioration of crop yields from soil salinization and waterlogging. By 2003, more than 2 million hectares have been equipped with a subsurface drainage system at a cost from 1973 to 2002 of about $3.1 billion.
Health
Contrary to many predictions made prior to the Aswan High Dam construction and publications that followed, that the prevalence of schistosomiasis (bilharzia) would increase, it did not. This assumption did not take into account the extent of perennial irrigation that was already present throughout Egypt decades before the high dam closure. By the 1950s only a small proportion of Upper Egypt had not been converted from basin (low transmission) to perennial (high transmission) irrigation. Expansion of perennial irrigation systems in Egypt did not depend on the high dam. In fact, within 15 years of the high dam closure there was solid evidence that bilharzia was declining in Upper Egypt. S. haematobium has since disappeared altogether. Suggested reasons for this include improvements in irrigation practice. In the Nile Delta, schistosomiasis had been highly endemic, with prevalence in the villages 50% or higher for almost a century before. This was a consequence of the conversion of the Delta to perennial irrigation to grow long staple cotton by the British. This has changed. Large-scale treatment programmes in the 1990s using single-dose oral medication contributed greatly to reducing the prevalence and severity of S. mansoni in the Delta.
Other effects
Sediment deposited in the reservoir is lowering the water storage capacity of Lake Nasser. The reservoir storage capacity is 162 km3, including 31 km3 dead storage at the bottom of the lake below 147 m (482 ft) above sea level, 90 km3 live storage, and 41 km3 of storage for high flood waters above 175 m (574 ft) above sea level. The annual sediment load of the Nile is about 134 million tons. This means that the dead storage volume would be filled up after 300–500 years if the sediment accumulated at the same rate throughout the area of the lake. Obviously sediment accumulates much faster at the upper reaches of the lake, where sedimentation has already affected the live storage zone.
Before the construction of the High Dam, the 50,000 km (31,000 mi) of irrigation and drainage canals in Egypt had to be dredged regularly to remove sediments. After construction of the dam, aquatic weeds grew much faster in the clearer water, helped by fertilizer residues. The total length of the infested waterways was about 27,000 km (17,000 mi) in the mid-1990s. Weeds have been gradually brought under control by manual, mechanical and biological methods.
Mediterranean fishing and brackish water lake fishery declined after the dam was finished because nutrients that flowed down the Nile to the Mediterranean were trapped behind the dam. For example, the sardine catch off the Egyptian coast declined from 18,000 tons in 1962 to a mere 460 tons in 1968, but then gradually recovered to 8,590 tons in 1992. A scientific article in the mid-1990s noted that "the mismatch between low primary productivity and relatively high levels of fish production in the region still presents a puzzle to scientists."
A concern before the construction of the High Dam had been the potential drop in river-bed level downstream of the Dam as the result of erosion caused by the flow of sediment-free water. Estimates by various national and international experts put this drop at between and 2 and 10 meters (6.6 and 32.8 ft). However, the actual drop has been measured at 0.3–0.7 meters (0.98–2.30 ft), much less than expected.[30]
The red-brick construction industry, which consisted of hundreds of factories that used Nile sediment deposits along the river, has also been negatively affected. Deprived of sediment, they started using the older alluvium of otherwise arable land taking out of production up to 120 square kilometers (46 sq mi) annually, with an estimated 1,000 square kilometers (390 sq mi) destroyed by 1984 when the government prohibited, "with only modest success," further excavation. According to one source, bricks are now being made from new techniques which use a sand-clay mixture and it has been argued that the mud-based brick industry would have suffered even if the dam had not been built.
Because of the lower turbidity of the water sunlight penetrates deeper in the Nile water. Because of this and the increased presence of nutrients from fertilizers in the water, more algae grow in the Nile. This in turn increases the costs of drinking water treatment. Apparently few experts had expected that water quality in the Nile would actually decrease because of the High Dam.
Appraisal of the Project
Although it is moot whether the project constitutes the best use of the funds spent, the Aswan Dam project unquestionably is and will continue to be economically beneficial to Egypt. The project has been expensive and it took considerable time to complete, as is usually the case with large hydroelectric developments, But Egypt now has a valuable asset with a long life and low operating costs. Even so, the wisdom of concentrating one-third of domestic saving and most of available foreign aid on a slow growth project is questionable. Since 1960, GNP has grown 50%, but mainly as a result of other investment.
Egyptian authorities were well aware that equivalent gains in output could have been achieved more quickly and more cheaply by other means. A series of low dams, similar to the barrages now contemplated, was suggested by Egyptian engineers as a more economical means of achieving up to 2,000 mW of additional generating capacity, US and WorldBank agricultural experts had long recommended improved drainage, introduction of hybrid seeds, and other such low-cost alternatives to land reclamation as a means of increasing agricultural output, In other areas, most notably the once efficient cotton textile industry, investment was needed to forestall an output decline, Implementation of these and other alternatives has been postponed rather than precluded by the High Dam project.
However, the decision to concentrate Egyptian savings and energies on the Aswan project for a decade was heavily based on non-economic factors. Nasser undoubtedly believed that a project of considerable symbolic appeal was needed to mobilize the population behind the government's economic goals, He also apparently felt that the East and West would be more easily persuaded to bid against each other for a project of this scope.
The Aswan High Dam made an appreciable contribution to Egyptian GNP, however the returns were well below what the planners had anticipated. The principal limiting factors on the High Dam's contribution to Egyptian output are a shortage of land suitable for reclamation, the high cost and long time required to bring reclaimed land to full productivity, and an inadequate water supply to meet power and irrigation goals simultaneously. The last limitation arises in part from the allocation in a 1959 agreement of more water to Sudan than was originally foreseen and in part from differences in the seasonal demand pattern of agriculture and the hydroelectric plant for the water. Irrigation requires very heavy use of water during summer months, while power generation needs peak during the winter. Ecological problems created by the dam, most of which were anticipated, have not seriously harmed the economy, although a few minor industries have been damaged.
The dam is, nonetheless, a viable project. Eventually the contribution to GNP equals as much as 20% of total investment. Moreover, the dam and associated projects provided returns that at least offset the cost of operation, repayment of foreign loans and amortisation of domestic loans.
A woman has collected drinking water from a neighbor's house, as there is waterlogging in the lower part of the city due to heavy rains and tidal water. But as a result of this waterlogging, the open garbage dump and dirty water from the drains are mixed, resulting in an acute water crisis for drinking water.
While continuous heavy rains and tidal water make life difficult for people, waterlogging and dirty water make people suffer the most for drinking water.
প্রতিবেশীর বাসা থেকে খাবার পানি সংগ্রহ করেছেন একজন মহিলা , যেমনটা অতি বৃষিট ও জোয়ারারে পানির কারণে শহরের নিম্নাঞ্চলে জলাবদ্ধতার তৈরী হয়.কিন্তু এই জল বদ্ধতার ফলে উন্মুক্ত ময়লার ভাগাড় ও নালার ময়লা পানি মিশে ফলে খাবার পানির তীব্র পানির সঙ্কট তৈরী হয়।
The building was completely gutted with fire. Firemen trying their best to bring the fire under control. No life was lost but the building was completely at Ground zero.
A representative soil profile and landscape of the Cegin soil series from England. (Photos and information provided by LandIS, Land Information System: Cranfield University 2022. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK. Last accessed 14/01/2022). (Photos revised.)
These and associated soils are slowly permeable seasonally waterlogged fine silty and clayey soils. Some fine silty and fine loamy soils with slowly permeable subsoils and slight seasonal waterlogging on slopes. Well drained fine loamy soils over rock in places.
They are classified as Dystric Stagnosols by the WRB soil classification system. (www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf)
For more information about this soil, visit:
Waterlogging has occurred in various parts of Chittagong due to continuous heavy rain, waterlogging has occurred on various roads of Chittagong city due to heavy rain. It has caused severe traffic jam on the road. Due to flooding, almost half of the city's roads and streets are submerged in water. One of the causes of this water pollution is plastic polythene cokesheets and man-made waste, such as many shops selling one-time cups and polythene packaging products. After using that product, as there are no bins in the shops, the packaging is thrown directly by the shopkeepers and common people into the streets or drains. As these packaging products are non-biodegradable, they accumulate in drains and increase the intensity of waterlogging.
Waterlogging has occurred in various parts of Chittagong due to continuous heavy rain, waterlogging has occurred on various roads of Chittagong city due to heavy rain. It has caused severe traffic jam on the road. Due to flooding, almost half of the city's roads and streets are submerged in water. One of the causes of this water pollution is plastic polythene cokesheets and man-made waste, such as many shops selling one-time cups and polythene packaging products. After using that product, as there are no bins in the shops, the packaging is thrown directly by the shopkeepers and common people into the streets or drains. As these packaging products are non-biodegradable, they accumulate in drains and increase the intensity of waterlogging.
The rare White-faced Darter at Foulshaw Moss
In Britain the White-faced Darter is a rare dragonfly having declined, notably in England, in the last 35 years. It is the subject of Biodiversity Action Plans in Cheshire and Cumbria.
In Britain the White-faced Darter is found at isolated sites from the Midlands to north Scotland and Chartley Moss is currently the most southerly distribution in the UK. Major strongholds for the species occur in the highlands of Scotland. The populations in both Inverness-shire and Ross-shire are particularly important.
british-dragonflies.org.uk/species/white-faced-darter/
Foulshaw Moss Cumbria Wildlife Trust
About the reserve
A precious peat bog
Peat has formed over thousands of years from the remains of the humble bog plant Sphagnum moss.
These remains, halted from decaying fully due to waterlogging and acidity, have eventually built to form a dome of peat that’s higher than the surrounding land.
Drainage and tree planting in the 1950s–60s meant much of the wetland wildlife was lost, but these species are now returning following the Trust’s ambitious 15-year restoration of the site.
What makes Foulshaw Moss so special?
Lowland raised mires like Foulshaw Moss are one of Western Europe’s rarest and most threatened habitats.
Around 94% of this unique habitat has been destroyed or damaged in the UK, so these remaining areas are incredibly important for a range of wildlife.
Water-loving Sphagnum mosses, carnivorous sundews, cranberry and bog-rosemary are just some of the plants that thrive here, creating a living carpet of colour that’s interspersed with the soft white heads of cottongrass in early summer.
These mossy hummocks and pools provide essential nesting and feeding ground for wetland birds such as moorhen, snipe and the elusive water rail, whilst birds of prey including hobby, sparrowhawk, buzzard and peregrine take advantage of the abundance of prey.
Foulshaw Moss is an incredibly peaceful nature reserve that offers something special for all wildlife enthusiasts.
Although the landscape is challenging, boardwalk makes visiting easy-going, with routes leading through peaty pools or out onto the open moss where many different butterflies, moths and insects are found.
www.cumbriawildlifetrust.org.uk/nature-reserves/foulshaw-...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan_Dam
The Aswan Dam, or more specifically since the 1960s, the Aswan High Dam, is the world's largest embankment dam, which was built across the Nile in Aswan, Egypt, between 1960 and 1970. Its significance largely eclipsed the previous Aswan Low Dam initially completed in 1902 downstream. Based on the success of the Low Dam, then at its maximum utilization, construction of the High Dam became a key objective of the government following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952; with its ability to better control flooding, provide increased water storage for irrigation and generate hydroelectricity, the dam was seen as pivotal to Egypt's planned industrialization. Like the earlier implementation, the High Dam has had a significant effect on the economy and culture of Egypt.
Before the High Dam was built, even with the old dam in place, the annual flooding of the Nile during late summer had continued to pass largely unimpeded down the valley from its East African drainage basin. These floods brought high water with natural nutrients and minerals that annually enriched the fertile soil along its floodplain and delta; this predictability had made the Nile valley ideal for farming since ancient times. However, this natural flooding varied, since high-water years could destroy the whole crop, while low-water years could create widespread drought and consequently famine. Both these events had continued to occur periodically. As Egypt's population grew and technology increased, both a desire and the ability developed to completely control the flooding, and thus both protect and support farmland and its economically important cotton crop. With the greatly increased reservoir storage provided by the High Aswan Dam, the floods could be controlled and the water could be stored for later release over multiple years.
The Aswan Dam was designed by the Moscow-based Hydroproject Institute.
The earliest recorded attempt to build a dam near Aswan was in the 11th century, when the Arab polymath and engineer Ibn al-Haytham (known as Alhazen in the West) was summoned to Egypt by the Fatimid Caliph, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, to regulate the flooding of the Nile, a task requiring an early attempt at an Aswan Dam. His field work convinced him of the impracticality of this scheme.
The British began construction of the first dam across the Nile in 1898. Construction lasted until 1902 and the dam was opened on 10 December 1902. The project was designed by Sir William Willcocks and involved several eminent engineers, including Sir Benjamin Baker and Sir John Aird, whose firm, John Aird & Co., was the main contractor.
In 1952, the Greek-Egyptian engineer Adrian Daninos began to develop the plan of the new Aswan Dam. Although the Low Dam was almost overtopped in 1946, the government of King Farouk showed no interest in Daninos's plans. Instead the Nile Valley Plan by the British hydrologist Harold Edwin Hurst was favored, which proposed to store water in Sudan and Ethiopia, where evaporation is much lower. The Egyptian position changed completely after the overthrow of the monarchy, led by the Free Officers Movement including Gamal Abdel Nasser. The Free Officers were convinced that the Nile Waters had to be stored in Egypt for political reasons, and within two months, the plan of Daninos was accepted. Initially, both the United States and the USSR were interested in helping development of the dam. Complications ensued due to their rivalry during the Cold War, as well as growing intra-Arab tensions.
In 1955, Nasser was claiming to be the leader of Arab nationalism, in opposition to the traditional monarchies, especially the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq following its signing of the 1955 Baghdad Pact. At that time the U.S. feared that communism would spread to the Middle East, and it saw Nasser as a natural leader of an anticommunist procapitalist Arab League. America and the United Kingdom offered to help finance construction of the High Dam, with a loan of $270 million, in return for Nasser's leadership in resolving the Arab-Israeli conflict. While opposed to communism, capitalism, and imperialism, Nasser identified as a tactical neutralist, and sought to work with both the U.S. and the USSR for Egyptian and Arab benefit.[8] After the UN criticized a raid by Israel against Egyptian forces in Gaza in 1955, Nasser realized that he could not portray himself as the leader of pan-Arab nationalism if he could not defend his country militarily against Israel. In addition to his development plans, he looked to quickly modernize his military, and he turned first to the U.S. for aid.
American Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and President Dwight Eisenhower told Nasser that the U.S. would supply him with weapons only if they were used for defensive purposes and if he accepted American military personnel for supervision and training. Nasser did not accept these conditions, and consulted the USSR for support.
Although Dulles believed that Nasser was only bluffing and that the USSR would not aid Nasser, he was wrong: the USSR promised Nasser a quantity of arms in exchange for a deferred payment of Egyptian grain and cotton. On 27 September 1955, Nasser announced an arms deal, with Czechoslovakia acting as a middleman for the Soviet support. Instead of attacking Nasser for turning to the Soviets, Dulles sought to improve relations with him. In December 1955, the US and the UK pledged $56 and $14 million, respectively, toward construction of the High Aswan Dam.
Though the Czech arms deal created an incentive for the US to invest at Aswan, the UK cited the deal as a reason for repealing its promise of dam funds. Dulles was angered more by Nasser's diplomatic recognition of China, which was in direct conflict with Dulles's policy of containment of communism.
Several other factors contributed to the US deciding to withdraw its offer of funding for the dam. Dulles believed that the USSR would not fulfil its commitment of military aid. He was also irritated by Nasser's neutrality and attempts to play both sides of the Cold War. At the time, other Western allies in the Middle East, including Turkey and Iraq, were resentful that Egypt, a persistently neutral country, was being offered so much aid.
In June 1956, the Soviets offered Nasser $1.12 billion at 2% interest for the construction of the dam. On 19 July the U.S. State Department announced that American financial assistance for the High Dam was "not feasible in present circumstances."
On 26 July 1956, with wide Egyptian acclaim, Nasser announced the nationalization of the Suez Canal that included fair compensation for the former owners. Nasser planned on the revenues generated by the canal to help fund construction of the High Dam. When the Suez War broke out, the United Kingdom, France, and Israel seized the canal and the Sinai. But pressure from the U.S. and the USSR at the United Nations and elsewhere forced them to withdraw.
In 1958, the USSR proceeded to provide support for the High Dam project.
In the 1950s, archaeologists began raising concerns that several major historical sites, including the famous temple of Abu Simbel were about to be submerged by waters collected behind the dam. A rescue operation began in 1960 under UNESCO
Despite its size, the Aswan project has not materially hurt the Egyptian balance of payments. The three Soviet credits covered virtually all of the project's foreign exchange requirements, including the cost of technical services, imported power generating and transmission equipment and some imported equipment for land reclamation. Egypt was not seriously burdened by payments on the credits, most of which were extended for 12 years with interest at the very low rate of 2-1/2%. Repayments to the USSR constituted only a small net drain during the first half of the 1960s, and increased export earnings derived from crops grown on newly reclaimed land have largely offset the modest debt service payments in recent years. During 1965–70, these export earnings amounted to an estimated $126 million, compared with debt service payments of $113 million.
A central pylon of the monument to Arab-Soviet Friendship. The memorial commemorates the completion of the Aswan High Dam. The coat of arms of the Soviet Union is on the left and the coat of arms of Egypt is on the right.
The Soviets also provided technicians and heavy machinery. The enormous rock and clay dam was designed by the Soviet Hydroproject Institute along with some Egyptian engineers. 25,000 Egyptian engineers and workers contributed to the construction of the dams.
Originally designed by West German and French engineers in the early 1950s and slated for financing with Western credits, the Aswan High Dam became the USSR's largest and most famous foreign aid project after the United States, the United Kingdom, and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) withdrew their support in 1956. The first Soviet loan of $100 million to cover construction of coffer dams for diversion of the Nile was extended in 1958. An additional $225 million was extended in 1960 to complete the dam and construct power-generating facilities, and subsequently about $100 million was made available for land reclamation. These credits of some $425 million covered only the foreign exchange costs of the project, including salaries of Soviet engineers who supervised the project and were responsible for the installation and testing of Soviet equipment. Actual construction, which began in 1960, was done by Egyptian companies on contract to the High Dam Authority, and all domestic costs were borne by the Egyptians. Egyptian participation in the venture has raised the construction industry's capacity and reputation significantly.
On the Egyptian side, the project was led by Osman Ahmed Osman's Arab Contractors. The relatively young Osman underbid his only competitor by one-half.
1960: Start of construction on 9 January
1964: First dam construction stage completed, reservoir started filling
1970: The High Dam, as-Sad al-'Aali, completed on 21 July[18]
1976: Reservoir reached capacity.
Specifications
The Aswan High Dam is 3,830 metres (12,570 ft) long, 980 m (3,220 ft) wide at the base, 40 m (130 ft) wide at the crest and 111 m (364 ft)[ tall. It contains 43,000,000 cubic metres (56,000,000 cu yd) of material. At maximum, 11,000 cubic metres per second (390,000 cu ft/s) of water can pass through the dam. There are further emergency spillways for an extra 5,000 cubic metres per second (180,000 cu ft/s), and the Toshka Canal links the reservoir to the Toshka Depression. The reservoir, named Lake Nasser, is 500 km (310 mi) long[20] and 35 km (22 mi) at its widest, with a surface area of 5,250 square kilometres (2,030 sq mi). It holds 132 cubic kilometres (1.73×1011 cu yd) of water.
Due to the absence of appreciable rainfall, Egypt's agriculture depends entirely on irrigation. With irrigation, two crops per year can be produced, except for sugar cane which has a growing period of almost one year.
The high dam at Aswan releases, on average, 55 cubic kilometres (45,000,000 acre⋅ft) water per year, of which some 46 cubic kilometres (37,000,000 acre⋅ft) are diverted into the irrigation canals.
In the Nile valley and delta, almost 336,000 square kilometres (130,000 sq mi) benefit from these waters producing on average 1.8 crops per year. The annual crop consumptive use of water is about 38 cubic kilometres (31,000,000 acre⋅ft). Hence, the overall irrigation efficiency is 38/46 = 0.826 or 83%. This is a relatively high irrigation efficiency. The field irrigation efficiencies are much less, but the losses are reused downstream. This continuous reuse accounts for the high overall efficiency.
The following table shows the distribution of irrigation water over the branch canals taking off from the one main irrigation canal, the Mansuriya Canal near Giza.
Branch canalWater delivery in m3/feddan *
Kafret Nasser4,700
Beni Magdul3,500
El Mansuria3,300
El Hammami upstream2,800
El Hammami downstream1,800
El Shimi1,200
* Period 1 March to 31 July. 1 feddan is 0.42 ha or about 1 acre.
* Data from the Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP)
The salt concentration of the water in the Aswan reservoir is about 0.25 kilograms per cubic metre (0.42 lb/cu yd), a very low salinity level. At an annual inflow of 55 cubic kilometres (45,000,000 acre⋅ft), the annual salt influx reaches 14 million tons. The average salt concentration of the drainage water evacuated into the sea and the coastal lakes is 2.7 kilograms per cubic metre (4.6 lb/cu yd). At an annual discharge of 10 cubic kilometres (2.4 cu mi) (not counting the 2 kilograms per cubic metre [3.4 lb/cu yd] of salt intrusion from the sea and the lakes, see figure "Water balances"), the annual salt export reaches 27 million ton. In 1995, the output of salt was higher than the influx, and Egypt's agricultural lands were desalinizing. Part of this could be due to the large number of subsurface drainage projects executed in the last decades to control the water table and soil salinity.
Drainage through subsurface drains and drainage channels is essential to prevent a deterioration of crop yields from waterlogging and soil salinization caused by irrigation. By 2003, more than 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi) have been equipped with a subsurface drainage system and approximately 7.2 square kilometres (2.8 sq mi) of water is drained annually from areas with these systems. The total investment cost in agricultural drainage over 27 years from 1973 to 2002 was about $3.1 billion covering the cost of design, construction, maintenance, research and training. During this period 11 large-scale projects were implemented with financial support from World Bank and other donors.
Effects
The High Dam has resulted in protection from floods and droughts, an increase in agricultural production and employment, electricity production, and improved navigation that also benefits tourism. Conversely, the dam flooded a large area, causing the relocation of over 100,000 people. Many archaeological sites were submerged while others were relocated. The dam is blamed for coastline erosion, soil salinity, and health problems.
The assessment of the costs and benefits of the dam remains controversial decades after its completion. According to one estimate, the annual economic benefit of the High Dam immediately after its completion was LE 255 million, $587 million using the exchange rate in 1970 of $2.30 per LE 1): LE 140 million from agricultural production, LE 100 million from hydroelectric generation, LE 10 million from flood protection, and LE 5 million from improved navigation. At the time of its construction, total cost, including unspecified "subsidiary projects" and the extension of electric power lines, amounted to LE 450 million. Not taking into account the negative environmental and social effects of the dam, its costs are thus estimated to have been recovered within only two years. One observer notes: "The impacts of the Aswan High Dam have been overwhelmingly positive. Although the Dam has contributed to some environmental problems, these have proved to be significantly less severe than was generally expected, or currently believed by many people." Another observer disagreed and he recommended that the dam should be torn down. Tearing it down would cost only a fraction of the funds required for "continually combating the dam's consequential damage" and 500,000 hectares (1,900 sq mi) of fertile land could be reclaimed from the layers of mud on the bed of the drained reservoir. Samuel C. Florman wrote about the dam: "As a structure it is a success. But in its effect on the ecology of the Nile Basin – most of which could have been predicted – it is a failure".
Periodic floods and droughts have affected Egypt since ancient times. The dam mitigated the effects of floods, such as those in 1964, 1973, and 1988. Navigation along the river has been improved, both upstream and downstream of the dam. Sailing along the Nile is a favorite tourism activity, which is mainly done during the winter when the natural flow of the Nile would have been too low to allow navigation of cruise ships.[clarification needed] A new fishing industry has been created around Lake Nasser, though it is struggling due to its distance from any significant markets. The annual production was about 35 000 tons in the mid-1990s. Factories for the fishing industry and packaging have been set up near the Lake.
According to a 1971 CIA declassified report, Although the High Dam has not created ecological problems as serious as some observers have charged, its construction has brought economic losses as well as gains. These losses derive largely from the settling in dam's lake of the rich silt traditionally borne by the Nile. To date (1971), the main impact has been on the fishing industry. Egypt's Mediterranean catch, which once averaged 35,000-40,000 tons annually, has shrunk to 20,000 tons or less, largely because the loss of plankton nourished by the silt has eliminated the sardine population in Egyptian waters. Fishing in high dam's lake may in time at least partly offset the loss of saltwater fish, but only the most optimistic estimates place the eventual catch as high as 15,000-20,000 tons. Lack of continuing silt deposits at the mouth of the river also has contributed to a serious erosion problem. Commercial fertilizer requirements and salination and drainage difficulties, already large in perennially irrigated areas of Lower and Middle Egypt, will be somewhat increased in Upper Egypt by the change to perennial irrigation.
The dams also protected Egypt from the droughts in 1972–73 and 1983–87 that devastated East and West Africa. The High Dam allowed Egypt to reclaim about 2.0 million feddan (840,000 hectares) in the Nile Delta and along the Nile Valley, increasing the country's irrigated area by a third. The increase was brought about both by irrigating what used to be desert and by bringing under cultivation of 385,000 hectares (950,000 acres) that were previously used as flood retention basins. About half a million families were settled on these new lands. In particular the area under rice and sugar cane cultivation increased. In addition, about 1 million feddan (420,000 hectares), mostly in Upper Egypt, were converted from flood irrigation with only one crop per year to perennial irrigation allowing two or more crops per year. On other previously irrigated land, yields increased because water could be made available at critical low-flow periods. For example, wheat yields in Egypt tripled between 1952 and 1991 and better availability of water contributed to this increase. Most of the 32 km3 of freshwater, or almost 40 percent of the average flow of the Nile that were previously lost to the sea every year could be put to beneficial use. While about 10 km3 of the water saved is lost due to evaporation in Lake Nasser, the amount of water available for irrigation still increased by 22 km3. Other estimates put evaporation from Lake Nasser at between 10 and 16 cubic km per year.
Electricity production
The dam powers twelve generators each rated at 175 megawatts (235,000 hp), with a total of 2.1 gigawatts (2,800,000 hp). Power generation began in 1967. When the High Dam first reached peak output it produced around half of Egypt's production of electric power (about 15 percent by 1998), and it gave most Egyptian villages the use of electricity for the first time. The High Dam has also improved the efficiency and the extension of the Old Aswan Hydropower stations by regulating upstream flows.
All High Dam power facilities were completed ahead of schedule. 12 turbines were installed and tested, giving the plant an installed capacity of 2,100 megawatts (MW), or more than twice the national total in 1960. With this capacity, the Aswan plant can produce 10 billion kWh of energy yearly. Two 500-kilovolt trunk lines to Cairo have been completed, and initial transmission problems, stemming mainly from poor insulators, were solved. Also, the damage inflicted on a main transformer station in 1968 by Israeli commandos has been repaired, and the Aswan plant is fully integrated with the power network in Lower Egypt. By 1971 estimation, Power output at Aswan, won't reach much more than half of the plant's theoretical capacity, because of limited water supplies and the differing seasonal water-use patterns for irrigation and power production. Agricultural demand for water in the summer far exceeds the amount needed to meet the comparatively low summer demand for electric power. Heavy summer irrigation use, however, will leave insufficient water under Egyptian control to permit hydroelectric power production at full capacity in the winter. Technical studies indicate that a maximum annual output of 5 billion kWh appears to be all that can be sustained due to fluctuations in Nile flows.
Resettlement and compensations
In Sudan, 50,000 to 70,000 Sudanese Nubians were moved from the old town of Wadi Halfa and its surrounding villages. Some were moved to a newly created settlement on the shore of Lake Nasser called New Wadi Halfa, and some were resettled approximately 700 kilometres (430 mi) south to the semi-arid Butana plain near the town of Khashm el-Girba up the Atbara River. The climate there had a regular rainy season as opposed to their previous desert habitat in which virtually no rain fell. The government developed an irrigation project, called the New Halfa Agricultural Development Scheme to grow cotton, grains, sugar cane and other crops. The Nubians were resettled in twenty five planned villages that included schools, medical facilities, and other services, including piped water and some electrification.
In Egypt, the majority of the 50,000 Nubians were moved three to ten kilometers from the Nile near Edna and Kom Ombo, 45 kilometers (28 mi) downstream from Aswan in what was called "New Nubia". Housing and facilities were built for 47 village units whose relationship to each other approximated that in Old Nubia. Irrigated land was provided to grow mainly sugar cane.
In 2019–20, Egypt started to compensate the Nubians who lost their homes following the dam impoundment.
Archaeological sites
Twenty-two monuments and architectural complexes that were threatened by flooding from Lake Nasser, including the Abu Simbel temples, were preserved by moving them to the shores of the lake under the UNESCO Nubia Campaign. Also moved were Philae, Kalabsha and Amada.
These monuments were granted to countries that helped with the works:
The Debod temple to Madrid
The Temple of Dendur to the Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York
The Temple of Taffeh to the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden of Leiden
The Temple of Ellesyia to the Museo Egizio of Turin
These items were removed to the garden area of the Sudan National Museum of Khartoum:
The temple of Ramses II at Aksha
The temple of Hatshepsut at Buhen
The temple of Khnum at Kumma
The tomb of the Nubian prince Djehuti-hotep at Debeira
The temples of Dedwen and Sesostris III at Semna
The granite columns from the Faras Cathedral
A part of the paintings of the Faras Cathedral; the other part is in the National Museum of Warsaw.
The Temple of Ptah at Gerf Hussein had its free-standing section reconstructed at New Kalabsha, alongside the Temple of Kalabsha, Beit el-Wali, and the Kiosk of Qertassi.
The remaining archaeological sites, including the Buhen fort and the cemetery of Fadrus have been flooded by Lake Nasser.
Loss of sediments
Before the construction of the High Dam, the Nile deposited sediments of various particle size – consisting of fine sand, silt and clay – on fields in Upper Egypt through its annual flood, contributing to soil fertility. However, the nutrient value of the sediment has often been overestimated. 88 percent of the sediment was carried to the sea before the construction of the High Dam. The nutrient value added to the land by the sediment was only 6,000 tons of potash, 7,000 tons of phosphorus pentoxide and 17,000 tons of nitrogen. These amounts are insignificant compared to what is needed to reach the yields achieved today in Egypt's irrigation. Also, the annual spread of sediment due to the Nile floods occurred along the banks of the Nile. Areas far from the river which never received the Nile floods before are now being irrigated.
A more serious issue of trapping of sediment by the dam is that it has increased coastline erosion surrounding the Nile Delta. The coastline erodes an estimated 125–175 m (410–574 ft) per year.
Waterlogging and increase in soil salinity
Before the construction of the High Dam, groundwater levels in the Nile Valley fluctuated 8–9 m (26–30 ft) per year with the water level of the Nile. During summer when evaporation was highest, the groundwater level was too deep to allow salts dissolved in the water to be pulled to the surface through capillary action. With the disappearance of the annual flood and heavy year-round irrigation, groundwater levels remained high with little fluctuation leading to waterlogging. Soil salinity also increased because the distance between the surface and the groundwater table was small enough (1–2 m depending on soil conditions and temperature) to allow water to be pulled up by evaporation so that the relatively small concentrations of salt in the groundwater accumulated on the soil surface over the years. Since most of the farmland did not have proper subsurface drainage to lower the groundwater table, salinization gradually affected crop yields.[31] Drainage through sub-surface drains and drainage channels is essential to prevent a deterioration of crop yields from soil salinization and waterlogging. By 2003, more than 2 million hectares have been equipped with a subsurface drainage system at a cost from 1973 to 2002 of about $3.1 billion.
Health
Contrary to many predictions made prior to the Aswan High Dam construction and publications that followed, that the prevalence of schistosomiasis (bilharzia) would increase, it did not. This assumption did not take into account the extent of perennial irrigation that was already present throughout Egypt decades before the high dam closure. By the 1950s only a small proportion of Upper Egypt had not been converted from basin (low transmission) to perennial (high transmission) irrigation. Expansion of perennial irrigation systems in Egypt did not depend on the high dam. In fact, within 15 years of the high dam closure there was solid evidence that bilharzia was declining in Upper Egypt. S. haematobium has since disappeared altogether. Suggested reasons for this include improvements in irrigation practice. In the Nile Delta, schistosomiasis had been highly endemic, with prevalence in the villages 50% or higher for almost a century before. This was a consequence of the conversion of the Delta to perennial irrigation to grow long staple cotton by the British. This has changed. Large-scale treatment programmes in the 1990s using single-dose oral medication contributed greatly to reducing the prevalence and severity of S. mansoni in the Delta.
Other effects
Sediment deposited in the reservoir is lowering the water storage capacity of Lake Nasser. The reservoir storage capacity is 162 km3, including 31 km3 dead storage at the bottom of the lake below 147 m (482 ft) above sea level, 90 km3 live storage, and 41 km3 of storage for high flood waters above 175 m (574 ft) above sea level. The annual sediment load of the Nile is about 134 million tons. This means that the dead storage volume would be filled up after 300–500 years if the sediment accumulated at the same rate throughout the area of the lake. Obviously sediment accumulates much faster at the upper reaches of the lake, where sedimentation has already affected the live storage zone.
Before the construction of the High Dam, the 50,000 km (31,000 mi) of irrigation and drainage canals in Egypt had to be dredged regularly to remove sediments. After construction of the dam, aquatic weeds grew much faster in the clearer water, helped by fertilizer residues. The total length of the infested waterways was about 27,000 km (17,000 mi) in the mid-1990s. Weeds have been gradually brought under control by manual, mechanical and biological methods.
Mediterranean fishing and brackish water lake fishery declined after the dam was finished because nutrients that flowed down the Nile to the Mediterranean were trapped behind the dam. For example, the sardine catch off the Egyptian coast declined from 18,000 tons in 1962 to a mere 460 tons in 1968, but then gradually recovered to 8,590 tons in 1992. A scientific article in the mid-1990s noted that "the mismatch between low primary productivity and relatively high levels of fish production in the region still presents a puzzle to scientists."
A concern before the construction of the High Dam had been the potential drop in river-bed level downstream of the Dam as the result of erosion caused by the flow of sediment-free water. Estimates by various national and international experts put this drop at between and 2 and 10 meters (6.6 and 32.8 ft). However, the actual drop has been measured at 0.3–0.7 meters (0.98–2.30 ft), much less than expected.[30]
The red-brick construction industry, which consisted of hundreds of factories that used Nile sediment deposits along the river, has also been negatively affected. Deprived of sediment, they started using the older alluvium of otherwise arable land taking out of production up to 120 square kilometers (46 sq mi) annually, with an estimated 1,000 square kilometers (390 sq mi) destroyed by 1984 when the government prohibited, "with only modest success," further excavation. According to one source, bricks are now being made from new techniques which use a sand-clay mixture and it has been argued that the mud-based brick industry would have suffered even if the dam had not been built.
Because of the lower turbidity of the water sunlight penetrates deeper in the Nile water. Because of this and the increased presence of nutrients from fertilizers in the water, more algae grow in the Nile. This in turn increases the costs of drinking water treatment. Apparently few experts had expected that water quality in the Nile would actually decrease because of the High Dam.
Appraisal of the Project
Although it is moot whether the project constitutes the best use of the funds spent, the Aswan Dam project unquestionably is and will continue to be economically beneficial to Egypt. The project has been expensive and it took considerable time to complete, as is usually the case with large hydroelectric developments, But Egypt now has a valuable asset with a long life and low operating costs. Even so, the wisdom of concentrating one-third of domestic saving and most of available foreign aid on a slow growth project is questionable. Since 1960, GNP has grown 50%, but mainly as a result of other investment.
Egyptian authorities were well aware that equivalent gains in output could have been achieved more quickly and more cheaply by other means. A series of low dams, similar to the barrages now contemplated, was suggested by Egyptian engineers as a more economical means of achieving up to 2,000 mW of additional generating capacity, US and WorldBank agricultural experts had long recommended improved drainage, introduction of hybrid seeds, and other such low-cost alternatives to land reclamation as a means of increasing agricultural output, In other areas, most notably the once efficient cotton textile industry, investment was needed to forestall an output decline, Implementation of these and other alternatives has been postponed rather than precluded by the High Dam project.
However, the decision to concentrate Egyptian savings and energies on the Aswan project for a decade was heavily based on non-economic factors. Nasser undoubtedly believed that a project of considerable symbolic appeal was needed to mobilize the population behind the government's economic goals, He also apparently felt that the East and West would be more easily persuaded to bid against each other for a project of this scope.
The Aswan High Dam made an appreciable contribution to Egyptian GNP, however the returns were well below what the planners had anticipated. The principal limiting factors on the High Dam's contribution to Egyptian output are a shortage of land suitable for reclamation, the high cost and long time required to bring reclaimed land to full productivity, and an inadequate water supply to meet power and irrigation goals simultaneously. The last limitation arises in part from the allocation in a 1959 agreement of more water to Sudan than was originally foreseen and in part from differences in the seasonal demand pattern of agriculture and the hydroelectric plant for the water. Irrigation requires very heavy use of water during summer months, while power generation needs peak during the winter. Ecological problems created by the dam, most of which were anticipated, have not seriously harmed the economy, although a few minor industries have been damaged.
The dam is, nonetheless, a viable project. Eventually the contribution to GNP equals as much as 20% of total investment. Moreover, the dam and associated projects provided returns that at least offset the cost of operation, repayment of foreign loans and amortisation of domestic loans.
Due to continuous heavy rain, Waterlogging has occurred in various parts of Chittagong. In that situation, a woman came to the market to buy essential items in the waterlogged situation. Due to flooding, almost half of the city's roads and streets are submerged in water.
Due to continuous heavy rain, Waterlogging has occurred in various parts of Chittagong, waterlogging has occurred on various roads of Chittagong city due to heavy rain. It has caused severe traffic jam on the road. Due to flooding, almost half of the city's roads and streets are submerged in water. One of the causes of this water pollution is plastic polythene cokesheets and man-made waste, such as many shops selling one-time cups and polythene packaging products. After using that product, as there are no bins in the shops, the packaging is thrown directly by the shopkeepers and common people into the streets or drains. As these packaging products are non-biodegradable, they accumulate in drains and increase the intensity of waterlogging.
Great frigatebirds (Fregata minor ridgwayi) owe their unrivaled agility in the air to how light they are, relative to their wingspan; however, one key to their maneuverability-providing lightness leaves them vulnerable to waterlogging. Whereas most birds have a uropygial gland that waterproofs their feathers with oil, frigatebirds have evolved not to have one. When air and feathers are dry, great frigatebirds use their in-flight agility to assault other seabirds in the air and steal food from them–earning them their Spanish name of Pájaro Pirata (Pirate Bird). Their especially light feathers lack oil–hence, waterproofing. Consequently, frigatebirds can’t land in the ocean; and their wings rapidly lose lift during rain. It is therefore easy to project unhappy frustration onto this grounded adolescent female, who had no choice other than to wait out the rain on the ground. Genovesa Island, Galápagos, Ecuador, 06 February 2015. Panasonic Lumix DMC-TS5, Gary Glen Price, Capture One Pro.
2015-02-06b Isla Genovesa Lumix P1000383 All Flights Cancelled.jpg
a beautiful and rare wildflower in my region. normally it grows in the alps above 1'500m. here (Zürcher Oberland) it ventures down to just under 1'000m above sea level. it only grows on vertical rocks in narrow bare rock cracks. it doesn't like anything else. waterlogging is dead to it, as is heat. some of the yellow flowers are nicely floured white inside.
The tea plant can grow between 900 and 2000 m above sea level. Because the plant can`t stand waterlogging the plantation has to be situated on a slope between 30 and 45 degrees. If you don´t cut the tea plant it would grow up to a tree of six meter height.
Munnar is a beautiful hill station, and was the summer resort of the British. Tourists come here to see the vast tea plantations of the area. The town itself is typically Indian with the usual shops, guest houses and is really beautiful and traditional. It is a good place to stay to see the surrounding countryside. It is also a popular place for Indian honeymooners.
The town is divided into two parts, Old Munnar, where the tourist information office is, and Munnar, where the bus station and most guest houses are located.
Munnar is famous for its tea plantations, many of them started by the British. The "Kannan Devan" brand of Tea from the Tata is cultivated and processed here.
There are more than 30 tea estates in and around Munnar. Among them, most of the plantations are taken over by the Tata's Group Kannan Devan Tea Estate. Some of the major tea estates in Munnar include Harrison Malayalam, AVT Tea, Michael's tea, Brooke Bond and Tata Tea. It is one of the biggest centers of tea trade in India.
Until 1790, Munnar and the surrounding area were forests covered, when they were first recognized by the European known as Duke of Wellington. Later in the year 1870, a subordinate of the ruler of Travancore, leased 588 sq. km of land to a Scottish tea planter named J.D. Munro, who was the lawyer in the employee of the Travancore Government. The first tea sapling was planted by A.H. Sharp at Parvathi, which is currently the part of Sevenmullay estate. Presently the whole area is covered by the mile and miles of lush tea gardens, owned by the various private companies.
For the tourists information, Munnar itself is the most popular and picturesque hill stations of Kerala, located 1600 to 1800meters above the sea level. It is popularly known as the 'Kashmir of South India'. The peaceful environment and perfect serenity makes it a famous hot spot among the tourists from all around the globe. Along with the valleys, mountain streams and tea plantations there is lot more to discover in its surrounding area.
Tourists can make a visit to the famous tea museum opened by the Tata Tea group. The museum puts light on the important fact and figures about the growth of the tea plantations in Munnar. It contains curios, old photographs, machineries and other things which have been used since long time. It provides the first hand experience to the tourists about the tea processing and the operations that go into the making of black tea. Some of the major items that are displayed at the museum are the original tea roller, used in earlier time around 1905, than the 'Pelton Wheel', which was used in the power generation plant in the 1920's, a rail engine wheel of the Kumdale Valley Light Railway.
WIKIPEDIA
People of a house in Chowkbazar area of Chittagong city could not come out of their house for 17 hours due to the effect of heavy rain and tidal water. Every year during the rainy season the people here are subjected to extreme floods and their life becomes difficult. Although the city authorities are trying to solve this problem, the work is slow due to people's ignorance.
Waterlogging has occurred in various parts of Chittagong due to continuous heavy rain, waterlogging has occurred on various roads of Chittagong city due to heavy rain. It has caused severe traffic jam on the road. Due to flooding, almost half of the city's roads and streets are submerged in water. One of the causes of this water pollution is plastic polythene cokesheets and man-made waste, such as many shops selling one-time cups and polythene packaging products. After using that product, as there are no bins in the shops, the packaging is thrown directly by the shopkeepers and common people into the streets or drains. As these packaging products are non-biodegradable, they accumulate in drains and increase the intensity of waterlogging.
Thanks for your visit, kind comments, favorites and have a great week ahead, my friends! PLEASE, SEE IN BLACK!
FLOWER CROWN IMPERIAL: -
Flowers have lost their status as "queen of gardens" due to the fads and the volatility of what is called fancy, one that occasionally still finds refuge in a vessel is called solidarity lily-blood-salmon (Scadoxus multiflorus) , which also bears the names of popular star of Christmas and the imperial crown. One of the probable causes of their decline is its toxicity, the flower produces a potent alkaloid that is poisonous, so that in some corners of Africa's native salmon-lily-bloods it is used as poison and panacea for poorly healed wounds.
The lily-blood-born salmon a bulb that gives rise to light-green leaves with small waves and lanceloadas edges. In the center of the leaves grows a fake stem succulent consistency flourishes where a spectacular collection of fine flower cones that form the semi-circle a red-orange. The diameter can reach 25 cm and its height about 90 cm.
Thanks to its light and beautiful flowers, the lily-bloods salmon lends itself well to growing in pots and in massive, rows and borders - if there are many children and pets on the site, planting in backyards and gardens is not recommended by its abovementioned toxicity. The lily-blood-salmon blooms typically between late summer and late autumn flowers and has good durability (two to three weeks on average). The soil needs to be light, fluffy even for the perfect growth of roots, rich in organic matter and good drainage. She loves water but not waterlogging. It is a flower half-shadow and mild weather, not frost tolerant. Multiplies by seeds and shoots and the bulb goes into dormancy in winter.
The interesting thing about this flower here in Brazil is that its flowering occurs at the end of October, close to All Souls' Day, and dies soon after this day (November 2)!
FLOR COROA IMPERIAL:-
Das flores que perderam o status de “rainha dos jardins” graças aos modismos e à volatilidade do que é chamada de chique, uma das que vez por outra ainda encontra refúgio em algum vaso solidário é o chamado lírio-sangu-salmão (Scadoxus multiflorus), que também ostenta os nomes populares de estrela-de-Natal e coroa-imperial. Uma das prováveis causas do seu ocaso é a sua toxicidade; a flor produz um potente alcaloide que é venenoso, tanto que em alguns rincões da África natal do lírio-sangu-salmão ele é usado como veneno e panaceia para feridas mal curadas.
O lírio-sangu-salmão nasce de um bulbo que dá origem a folhas verde-claras e lanceloadas com pequenas ondas nas bordas. No centro das folhas cresce um falso caule de consistência suculenta onde floresce um espetacular conjunto de finos cones que formam a flor um semi-círculo vermelho-alaranjado. O diâmetro pode chegar a 25 centímetros e sua altura, cerca de 90 centímetros.
Graças às suas flores leves e lindas, o lírio-sangu salmão presta-se tanto para cultivo em vasos quanto em maciços, renques e bordaduras – se houver muitas crianças e animais domésticos no local, o plantio em quintais e jardins é desaconselhável por sua supracitada toxidez. O lírio-sangu-salmão floresce tradicionalmente entre o final do Verão e o final do Outono e as flores tem boa durabilidade (duas a três semanas em média). O solo precisa ser leve, fofo até, para o perfeito crescimento das raízes, rico em matéria orgânica e de boa drenagem. Gosta muito de água mas não de encharcamento. É uma flor de meia-sombra e de clima ameno, não tolerante a geadas. Multiplica-se por sementes e brotos e o bulbo entra em período de dormência no Inverno.
O interessante desta flor aqui no Brasil é que sua floração acontece no final do mês de outubro, próximo do Dia de Finados, e morre logo após este dia (02 de novembro)!
From:- jardinagemepaisagismo.com/o-lirio-sangu-salmao-ou-estrela...
El Olivo, esa planta maravillosa y casi mágica, que al ser tan habitual a muchos les pasa casi desapercibido, pero que sin duda es una especie botánica de un valor extremo y sin duda es el Súper Árbol, tanto en su variedad de producción, como en su variedad silvestre el Acebuche en Catalán Ullastre, es un superviviente nato, casi lo único capaz de matarlo es el encharcamiento de las raíces y pocas cosas más.
Por cierto, os cuento algo curioso, mi hija se llama Olívia, por la fascinación que esta planta, tiene, tanto sobre su madre, como sobre su padre.
En otras ocasiones ya os he contado mi afición por los Basáis, pues mi opinión, de haber habido Olivos, Acebuches o Ullastres en Japón, a día de hoy serian los reyes indiscutibles de todas las plantas utilizadas en el Arte del Bonsái.
Actualmente y desde hace unos años, la mayoría de los grandes maestros Japoneses, ya son conscientes de esto que os comento y están importando miles de Acebuches cada año, desde hace ya varios años y de un modo creciente, en definitiva cuanto más lo conocen, más se enamoran de él.
Como ejemplo de todo lo que he contado os pongo una foto, de un Olivo, que tiene vergüenza de estar vivo, al parecer ha sido atacado con violencia por las termitas, que calculo se han comido un 70% del tronco principal, por ese hueco puedo pasar yo, sin problema y ahí está él lleno de salud y de vida, fuerte vigoroso y en plena producción de aceituna, absolutamente increíble!!!!.
The Olivo, is wonderful and almost magical plant that being so common to many it goes almost unnoticed, but it certainly is a species of an extreme value and definitely the Super Tree, both in its variety of production, as in its wild variety Acebuche, Ullastre in Catalan, is a born survivor, about the only thing capable of killing is waterlogging of roots and little else.
By the way, I tell you something funny, my daughter called Olívia, by the fascination that this plant has both on his mother, and about her father.
On other occasions I have already told my fondness for Basáis, for my opinion, have been Olivos, Acebuches or Ullastres in Japan today would be the undisputed kings of all the plants used in the art of bonsai.
Currently and for a few years, most large Japanese teachers are already aware of this that I comment and are importing thousands of Acebuches every year, for several years already and increasingly, ultimately the more you know, more they fall in love with him.
As an example of everything I've told you I put a photo of a Olivo, who is ashamed to be alive, apparently has been violently attacked by termites, that calculation have eaten 70% of the main trunk, for that hole I can pass without problem and there he is full of health and life, strong vigorous and full production of olive absolutely amazing !!!!.
Due to continuous heavy rain, Waterlogging has occurred in various parts of Chittagong. In that situation, a woman came to the market to buy essential items in the waterlogged situation. Due to flooding, almost half of the city's roads and streets are submerged in water.
Waterlogging has occurred in various parts of Chittagong due to continuous heavy rain, waterlogging has occurred on various roads of Chittagong city due to heavy rain. It has caused severe traffic jam on the road. Due to flooding, almost half of the city's roads and streets are submerged in water. One of the causes of this water pollution is plastic polythene cokesheets and man-made waste, such as many shops selling one-time cups and polythene packaging products. After using that product, as there are no bins in the shops, the packaging is thrown directly by the shopkeepers and common people into the streets or drains. As these packaging products are non-biodegradable, they accumulate in drains and increase the intensity of waterlogging.
© 2013 Lélia Valduga, all rights reserved. It is forbidden to read by any reproduction.
Espinhos no tronco da Buritirana - cerrado Brasileiro.
Nome científico: Mauritiella sp.
Família das Arecáceas, como o coco, a bacaba e todas
as palmeiras.
Como é? Palmeira que atinge 10-15 metros de altura e está
sempre onde tem água. Sua folha é menor, mas parecida com a
do buriti, como um guarda-chuva. Tem espinhos no tronco.
Onde vive: Nas regiões de cerrado e de floresta, em nascentes,
várzeas, veredas e matas de brejo. Locais sob regime anual de
inundação ou encharcamento do solo.
(Fonte: www.agrofloresta.net/static/publicacoes/Plante_arvores_Xi...)
__________________________________________________
Scientific Name: Mauritiella sp.
Family of Arecáceas such as coconut, and all bacaba
palm trees.
How? Palm tree that reaches 10-15 feet tall and is
which always has water. Its leaf is smaller, but similar to
Buriti, like an umbrella. It has thorns on the trunk.
Where you live: In areas of savanna and forest, in springs,
wetlands, marsh and woodland paths. Local arrangements under annual
flooding or waterlogging.
(Source: www.agrofloresta.net/static/publicacoes/Plante_arvores_Xi...)
a beautiful and rare wildflower in my region. normally it grows in the alps above 1'500m. here it ventures down to just under 1'000m above sea level. it only grows on vertical rocks in narrow bare rock cracks. it doesn't like anything else. waterlogging is dead to it, as is heat. some of the yellow flowers are nicely floured white inside.
Bhubaneswar, also spelt as Bhubaneshwar, is the capital of the Indian state of Odisha. The city has a history of over 3,000 years starting with the Mahamegha-bahana Chedi dynasty (around the 2nd century BCE) which had its capital at Sisupalgarh, nearby. Bhubaneswar, derived its name from Tribhubaneswar, which literally means the Lord (Eeswar) of the Three World (Tribhuban), which refers to Shiva. Bhubaneswar has been known by names such as Toshali, Kalinga Nagari, Nagar Kalinga, Chakra Kshetra, Ekamra Kanan, Ekamra Kshetra and Mandira Malini Nagari ("City of Temples"). It is the largest city in Odisha and is a centre of economic and religious importance in Eastern India.
With many Hindu temples, which span the entire spectrum of Kalinga architecture, Bhubaneswar is often referred to as a 'Temple City of India' and with Puri and Konark it forms the Swarna Tribhuja ("Golden Triangle"), one of eastern India's most visited destinations.
Bhubaneswar replaced Cuttack as the capital in 1948, the year after India gained its independence from Britain. The modern city was designed by the German architect Otto Königsberger in 1946. Along with Jamshedpur and Chandigarh, it was one of modern India's first planned cities. Bhubaneswar and Cuttack are often referred to as the 'twin cities of Odisha'. The metropolitan area formed by the two cities had a population of 1.7 million in 2011. Bhubaneswar is categorised as a Tier-2 city. An emerging information technology (IT) and education hub, Bhubaneswar is one of the country's fastest-developing cities.
HISTORY
The history of Bhubaneswar may be viewed in ancient and modern eras. The ancient city has a history of thousands of years, while the modern city emerged in 1948.
Bhubaneswar's first mention was during the Kalinga War, which took place near Dhauli (now in the south of the city) in the 3rd century BCE. Later Emperor Kharavela established his capital at Sisupalgarh, on the outskirts of the modern city. The Hathigumpha inscriptions at the Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves by Kharavela give a good account of that period, which is estimated as 1st–2nd century BCE. Temples built throughout the ancient and medieval periods chronicle the city's history. Bhubaneswar is famous for its heritage culture around the world.
Jain and Buddhist temples portray the settlements around Bhubaneswar in the first two centuries BCE. One of the most complete edicts of the Mauryan emperor, Ashoka, dating from between 272–236 BCE, remains carved in rock 8 kilometres to the southwest of the modern city.
The city was the ancient capital of the Kalinga Empire, and the architectural legacy of the period is manifest. Historical sites testify to the importance of the region during the 7th to 11th centuries CE, when the Kalinga kings ruled Odisha and beyond. The Ananta Vasudeva Temple and Bindusagar Tank is the only temple of Vishnu in the city. The temples in Bhubaneswar are regarded as having been built from the 8th to 12th centuries under Shaiva influence.
On 1 April 1936, Odisha, then known as Orissa, became a separate province in British India with Cuttack as its capital. This date is celebrated as Utkal Divas. Cuttack had been Odisha's capital since the 12th century. With independence in 1947, Odisha became a state. Because of Cuttack's vulnerability to floods and space constraints, the capital was moved to Bhubaneswar, which was formally inaugurated on 13 April 1948. The new capital was built as a modern city, designed by German architect Otto Königsberger with wide roads, gardens and parks. Though part of the city followed the plan, it has grown rapidly over the last few decades, outstripping the planning process.
GEOGRAPHY
Bhubaneswar is in Khordha district of Odisha. It is in the eastern coastal plains, along the axis of the Eastern Ghats mountains. The city has an average altitude of 45 m above sea level. It lies southwest of the Mahanadi River that forms the northern boundary of Bhubaneswar metropolitan area, within its delta.
The city is bounded by the Daya River to the south and the Kuakhai River to the east; the Chandaka Wildlife Sanctuary and Nandankanan Zoo lie in the western and northern parts of Bhubaneswar, respectively.
Bhubaneswar is topographically divided into western uplands and eastern lowlands, with hillocks in the western and northern parts. Kanjia lake on the northern outskirts, affords rich biodiversity and is a wetland of national importance. Bhubaneswar's soils are 65 per cent laterite, 25 per cent alluvial and 10 per cent sandstone. The Bureau of Indian Standards places the city inside seismic zone III on a scale ranging from I to V in order of increasing susceptibility to earthquakes. The United Nations Development Programme reports that there is "very high damage risk" from winds and cyclones. The 1999 Odisha cyclone caused major damage to buildings, the city's infrastructure and cost many human lives. Floods and waterlogging in the low-lying areas have become common due to unplanned growth.
URBAN STRUCTURE
The Bhubaneswar urban development area consists of the Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation area, 173 revenue villages and two other municipalities spread over 393.57 square kilometres. The area under the jurisdiction of the Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation covers 135 square kilometres. The city is somewhat dumbbell-shaped with most of the growth taking place to the north, northeast and southwest. The north–south axis of the city is widest, at roughly 22.5 kilometres. Growth in the east is restricted due to the presence of Kuakhai River and by the wildlife sanctuary in the northwestern part. The city can be broadly divided into the old town, planned city (or state capital), added areas and outer peripheral areas. It is subdivided into Units and Colonies.
The old town or "Temple Town", the oldest part of the city, is characterised by many temples, including the Lingaraj, Rajarani, and Muktesvara temples, standing alongside residential areas. This area is congested, with narrow roads and poor infrastructure. Among neighbourhoods in the old town are Rajarani Colony, Pandav Nagar, Brahmeswar Bagh, Lingaraj Nagar, Gouri Nagar, Bhimatanki and Kapileswar.
The planned city was designed in 1948 to house the capital. It is subdivided into units, each with a high school, shopping centres, dispensaries and play areas. While most of the units house government employees, Unit V houses the administrative buildings, including the State Secretariat, State Assembly, and the Raj Bhavan. Private residential areas were later built in other areas of the planned city, including Saheed Nagar and Satya Nagar. Unit I, popularly known as the Market Building, was formed to cater to the shopping needs of the new capital's residents. Later, markets and commercial establishments developed along the Janpath and Cuttack-Puri Road at Saheed Nagar, Satya Nagar, Bapuji Nagar and Ashok Nagar. A dedicated institutional area houses educational and research institutes, including Utkal University, the Institute of Physics, the Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology and Sainik School. Indira Gandhi Park, Gandhi Park and the Biju Patnaik Park are located in the unit.
The added areas are mostly areas lying north of National Highway 5, including Nayapalli, Jayadev Vihar, Chandrasekharpur and Sailashree Vihar, which were developed by Bhubaneswar Development Authority to house the growing population.
The peripheral areas are outside the municipal boundary or have subsequently been included within the extended boundary, including Tomando, Patia and Raghunathpur. Most of these areas were developed in a haphazard manner, without proper planning.
CLIMATE
Bhubaneswar has a tropical savanna climate, designated Aw under the Köppen climate classification. The annual mean temperature is 27.4 °C; monthly mean temperatures are 22–32 °C. Summers (March to June) are hot and humid, with temperatures in the low 30s C; during dry spells, maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C in May and June. Winter lasts for only about ten weeks, with seasonal lows dipping to 15–18 °C in December and January. May is the hottest month, when daily temperatures range from 32–42 °C. January, the coldest month, has temperatures varying from 15–28 °C. The highest recorded temperature is 45 °C, and the lowest is 12 °C.
Rains brought by the Bay of Bengal branch of the south west summer monsoon lash Bhubaneswar between June and September, supplying it with most of its annual rainfall of 1,542 mm. The highest monthly rainfall total, 330 mm, occurs in August.
ECONOMY
Bhubaneswar is an administrative, information technology, education and tourism city . Bhubaneswar was ranked as the best place to do business in India by the World Bank in 2014. Bhubaneswar has emerged as one of the fast-growing, important trading and commercial hub in the state and eastern India. Tourism is a major industry, attracting about 1.5 million tourists in 2011. Bhubaneswar was designed to be a largely residential city with outlying industrial areas. The economy had few major players until the 1990s and was dominated by retail and small-scale manufacturing. With the economic liberalisation policy adopted by the Government of India in the 1990s, Bhubaneswar received investment in telecommunications, information technology (IT) and higher education.
As of 2001, around 2.15% of the city's workforce was employed in the primary sector (agriculture, forestry, mining, etc.); 2.18% worked in the secondary sector (industrial and manufacturing); and 95.67% worked in the tertiary sector (service industries).
In 2011, according to a study by Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India, Bhubaneswar had the highest rate of employment growth among 17 Tier-2 cities in India. It has been listed among the top ten emerging cities in India by Cushman and Wakefield, taking into consideration factors like demographics, physical, social and real estate infrastructure, current level and scope of economic activities and government support. In 2012, Bhubaneswar was ranked third among Indian cities, in starting and operating a business by the World Bank.
Bhubaneswar has been traditionally home to handicrafts industry, including silver filigree work, appliqué work, stone and wood carvings and patta painting, which significantly contributes to the city's economy. The late 2000s saw a surge of investments in the real estate, infrastructure, retail and hospitality sectors; several shopping malls and organised retails opened outlets in Bhubaneswar.
The Department of Industries established four industrial areas in and around Bhubaneswar, in the Rasulgarh, Mancheswar, Chandaka, and Bhagabanpur areas. In the informal sector, 22,000 vendors operate in regulated or unregulated vending zones.
In 2009, Odisha was ranked ninth among Indian states in terms of software export by NASSCOM, with most IT/ITES companies established in Bhubaneswar. In 2011–12, Odisha had a growth rate of 17% for software exports. According to a 2012 survey, among the tier-2 cities in India, Bhubaneswar has been chosen as the best for conducting IT/ITES business. The government fostered growth by developing of IT parks such as Infocity-1, Infovalley, STPI-Bhubaneswar and JSS STP. Infocity was conceived as a five-star park, under the Export Promotion Industrial Parks (EPIP) Scheme to create infrastructure facilities for setting up information technology related industries. Infosys and Tech Mahindra have been present in Bhubaneswar since 1996. Other software companies include TCS, Mindfire Solutions, Wipro, IBM, Genpact, Firstsource, Mindtree and MphasiS. Apart from the big multinationals, some 300 small and mid-size IT companies and business start ups have offices in Bhubaneswar.
DEMOGRAPHICS
As per the 2011 census of India, Bhubaneswar had a population of 837,737, while the metropolitan area had a population of 881,988. As per the estimate of IIT Kharagpur, which made a development plan, the Bhubaneswar-Cuttack Urban complex, consisting of 721.9 square kilometres, has a population of 1.9 million (as of 2008). As of 2011, the number of males was 445,233, while the number of females were 392,504. The decadal growth rate was 45.90 per cent. Effective male literacy was 95.69 per cent, while female literacy was 90.26 per cent. About 75,237 were under six. Bhubaneswar's literacy rate is 93.15 per cent - significantly higher than the national average of 74.04 per cent.
According to the 2001 census, 11 per cent lived in 99 unauthorised and 47 authorised slums. In 2009, the number of slums in Bhubaneswar increased to 377, mostly unauthorised. Migration from rural areas and neighbouring states drove the growth of the slums. According to the Bhubaneswar-Cuttack Police Commissionerate, the number of crime incidents reported in Bhubaneswar during 2011 was 3,350, decreasing from 4,417 incidents in 2010.
The residents are known as Bhubaneswarites. The main language spoken in the city is Odia, however, Hindi and English are understood by most residents. Although Odias comprise the vast majority, Marwaris, Bengalis and Telugus also live there. Growth in the information technology industry and education sector in Bhubaneswar changed the city's demographic profile; likely infrastructure strains and haphazard growth from demographic changes have been a cause of concern.
CIVIL ADMINISTRATION
The Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation (BMC) oversees and manages civic infrastructure for the city's 67 wards. Residents of each ward elect a councillor to the BMC for a five-year term. Standing committees handle urban planning and maintain roads, government-aided schools, hospitals and municipal markets. As Bhubaneswar's apex body, the corporation discharges its functions through the mayor-in-council, which comprises a mayor, a deputy mayor and other elected members. The executive wing is headed by a Commissioner. BMC responsibilities include drainage and sewerage, sanitation, solid waste management and street lighting. As of 2014, the Biju Janata Dal party controlled the BMC; the mayor was Ananta Narayan Jena and deputy mayor was K. Shanti. The Bhubaneswar Development Authority is responsible for statutory planning and development and building regulation.
As the seat of the Government of Odisha, Bhubaneswar is home to the Odisha Legislative Assembly and the state secretariat. Bhubaneswar has lower courts: the Court of Small Causes and the District Civil Court decide civil matters; the Sessions Court rules in criminal cases. The Bhubaneswar–Cuttack Police Commissionerate, established in 2008, is a city police force with primary responsibilities in law enforcement and investigation in the Bhubaneswar-Cuttack area. Rajendra Prasad Sharma is the police commissioner.
Citizens of Bhubaneswar elect one representative to India's lower house, the Lok Sabha, and three representatives to the state legislative assembly, through the constituencies of Bhubaneswar North, Ekamra-Bhubaneswar and Bhubaneswar Central.
EDUCATION
Colleges are affiliated with a university or institution based in Bhubaneswar or elsewhere in India. Bhubaneswar has emerged as an education hub in eastern India, with several private and government colleges geared towards engineering, management, and other courses. Utkal University, established in 1939, is the oldest, with 267 affiliated general colleges, 15 law colleges, six medical and pharmacy colleges. Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology established in 1962, is the second oldest agricultural university in the country. Utkal University of Culture is dedicated for research, teaching and education.
Bhubaneswar has a large number of institutes for high education. Bhubaneswar is one of the few cities in India which houses IIT, NISER, and many other premier Government institutes. Premier educational institutions include the IIT Bhubaneswar, National Institute of Science Education and Research, International Institute of Information Technology, Bhubaneswar (IIIT-Bh), Xavier Institute of Management (XIMB), Institute of Mathematics and Applications (IOMA), National Institute of Fashion Technology, Institute of Physics, Institute of Life Sciences, Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Regional Medical Research Center and Regional Institute of Education. The premiere Engineering college owned by the state Government of Odisha, College of Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar, is the most comprehensive engineering Institute in the capital having a set of specialization which include, electrical engineering, architecture, textile, and fashion technology, etc. The Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology located in Bhubaneswar is a unique Institute owned by Government of India. Rama Devi Women's University is a University located in Bhubaneswar which is specifically dedicated to Woman education.
Bhubaneswar has two deemed universities: KIIT University and Siksha O Anusandhan University. KIIT University as well as Siksha O Anusandhan University has wide range of programs. These are private Universities.
There are four medical colleges such as All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhubaneswar, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Hi-Tech Medical College & Hospital and Institute of Medical Sciences and Sum Hospital. All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhubaneswar is considered as a finest medical college owned by the Government of India. The other 3 medical colleges are privately owned.
Oriya and English are the primary languages of instruction. Schools in Bhubaneswar follow the "10+2+3" plan. After completing secondary education, students typically enroll in schools that are affiliated with the Council of Higher Secondary Education, the ICSE, or the CBSE. The regional CBSE board office for Odisha is in Bhubaneswar. Liberal arts, business, science and vocational programs are available. Two colleges located in Bhubaneswar and owned by Government of Odisha are mainly dedicated for higher secondary education. Buxi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar College is an autonomous government college. Rajdhani College, Bhubaneswar was established in in 1973 is also government owned. Schools in Bhubaneswar are run by the state government or private organisations. The important established Government schools of located in Bhubaneswar includes: Badagada Government High School, Bhubaneswar, Capital High School, Bhubaneswar, Kendriya Vidyalaya No.1 Bhubaneswar, and Sainik School, Bhubaneshwar.
TRANSPORT
The headquarters of the Odisha State Road Transport Corporation (OSRTC) is in Bhubaneswar. The main Bhubaneswar inter-state bus terminus is at Barmunda, 8 kilometres from the city centre, from where OSRTC and private operators run buses connecting Bhubaneswar to cities in Odisha and with the neighbouring states of Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Chhattisgarh. Bhubaneswar is connected to the rest of Odisha and India by National Highways-NH 5, which is a part of the Kolkata-Chennai prong of the Golden Quadrilateral, NH 203, State Highway 13 (Odisha) and State Highway 27 (Odisha).
ROAD
Bhubaneswar has wide roads in grid form in the central city. Bhubaneswar has approximately 1,600 kilometres of roads, with average road density of 11.82 square kilometres. Baramunda bus stand is the major bus terminus in the city from where buses ply to all the districts in Odisha as well as to neighbouring state's cities like Hyderabad, Kolkata, Visakhapatnam, Raipur and Ranchi. City bus service runs in public-private partnership between Bhubaneswar-Puri Transport Service Limited (BPTSL) and Dream Team Sahara (DTS) under JNNURM scheme. A fleet of 105 buses cover all major destinations including Cuttack, Puri and Khordha. Auto rickshaws are available for hire and on a share basis throughout the city. In parts of the city, cycle rickshaws offer short trips. To ease traffic jams, over-bridges at major road junctions and expansion of roads are under construction. In a study of six cities in India, Bhubaneswar was ranked third concerning pedestrian infrastructure. The city scored 50 points out of maximum 100. The government of Odisha introduced the much-awaited Bhubaneswar BRTS (bus rapid transit) in Bhubaneswar.
RAIL
The East Coast Railway has its headquarters in Bhubaneswar. Bhubaneswar railway station is one of the main stations of the Indian railway network. It is connected to major cities by daily express and passenger trains, but daily service to all metro cities is not available from here. For this the government is asking new trains for last consecutive years which is not getting sanctioned from the central government. However, the station is overloaded by existing traffic. Currently, the station has six platforms. There are plans to add two more platforms. A satellite station is under construction near Barang to decongest the existing one.
Bhubaneswar has five railway stations within its city limits (from north to south):
Patia railway station
Mancheswar railway station
Vani Vihar railway station
Bhubaneswar railway station
Lingaraj Temple Road
AIR
Biju Patnaik International Airport, also known as Bhubaneswar Airport, 3 kilometres south of the city center, is the major and sole international airport in Odisha. There are daily flights from Bhubaneswar to Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad and Bangalore. In March 2013, a new domestic terminal with a capacity of handling 30 million passengers per year was inaugurated to handle increased air traffic. On 10 July 2015, the first international flight took off from terminal 2 of Biju Patnaik International Airport.
UTILITIES
Electricity is supplied by the state-operated Central Electricity Supply Utility of Odisha, or CESU. Fire services are handled by the state agency Odisha Fire Service. Drinking water is sourced from the Mahanadi, Kuakhai and Daya rivers. Water supply and sewerage are handled by the Public Health Engineering Organisation. State-owned Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, or BSNL, as well as private enterprises, among them Vodafone, Bharti Airtel, Reliance, Idea Cellular, Aircel, and Tata DoCoMo, are the leading telephone, cell phone and internet service providers in the city.
CULTURE
Bhubaneswar is supposed to have had over one thousand temples, earning the tag of the 'Temple City of India'. Temples are made in the Kalinga architectural style with a pine spire that curves up to a point over the sanctum housing the presiding deity and a pyramid-covered hall where people sit and pray.
Famous temples include Lingaraj Temple, Muktesvara Temple, Rajarani Temple, Ananta Vasudeva Temple.
The twin hills of Khandagiri & Udayagiri, served as the site of an ancient Jain monastery which was carved into cave-like chambers in the face of the hill. These caves, with artistic carvings, date back to the 2nd century BCE. Dhauli hills has major edicts of Ashoka engraved on a mass of rock and a white Peace Pagoda was built by the Japan Buddha Sangha and the Kalinga Nippon Buddha Sangha in the 1970s. Apart from the ancient temples, other important temples were built in recent times include Ram Mandir and ISKCON.
Bhubaneswar along with Cuttack is the home of the Oriya cinema industry, dubbed "Ollywood", where most of the state's film studios are. Odia culture survives in the form of Classical Odissi dance, handicrafts, sand artistry and sculpturing as well as theatre and music. Boundary walls and gardens are increasingly being redone to depict the folk art of the state. Odissi, the oldest of the eight surviving classical dance forms of India can be traced from archaeological evidence from the temples in Bhubaneswar.
Odissi dance is generally accompanied by Odissi music. Srjan, the Odissi dance academy founded by Guru Kelucharan Mohapatra, the legendary Odissi dancer is found here. The Rabindra Mandap in central Bhubaneswar plays host to cultural engagements, theatre and private functions. As a part of the Ekamra Festival, many cultural sub-festivals takes place in January in Bhubaneswar which includes Kalinga Mahotsav (for traditional martial arts), Dhauli-Kalinga Mahotsav (for classical dance forms), Rajarani Music Festival (for classical music) and Mukteswar Dance Festival (for Odishi dance). Residents engage in khattis, or leisurely chats, that often take the form of freestyle intellectual conversation.
Though Oriya women traditionally wear the sari and the shalwar kameez, Western attire is gaining acceptance among younger women. Western-style dress has greater acceptance among men, although the traditional dhoti and kurta are seen during festivals.
The Odisha State Museum offers archaeological artifacts, weapons, local arts and crafts as well as insights into Odisha's natural and indigenous history. The Tribal Research Institute Museum hosts authentic tribal dwellings created by tribal craftsmen. Nandankanan Zoological Park, located on the northern outskirt of the city, is India's first zoo to join World Association of Zoos and Aquariums. The State Botanical Garden (Odisha) and Regional Plant Resource Center, popularly known as Ekamra Kanan, a park and botanical garden, has a large collection of exotic and regional fauna. The Ekamra Haat is a hand-loom and handicrafts market. Nicco Park and Ocean World are amusement parks. Other museums include Pathani Samanta Planetarium, Regional Museum of Natural History, Regional Science Center and State Handicrafts Museum.
FESTIVALS
On the day of Ashokashtami in the month of March or April, the image of Lingaraja (Shiva) and other deities are taken in a procession from Lingaraja Temple to the Mausima Temple, where the deities remain for four days. Hundreds of devotees participate in pulling the temple car that carries the deities, known as Rukuna Rath. Ratha-Yatra, "Temple Car Festival," is the most important festival in Odisha and Bhubaneswar. The festival commemorates Jagannath, who is said to have been the incarnation of India's revered deities, Vishnu and Krishna. Durga Puja, held in September–October, is an occasion for glamorous celebrations.
Other festivals celebrated include Shivaratri, Diwali, Ganesh Puja, Nuakhai and Saraswati Puja. Eid and Christmas are celebrated by the religious minorities in the city.
Adivasi Mela is a fair that displays art, artefacts, tradition, culture, and music of the tribal inhabitants of Odisha is held in January. Toshali National Crafts Mela, held in December, showcases handicrafts from all over India and from foreign countries. Other important fairs in the city include the Rajdhani Book Fair and Khandagiri Utsav.
CUISINE
Key elements of the city's cuisine include rice and a fish curry known as machha jholo, which can be accompanied by desserts such as Rasagola, Rasabali, Chhena Gaja and Chhena Poda. Odisha's large repertoire of seafood dishes includes various preparations of lobsters and crabs brought in from Chilika Lake. Street foods such as Gupchup (a deep-fried crêpe with tamarind sauce), Cuttack-chaat, Dahi bara-Aloo dum and Bara-ghuguni are sold all over the city. Traditional Oriya food such as Dahi-Pakhal (rice soaked in water with yogurt and seasonings) is considered as a body coolant, accompanied by Badi chura or saga are consumed during months of April–June.
The Abadha of Lingaraj Temple and Ananta Vasudeva Temple served for devotees is considered a vegetarian culinary delight. Other vegetarian dishes are Dalma (made of lentils and vegetables boiled together and then fried with other spices) and Santula (lightly spiced steamed vegetables). Sweets play a large part in the diet of Bhubaneswarites - especially at their social ceremonies. Bhubaneswar is known for its kora-khhaii which are made up of paddy, jaggery and coconut pieces. Pitha, a kind of sweet cake, bread or dim sum are winter specialties.
SPORTS
Bhubaneswar's major sporting arena is the Kalinga Stadium, having facilities for athletics, football, hockey, basketball, tennis, table tennis and swimming. Kalinga Lancers, the sixth franchise of Hockey India League and Samaleswari S.C., a franchise of I-League 2nd Division, are based in Bhubaneswar with Kalinga Stadium as their home ground. East Coast Railway Stadium, a prominent cricket stadium hosts Ranji Trophy and other matches.
Construction of galleries and stadium renovation is in process. An air-conditioned indoor stadium with a capacity of 2000 spectators for badminton, volleyball, basketball and table tennis games is under construction. Barabati Stadium in Cuttack, Odisha's only venue for international cricket matches, is located around 25 kilometres away. Bhubaneswar has a franchise of Odisha Premier League, Bhubaneswar Jaguars, which started in 2010. Bhubaneswar Golf Club, a nine-hole golf course is situated in Infocity.
The city's widely circulated Oriya-language newspapers are Sambad, Dharitri, Pragatibadi, Samaja, Khabar, Orissa Bhaskara, Prameya and Samaya. Orissa Post and Orissa Age are the English-language newspaper that is produced and published from Bhubaneswar. Other popular English-language newspapers published and sold in Bhubaneswar include The Times of India, The Telegraph, The Statesman, Hindustan Times, The Hindu, The Indian Express, and the Asian Age. Bhubaneswar has substantial circulation of financial dailies, including The Economic Times, The Financial Express, Business Line, and Business Standard. Vernacular newspapers, such as those in the Hindi, Bengali and Telugu, are read by minorities. Major periodicals based in Bhubaneswar include Saptahik Samaya, Saptahik Samaja, and Kadambini.
All India Radio, the national state-owned radio broadcaster, airs several AM channels from the radio station located in Cuttack. Bhubaneswar has five local radio stations broadcasting on FM, including two from AIR. India's state-owned television broadcaster Doordarshan Odia provides two free-to-air terrestrial channels, while a mix of Oriya, Hindi, English, and other regional channels are accessible via cable subscription and direct-broadcast satellite services. Some of the Odia language television channels are Colors Odia, Sarthak TV and Tarang TV. Oriya-language 24-hour television news channels include Odisha TV, Kanak TV, ETV News Odia, MBC TV and Naxatra News.
Tourism
Bhubaneswar, the capital of Orissa, is also popularly known as the "Temple City of India". Being the seat of Tribhubaneswar or 'Lord Lingaraj', Bhubaneswar is an important Hindu pilgrimage centre. Hundreds of temples dot the landscape of the Old Town, which once boasted of more than 2000 temples. Bhubaneswar is the place where temple building activities of Orissan style flowered from its very inception to its fullest culmination extending over a period of over one thousand years.
The new Bhubaneswar with its modern buildings and extensive infrastructure perfectly complements its historic surroundings. With facilities to cater to every type of visitor, Bhubaneswar makes an ideal tourist destination.
Approach: The modern Biju Patnaik airport is being extended to receive wide bodied aircraft, and one may well see international charters landing here soon.
Best time to visit: Bhubaneswar can be visited round the year, but the ideal time is from October to March.
Stay: With numerous hotels as well as the Odisha Tourism Development Corporation's Panthanivas, Bhubaneswar is well equipped to accommodate every type of visitor.
Handicrafts of the Region Silver filigree, Stone and Wood carving, Patta paintings, Tie and Dye textiles, bamboo basketry, brass and bell metal work, horn work, and many other famous handicrafts of Orissa can be selected as souvenirs from the local markets. Purchases can be made from Utkalika (run by the Department of Handicrafts) or at the many privately run shops.
Some of the other important tourist spots of Bhubaneswar are:
ANCIENT TEMPLES
Ananta Vasudeva (c. 13th century A.D.)
Bharateswar Temple (c. 6th century A.D.) - Bharatimath -
Bhaskareswar Temple - Brahma Temple
Brahmeswar Temple (c. 11th century A.D.) - Chandana Temple Chitrakarini - Daiteswar Temple - Dwarabasini Temple Gosagareswar Temple - Kainchi Temple - Kedareswar Temple Kotitirtheswar - Laxmaneswar Temple (c. 6th century A.D.)
Lingaraj Temple (c. 11th century A.D.) - Makarewswar Markandeswar Temple - Mukteswar (c. 10th century A.D.)
Mohini Temple - Papanasini -
Parsurameswar Temple (c. 7th century A.D.)
Rajarani Temple (c. 11th century A.D.) - Rameswar Temple
Satrughaneswar Temple (c. 6th century A.D.)
Subarneswar - Swarnajaleswar Temples (c. 7th century A.D.)
Taleswar Temple - Tirtheswar Temple - Uttareswar Temple
Vaital Temple (c. 8th century A.D.) -
Vimaleswar / Gaurisankar Vishnu Temple
Khandagiri & Udaygiri caves (c 1st century B.C.)
MODERN TEMPLE
Baya Baba Matha - Ram Mandir - Shirdi Sai Baba Mandir - ISKCON Temple
WIKIPEDIA
I had an injury on my feet at Khamakhya I did nothing about it but the day I was leaving with a heavy bag to Guwhati station it began to swell turn blue .
I luckily had T Bact that I used for 3 days in the train but last night as I alighted from the train my son booked a Uber from LTT to Bandra Reclamation ..The train was late because of waterlogging and the Uber driver refused to pick me up he wanted me to come on the main road I was fuckin furious I was drenched bare feet that aggravated my wound ..and the driver was uncouth my phone battery too had to die in the Rains .
However I found him and all night have been in pain kind friend Dr Suchak Rohit prescribed some anti biotics and this morning a biker gave me a lift to Dr RD Parmars clinic I took a septic shot pain killers ...
G-GULZ - Christen Eagle II
Barton Aerodrome is an airport in Barton-upon-Irwell, Eccles, Greater Manchester, England, 5 nautical miles west of Manchester. Formerly known as City Airport and City Airport Manchester, It is known by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) as Manchester/Barton and rebranded as Manchester Barton Aerodrome on 3rd April 2023.
The United Kingdom's first purpose-built municipal airport, it has four grass runways. The airfield operates Tuesday - Sunday, from 9 am BST until 6 p.m. or sunset (whichever earlier) for fixed-wing aircraft. Commercial, private, military, police and air ambulance helicopters can operate in the hours of darkness by arrangement.
The airport serves as an important reliever airport for Manchester Airport. It is also used as a refuelling stop for light aircraft and helicopters. It lies on the edge of Chat Moss and the aircraft movements area suffers from occasional periods of waterlogging, restricting fixed wing operations. Works to improve drainage on the airfield have seen some success in reducing the number of closures. It has a CAA Ordinary Licence (Number P886) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction as authorised by the licensee, City Airport Limited. The aerodrome is not licensed for night use.
a beautiful and rare wildflower in my region. normally it grows in the alps above 1500m. here it ventures down to just under 1000m above sea level. it only grows on vertical rocks in narrow bare rock cracks. it doesn't like anything else. waterlogging is dead to it, as is heat. some of the yellow flowers are nicely floured white inside.
This is an essential experience for all car owners in all Metro cities of India
(c)Amitabha Gupta
Unauthorized use or reproduction for any reason is prohibited. Please contact me personally for any use of this photograph.
So, second day of the holiday dawned and the logs were in the system, 09.35hrs through Teignmouth.
Sun wasn't out but the sky was bright so I headed off to Bishopsteignton for a shot of 56078 heading along the river, even though it would only be 8 loaded wagons.
When it hadn't turned up by 5 past ten I checked RTT once more; "Cancelled throughout due to flooding".
There had been prolonged very heavy rain over the previous 36 hours onto already sodden ground and I guessed that, with the Teigngrace area particularly prone to waterlogging, the branch line had become a no-go area.
I was fuming and immediately set off for the loading yard to have a dekko.
This was the scene about 100 yds from it.
I'd had to park half a mile away, put on my wellies and walk the rest.
The eight wagons were sitting fully loaded in the yard with no sign of any personnel.
The loco from this working is stabled overnight at Newto Abbot station in the old Motorrail bay and I sloshed back to the car to drive there and get a shot of the Grid.
It wasn't there!
Turns out that it had passed my location at Bishop' 5 minutes after I'd left there on a VSTP, running light to Exeter Riverside to collect the other 10 wagons before heading for Chirk.
I was so f****d off I went back to my digs and stayed there.
“Now most urgent needs are tarpaulin to restore my house, sleeping matt and crockeries. Due to heavy rainfall, suddenly flash flood water flowed to my place and water level increased to chest high. Emergency response team rescued me and my children. Most of our belongings are lost and destroyed.” – Shazida Begum, Rohingya Women, Rohingya Camp
On 27 July, heavy monsoon rainfall started in Cox’s Bazar leading to flash flooding, waterlogging and landslides across the Rohingya camp areas. As of 1 August, the number of refugees requiring assistance has increased to 46,545 and 21,000 have been displaced, according to Inters Sector Coordination Group (ISCG).
Following the flood in the Rohingya Camps in Cox’s Bazar, UN Women has been distributing non-food items including cloths, sandals, sleeping matts, blankets, and crockeries together with its responsible partners, in support of government-led emergency response. The process of recovery has begun after a week heavy rainfall in Cox’s Bazar which caused chest level high water in low laying areas of the Rohingya Camp and led thousands homeless. The incident has been especially difficult for Women and girls, pregnant women, lactating mothers, elderly people and persons with disabilities. UN Women was able to support emergency response thanks to the financial support of UN Women Australia National committee.
Photo: UN Women/Mahmudul Karim
A cycle through the beautiful late summer countryside and to a known haunt of the enigmatic Violet Helleborine, a sensitive species and found only on a handfull of deep shaded woodland sites. Alas this site has been losing spikes year on year, unfortunately due to the early years heavy rains waterlogging of the bridleway caused walkers and horse riders to make a dryer detour through the woods trampling one of the two station this orchid clings on to leaving one sorry looking stunted spike. The second station has only born two of the usual five spikes and there are two other very stunted spikes within these woods. A week or two until they bloom so I will be back to take a look. Kent's Violet Helleborines - Epipactis purpurata
Having spent too much of my life at Kings Sutton station, with a break in trains I decided to venture to the crossing to the north of the station to see what views might be had. I have attempted this footpath across the fields twice before but it has been impassable due to waterlogging. However, post-heatwave seemed a good time for an attempt.
Despite the considerable time that I have spent in the area, I had never happened upon 68011. A quick lookup on the day showed that it was booked on the evening Marylebone – Oxford service and I toyed with the idea of going for a shot at Bicester and then decided that I couldn't be bothered.
So imagine my surprise when it appeared on the 1K54 18:15 London Marylebone – Kidderminster ... and then imagine how irritated I would have been if I had gone to Bicester.