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톱카프 궁전(오스만 터키어: طوپقپو سرايى, 터키어: Topkapı Sarayı)은 15세기 중순부터 19세기 중순까지 약 400년 동안 오스만 제국의 군주가 거주한 궁전이다. 이스탄불 구시가지가 있는 반도, 보스포루스 해협과 마르마라 해, 금각만이 합류하는 지점이 내려다보이는 언덕 위에 세워져 있다. 현재는 박물관으로 이용 중이다. 총 면적은 70만 평이며, 벽 길이만도 5km나 된다. 톱카프 궁전은 유럽의 다른 궁전과는 달리 화려하지 않은 것이 특색이다. 그러나 건축학적인 면에서 관심을 두고 볼 것이 많고, 특히 자기, 무기, 직물, 보석 등 볼거리가 많은 곳이다.
이곳의 전체 규모는 원래 크기보다 상당히 축소된 상태이다. 본래의 규모는 오늘날의 시르케지 철도역과 귈하네 공원을 포함하면서 마르마라 해 방향의 아래쪽까지 분포했다. 비록 구조적으로는 메흐메트 2세 때의 기본 설계를 간직하고 있지만, 불규칙적으로 넓게 퍼져 있는 건축물의 집합한 형태라서 특별한 건축적 특징을 보여주고 있지 못하다. 새롭게 술탄이 될 때마다 모두 필요에 의해서 궁전에 공을 들였고, 대화재 사건이 네 번이나 일어나면서 당시에는 존재했을지도 모르는 건축적인 조화를 거의 보존하지 못했다. 톱카프 궁전 단지는 비룬(외정)과 엔데룬(내정) 그리고 하렘 세 곳으로 나뉘어 있다. 제각각 안마당이 여러 개 마련되어 있는데, 이 안마당을 연결하여 많은 문을 만들어 복잡하게 조성된 미로가 갖춰져 있다.
a fountain in the Istanbul Topkapi Palace: The Topkapi Palace, built in 1459-1465 by Sultan Mehmet II on the old Byzantine acropolis, was the official and primary residence in the city of the Ottoman Sultans during 1465-1856. See McDonagh, Turkey, Blue Guide, 3rd ed., 72; and en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace.
When Sultan Mehmed II captured Constantinople in 1453, he found the palaces of the Byzantine Emperors in such ruins as to be uninhabitable. He chose a large area on the broad peak of the Third Hill as the site of his first imperial residence. He constructed a great complex of buildings and gardens here and they came to be known as "Eski Saray" which means "The Old Palace". A few years later, he decided to have his palace on the N side of the First Hill which had been the acropolis of the ancient Byzantium. He constructed a massive wall surrounding the area along the Sea of Marmara to the Golden Horn. This took place during the period 1459-65 after the Sultan left the former palace to women of his father's harem. The Harem in Topkapi Palace in its present state dates back to the reign of Murat III(1574-95), Mehmed IV(1648-87) and Osman III(1754-57).
Topkapi Palace was more than just the private residence of the Sultan and his court. It was the seat of the supreme executive and judiciary council, the Divan and the training school, the Palace School. In the First Courtyard, there were a hospital, bakery,arsenal, a state mint, a part of the treasury and the Outer Service. It was open to public. The Second Courtyard was open to people who had business with the council. The Third Courtyard was reserved to the Sultan's household and palace children. The Fourth Courtyard was exclusively reserved for the Sultan's use.
Topkapi Palace continued to be the principal residence for four centuries until in 1853, Sultan Abdul Mecid I moved into the new palace of Dolmabahce on the Bosphorus. The old palace was used as house for the women of the departed sultans and their servants until the Harem was officially disbanded in 1909. In 1924, Topkapi Palace was converted to a museum with the order of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. The final step was the opening of the Harem to the public in 1960.