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It was quite a bright day when I went to Moraine, but you have to make the best of what you're dealt. I waited until sunset to see if I could get some magical light, but it turned out to be a bland one. Oh well, this place is a sight to behold.
Amazing what a little light will do...
About the peaks: This lake is in the Valley of the Ten Peaks: Mount Fay (10,613 ft), Mount Little (10,131 ft), Mount Bowlen (10,079 ft), Tonsa (10,030 ft), Mount Perren (10,010 ft), Mount Allen (10,860 ft), Mount Tuzo (10,650 ft), Deltaform Mountain (11,234 ft), Neptuak Mountain (10,607 ft), and Wenkchemna Peak (10,401 ft).
If you haven't been to Banff yet, check out this set.
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We arrived in the car park in the dark at 6.10am and within five minutes it was full. In that instance you have to drive the 12km road out of Moraine back to the main road where there are marshalls manning the road junction. If the car park is full, you will not be allowed to enter and as cars vacate the car park and exit the main road, in goes the next car that is waiting, hence why it's so important to arrive very early.
However the views are well worth dragging your backside out of bed at 5am for, as I'm sure you will agree. On this particular morning, we benefited from some recent snow fall on the summits of Mount Little (3,088m), Mount Bowlen (3,072m), Tonsa Peak (3,057m), Mount Perren (3,051m), Mount Allen (3,310m) and Mount Tuzo (3,246m) left to right.
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With the angles and views, I really couldn't find any way to avoid the nearby evergreen trees that jutted up from the hillside below...so I thought, why not include them and a nearby part of the rocky hillside to add kind of a stepping stone look to the image. A person might feel that they were standing right on the edge of a big rise and then look to the lake and mountain peaks beyond, more fully capture this setting and being there.
What drew me into this image other than the obvious amazing view of Moraine Lake and the Valley of the Ten Peaks was just the sheer size of the mountain peaks towering above. I tried to capture that with this image, but it really comes out when one looks down the shoreline at the teeny tiny people and then realize just how big the mountain peaks are all around!
One of the many things I wanted to do while at Moraine Lake was to head up to the rockpile and take in that vista view looking across the waters to the mountain peaks surrounding this beautiful valley. With the low clouds and overcast skies, I found the colors to be slightly muted, but I was able to bring out a more vibrant look using Capture NX2 and then Nik's Color Efex Pro 4 for the final image. I found cropping a portion of the foreground also helped to bring out that vista and panoramic feel.
If you want to be more immersed in the experience of being at Moraine Lake with this view, I also captured a 360°'s photosphere of this location using my iPhone (goo.gl/maps/PcMN5vecVa52).
That iconic $20 view with the ten peaks among the clouds (from east to west: Mt Fay, Mt Little, Mt Bowlen, Mt Tonsa, Mt Perren, Mt Allen, Mt Tuzo, Deltaform Mountain, Neptune Mountain & Wenkchemna Peak) - all from the top of the well-known Rock Pile at Moraine Lake.
Moraine Lake and Valley of the Ten Peaks
Banff National Park, Alberta
The rising sun illuminates peaks towering above their reflections on Moraine Lake. The peaks were originally named by early explorer Samuel Allen who referred to them by numerals from the Stoney First Nations Language. Gradually, all but three of the mountains were renamed in honor of noteworthy individuals, including Allen himself. (Wikipedia)
Seven of the peaks are shown here, from left to right: Mount Bowlen (10,518 ft / 3206 m), Tonsa Peak (10,016 ft / 3053 m), Mount Perren (10,010 ft / 3051 m), Mount Allen (10,860 ft / 3310 m), Mount Tuzo (10,650 ft / 3246 m), Deltaform Mountain (11,234 ft / 3424 m), and Neptuak Mountain (10,607 ft / 3233 m).
*** Explored #14 on 7/8/2018! ***
There’s so much to love about Banff National Park in Alberta, Canada. It could be the massive mountains, or the beautiful lakes, or the hundreds of glaciers that dot the horizon. Perhaps it’s the trees, the streams, the color of the water ... or even the delicious food and drink in downtown Banff. For me, though, it’s the lakes, with their turquoise blue water in front of the most stunning mountain backdrops.
Moraine Lake instantly became my favorite of the easy-to-get-to lakes. The Canadian rockies have hundreds of lakes like this, but none as “easy” to get to as driving right here. In the winter you have to snowshoe or ski 7 miles in, but in the summer the only battle is finding parking and elbowing other tourists out of the way.
Sammi and I drove straight here, hoping to catch the scene before the sun cast shadows into the scene. We were a smidge too late, but the paddle boarders were out and added a nice little element to this otherwise serene scene!
Nikon D800 w/Nikkor 14-24mm f/2.8:
14mm, f/11, 1/50 sec, ISO 100
Viewed best nice and large
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An image captured where I angled my SLR camera slightly downward to capture more of the open waters and lakeshore. The idea was to have that be a wide open view and then have the mountains peaks above fill up as much of the rest of the image for a complete setting.
With a selective use of color control points and a Low Key and Pro Contrast CEP filter, I was able to complement the colors of this setting with that of the colors of the canoe along the shoreline of Moraine Lake.
A view from the rockpile area with some amazing views of this beautiful place! While I normally would like to avoid views and images captured without trees like the one I had that day, I felt it added to the image. Kind of like a "just beyond the trees" view.
As for the image itself, I found it kind of difficult because of the large dynamic range I noted with the highlights of the sunlight as it attempted to poke its way through parts of the mostly cloudy skies above and then the area around the lake shore with the trees and then the nearby ones that were darker in tone. What I decided to do was close down the aperture to capture more of the entirety of the image and then meter at a point that was along the lake shore of the mountainside part as that seemed to have the best average exposure for metering of this setting.
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Near the town of Lake Louise in Alberta, Canada, lies Moraine Lake, arguably one of the most spectacular and beautiful locales in the entire country of Canada. It is also one of the most photographed and I don't think that I need to explain why .... the overwhelming beauty of the awe-inspiring view says it all.
There's only one thing that the viewer can do after they quickly gasp and their heart goes a "pitter patter" at the delightful scene - that is to slowly exhale. It is so amazing that it takes several moments for it all to sink in. The viewpoint in this image is from the Rockpile Trail, which is actually on the actual moraine. The lake sits at an amazing elevation of 6,183 feet.
You've got to get there early to claim your "space" for the big event - that being the moment when the sun rises just enough to effectively light up the mountains that surround the valley and the lake. It is a moment well worth the early alarm clock (whether actual or just in the photographer's head), since early light at these spectacular locations is what it's all about, of course.
The lake is situated in the Valley of the Ten Peaks: Mount Fey (10,613'), Mount Little (10,131'), Mount Bowlen (10,079'), Tonsa (10,030'), Mount Allen (10,860'), Mount Tuzo (10,650'), Deltaform Mountain (11,234'), Neptuak Mountain (10,607'), and lastly, Wenkchemna Peak (10,401'). it is impossible to capture the entire viewpoint - it's that vast - and no way is it possible to harness in a photo what the eye takes in.
Once again, the amazing color of the lake is a result of the refraction of light off the glacial rock flour, being that it's a glacial-fed lake.
They don't get much more amazing than this one. Just "re-visiting" the lake by way of this image post, leaves me a bit breathless. Hope that you enjoy it as well.
Thanks for stopping by to view and especially for all of your comments!
Happy Tuesday!
I just got home from a 2200 kilometer roadtrip from B.C to Alberta and back. I saw a lot, and have thousands of photos to sort through... this is my favorite photo I've processed so far.
I have been wanting to go to Moraine Lake for about 7 years, and it sure was an amazing place to shoot. The person in the photo is my good friend Di who was on the trip with me.
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Location Info
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Moraine Lake is a glacially-fed lake in Banff National Park, 14 kilometres outside the Village of Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada. It is situated in the Valley of the Ten Peaks, at an elevation of approximately 6,183 feet.
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Many more photos to come!
Sunrise at Moraine Lake, Banff National Park, Alberta
Photographed the sunrise at Moraine Lake and was treated to a nice burst of colour and even a rainbow before the sunrise was over.
A morning reflection in Minnestima Lakes. The peaks in the background are part of the "Valley of the Ten Peaks." Only seven of the ten peaks are visible in this photo; Mount Fay, Mount Bowlen, Tonsa, Mount Perren, Mount Allen, Mount Tuzo and Deltaform Mountain.
"Are you certain about this information Tużo?"
"Have I ever been wrong before?"
"No but the last thing we want is inaccurate information from our spies."
"I assure you, Karels has been taken to Mech-Batuv. I cannot say how long he may be kept alive. If we want him, we must make our move, soon."
"Prepare your men then. Normally I'd say that you should ask Oppo to use his fleet, but I don't think he'd notice. This stays between us. Not even the men can know our goal until they are already en route."
"Understood, Grapcho. It will be done."
Under Warlord Grapcho, the C'Raz State has three other members that run the government and military.
Major Ferrin- Major Ferrin is in charge of the department of labor and industry. He works the people akin to that of sweatshop bosses. He also leads the C'Raz State's armored divisions.
Vice-Admiral Oppo- Oppo is nothing more than a weasel in the C'Raz States military. Although he's technically in charge of their great navy, he neglects his duties and puts them onto his underlings. He's a portly man that outside of the military acts as a delegate and representative when Grapcho is either planning or hitting it with the ladies. None of the other heads trust him very much, including Grapcho. But he's still kept for whatever reason.
Commander Tużo- Commander Tużo is Grapcho's number one guy. Loyal as they can come, Tużo was one of the revolutionaries that fought alongside Warlord Grapcho. He isn't much of a people person but he's a damn fine tactician. Most everyone is scared straight of this giant of a man. He does as he's told and then some. And if anyone asks how he got his scar, well, that person isn't going to get an answer without ears.
Side note: Today I'll be posting a lot of WoT stuff, really just figures
Somehow I have never been to Moraine Lake before this past weekend. I was doing some night shooting in the area and decided to stay to catch one of the famous sunrises. The water was perfectly still right up until the colors hit the mountains. I used a Lee Big Stopper to smooth out the water so I could still get the lovely reflection in the lake.
Long gone are the days of mismatched and uncoordinated fatigues for the fighting force of the C'Raz State! These men are trained by Commander Tużo himself and are prepared for *every combat situation that may be thrown at them.
Although they carry a standard issue bolt-action rifle, they are experts with other weaponry as well (including but not limited to machine guns, artillery, sub machine guns, pistols, and hand-to-hand combat).
Those who score high enough on their marksmen test may also be lucky enough to be selected to use the C'Raz State's newest semi-automatic rifle (the Gewher).
*Almost every
From L-R: Private, Lieutenant, and two Expeditionary regularsy
Just happen to contain one of the most beloved lakes in North America, Moraine Lake. A rather grand backdrop eh?
No clouds to catch the first light of this new day but the peaks caught it well by themselves. The glacial waters are at their purest and most colorful late in the season when the water level is low.
"The ten peaks were originally named by Samuel Allen, an early explorer of the region, who simply referred to them by using the numerals from one to ten in the Stoney First Nations Language. He may have learned the terms from his Native American guides, who helped him with the horses. The secluded Valley of the Ten Peaks was part of their original homeland. Gradually, though, all but three of the mountains were renamed in honor of noteworthy individuals, including Allen himself." Wikipedia
From left to right are the eight peaks in view:
Mt. Little, Mt. Bowlen, Tonsa Peak, Mt. Perren, Mt. Allen, Mt. Tuzo, Mt. Deltaform and Mt. Neptuak. I assume the other two are behind these peaks, out of view. Or they count Mt. Babel and the Tower of Babel, which are to the left.
A special memory here, as I spent 3 nights in the top left cabin during the last week of the Lodge's season many years ago. Heaven!
Happy Friday!
From left to right: Mt. Fay, Mt. Bowlen, Mt. Perren, Mt. Allen, Mt. Tuzo, Mt. Deltaform and Mt. Neptuak (barely visible).
Beautiful Moraine Lake in the Valley of the Ten Peaks, Banff National Park. Sometimes known as the Twenty Dollar View as this vista was featured on the reverse side of a twenty dollar bill. It is a truly breathtaking valley surrounded by beautiful mountains.
The Ten Peaks are Mount Fay 3,234m, Mount Little 3,140m, Mount Bowlen 3,072m, Mount Tonsa 3,054m, Mount Perren 3,051m, Mount Allen 3,310m, Mount Tuzo 3,246m, Mount Deltaform 3,424m, Neptuak Mountain 3,233m and Wenkchemna Peak 3,170m
Once I stood at the foot of the glacier-fed Moraine Lake, the Valley of the Ten Peaks spread in front of me. The view, aka, Twenty Dollar View, is one of the most iconic views in the world. The crystal clear water reflected the impressive array of the majestic peaks. Theyâre all 10,000 plus feet high, Deltaform Mountain being the tallest - 11,234 feet. It wouldâve been cool to have kept all the original Nakoda, aka the Stoney Indians, names, such as Shakhnowa, instead of Deltaform, though. Only three peaks have kept their Indian names - Tonsa, Neptuak and Wenkchemna.
Valley of the Ten Peaks -- Mt. Fay, Mt. Little, Mt. Bowlen, Mt. Tonsa, Mt. Perren, Mt. Allen, Mt. Tuzo, Deltaform Mountain, Neptuak Mountain and Wenkchemna Peak(from east to west)
The ultimate solitude... up in Banff. We went to catch sunrise at Moraine Lake. The glacial lake had such a deep, rich blue. Hard not to notice! You could also say I was enjoying sunrise with some pesky photographers on the beach... j/k. The good thing is they look like just another rock. I had a blast shooting with Jeff Clow and others on the photo tour. Most of them are linked to the right.
About the peaks: This lake is in the Valley of the Ten Peaks: Mount Fay (10,613 ft), Mount Little (10,131 ft), Mount Bowlen (10,079 ft), Tonsa (10,030 ft), Mount Perren (10,010 ft), Mount Allen (10,860 ft), Mount Tuzo (10,650 ft), Deltaform Mountain (11,234 ft), Neptuak Mountain (10,607 ft), and Wenkchemna Peak (10,401 ft).
Fun Fact: The Valley of the Ten Peaks was featured on the reverse side of the 1969 and 1979 issues of the Canadian twenty dollar bill.
The Red Sea (alternatively Arabian Gulf[1] or Gulf of Arabia[2][3]) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden. In the north, there is the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Suez (leading to the Suez Canal). The Red Sea is a Global 200 ecoregion. The sea is underlain by the Red Sea Rift which is part of the Great Rift Valley.
The Red Sea has a surface area of roughly 438,000 km² (169,100 mi²).[4][5] It is about 2250 km (1398 mi) long and, at its widest point, 355 km (220.6 mi) wide. It has a maximum depth of 2211 m (7254 ft) in the central median trench, and an average depth of 490 m (1,608 ft). However, there are also extensive shallow shelves, noted for their marine life and corals. The sea is the habitat of over 1,000 invertebrate species, and 200 soft and hard corals. It is the world's northernmost tropical sea.
Extent
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Red Sea as follows:[6]
On the North. The Southern limits of the Gulfs of Suez [A line running from Ràs Muhammed (27°43'N) to the South point of Shadwan Island (34°02'E) and thence Westward on a parallel (27°27'N) to the coast of Africa] and Aqaba [A line running from Ràs al Fasma Southwesterly to Requin Island (
27°57′N 34°36′E) through Tiran Island to the Southwest point thereof and thence Westward on a parallel (27°54'N) to the coast of the Sinaï Peninsula].
On the South. A line joining Husn Murad (
12°40′N 43°30′E) and Ras Siyan (
12°29′N 43°20′E).
Name
Red Sea is a direct translation of the Greek Erythra Thalassa (Ερυθρὰ Θάλασσα) and Latin Mare Rubrum (alternatively Sinus Arabicus, literally "Arabian Gulf"), Arabic Al-Baḥr Al-Aḥmar (البحر الأحمر) or Baḥr Al-Qalzam(بحر القلزم), Somali Badda Cas and Tigrinya Qeyyiḥ bāḥrī (ቀይሕ ባሕሪ). The name of the sea may signify the seasonal blooms of the red-coloured Trichodesmium erythraeum near the water's surface.[7] A theory favored by some modern scholars[who?] is that the name red is referring to the direction South, just as the Black Sea's name may refer to North. The basis of this theory is that some Asiatic languages used color words to refer to the cardinal directions.[8] Herodotus on one occasion uses Red Sea and Southern Sea interchangeably.[9]
The association of the Red Sea with the Biblical account of the Israelite Crossing the Red Sea is ancient, and was made explicit in the Septuagint translation of the Book of Exodus from Hebrew to Koine Greek in approximately the third century B.C. In that version, the Hebrew Yam Suph (ים סוף) is translated as Erythra Thalassa (Red Sea). (See also the more recent suggestion that the Yam Suph of the Exodus refers to a Sea of Reeds). The Red Sea is one of four seas named in English after common color terms — the others being the Black Sea, the White Sea and the Yellow Sea. The direct rendition of the Greek Erythra thalassa in Latin as Mare Erythraeum refers to the north-western part of the Indian Ocean, and also to a region on Mars.
History
The earliest known exploration of the Red Sea was conducted by Ancient Egyptians, as they attempted to establish commercial routes to Punt. One such expedition took place around 2500 BC, and another around 1500 BC ( by Hatshepsut ). Both involved long voyages down the Red Sea.[10] The Biblical Book of Exodus tells the story of the Israelites' miraculous crossing of a body of water, which the Hebrew text calls Yam Suph. Yam Suph is traditionally identified as the Red Sea. The account is part of the Israelites' escape from slavery in Egypt. Yam Suph can also been translated as Sea of Reeds.
In the 6th century BC, Darius the Great of Persia sent reconnaissance missions to the Red Sea, improving and extending navigation by locating many hazardous rocks and currents. A canal was built between the Nile and the northern end of the Red Sea at Suez. In the late 4th century BC, Alexander the Great sent Greek naval expeditions down the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean. Greek navigators continued to explore and compile data on the Red Sea. Agatharchides collected information about the sea in the 2nd century BC. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ("Periplus of the Red Sea"), a Greek periplus written by an unknown author around the 1st century AD, contain a detailed description of the Red Sea's ports and sea routes.[11] The Periplus also describes how Hippalus first discovered the direct route from the Red Sea to India.
The Red Sea was favored for Roman trade with India starting with the reign of Augustus, when the Roman Empire gained control over the Mediterranean, Egypt, and the northern Red Sea. The route had been used by previous states but grew in the volume of traffic under the Romans. From Indian ports goods from China were introduced to the Roman world. Contact between Rome and China depended on the Red Sea, but the route was broken by the Aksumite Empire around the 3rd century AD.[12]
During the Middle Ages, the Red Sea was an important part of the Spice trade route. In 1513, trying to secure that channel to Portugal, Afonso de Albuquerque laid siege to Aden.[13] but was forced to retreat. They cruised the Red Sea inside the Bab al-Mandab, as the first European fleet to have sailed this waters.
In 1798, France ordered General Bonaparte to invade Egypt and take control of the Red Sea. Although he failed in his mission, the engineer Jean-Baptiste Lepère, who took part in it, revitalised the plan for a canal which had been envisaged during the reign of the Pharaohs. Several canals were built in ancient times from the Nile to the Red Sea along or near the line of the present Sweet Water Canal, but none lasted for long. The Suez Canal was opened in November 1869. At the time, the British, French, and Italians shared the trading posts. The posts were gradually dismantled following the First World War. After the Second World War, the Americans and Soviets exerted their influence whilst the volume of oil tanker traffic intensified. However, the Six Day War culminated in the closure of the Suez Canal from 1967 to 1975. Today, in spite of patrols by the major maritime fleets in the waters of the Red Sea, the Suez Canal has never recovered its supremacy over the Cape route, which is believed to be less vulnerable.
Oceanography
The Red Sea lies between arid land, desert and semi-desert. The main reasons for the better development of reef systems along the Red Sea is because of its greater depths and an efficient water circulation pattern, The Red Sea water mass exchanges its water with the Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean via the Gulf of Aden. These physical factors reduce the effect of high salinity caused by evaporation water in the north and relatively hot water in the south.
The climate of the Red Sea is the result of two distinct monsoon seasons; a northeasterly monsoon and a southwesterly monsoon. Monsoon winds occur because of the differential heating between the land surface and sea. Very high surface temperatures coupled with high salinities makes this one of the hottest and saltiest bodies of seawater in the world. The average surface water temperature of the Red Sea during the summer is about 26 °C (79 °F) in the north and 30 °C (86 °F) in the south, with only about 2 °C (3.6 °F) variation during the winter months. The overall average water temperature is 22 °C (72 °F). Today surface water temperatures remain relatively constant at 21–25 °C (70–77 °F). Temperature and visibility remain good to around 200 m (656 ft). The sea is known for its strong winds and unpredictable local currents.
The rainfall over the Red Sea and its coasts is extremely low, averaging 0.06 m (2.36 in) per year. The rain is mostly in the form of showers of short spells, often associated with thunderstorms and occasionally with dust storms. The scarcity of rainfall and no major source of fresh water to the Red Sea result in the excess evaporation as high as 205 cm (81 in) per year and high salinity with minimal seasonal variation. A recent underwater expedition to the Red Sea offshore from Sudan and Eritrea[14] found surface water temperatures 28 °C in winter and up to 34 °C in the summer, but despite that extreme heat the coral was healthy with much fish life with very little sign of coral bleaching, and there were plans to use samples of these corals' apparently heat-adapted commensal algae to salvage bleached coral elsewhere.
Salinity
The Red Sea is one of the most saline bodies of water in the world, due to high evaporation. Salinity ranges from between ~36 ‰ in the southern part due to the effect of the Gulf of Aden water and reaches 41 ‰ in the northern part, due mainly to the Gulf of Suez water and the high evaporation. The average salinity is 40 ‰. (Average salinity for the world's seawater is ~35 ‰ on the Practical Salinity Scale, or PPS; that translates to 3.5 % actual dissolved salts.)
In terms of salinity, the Red Sea is greater than the world average, approximately 4 percent. This is due to several factors:
1.High rate of evaporation and very little precipitation.
2.Lack of significant rivers or streams draining into the sea.
3.Limited connection with the Indian Ocean, which has lower water salinity.
Tidal range
In general tide ranges between 0.6 m (2.0 ft) in the north, near the mouth of the Gulf of Suez and 0.9 m (3.0 ft) in the south near the Gulf of Aden but it fluctuates between 0.20 m (0.66 ft) and 0.30 m (0.98 ft) away from the nodal point. The central Red Sea (Jeddah area) is therefore almost tideless, and as such the annual water level changes are more significant. Because of the small tidal range the water during high tide inundates the coastal sabkhas as a thin sheet of water up to a few hundred metres rather than inundating the sabkhas through a network of channels. However, south of Jeddah in the Shoiaba area the water from the lagoon may cover the adjoining sabkhas as far as 3 km (2 mi) whereas, north of Jeddah in the Al-kharrar area the sabkhas are covered by a thin sheet of water as far as 2 km (1.2 mi). The prevailing north and northeastern winds influence the movement of water in the coastal inlets to the adjacent sabkhas, especially during storms. Winter mean sea level is 0.5 m (1.6 ft) higher than in summer. Tidal velocities passing through constrictions caused by reefs, sand bars and low islands commonly exceed 1–2 m/s (3–6.5 ft/s). Coral reefs in the Red Sea are near Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Israel and Sudan.
Current
In the Red Sea detailed current data is lacking, partially because they are weak and variable both spatially and temporally. Temporal and spatial currents variation is as low as 0.5 m (1.6 ft) and are governed all by wind. During the summer, NW winds drive surface water south for about four months at a velocity of 15–20 cm/s (6–8 in/s), whereas in winter the flow is reversed resulting in the inflow of water from the Gulf of Aden into the Red Sea. The net value of the latter predominates, resulting in an overall drift to the northern end of the Red Sea. Generally, the velocity of the tidal current is between 50–60 cm/s (20–23.6 in/s) with a maximum of 1 m/s (3.3 ft) at the mouth of the al-Kharrar Lagoon. However, the range of the north-northeast current along the Saudi coast is 8–29 cm/s (3–11.4 in/s).
Wind regime
With the exception of the northern part of the Red Sea, which is dominated by persistent north-west winds, with speeds ranging between 7 km/h (4.3 mph) and 12 km/h (7.5 mph), the rest of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden are subjected to the influence of regular and seasonally reversible winds. The wind regime is characterized by both seasonal and regional variations in speed and direction with average speed generally increasing northward.
Wind is the driving force in the Red Sea for transporting the material either as suspension or as bedload. Wind induced currents play an important role in the Red Sea in initiating the process of resuspension of bottom sediments and transfer of materials from sites of dumping to sites of burial in quiescent environment of deposition. Wind generated current measurement is therefore important in order to determine the sediment dispersal pattern and its role in the erosion and accretion of the coastal rock exposure and the submerged coral beds.
Geology
The Red Sea was formed by Arabia splitting from Africa due to movement of the Red Sea Rift. This split started in the Eocene and accelerated during the Oligocene. The sea is still widening and it is considered that the sea will become an ocean in time (as proposed in the model of John Tuzo Wilson). In 1949, a deep water survey reported anomalously hot brines in the central portion of the Red Sea. Later work in the 1960s confirmed the presence of hot, 60 °C (140 °F), saline brines and associated metalliferous muds. The hot solutions were emanating from an active subseafloor rift. The highly saline character of the waters was not hospitable to living organisms.[15]
Sometimes during the Tertiary period the Bab el Mandeb closed and the Red Sea evaporated to an empty hot dry salt-floored sink. Effects causing this would be:
•A "race" between the Red Sea widening and Perim Island erupting filling the Bab el Mandeb with lava.
•The lowering of world sea level during the Ice Ages due to much water being locked up in the ice caps.
A number of volcanic islands rise from the center of the sea. Most are dormant, but in 2007 Jabal al-Tair island, in the Bab el Mandeb strait, erupted violently. An eruption among the nearby Zubair islands followed in 2011.[16]
Mineral resources
In terms of mineral resources the major constituents of the Red Sea sediments are as follows:
•Biogenic constituents:
Nanofossils, foraminifera, pteropods, siliceous fossils
•Volcanogenic constituents:
Tuffites, volcanic ash, montmorillonite, cristobalite, zeolites
•Terrigenous constituents:
Quartz, feldspars, rock fragments, mica, heavy minerals, clay minerals
•Authigenic minerals:
Sulfide minerals, aragonite, Mg-calcite, protodolomite, dolomite, quartz, chalcedony.
•Evaporite minerals:
Magnesite, gypsum, anhydrite, halite, polyhalite
•Brine precipitate:
Fe-montmorillonite, goethite, hematite, siderite, rhodochrosite, pyrite, sphalerite, anhydrite.
Living resources
The Red Sea is a rich and diverse ecosystem. More than 1200 species of fish[17] have been recorded in the Red Sea, and around 10% of these are found nowhere else.[18] This also includes 42 species of deepwater fish.[17]
The rich diversity is in part due to the 2,000 km (1,240 mi) of coral reef extending along its coastline; these fringing reefs are 5000–7000 years old and are largely formed of stony acropora and porites corals. The reefs form platforms and sometimes lagoons along the coast and occasional other features such as cylinders (such as the Blue Hole (Red Sea) at Dahab). These coastal reefs are also visited by pelagic species of red sea fish, including some of the 44 species of shark.
The Red Sea also contains many offshore reefs including several true atolls. Many of the unusual offshore reef formations defy classic (i.e., Darwinian) coral reef classification schemes, and are generally attributed to the high levels of tectonic activity that characterize the area.
The special biodiversity of the area is recognized by the Egyptian government, who set up the Ras Mohammed National Park in 1983. The rules and regulations governing this area protect local marine life, which has become a major draw for diving enthusiasts.
Divers and snorkellers should be aware that although most Red Sea species are innocuous, a few are hazardous to humans: see Red Sea species hazardous to humans.[19]
Other marine habitats include sea grass beds, salt pans, mangroves and salt marshes.
Desalination plants
There is extensive demand of desalinated water to meet the requirement of the population and the industries along the Red Sea.
There are at least 18 desalination plants along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia which discharge warm brine and treatment chemicals (chlorine and anti-scalants) that may cause bleaching and mortality of corals and diseases to the fish stocks. Although this is only a localized phenomenon, it may intensify with time and have a profound impact on the fishing industry.[20]
The water from the Red Sea is also utilized by oil refineries and cement factories for cooling purposes. Used water drained back into the coastal zones may cause harm to the nearshore environment of the Red Sea.
Security
The Red Sea is part of the sea roads between Europe, the Persian Gulf and East Asia, and as such has heavy shipping traffic. Piracy in Somalia occurs principally near the area of the Gulf of Aden south of the sea. Government-related bodies with responsibility to police the Red Sea area include the Port Said Port Authority, Suez Canal Authority and Red Sea Ports Authority of Egypt, Jordan Maritime Authority, Israel Port Authority, Saudi Ports Authority and Sea Ports Corporation of Sudan.
Facts and figures
•Length: ~2,250 km (1,398.1 mi) - 79% of the eastern Red Sea with numerous coastal inlets
•Maximum Width: ~ 306–355 km (190–220 mi)– Massawa (Eritrea)
•Minimum Width: ~ 26–29 km (16–18 mi)- Bab el Mandeb Strait (Yemen)
•Average Width: ~ 280 km (174.0 mi)
•Average Depth: ~ 490 m (1,607.6 ft)
•Maximum Depth: ~2,211 m (7,253.9 ft)
•Surface Area: 438-450 x 10² km² (16,900–17,400 sq mi)
•Volume: 215–251 x 10³ km³ (51,600–60,200 cu mi)
•Approximately 40% of the Red Sea is quite shallow (under 100 m/330 ft), and about 25% is under 50 m (164 ft) deep.
•About 15% of the Red Sea is over 1,000 m (3,300 ft) depth that forms the deep axial trough.
•Shelf breaks are marked by coral reefs
•Continental slope has an irregular profile (series of steps down to ~500 m/1,640 ft)
•Centre of Red Sea has a narrow trough (~ 1,000 m/3,281 ft; some deeps may exceed 2,500 m/8,202 ft)
Tourism
The sea is known for its spectacular recreational diving sites, such as Ras Mohammed, SS Thistlegorm (shipwreck), Elphinstone, The Brothers, Dolphin Reef and Rocky Island in Egypt and less known sites in Sudan such as Sanganeb, Abington, Angarosh and Shaab Rumi.
The Red Sea became known as a sought-after diving destination after the expeditions of Hans Hass in the 1950s, and later by Jacques-Yves Cousteau. Popular tourist resorts include El Gouna, Hurghada, Safaga, Marsa Alam, on the western shore of the Red Sea, and Sharm-El-Sheikh, Dahab, and Taba on the Egyptian side of Sinaï, as well as Aqaba in Jordan and Eilat in Israel in an area known as the Red Sea Riviera.
The popular tourist beach of Sharm el-Sheikh was closed to all swimming in December 2010 due to several serious shark attacks, including one fatal one. As of December 2010, scientists are investigating the attacks and have identified, but not verified, several possible causes including over fishing which causes large sharks to hunt closer to shore, tourist boat operators who chum the waters just offshore to present shark-photo opportunities, and reports of passing ships throwing dead livestock overboard. Furthermore the geography of some parts of the Red Sea is such that large sharks can sometimes wander close to shore. This is due to the sea's narrow width, significant depth, and sharp drop-offs, all of which combine to form a geography where large deep-water sharks can roam in hundreds of meters of water, yet be within a hundred meters of swimming areas.
Bordering countries
The Red Sea may be geographically divided into three sections: the Red Sea proper, and in the north, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Suez. The six countries bordering the Red Sea proper are:
•Eastern shore:
o Saudi Arabia
o Yemen
•Western shore:
o Egypt
o Sudan
o Eritrea
o Djibouti
The Gulf of Suez is entirely bordered by Egypt. The Gulf of Aqaba borders Egypt, Israel, Jordan and Saudi Arabia.
In addition to the standard geographical definition of the six countries bordering the Red Sea cited above, areas such as Somalia and Ethiopia are sometimes also described as Red Sea territories. This is primarily due to their proximity to and geological similarities with the nations facing the Red Sea and/or political ties with said areas.[21][22]
Towns and cities
Towns and cities on the Red Sea coast (including the coasts of the Gulfs of Aqaba and Suez) include:
• Al Hudaydah (الحديدة)
• Al Lith (الليِّث)
• Al Qunfudhah (القنفذة)
• Al-Qusair (القصير)
• Al Wajh (الوجه)
• Aqaba (العقبة)
• Asseb (ዓሳብ)
• Dahab (دهب)
• Duba (ضباء)
• Eilat (אילת)
• El Gouna (الجونة)
• El Suweis (السويس)
• / Hala'ib (حلايب) (disputed)
• Haql (حقل)
• Hirgigo (ሕርጊጎ)
• Hurghada (الغردقة)
• Jeddah (جدة)
• Jazan (جازان)
• Marsa Alam (مرسى علم)
• Massawa (ምጽዋ)
• Nuweiba (نويبع)
• Port Safaga (ميناء سفاجا)
• Port Sudan (بورت سودان)
• Rabigh (رابغ)
• Sharm el Sheikh (شرم الشيخ)
• Soma Bay (سوما باي)
• Suakin (سواكن)
• Taba (طابا)
• Thuwal (ثول)
• Yanbu (ينبع)
The Red Sea (alternatively Arabian Gulf[1] or Gulf of Arabia[2][3]) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden. In the north, there is the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Suez (leading to the Suez Canal). The Red Sea is a Global 200 ecoregion. The sea is underlain by the Red Sea Rift which is part of the Great Rift Valley.
The Red Sea has a surface area of roughly 438,000 km² (169,100 mi²).[4][5] It is about 2250 km (1398 mi) long and, at its widest point, 355 km (220.6 mi) wide. It has a maximum depth of 2211 m (7254 ft) in the central median trench, and an average depth of 490 m (1,608 ft). However, there are also extensive shallow shelves, noted for their marine life and corals. The sea is the habitat of over 1,000 invertebrate species, and 200 soft and hard corals. It is the world's northernmost tropical sea.
Extent
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Red Sea as follows:[6]
On the North. The Southern limits of the Gulfs of Suez [A line running from Ràs Muhammed (27°43'N) to the South point of Shadwan Island (34°02'E) and thence Westward on a parallel (27°27'N) to the coast of Africa] and Aqaba [A line running from Ràs al Fasma Southwesterly to Requin Island (
27°57′N 34°36′E) through Tiran Island to the Southwest point thereof and thence Westward on a parallel (27°54'N) to the coast of the Sinaï Peninsula].
On the South. A line joining Husn Murad (
12°40′N 43°30′E) and Ras Siyan (
12°29′N 43°20′E).
Name
Red Sea is a direct translation of the Greek Erythra Thalassa (Ερυθρὰ Θάλασσα) and Latin Mare Rubrum (alternatively Sinus Arabicus, literally "Arabian Gulf"), Arabic Al-Baḥr Al-Aḥmar (البحر الأحمر) or Baḥr Al-Qalzam(بحر القلزم), Somali Badda Cas and Tigrinya Qeyyiḥ bāḥrī (ቀይሕ ባሕሪ). The name of the sea may signify the seasonal blooms of the red-coloured Trichodesmium erythraeum near the water's surface.[7] A theory favored by some modern scholars[who?] is that the name red is referring to the direction South, just as the Black Sea's name may refer to North. The basis of this theory is that some Asiatic languages used color words to refer to the cardinal directions.[8] Herodotus on one occasion uses Red Sea and Southern Sea interchangeably.[9]
The association of the Red Sea with the Biblical account of the Israelite Crossing the Red Sea is ancient, and was made explicit in the Septuagint translation of the Book of Exodus from Hebrew to Koine Greek in approximately the third century B.C. In that version, the Hebrew Yam Suph (ים סוף) is translated as Erythra Thalassa (Red Sea). (See also the more recent suggestion that the Yam Suph of the Exodus refers to a Sea of Reeds). The Red Sea is one of four seas named in English after common color terms — the others being the Black Sea, the White Sea and the Yellow Sea. The direct rendition of the Greek Erythra thalassa in Latin as Mare Erythraeum refers to the north-western part of the Indian Ocean, and also to a region on Mars.
History
The earliest known exploration of the Red Sea was conducted by Ancient Egyptians, as they attempted to establish commercial routes to Punt. One such expedition took place around 2500 BC, and another around 1500 BC ( by Hatshepsut ). Both involved long voyages down the Red Sea.[10] The Biblical Book of Exodus tells the story of the Israelites' miraculous crossing of a body of water, which the Hebrew text calls Yam Suph. Yam Suph is traditionally identified as the Red Sea. The account is part of the Israelites' escape from slavery in Egypt. Yam Suph can also been translated as Sea of Reeds.
In the 6th century BC, Darius the Great of Persia sent reconnaissance missions to the Red Sea, improving and extending navigation by locating many hazardous rocks and currents. A canal was built between the Nile and the northern end of the Red Sea at Suez. In the late 4th century BC, Alexander the Great sent Greek naval expeditions down the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean. Greek navigators continued to explore and compile data on the Red Sea. Agatharchides collected information about the sea in the 2nd century BC. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ("Periplus of the Red Sea"), a Greek periplus written by an unknown author around the 1st century AD, contain a detailed description of the Red Sea's ports and sea routes.[11] The Periplus also describes how Hippalus first discovered the direct route from the Red Sea to India.
The Red Sea was favored for Roman trade with India starting with the reign of Augustus, when the Roman Empire gained control over the Mediterranean, Egypt, and the northern Red Sea. The route had been used by previous states but grew in the volume of traffic under the Romans. From Indian ports goods from China were introduced to the Roman world. Contact between Rome and China depended on the Red Sea, but the route was broken by the Aksumite Empire around the 3rd century AD.[12]
During the Middle Ages, the Red Sea was an important part of the Spice trade route. In 1513, trying to secure that channel to Portugal, Afonso de Albuquerque laid siege to Aden.[13] but was forced to retreat. They cruised the Red Sea inside the Bab al-Mandab, as the first European fleet to have sailed this waters.
In 1798, France ordered General Bonaparte to invade Egypt and take control of the Red Sea. Although he failed in his mission, the engineer Jean-Baptiste Lepère, who took part in it, revitalised the plan for a canal which had been envisaged during the reign of the Pharaohs. Several canals were built in ancient times from the Nile to the Red Sea along or near the line of the present Sweet Water Canal, but none lasted for long. The Suez Canal was opened in November 1869. At the time, the British, French, and Italians shared the trading posts. The posts were gradually dismantled following the First World War. After the Second World War, the Americans and Soviets exerted their influence whilst the volume of oil tanker traffic intensified. However, the Six Day War culminated in the closure of the Suez Canal from 1967 to 1975. Today, in spite of patrols by the major maritime fleets in the waters of the Red Sea, the Suez Canal has never recovered its supremacy over the Cape route, which is believed to be less vulnerable.
Oceanography
The Red Sea lies between arid land, desert and semi-desert. The main reasons for the better development of reef systems along the Red Sea is because of its greater depths and an efficient water circulation pattern, The Red Sea water mass exchanges its water with the Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean via the Gulf of Aden. These physical factors reduce the effect of high salinity caused by evaporation water in the north and relatively hot water in the south.
The climate of the Red Sea is the result of two distinct monsoon seasons; a northeasterly monsoon and a southwesterly monsoon. Monsoon winds occur because of the differential heating between the land surface and sea. Very high surface temperatures coupled with high salinities makes this one of the hottest and saltiest bodies of seawater in the world. The average surface water temperature of the Red Sea during the summer is about 26 °C (79 °F) in the north and 30 °C (86 °F) in the south, with only about 2 °C (3.6 °F) variation during the winter months. The overall average water temperature is 22 °C (72 °F). Today surface water temperatures remain relatively constant at 21–25 °C (70–77 °F). Temperature and visibility remain good to around 200 m (656 ft). The sea is known for its strong winds and unpredictable local currents.
The rainfall over the Red Sea and its coasts is extremely low, averaging 0.06 m (2.36 in) per year. The rain is mostly in the form of showers of short spells, often associated with thunderstorms and occasionally with dust storms. The scarcity of rainfall and no major source of fresh water to the Red Sea result in the excess evaporation as high as 205 cm (81 in) per year and high salinity with minimal seasonal variation. A recent underwater expedition to the Red Sea offshore from Sudan and Eritrea[14] found surface water temperatures 28 °C in winter and up to 34 °C in the summer, but despite that extreme heat the coral was healthy with much fish life with very little sign of coral bleaching, and there were plans to use samples of these corals' apparently heat-adapted commensal algae to salvage bleached coral elsewhere.
Salinity
The Red Sea is one of the most saline bodies of water in the world, due to high evaporation. Salinity ranges from between ~36 ‰ in the southern part due to the effect of the Gulf of Aden water and reaches 41 ‰ in the northern part, due mainly to the Gulf of Suez water and the high evaporation. The average salinity is 40 ‰. (Average salinity for the world's seawater is ~35 ‰ on the Practical Salinity Scale, or PPS; that translates to 3.5 % actual dissolved salts.)
In terms of salinity, the Red Sea is greater than the world average, approximately 4 percent. This is due to several factors:
1.High rate of evaporation and very little precipitation.
2.Lack of significant rivers or streams draining into the sea.
3.Limited connection with the Indian Ocean, which has lower water salinity.
Tidal range
In general tide ranges between 0.6 m (2.0 ft) in the north, near the mouth of the Gulf of Suez and 0.9 m (3.0 ft) in the south near the Gulf of Aden but it fluctuates between 0.20 m (0.66 ft) and 0.30 m (0.98 ft) away from the nodal point. The central Red Sea (Jeddah area) is therefore almost tideless, and as such the annual water level changes are more significant. Because of the small tidal range the water during high tide inundates the coastal sabkhas as a thin sheet of water up to a few hundred metres rather than inundating the sabkhas through a network of channels. However, south of Jeddah in the Shoiaba area the water from the lagoon may cover the adjoining sabkhas as far as 3 km (2 mi) whereas, north of Jeddah in the Al-kharrar area the sabkhas are covered by a thin sheet of water as far as 2 km (1.2 mi). The prevailing north and northeastern winds influence the movement of water in the coastal inlets to the adjacent sabkhas, especially during storms. Winter mean sea level is 0.5 m (1.6 ft) higher than in summer. Tidal velocities passing through constrictions caused by reefs, sand bars and low islands commonly exceed 1–2 m/s (3–6.5 ft/s). Coral reefs in the Red Sea are near Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Israel and Sudan.
Current
In the Red Sea detailed current data is lacking, partially because they are weak and variable both spatially and temporally. Temporal and spatial currents variation is as low as 0.5 m (1.6 ft) and are governed all by wind. During the summer, NW winds drive surface water south for about four months at a velocity of 15–20 cm/s (6–8 in/s), whereas in winter the flow is reversed resulting in the inflow of water from the Gulf of Aden into the Red Sea. The net value of the latter predominates, resulting in an overall drift to the northern end of the Red Sea. Generally, the velocity of the tidal current is between 50–60 cm/s (20–23.6 in/s) with a maximum of 1 m/s (3.3 ft) at the mouth of the al-Kharrar Lagoon. However, the range of the north-northeast current along the Saudi coast is 8–29 cm/s (3–11.4 in/s).
Wind regime
With the exception of the northern part of the Red Sea, which is dominated by persistent north-west winds, with speeds ranging between 7 km/h (4.3 mph) and 12 km/h (7.5 mph), the rest of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden are subjected to the influence of regular and seasonally reversible winds. The wind regime is characterized by both seasonal and regional variations in speed and direction with average speed generally increasing northward.
Wind is the driving force in the Red Sea for transporting the material either as suspension or as bedload. Wind induced currents play an important role in the Red Sea in initiating the process of resuspension of bottom sediments and transfer of materials from sites of dumping to sites of burial in quiescent environment of deposition. Wind generated current measurement is therefore important in order to determine the sediment dispersal pattern and its role in the erosion and accretion of the coastal rock exposure and the submerged coral beds.
Geology
The Red Sea was formed by Arabia splitting from Africa due to movement of the Red Sea Rift. This split started in the Eocene and accelerated during the Oligocene. The sea is still widening and it is considered that the sea will become an ocean in time (as proposed in the model of John Tuzo Wilson). In 1949, a deep water survey reported anomalously hot brines in the central portion of the Red Sea. Later work in the 1960s confirmed the presence of hot, 60 °C (140 °F), saline brines and associated metalliferous muds. The hot solutions were emanating from an active subseafloor rift. The highly saline character of the waters was not hospitable to living organisms.[15]
Sometimes during the Tertiary period the Bab el Mandeb closed and the Red Sea evaporated to an empty hot dry salt-floored sink. Effects causing this would be:
•A "race" between the Red Sea widening and Perim Island erupting filling the Bab el Mandeb with lava.
•The lowering of world sea level during the Ice Ages due to much water being locked up in the ice caps.
A number of volcanic islands rise from the center of the sea. Most are dormant, but in 2007 Jabal al-Tair island, in the Bab el Mandeb strait, erupted violently. An eruption among the nearby Zubair islands followed in 2011.[16]
Mineral resources
In terms of mineral resources the major constituents of the Red Sea sediments are as follows:
•Biogenic constituents:
Nanofossils, foraminifera, pteropods, siliceous fossils
•Volcanogenic constituents:
Tuffites, volcanic ash, montmorillonite, cristobalite, zeolites
•Terrigenous constituents:
Quartz, feldspars, rock fragments, mica, heavy minerals, clay minerals
•Authigenic minerals:
Sulfide minerals, aragonite, Mg-calcite, protodolomite, dolomite, quartz, chalcedony.
•Evaporite minerals:
Magnesite, gypsum, anhydrite, halite, polyhalite
•Brine precipitate:
Fe-montmorillonite, goethite, hematite, siderite, rhodochrosite, pyrite, sphalerite, anhydrite.
Living resources
The Red Sea is a rich and diverse ecosystem. More than 1200 species of fish[17] have been recorded in the Red Sea, and around 10% of these are found nowhere else.[18] This also includes 42 species of deepwater fish.[17]
The rich diversity is in part due to the 2,000 km (1,240 mi) of coral reef extending along its coastline; these fringing reefs are 5000–7000 years old and are largely formed of stony acropora and porites corals. The reefs form platforms and sometimes lagoons along the coast and occasional other features such as cylinders (such as the Blue Hole (Red Sea) at Dahab). These coastal reefs are also visited by pelagic species of red sea fish, including some of the 44 species of shark.
The Red Sea also contains many offshore reefs including several true atolls. Many of the unusual offshore reef formations defy classic (i.e., Darwinian) coral reef classification schemes, and are generally attributed to the high levels of tectonic activity that characterize the area.
The special biodiversity of the area is recognized by the Egyptian government, who set up the Ras Mohammed National Park in 1983. The rules and regulations governing this area protect local marine life, which has become a major draw for diving enthusiasts.
Divers and snorkellers should be aware that although most Red Sea species are innocuous, a few are hazardous to humans: see Red Sea species hazardous to humans.[19]
Other marine habitats include sea grass beds, salt pans, mangroves and salt marshes.
Desalination plants
There is extensive demand of desalinated water to meet the requirement of the population and the industries along the Red Sea.
There are at least 18 desalination plants along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia which discharge warm brine and treatment chemicals (chlorine and anti-scalants) that may cause bleaching and mortality of corals and diseases to the fish stocks. Although this is only a localized phenomenon, it may intensify with time and have a profound impact on the fishing industry.[20]
The water from the Red Sea is also utilized by oil refineries and cement factories for cooling purposes. Used water drained back into the coastal zones may cause harm to the nearshore environment of the Red Sea.
Security
The Red Sea is part of the sea roads between Europe, the Persian Gulf and East Asia, and as such has heavy shipping traffic. Piracy in Somalia occurs principally near the area of the Gulf of Aden south of the sea. Government-related bodies with responsibility to police the Red Sea area include the Port Said Port Authority, Suez Canal Authority and Red Sea Ports Authority of Egypt, Jordan Maritime Authority, Israel Port Authority, Saudi Ports Authority and Sea Ports Corporation of Sudan.
Facts and figures
•Length: ~2,250 km (1,398.1 mi) - 79% of the eastern Red Sea with numerous coastal inlets
•Maximum Width: ~ 306–355 km (190–220 mi)– Massawa (Eritrea)
•Minimum Width: ~ 26–29 km (16–18 mi)- Bab el Mandeb Strait (Yemen)
•Average Width: ~ 280 km (174.0 mi)
•Average Depth: ~ 490 m (1,607.6 ft)
•Maximum Depth: ~2,211 m (7,253.9 ft)
•Surface Area: 438-450 x 10² km² (16,900–17,400 sq mi)
•Volume: 215–251 x 10³ km³ (51,600–60,200 cu mi)
•Approximately 40% of the Red Sea is quite shallow (under 100 m/330 ft), and about 25% is under 50 m (164 ft) deep.
•About 15% of the Red Sea is over 1,000 m (3,300 ft) depth that forms the deep axial trough.
•Shelf breaks are marked by coral reefs
•Continental slope has an irregular profile (series of steps down to ~500 m/1,640 ft)
•Centre of Red Sea has a narrow trough (~ 1,000 m/3,281 ft; some deeps may exceed 2,500 m/8,202 ft)
Tourism
The sea is known for its spectacular recreational diving sites, such as Ras Mohammed, SS Thistlegorm (shipwreck), Elphinstone, The Brothers, Dolphin Reef and Rocky Island in Egypt and less known sites in Sudan such as Sanganeb, Abington, Angarosh and Shaab Rumi.
The Red Sea became known as a sought-after diving destination after the expeditions of Hans Hass in the 1950s, and later by Jacques-Yves Cousteau. Popular tourist resorts include El Gouna, Hurghada, Safaga, Marsa Alam, on the western shore of the Red Sea, and Sharm-El-Sheikh, Dahab, and Taba on the Egyptian side of Sinaï, as well as Aqaba in Jordan and Eilat in Israel in an area known as the Red Sea Riviera.
The popular tourist beach of Sharm el-Sheikh was closed to all swimming in December 2010 due to several serious shark attacks, including one fatal one. As of December 2010, scientists are investigating the attacks and have identified, but not verified, several possible causes including over fishing which causes large sharks to hunt closer to shore, tourist boat operators who chum the waters just offshore to present shark-photo opportunities, and reports of passing ships throwing dead livestock overboard. Furthermore the geography of some parts of the Red Sea is such that large sharks can sometimes wander close to shore. This is due to the sea's narrow width, significant depth, and sharp drop-offs, all of which combine to form a geography where large deep-water sharks can roam in hundreds of meters of water, yet be within a hundred meters of swimming areas.
Bordering countries
The Red Sea may be geographically divided into three sections: the Red Sea proper, and in the north, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Suez. The six countries bordering the Red Sea proper are:
•Eastern shore:
o Saudi Arabia
o Yemen
•Western shore:
o Egypt
o Sudan
o Eritrea
o Djibouti
The Gulf of Suez is entirely bordered by Egypt. The Gulf of Aqaba borders Egypt, Israel, Jordan and Saudi Arabia.
In addition to the standard geographical definition of the six countries bordering the Red Sea cited above, areas such as Somalia and Ethiopia are sometimes also described as Red Sea territories. This is primarily due to their proximity to and geological similarities with the nations facing the Red Sea and/or political ties with said areas.[21][22]
Towns and cities
Towns and cities on the Red Sea coast (including the coasts of the Gulfs of Aqaba and Suez) include:
• Al Hudaydah (الحديدة)
• Al Lith (الليِّث)
• Al Qunfudhah (القنفذة)
• Al-Qusair (القصير)
• Al Wajh (الوجه)
• Aqaba (العقبة)
• Asseb (ዓሳብ)
• Dahab (دهب)
• Duba (ضباء)
• Eilat (אילת)
• El Gouna (الجونة)
• El Suweis (السويس)
• / Hala'ib (حلايب) (disputed)
• Haql (حقل)
• Hirgigo (ሕርጊጎ)
• Hurghada (الغردقة)
• Jeddah (جدة)
• Jazan (جازان)
• Marsa Alam (مرسى علم)
• Massawa (ምጽዋ)
• Nuweiba (نويبع)
• Port Safaga (ميناء سفاجا)
• Port Sudan (بورت سودان)
• Rabigh (رابغ)
• Sharm el Sheikh (شرم الشيخ)
• Soma Bay (سوما باي)
• Suakin (سواكن)
• Taba (طابا)
• Thuwal (ثول)
• Yanbu (ينبع)
Valley of the Ten Peaks, Laggan, Alberta. Divided back postcard published by the Valentine & Sons' Publishing Co. and numbered 100,441 in their series.
Valley of the Ten Peaks is a valley in Banff National Park in Alberta, Canada, which is crowned by ten notable peaks and also includes Moraine Lake. The valley can be reached by following the Moraine Lake road near Lake Louise. The ten peaks were originally named by Samuel Allen, an early explorer of the region, who simply referred to them by using the numerals from one to ten in the Stoney First Nations Language. He may have learned the terms from his Native American guides, who helped him with the horses. The Nakoda–also known as the Stoney Indians–is a tribe whose culture and dialect are closely related to that of the Assiniboine First Nation, from whom they are believed to have separated in the mid-1700s, and who roamed large parts of the prairies and mountains of western Alberta well into British Columbia. The secluded Valley of the Ten Peaks was part of their original homeland. Gradually, though, all but three of the mountains were renamed in honour of noteworthy individuals, including Allen himself.
The ten peaks, in order of how they are numbered from east to west, are:
1 - Mount Fay 3,235 10,613 Heejee
2 - Mount Little 3,088 10,131 Num
3 - Mount Bowlen 3,072 10,079 Yamnee
4 - Tonsa 3,057 10,030 Tonsa
5 - Mount Perren 3,051 10,010 Sapta
6 - Mount Allen 3,310 10,860 Shappee
7 - Mount Tuzo 3,246 10,650 Shagowa
8 - Deltaform Mountain 3,424 11,234 Shakhnowa
9 - Neptuak Mountain 3,233 10,607 Neptuak
10 - Wenkchemna Peak 3,170 10,401 Wenkchemna
The Valley of the Ten Peaks was featured on the reverse side of the 1969 and 1979 issues of the Canadian twenty dollar bill.
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The earliest Canadian postcards published by Valentine & Sons were uncoloured collotypes of scenery along the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway north of Lake Superior and in the Rocky Mountains. Typically, Valentine postcards have a 6-digit serial number (###,###) on the view side with the initials “J.V.” in a circle adjacent to that number. The main series of numbering begins with a Halifax card as no. 100,000 and ends (as far as we know) with a postcard of Toronto as no. 115,981. There are also two short runs of numbers in the 400,000 range that are found on some cards from the Yukon Territory and a longer run of views from various parts of Canada that begins at 600,000 and continues past 602,000.
100,000 – 1905 (August)+
101,000 – 1906 (August)
102,000 – 1907 (January)
Link to everything you wanted to know about the - Valentine & Sons Publishing Co. - torontopostcardclub.com/canadian-postcard-publishers/vale...
The Red Sea (alternatively Arabian Gulf[1] or Gulf of Arabia[2][3]) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden. In the north, there is the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Suez (leading to the Suez Canal). The Red Sea is a Global 200 ecoregion. The sea is underlain by the Red Sea Rift which is part of the Great Rift Valley.
The Red Sea has a surface area of roughly 438,000 km² (169,100 mi²).[4][5] It is about 2250 km (1398 mi) long and, at its widest point, 355 km (220.6 mi) wide. It has a maximum depth of 2211 m (7254 ft) in the central median trench, and an average depth of 490 m (1,608 ft). However, there are also extensive shallow shelves, noted for their marine life and corals. The sea is the habitat of over 1,000 invertebrate species, and 200 soft and hard corals. It is the world's northernmost tropical sea.
Extent
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Red Sea as follows:[6]
On the North. The Southern limits of the Gulfs of Suez [A line running from Ràs Muhammed (27°43'N) to the South point of Shadwan Island (34°02'E) and thence Westward on a parallel (27°27'N) to the coast of Africa] and Aqaba [A line running from Ràs al Fasma Southwesterly to Requin Island (
27°57′N 34°36′E) through Tiran Island to the Southwest point thereof and thence Westward on a parallel (27°54'N) to the coast of the Sinaï Peninsula].
On the South. A line joining Husn Murad (
12°40′N 43°30′E) and Ras Siyan (
12°29′N 43°20′E).
Name
Red Sea is a direct translation of the Greek Erythra Thalassa (Ερυθρὰ Θάλασσα) and Latin Mare Rubrum (alternatively Sinus Arabicus, literally "Arabian Gulf"), Arabic Al-Baḥr Al-Aḥmar (البحر الأحمر) or Baḥr Al-Qalzam(بحر القلزم), Somali Badda Cas and Tigrinya Qeyyiḥ bāḥrī (ቀይሕ ባሕሪ). The name of the sea may signify the seasonal blooms of the red-coloured Trichodesmium erythraeum near the water's surface.[7] A theory favored by some modern scholars[who?] is that the name red is referring to the direction South, just as the Black Sea's name may refer to North. The basis of this theory is that some Asiatic languages used color words to refer to the cardinal directions.[8] Herodotus on one occasion uses Red Sea and Southern Sea interchangeably.[9]
The association of the Red Sea with the Biblical account of the Israelite Crossing the Red Sea is ancient, and was made explicit in the Septuagint translation of the Book of Exodus from Hebrew to Koine Greek in approximately the third century B.C. In that version, the Hebrew Yam Suph (ים סוף) is translated as Erythra Thalassa (Red Sea). (See also the more recent suggestion that the Yam Suph of the Exodus refers to a Sea of Reeds). The Red Sea is one of four seas named in English after common color terms — the others being the Black Sea, the White Sea and the Yellow Sea. The direct rendition of the Greek Erythra thalassa in Latin as Mare Erythraeum refers to the north-western part of the Indian Ocean, and also to a region on Mars.
History
The earliest known exploration of the Red Sea was conducted by Ancient Egyptians, as they attempted to establish commercial routes to Punt. One such expedition took place around 2500 BC, and another around 1500 BC ( by Hatshepsut ). Both involved long voyages down the Red Sea.[10] The Biblical Book of Exodus tells the story of the Israelites' miraculous crossing of a body of water, which the Hebrew text calls Yam Suph. Yam Suph is traditionally identified as the Red Sea. The account is part of the Israelites' escape from slavery in Egypt. Yam Suph can also been translated as Sea of Reeds.
In the 6th century BC, Darius the Great of Persia sent reconnaissance missions to the Red Sea, improving and extending navigation by locating many hazardous rocks and currents. A canal was built between the Nile and the northern end of the Red Sea at Suez. In the late 4th century BC, Alexander the Great sent Greek naval expeditions down the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean. Greek navigators continued to explore and compile data on the Red Sea. Agatharchides collected information about the sea in the 2nd century BC. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ("Periplus of the Red Sea"), a Greek periplus written by an unknown author around the 1st century AD, contain a detailed description of the Red Sea's ports and sea routes.[11] The Periplus also describes how Hippalus first discovered the direct route from the Red Sea to India.
The Red Sea was favored for Roman trade with India starting with the reign of Augustus, when the Roman Empire gained control over the Mediterranean, Egypt, and the northern Red Sea. The route had been used by previous states but grew in the volume of traffic under the Romans. From Indian ports goods from China were introduced to the Roman world. Contact between Rome and China depended on the Red Sea, but the route was broken by the Aksumite Empire around the 3rd century AD.[12]
During the Middle Ages, the Red Sea was an important part of the Spice trade route. In 1513, trying to secure that channel to Portugal, Afonso de Albuquerque laid siege to Aden.[13] but was forced to retreat. They cruised the Red Sea inside the Bab al-Mandab, as the first European fleet to have sailed this waters.
In 1798, France ordered General Bonaparte to invade Egypt and take control of the Red Sea. Although he failed in his mission, the engineer Jean-Baptiste Lepère, who took part in it, revitalised the plan for a canal which had been envisaged during the reign of the Pharaohs. Several canals were built in ancient times from the Nile to the Red Sea along or near the line of the present Sweet Water Canal, but none lasted for long. The Suez Canal was opened in November 1869. At the time, the British, French, and Italians shared the trading posts. The posts were gradually dismantled following the First World War. After the Second World War, the Americans and Soviets exerted their influence whilst the volume of oil tanker traffic intensified. However, the Six Day War culminated in the closure of the Suez Canal from 1967 to 1975. Today, in spite of patrols by the major maritime fleets in the waters of the Red Sea, the Suez Canal has never recovered its supremacy over the Cape route, which is believed to be less vulnerable.
Oceanography
The Red Sea lies between arid land, desert and semi-desert. The main reasons for the better development of reef systems along the Red Sea is because of its greater depths and an efficient water circulation pattern, The Red Sea water mass exchanges its water with the Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean via the Gulf of Aden. These physical factors reduce the effect of high salinity caused by evaporation water in the north and relatively hot water in the south.
The climate of the Red Sea is the result of two distinct monsoon seasons; a northeasterly monsoon and a southwesterly monsoon. Monsoon winds occur because of the differential heating between the land surface and sea. Very high surface temperatures coupled with high salinities makes this one of the hottest and saltiest bodies of seawater in the world. The average surface water temperature of the Red Sea during the summer is about 26 °C (79 °F) in the north and 30 °C (86 °F) in the south, with only about 2 °C (3.6 °F) variation during the winter months. The overall average water temperature is 22 °C (72 °F). Today surface water temperatures remain relatively constant at 21–25 °C (70–77 °F). Temperature and visibility remain good to around 200 m (656 ft). The sea is known for its strong winds and unpredictable local currents.
The rainfall over the Red Sea and its coasts is extremely low, averaging 0.06 m (2.36 in) per year. The rain is mostly in the form of showers of short spells, often associated with thunderstorms and occasionally with dust storms. The scarcity of rainfall and no major source of fresh water to the Red Sea result in the excess evaporation as high as 205 cm (81 in) per year and high salinity with minimal seasonal variation. A recent underwater expedition to the Red Sea offshore from Sudan and Eritrea[14] found surface water temperatures 28 °C in winter and up to 34 °C in the summer, but despite that extreme heat the coral was healthy with much fish life with very little sign of coral bleaching, and there were plans to use samples of these corals' apparently heat-adapted commensal algae to salvage bleached coral elsewhere.
Salinity
The Red Sea is one of the most saline bodies of water in the world, due to high evaporation. Salinity ranges from between ~36 ‰ in the southern part due to the effect of the Gulf of Aden water and reaches 41 ‰ in the northern part, due mainly to the Gulf of Suez water and the high evaporation. The average salinity is 40 ‰. (Average salinity for the world's seawater is ~35 ‰ on the Practical Salinity Scale, or PPS; that translates to 3.5 % actual dissolved salts.)
In terms of salinity, the Red Sea is greater than the world average, approximately 4 percent. This is due to several factors:
1.High rate of evaporation and very little precipitation.
2.Lack of significant rivers or streams draining into the sea.
3.Limited connection with the Indian Ocean, which has lower water salinity.
Tidal range
In general tide ranges between 0.6 m (2.0 ft) in the north, near the mouth of the Gulf of Suez and 0.9 m (3.0 ft) in the south near the Gulf of Aden but it fluctuates between 0.20 m (0.66 ft) and 0.30 m (0.98 ft) away from the nodal point. The central Red Sea (Jeddah area) is therefore almost tideless, and as such the annual water level changes are more significant. Because of the small tidal range the water during high tide inundates the coastal sabkhas as a thin sheet of water up to a few hundred metres rather than inundating the sabkhas through a network of channels. However, south of Jeddah in the Shoiaba area the water from the lagoon may cover the adjoining sabkhas as far as 3 km (2 mi) whereas, north of Jeddah in the Al-kharrar area the sabkhas are covered by a thin sheet of water as far as 2 km (1.2 mi). The prevailing north and northeastern winds influence the movement of water in the coastal inlets to the adjacent sabkhas, especially during storms. Winter mean sea level is 0.5 m (1.6 ft) higher than in summer. Tidal velocities passing through constrictions caused by reefs, sand bars and low islands commonly exceed 1–2 m/s (3–6.5 ft/s). Coral reefs in the Red Sea are near Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Israel and Sudan.
Current
In the Red Sea detailed current data is lacking, partially because they are weak and variable both spatially and temporally. Temporal and spatial currents variation is as low as 0.5 m (1.6 ft) and are governed all by wind. During the summer, NW winds drive surface water south for about four months at a velocity of 15–20 cm/s (6–8 in/s), whereas in winter the flow is reversed resulting in the inflow of water from the Gulf of Aden into the Red Sea. The net value of the latter predominates, resulting in an overall drift to the northern end of the Red Sea. Generally, the velocity of the tidal current is between 50–60 cm/s (20–23.6 in/s) with a maximum of 1 m/s (3.3 ft) at the mouth of the al-Kharrar Lagoon. However, the range of the north-northeast current along the Saudi coast is 8–29 cm/s (3–11.4 in/s).
Wind regime
With the exception of the northern part of the Red Sea, which is dominated by persistent north-west winds, with speeds ranging between 7 km/h (4.3 mph) and 12 km/h (7.5 mph), the rest of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden are subjected to the influence of regular and seasonally reversible winds. The wind regime is characterized by both seasonal and regional variations in speed and direction with average speed generally increasing northward.
Wind is the driving force in the Red Sea for transporting the material either as suspension or as bedload. Wind induced currents play an important role in the Red Sea in initiating the process of resuspension of bottom sediments and transfer of materials from sites of dumping to sites of burial in quiescent environment of deposition. Wind generated current measurement is therefore important in order to determine the sediment dispersal pattern and its role in the erosion and accretion of the coastal rock exposure and the submerged coral beds.
Geology
The Red Sea was formed by Arabia splitting from Africa due to movement of the Red Sea Rift. This split started in the Eocene and accelerated during the Oligocene. The sea is still widening and it is considered that the sea will become an ocean in time (as proposed in the model of John Tuzo Wilson). In 1949, a deep water survey reported anomalously hot brines in the central portion of the Red Sea. Later work in the 1960s confirmed the presence of hot, 60 °C (140 °F), saline brines and associated metalliferous muds. The hot solutions were emanating from an active subseafloor rift. The highly saline character of the waters was not hospitable to living organisms.[15]
Sometimes during the Tertiary period the Bab el Mandeb closed and the Red Sea evaporated to an empty hot dry salt-floored sink. Effects causing this would be:
•A "race" between the Red Sea widening and Perim Island erupting filling the Bab el Mandeb with lava.
•The lowering of world sea level during the Ice Ages due to much water being locked up in the ice caps.
A number of volcanic islands rise from the center of the sea. Most are dormant, but in 2007 Jabal al-Tair island, in the Bab el Mandeb strait, erupted violently. An eruption among the nearby Zubair islands followed in 2011.[16]
Mineral resources
In terms of mineral resources the major constituents of the Red Sea sediments are as follows:
•Biogenic constituents:
Nanofossils, foraminifera, pteropods, siliceous fossils
•Volcanogenic constituents:
Tuffites, volcanic ash, montmorillonite, cristobalite, zeolites
•Terrigenous constituents:
Quartz, feldspars, rock fragments, mica, heavy minerals, clay minerals
•Authigenic minerals:
Sulfide minerals, aragonite, Mg-calcite, protodolomite, dolomite, quartz, chalcedony.
•Evaporite minerals:
Magnesite, gypsum, anhydrite, halite, polyhalite
•Brine precipitate:
Fe-montmorillonite, goethite, hematite, siderite, rhodochrosite, pyrite, sphalerite, anhydrite.
Living resources
The Red Sea is a rich and diverse ecosystem. More than 1200 species of fish[17] have been recorded in the Red Sea, and around 10% of these are found nowhere else.[18] This also includes 42 species of deepwater fish.[17]
The rich diversity is in part due to the 2,000 km (1,240 mi) of coral reef extending along its coastline; these fringing reefs are 5000–7000 years old and are largely formed of stony acropora and porites corals. The reefs form platforms and sometimes lagoons along the coast and occasional other features such as cylinders (such as the Blue Hole (Red Sea) at Dahab). These coastal reefs are also visited by pelagic species of red sea fish, including some of the 44 species of shark.
The Red Sea also contains many offshore reefs including several true atolls. Many of the unusual offshore reef formations defy classic (i.e., Darwinian) coral reef classification schemes, and are generally attributed to the high levels of tectonic activity that characterize the area.
The special biodiversity of the area is recognized by the Egyptian government, who set up the Ras Mohammed National Park in 1983. The rules and regulations governing this area protect local marine life, which has become a major draw for diving enthusiasts.
Divers and snorkellers should be aware that although most Red Sea species are innocuous, a few are hazardous to humans: see Red Sea species hazardous to humans.[19]
Other marine habitats include sea grass beds, salt pans, mangroves and salt marshes.
Desalination plants
There is extensive demand of desalinated water to meet the requirement of the population and the industries along the Red Sea.
There are at least 18 desalination plants along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia which discharge warm brine and treatment chemicals (chlorine and anti-scalants) that may cause bleaching and mortality of corals and diseases to the fish stocks. Although this is only a localized phenomenon, it may intensify with time and have a profound impact on the fishing industry.[20]
The water from the Red Sea is also utilized by oil refineries and cement factories for cooling purposes. Used water drained back into the coastal zones may cause harm to the nearshore environment of the Red Sea.
Security
The Red Sea is part of the sea roads between Europe, the Persian Gulf and East Asia, and as such has heavy shipping traffic. Piracy in Somalia occurs principally near the area of the Gulf of Aden south of the sea. Government-related bodies with responsibility to police the Red Sea area include the Port Said Port Authority, Suez Canal Authority and Red Sea Ports Authority of Egypt, Jordan Maritime Authority, Israel Port Authority, Saudi Ports Authority and Sea Ports Corporation of Sudan.
Facts and figures
•Length: ~2,250 km (1,398.1 mi) - 79% of the eastern Red Sea with numerous coastal inlets
•Maximum Width: ~ 306–355 km (190–220 mi)– Massawa (Eritrea)
•Minimum Width: ~ 26–29 km (16–18 mi)- Bab el Mandeb Strait (Yemen)
•Average Width: ~ 280 km (174.0 mi)
•Average Depth: ~ 490 m (1,607.6 ft)
•Maximum Depth: ~2,211 m (7,253.9 ft)
•Surface Area: 438-450 x 10² km² (16,900–17,400 sq mi)
•Volume: 215–251 x 10³ km³ (51,600–60,200 cu mi)
•Approximately 40% of the Red Sea is quite shallow (under 100 m/330 ft), and about 25% is under 50 m (164 ft) deep.
•About 15% of the Red Sea is over 1,000 m (3,300 ft) depth that forms the deep axial trough.
•Shelf breaks are marked by coral reefs
•Continental slope has an irregular profile (series of steps down to ~500 m/1,640 ft)
•Centre of Red Sea has a narrow trough (~ 1,000 m/3,281 ft; some deeps may exceed 2,500 m/8,202 ft)
Tourism
The sea is known for its spectacular recreational diving sites, such as Ras Mohammed, SS Thistlegorm (shipwreck), Elphinstone, The Brothers, Dolphin Reef and Rocky Island in Egypt and less known sites in Sudan such as Sanganeb, Abington, Angarosh and Shaab Rumi.
The Red Sea became known as a sought-after diving destination after the expeditions of Hans Hass in the 1950s, and later by Jacques-Yves Cousteau. Popular tourist resorts include El Gouna, Hurghada, Safaga, Marsa Alam, on the western shore of the Red Sea, and Sharm-El-Sheikh, Dahab, and Taba on the Egyptian side of Sinaï, as well as Aqaba in Jordan and Eilat in Israel in an area known as the Red Sea Riviera.
The popular tourist beach of Sharm el-Sheikh was closed to all swimming in December 2010 due to several serious shark attacks, including one fatal one. As of December 2010, scientists are investigating the attacks and have identified, but not verified, several possible causes including over fishing which causes large sharks to hunt closer to shore, tourist boat operators who chum the waters just offshore to present shark-photo opportunities, and reports of passing ships throwing dead livestock overboard. Furthermore the geography of some parts of the Red Sea is such that large sharks can sometimes wander close to shore. This is due to the sea's narrow width, significant depth, and sharp drop-offs, all of which combine to form a geography where large deep-water sharks can roam in hundreds of meters of water, yet be within a hundred meters of swimming areas.
Bordering countries
The Red Sea may be geographically divided into three sections: the Red Sea proper, and in the north, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Suez. The six countries bordering the Red Sea proper are:
•Eastern shore:
o Saudi Arabia
o Yemen
•Western shore:
o Egypt
o Sudan
o Eritrea
o Djibouti
The Gulf of Suez is entirely bordered by Egypt. The Gulf of Aqaba borders Egypt, Israel, Jordan and Saudi Arabia.
In addition to the standard geographical definition of the six countries bordering the Red Sea cited above, areas such as Somalia and Ethiopia are sometimes also described as Red Sea territories. This is primarily due to their proximity to and geological similarities with the nations facing the Red Sea and/or political ties with said areas.[21][22]
Towns and cities
Towns and cities on the Red Sea coast (including the coasts of the Gulfs of Aqaba and Suez) include:
• Al Hudaydah (الحديدة)
• Al Lith (الليِّث)
• Al Qunfudhah (القنفذة)
• Al-Qusair (القصير)
• Al Wajh (الوجه)
• Aqaba (العقبة)
• Asseb (ዓሳብ)
• Dahab (دهب)
• Duba (ضباء)
• Eilat (אילת)
• El Gouna (الجونة)
• El Suweis (السويس)
• / Hala'ib (حلايب) (disputed)
• Haql (حقل)
• Hirgigo (ሕርጊጎ)
• Hurghada (الغردقة)
• Jeddah (جدة)
• Jazan (جازان)
• Marsa Alam (مرسى علم)
• Massawa (ምጽዋ)
• Nuweiba (نويبع)
• Port Safaga (ميناء سفاجا)
• Port Sudan (بورت سودان)
• Rabigh (رابغ)
• Sharm el Sheikh (شرم الشيخ)
• Soma Bay (سوما باي)
• Suakin (سواكن)
• Taba (طابا)
• Thuwal (ثول)
• Yanbu (ينبع)
Allana standing on the summit of Tower of Babel, with Deltaform Mountain in the background. It is flanked by Mount Tuzo on the left and Neptuak Mountain on the right
The Red Sea (alternatively Arabian Gulf[1] or Gulf of Arabia[2][3]) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden. In the north, there is the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Suez (leading to the Suez Canal). The Red Sea is a Global 200 ecoregion. The sea is underlain by the Red Sea Rift which is part of the Great Rift Valley.
The Red Sea has a surface area of roughly 438,000 km² (169,100 mi²).[4][5] It is about 2250 km (1398 mi) long and, at its widest point, 355 km (220.6 mi) wide. It has a maximum depth of 2211 m (7254 ft) in the central median trench, and an average depth of 490 m (1,608 ft). However, there are also extensive shallow shelves, noted for their marine life and corals. The sea is the habitat of over 1,000 invertebrate species, and 200 soft and hard corals. It is the world's northernmost tropical sea.
Extent
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Red Sea as follows:[6]
On the North. The Southern limits of the Gulfs of Suez [A line running from Ràs Muhammed (27°43'N) to the South point of Shadwan Island (34°02'E) and thence Westward on a parallel (27°27'N) to the coast of Africa] and Aqaba [A line running from Ràs al Fasma Southwesterly to Requin Island (
27°57′N 34°36′E) through Tiran Island to the Southwest point thereof and thence Westward on a parallel (27°54'N) to the coast of the Sinaï Peninsula].
On the South. A line joining Husn Murad (
12°40′N 43°30′E) and Ras Siyan (
12°29′N 43°20′E).
Name
Red Sea is a direct translation of the Greek Erythra Thalassa (Ερυθρὰ Θάλασσα) and Latin Mare Rubrum (alternatively Sinus Arabicus, literally "Arabian Gulf"), Arabic Al-Baḥr Al-Aḥmar (البحر الأحمر) or Baḥr Al-Qalzam(بحر القلزم), Somali Badda Cas and Tigrinya Qeyyiḥ bāḥrī (ቀይሕ ባሕሪ). The name of the sea may signify the seasonal blooms of the red-coloured Trichodesmium erythraeum near the water's surface.[7] A theory favored by some modern scholars[who?] is that the name red is referring to the direction South, just as the Black Sea's name may refer to North. The basis of this theory is that some Asiatic languages used color words to refer to the cardinal directions.[8] Herodotus on one occasion uses Red Sea and Southern Sea interchangeably.[9]
The association of the Red Sea with the Biblical account of the Israelite Crossing the Red Sea is ancient, and was made explicit in the Septuagint translation of the Book of Exodus from Hebrew to Koine Greek in approximately the third century B.C. In that version, the Hebrew Yam Suph (ים סוף) is translated as Erythra Thalassa (Red Sea). (See also the more recent suggestion that the Yam Suph of the Exodus refers to a Sea of Reeds). The Red Sea is one of four seas named in English after common color terms — the others being the Black Sea, the White Sea and the Yellow Sea. The direct rendition of the Greek Erythra thalassa in Latin as Mare Erythraeum refers to the north-western part of the Indian Ocean, and also to a region on Mars.
History
The earliest known exploration of the Red Sea was conducted by Ancient Egyptians, as they attempted to establish commercial routes to Punt. One such expedition took place around 2500 BC, and another around 1500 BC ( by Hatshepsut ). Both involved long voyages down the Red Sea.[10] The Biblical Book of Exodus tells the story of the Israelites' miraculous crossing of a body of water, which the Hebrew text calls Yam Suph. Yam Suph is traditionally identified as the Red Sea. The account is part of the Israelites' escape from slavery in Egypt. Yam Suph can also been translated as Sea of Reeds.
In the 6th century BC, Darius the Great of Persia sent reconnaissance missions to the Red Sea, improving and extending navigation by locating many hazardous rocks and currents. A canal was built between the Nile and the northern end of the Red Sea at Suez. In the late 4th century BC, Alexander the Great sent Greek naval expeditions down the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean. Greek navigators continued to explore and compile data on the Red Sea. Agatharchides collected information about the sea in the 2nd century BC. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea ("Periplus of the Red Sea"), a Greek periplus written by an unknown author around the 1st century AD, contain a detailed description of the Red Sea's ports and sea routes.[11] The Periplus also describes how Hippalus first discovered the direct route from the Red Sea to India.
The Red Sea was favored for Roman trade with India starting with the reign of Augustus, when the Roman Empire gained control over the Mediterranean, Egypt, and the northern Red Sea. The route had been used by previous states but grew in the volume of traffic under the Romans. From Indian ports goods from China were introduced to the Roman world. Contact between Rome and China depended on the Red Sea, but the route was broken by the Aksumite Empire around the 3rd century AD.[12]
During the Middle Ages, the Red Sea was an important part of the Spice trade route. In 1513, trying to secure that channel to Portugal, Afonso de Albuquerque laid siege to Aden.[13] but was forced to retreat. They cruised the Red Sea inside the Bab al-Mandab, as the first European fleet to have sailed this waters.
In 1798, France ordered General Bonaparte to invade Egypt and take control of the Red Sea. Although he failed in his mission, the engineer Jean-Baptiste Lepère, who took part in it, revitalised the plan for a canal which had been envisaged during the reign of the Pharaohs. Several canals were built in ancient times from the Nile to the Red Sea along or near the line of the present Sweet Water Canal, but none lasted for long. The Suez Canal was opened in November 1869. At the time, the British, French, and Italians shared the trading posts. The posts were gradually dismantled following the First World War. After the Second World War, the Americans and Soviets exerted their influence whilst the volume of oil tanker traffic intensified. However, the Six Day War culminated in the closure of the Suez Canal from 1967 to 1975. Today, in spite of patrols by the major maritime fleets in the waters of the Red Sea, the Suez Canal has never recovered its supremacy over the Cape route, which is believed to be less vulnerable.
Oceanography
The Red Sea lies between arid land, desert and semi-desert. The main reasons for the better development of reef systems along the Red Sea is because of its greater depths and an efficient water circulation pattern, The Red Sea water mass exchanges its water with the Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean via the Gulf of Aden. These physical factors reduce the effect of high salinity caused by evaporation water in the north and relatively hot water in the south.
The climate of the Red Sea is the result of two distinct monsoon seasons; a northeasterly monsoon and a southwesterly monsoon. Monsoon winds occur because of the differential heating between the land surface and sea. Very high surface temperatures coupled with high salinities makes this one of the hottest and saltiest bodies of seawater in the world. The average surface water temperature of the Red Sea during the summer is about 26 °C (79 °F) in the north and 30 °C (86 °F) in the south, with only about 2 °C (3.6 °F) variation during the winter months. The overall average water temperature is 22 °C (72 °F). Today surface water temperatures remain relatively constant at 21–25 °C (70–77 °F). Temperature and visibility remain good to around 200 m (656 ft). The sea is known for its strong winds and unpredictable local currents.
The rainfall over the Red Sea and its coasts is extremely low, averaging 0.06 m (2.36 in) per year. The rain is mostly in the form of showers of short spells, often associated with thunderstorms and occasionally with dust storms. The scarcity of rainfall and no major source of fresh water to the Red Sea result in the excess evaporation as high as 205 cm (81 in) per year and high salinity with minimal seasonal variation. A recent underwater expedition to the Red Sea offshore from Sudan and Eritrea[14] found surface water temperatures 28 °C in winter and up to 34 °C in the summer, but despite that extreme heat the coral was healthy with much fish life with very little sign of coral bleaching, and there were plans to use samples of these corals' apparently heat-adapted commensal algae to salvage bleached coral elsewhere.
Salinity
The Red Sea is one of the most saline bodies of water in the world, due to high evaporation. Salinity ranges from between ~36 ‰ in the southern part due to the effect of the Gulf of Aden water and reaches 41 ‰ in the northern part, due mainly to the Gulf of Suez water and the high evaporation. The average salinity is 40 ‰. (Average salinity for the world's seawater is ~35 ‰ on the Practical Salinity Scale, or PPS; that translates to 3.5 % actual dissolved salts.)
In terms of salinity, the Red Sea is greater than the world average, approximately 4 percent. This is due to several factors:
1.High rate of evaporation and very little precipitation.
2.Lack of significant rivers or streams draining into the sea.
3.Limited connection with the Indian Ocean, which has lower water salinity.
Tidal range
In general tide ranges between 0.6 m (2.0 ft) in the north, near the mouth of the Gulf of Suez and 0.9 m (3.0 ft) in the south near the Gulf of Aden but it fluctuates between 0.20 m (0.66 ft) and 0.30 m (0.98 ft) away from the nodal point. The central Red Sea (Jeddah area) is therefore almost tideless, and as such the annual water level changes are more significant. Because of the small tidal range the water during high tide inundates the coastal sabkhas as a thin sheet of water up to a few hundred metres rather than inundating the sabkhas through a network of channels. However, south of Jeddah in the Shoiaba area the water from the lagoon may cover the adjoining sabkhas as far as 3 km (2 mi) whereas, north of Jeddah in the Al-kharrar area the sabkhas are covered by a thin sheet of water as far as 2 km (1.2 mi). The prevailing north and northeastern winds influence the movement of water in the coastal inlets to the adjacent sabkhas, especially during storms. Winter mean sea level is 0.5 m (1.6 ft) higher than in summer. Tidal velocities passing through constrictions caused by reefs, sand bars and low islands commonly exceed 1–2 m/s (3–6.5 ft/s). Coral reefs in the Red Sea are near Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Israel and Sudan.
Current
In the Red Sea detailed current data is lacking, partially because they are weak and variable both spatially and temporally. Temporal and spatial currents variation is as low as 0.5 m (1.6 ft) and are governed all by wind. During the summer, NW winds drive surface water south for about four months at a velocity of 15–20 cm/s (6–8 in/s), whereas in winter the flow is reversed resulting in the inflow of water from the Gulf of Aden into the Red Sea. The net value of the latter predominates, resulting in an overall drift to the northern end of the Red Sea. Generally, the velocity of the tidal current is between 50–60 cm/s (20–23.6 in/s) with a maximum of 1 m/s (3.3 ft) at the mouth of the al-Kharrar Lagoon. However, the range of the north-northeast current along the Saudi coast is 8–29 cm/s (3–11.4 in/s).
Wind regime
With the exception of the northern part of the Red Sea, which is dominated by persistent north-west winds, with speeds ranging between 7 km/h (4.3 mph) and 12 km/h (7.5 mph), the rest of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden are subjected to the influence of regular and seasonally reversible winds. The wind regime is characterized by both seasonal and regional variations in speed and direction with average speed generally increasing northward.
Wind is the driving force in the Red Sea for transporting the material either as suspension or as bedload. Wind induced currents play an important role in the Red Sea in initiating the process of resuspension of bottom sediments and transfer of materials from sites of dumping to sites of burial in quiescent environment of deposition. Wind generated current measurement is therefore important in order to determine the sediment dispersal pattern and its role in the erosion and accretion of the coastal rock exposure and the submerged coral beds.
Geology
The Red Sea was formed by Arabia splitting from Africa due to movement of the Red Sea Rift. This split started in the Eocene and accelerated during the Oligocene. The sea is still widening and it is considered that the sea will become an ocean in time (as proposed in the model of John Tuzo Wilson). In 1949, a deep water survey reported anomalously hot brines in the central portion of the Red Sea. Later work in the 1960s confirmed the presence of hot, 60 °C (140 °F), saline brines and associated metalliferous muds. The hot solutions were emanating from an active subseafloor rift. The highly saline character of the waters was not hospitable to living organisms.[15]
Sometimes during the Tertiary period the Bab el Mandeb closed and the Red Sea evaporated to an empty hot dry salt-floored sink. Effects causing this would be:
•A "race" between the Red Sea widening and Perim Island erupting filling the Bab el Mandeb with lava.
•The lowering of world sea level during the Ice Ages due to much water being locked up in the ice caps.
A number of volcanic islands rise from the center of the sea. Most are dormant, but in 2007 Jabal al-Tair island, in the Bab el Mandeb strait, erupted violently. An eruption among the nearby Zubair islands followed in 2011.[16]
Mineral resources
In terms of mineral resources the major constituents of the Red Sea sediments are as follows:
•Biogenic constituents:
Nanofossils, foraminifera, pteropods, siliceous fossils
•Volcanogenic constituents:
Tuffites, volcanic ash, montmorillonite, cristobalite, zeolites
•Terrigenous constituents:
Quartz, feldspars, rock fragments, mica, heavy minerals, clay minerals
•Authigenic minerals:
Sulfide minerals, aragonite, Mg-calcite, protodolomite, dolomite, quartz, chalcedony.
•Evaporite minerals:
Magnesite, gypsum, anhydrite, halite, polyhalite
•Brine precipitate:
Fe-montmorillonite, goethite, hematite, siderite, rhodochrosite, pyrite, sphalerite, anhydrite.
Living resources
The Red Sea is a rich and diverse ecosystem. More than 1200 species of fish[17] have been recorded in the Red Sea, and around 10% of these are found nowhere else.[18] This also includes 42 species of deepwater fish.[17]
The rich diversity is in part due to the 2,000 km (1,240 mi) of coral reef extending along its coastline; these fringing reefs are 5000–7000 years old and are largely formed of stony acropora and porites corals. The reefs form platforms and sometimes lagoons along the coast and occasional other features such as cylinders (such as the Blue Hole (Red Sea) at Dahab). These coastal reefs are also visited by pelagic species of red sea fish, including some of the 44 species of shark.
The Red Sea also contains many offshore reefs including several true atolls. Many of the unusual offshore reef formations defy classic (i.e., Darwinian) coral reef classification schemes, and are generally attributed to the high levels of tectonic activity that characterize the area.
The special biodiversity of the area is recognized by the Egyptian government, who set up the Ras Mohammed National Park in 1983. The rules and regulations governing this area protect local marine life, which has become a major draw for diving enthusiasts.
Divers and snorkellers should be aware that although most Red Sea species are innocuous, a few are hazardous to humans: see Red Sea species hazardous to humans.[19]
Other marine habitats include sea grass beds, salt pans, mangroves and salt marshes.
Desalination plants
There is extensive demand of desalinated water to meet the requirement of the population and the industries along the Red Sea.
There are at least 18 desalination plants along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia which discharge warm brine and treatment chemicals (chlorine and anti-scalants) that may cause bleaching and mortality of corals and diseases to the fish stocks. Although this is only a localized phenomenon, it may intensify with time and have a profound impact on the fishing industry.[20]
The water from the Red Sea is also utilized by oil refineries and cement factories for cooling purposes. Used water drained back into the coastal zones may cause harm to the nearshore environment of the Red Sea.
Security
The Red Sea is part of the sea roads between Europe, the Persian Gulf and East Asia, and as such has heavy shipping traffic. Piracy in Somalia occurs principally near the area of the Gulf of Aden south of the sea. Government-related bodies with responsibility to police the Red Sea area include the Port Said Port Authority, Suez Canal Authority and Red Sea Ports Authority of Egypt, Jordan Maritime Authority, Israel Port Authority, Saudi Ports Authority and Sea Ports Corporation of Sudan.
Facts and figures
•Length: ~2,250 km (1,398.1 mi) - 79% of the eastern Red Sea with numerous coastal inlets
•Maximum Width: ~ 306–355 km (190–220 mi)– Massawa (Eritrea)
•Minimum Width: ~ 26–29 km (16–18 mi)- Bab el Mandeb Strait (Yemen)
•Average Width: ~ 280 km (174.0 mi)
•Average Depth: ~ 490 m (1,607.6 ft)
•Maximum Depth: ~2,211 m (7,253.9 ft)
•Surface Area: 438-450 x 10² km² (16,900–17,400 sq mi)
•Volume: 215–251 x 10³ km³ (51,600–60,200 cu mi)
•Approximately 40% of the Red Sea is quite shallow (under 100 m/330 ft), and about 25% is under 50 m (164 ft) deep.
•About 15% of the Red Sea is over 1,000 m (3,300 ft) depth that forms the deep axial trough.
•Shelf breaks are marked by coral reefs
•Continental slope has an irregular profile (series of steps down to ~500 m/1,640 ft)
•Centre of Red Sea has a narrow trough (~ 1,000 m/3,281 ft; some deeps may exceed 2,500 m/8,202 ft)
Tourism
The sea is known for its spectacular recreational diving sites, such as Ras Mohammed, SS Thistlegorm (shipwreck), Elphinstone, The Brothers, Dolphin Reef and Rocky Island in Egypt and less known sites in Sudan such as Sanganeb, Abington, Angarosh and Shaab Rumi.
The Red Sea became known as a sought-after diving destination after the expeditions of Hans Hass in the 1950s, and later by Jacques-Yves Cousteau. Popular tourist resorts include El Gouna, Hurghada, Safaga, Marsa Alam, on the western shore of the Red Sea, and Sharm-El-Sheikh, Dahab, and Taba on the Egyptian side of Sinaï, as well as Aqaba in Jordan and Eilat in Israel in an area known as the Red Sea Riviera.
The popular tourist beach of Sharm el-Sheikh was closed to all swimming in December 2010 due to several serious shark attacks, including one fatal one. As of December 2010, scientists are investigating the attacks and have identified, but not verified, several possible causes including over fishing which causes large sharks to hunt closer to shore, tourist boat operators who chum the waters just offshore to present shark-photo opportunities, and reports of passing ships throwing dead livestock overboard. Furthermore the geography of some parts of the Red Sea is such that large sharks can sometimes wander close to shore. This is due to the sea's narrow width, significant depth, and sharp drop-offs, all of which combine to form a geography where large deep-water sharks can roam in hundreds of meters of water, yet be within a hundred meters of swimming areas.
Bordering countries
The Red Sea may be geographically divided into three sections: the Red Sea proper, and in the north, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Suez. The six countries bordering the Red Sea proper are:
•Eastern shore:
o Saudi Arabia
o Yemen
•Western shore:
o Egypt
o Sudan
o Eritrea
o Djibouti
The Gulf of Suez is entirely bordered by Egypt. The Gulf of Aqaba borders Egypt, Israel, Jordan and Saudi Arabia.
In addition to the standard geographical definition of the six countries bordering the Red Sea cited above, areas such as Somalia and Ethiopia are sometimes also described as Red Sea territories. This is primarily due to their proximity to and geological similarities with the nations facing the Red Sea and/or political ties with said areas.[21][22]
Towns and cities
Towns and cities on the Red Sea coast (including the coasts of the Gulfs of Aqaba and Suez) include:
• Al Hudaydah (الحديدة)
• Al Lith (الليِّث)
• Al Qunfudhah (القنفذة)
• Al-Qusair (القصير)
• Al Wajh (الوجه)
• Aqaba (العقبة)
• Asseb (ዓሳብ)
• Dahab (دهب)
• Duba (ضباء)
• Eilat (אילת)
• El Gouna (الجونة)
• El Suweis (السويس)
• / Hala'ib (حلايب) (disputed)
• Haql (حقل)
• Hirgigo (ሕርጊጎ)
• Hurghada (الغردقة)
• Jeddah (جدة)
• Jazan (جازان)
• Marsa Alam (مرسى علم)
• Massawa (ምጽዋ)
• Nuweiba (نويبع)
• Port Safaga (ميناء سفاجا)
• Port Sudan (بورت سودان)
• Rabigh (رابغ)
• Sharm el Sheikh (شرم الشيخ)
• Soma Bay (سوما باي)
• Suakin (سواكن)
• Taba (طابا)
• Thuwal (ثول)
• Yanbu (ينبع)
xolos vs pachuca, partido celebrado en el estadio Caliente de Tijuana para el apertura 2011 del futbol mexicano
This morphology, rare in the plant kingdom, results from the leaf stem (the petiole) and the flower stem (the pedicel) being fused up to the midpoint of the leaf blade.
Sajnos a tűző napon megégett a levelek egy része...8-(
[TC2019 LIGA FEMENIL J16] Club Lobos BUAP vs Club Pachuca Tuzos | Estadio Universitario BUAP | Liga Bancomer Mx
Redacción | Fotografías Mara González @MaraGlez_BTR / Lyz Vega @lyz_vega / Saúl Sánchez / Manuel Vela @Mv_ManuelVela #PueblaExpres para Mv Fotografía Profesional / Edición y retoque www.pueblaexpres.com / en Twitter @Mv_ManuelVela LAE Manuel Vela Flickr
Puebla., Puebla a 09 de Abril 2019
Redacción | Fotografías Mara González @MaraGlez_BTR / Lyz Vega @lyz_vega / Saúl Sánchez / Manuel Vela @Mv_ManuelVela #PueblaExpres @PueblaExpres
Con doblete de Flor Rodríguez, un gran gol de Gloria Narváez y un autogol de las visitantes, las chicas de Lobos BUAP se enfilaron a su cuarta victoria consecutiva, esta vez derrotaron a las Tuzas de Pachuca por marcador de cuatro goles a dos en acciones de la fecha 16 de la Liga Mx Femenil.
Rodaba el balón en el Universitario de la BUAP y eran las tuzas quienes daban el primer aviso. Al minuto 15, llegó un servicio desde el costado izquierdo que alcanzó a rematar a portería la delantera Ana López, el balón ya se dirigía lentamente a la red, pero la guardameta Paola Manrique consiguió desviarlo.
Siete minutos más adelante, Karen Mejía trazó el centro buscando a Gloria Narváez, la delantera universitaria ya se perfilaba a cerrar la jugada, pero Natalia Melgoza logró puntearle el balón y enviar a tiro de esquina. Instantes después las de casa abrieron el marcador en un balón parado; el cobro no fue bien rechazado por Karla Nieto y terminó por dirigir el esférico a su propio arco.
Las hidalguenses buscaron reponerse pronto, y al minuto 32 armaron una pared por el carril izquierdo, que culminó con remate desviado de Georgina Peralta.
Antes del medio tiempo, llegaría una triangulación efectiva que le permitió a Ana López asistir a su compañera Lizbeth Ángeles para que empujara de primera y decretara el empate.
La manada recargó energías en el vestuario y para el complemento no dudó en recuperar la ventaja. Al minuto 60, Brenda León le puso un gran servicio a la recién ingresada Flor Rodríguez para que se levantara entre la defensora rival y conectara de cabeza un certero remate que a pesar del desvío de la guardameta Ana Barrios, terminó en el fondo en la red.
Pachuca nuevamente buscó el empate y para ello la entrenadora Eva Espejo envió a la cancha a Mónica Ocampo, quien al minuto 70 remató en los linderos del área y la bola fue a dar al travesaño.
La tuzas insistían, pero las locales aguardaban y conectaron el tercer zarpazo al minuto 84. En un tiro de esquina, la combinación entre Brenda León y Flor Rodríguez volvió a funcionar y la delantera concretó su doblete con un nuevo cabezazo.
La victoria ya se palpaba en la afición universitaria que todavía pudo gritar la cuarta anotación de su equipo. Gloria Narváez robó el esférico a Dulce Valente, se acomodó a su perfil zurdo y con gran gesto colocó el esférico sobre la guardameta visitante para cerrar la cuenta de sus compañeras.
En la reposición, Mónica Ocampo todavía marcaría para las de la bella airosa, tras una jugada individual y un remate pegado al poste colocó el definitivo cuatro goles a dos.
De este modo, las chicas de Julio Cevada se adjudicaron su cuarto triunfo consecutivo que les permite llegar a 21 unidades y llegar a su último partido con serias aspiraciones de calificar.
La próxima semana la manada descansará y en el cierre del torneo visitarán a las Águilas del América.
Alineaciones:
Lobos BUAP: Paola Manrique (P), Karen Mejía, Itzia Tenahua, Rubí Ruvalcaba, Dulce Martínez (C), Citlalli Valencia, Claudia Cid, María Ramírez, Brenda León, Mayra Ríos y Gloria Narváez; D.T. Julio Cevada
Pachuca: Ana Barrios (P), Natalia Melgoza, Dulce Valente, Georgina Peralta, Karla Nieto (C), Andrea Balcázar, Diana Fierro, Ana López, Esbeydi Salazar, Lizbeth Ángeles y Sanjuana Muñoz; D.T. Eva Espejo.
LA OPINIÓN EXPRESADA EN ESTA COLUMNA ES RESPONSABILIDAD DE QUIEN LA ESCRIBE Y NO BUSCA GENERAR CONFLICTOS ENTRE LOS INVOLUCRADOS, SINO GENERAR CONCIENCIA EN CADA LECTOR.
[Manuel Vela Photography Copyright©] This image is protected under International Copyright laws and may not be downloaded, reproduced, copied, transmitted or manipulated without written permission. / Esta imagen se protege conforme a leyes de Derechos de Autor internacionales y no se puede transferir, reproducir, copiar, transmitir o manipular sin el permiso de escritura.