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Gordon E. Moore, the Intel Co-Founder Behind Moore’s Law, Dies at 94
His prediction in the 1960s about exponential advances in computer chip technology charted a course for the age of high tech.
Image
Gordon E. Moore in 1990 at the Silicon Valley headquarters of Intel, which he founded in 1968 with Robert Noyce.
Gordon E. Moore in 1990 at the Silicon Valley headquarters of Intel, which he founded in 1968 with Robert Noyce. Credit...Alamy
By Holcomb B. Noble and Katie Hafner
March 24, 2023, 9:36 p.m. ET
6 MIN READ
Gordon E. Moore, a co-founder and former chairman of Intel Corporation, the California semiconductor chip maker that helped give Silicon Valley its name, achieving the kind of industrial dominance once held by the giant American railroad or steel companies of another age, died on Friday at his home in Hawaii. He was 94.
His death was confirmed by Intel and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. They did not provide a cause.
Along with a handful of colleagues, Mr. Moore could claim credit for bringing laptop computers to hundreds of millions of people and embedding microprocessors into everything from bathroom scales, toasters and toy fire engines to cellphones, cars and jets.
Mr. Moore, who had wanted to be a teacher but could not get a job in education and later called himself the Accidental Entrepreneur, became a billionaire as a result of an initial $500 investment in the fledgling microchip business, which turned electronics into one of the world’s largest industries.
Story continues below advertisement
And it was he, his colleagues said, who saw the future. In 1965, in what became known as Moore’s Law, he predicted that the number of transistors that could be placed on a silicon chip would double at regular intervals for the foreseeable future, thus increasing the data-processing power of computers exponentially.
He added two corollaries later: The evolving technology would make computers more and more expensive to build, yet consumers would be charged less and less for them because so many would be sold. Moore’s Law held up for decades.
Through a combination of Mr. Moore’s brilliance, leadership, charisma and contacts, as well as that of his partner and Intel co-founder, Robert Noyce, the two assembled a group widely regarded by many as among the boldest and most creative technicians of the high-tech age.
This was the group that advocated the use of the thumbnail-thin chips of silicon, a highly polished, chemically treated sandy substance — one of the most common natural resources on earth — because of what turned out to be silicon’s amazing hospitality in housing smaller and smaller electronic circuitry that could work at higher and higher speeds.
Story continues below advertisement
With its silicon microprocessors, the brains of a computer, Intel enabled American manufacturers in the mid-1980s to regain the lead in the vast computer data-processing field from their formidable Japanese competitors. By the ’90s, Intel had placed its microprocessors in 80 percent of the computers that were being made worldwide, becoming the most successful semiconductor company in history.
Much of his happened under Mr. Moore’s watch. He was chief executive from 1975 to 1987, when Andrew Grove succeeded him, and remained as chairman until 1997.
As his wealth grew, Mr. Moore also became a major figure in philanthropy. In 2001, he and his wife created the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation with a donation of 175 million Intel shares. In 2001, they donated $600 million to the California Institute of Technology, the largest single gift to an institution of higher learning at the time. The foundation’s assets currently exceed $8 billion and it has given away more than $5 billion since its founding.
In interviews, Mr. Moore was characteristically humble about his achievements, particularly the technical advances that Moore’s Law made possible.
Story continues below advertisement
“What I could see was that semiconductor devices were the way electronics were going to become cheap. That was the message I was trying to get across,” he told the journalist Michael Malone in 2000. “It turned out to be an amazingly precise prediction — a lot more precise than I ever imagined it would be.”
Not only was Mr. Moore predicting that electronics would become much cheaper over time, as the industry shifted from away from discrete transistors and tubes to silicon microchips, but over the years his prediction proved so reliable that technology firms based their product strategy on the assumption that Moore’s Law would hold.
“Any business doing rational multiyear planning had to assume this rate of change or else get steamrolled,” said Harry Saal, a longtime Silicon Valley entrepreneur.
“That’s his legacy,” said Arthur Rock, an early investor in Intel and friend of Mr. Moore’s. “It’s not Intel. It’s not the Moore Foundation. It’s that phrase: Moore’s Law.”
Image
Mr. Moore during Intel’s early days. His prediction, a few years earlier, that the number of transistors that could be placed on a silicon chip would double at regular intervals became known as Moore’s Law.
Mr. Moore during Intel’s early days. His prediction, a few years earlier, that the number of transistors that could be placed on a silicon chip would double at regular intervals became known as Moore’s Law.Credit...Intel
Gordon Earl Moore was born on Jan. 3, 1929, in San Francisco. He grew up in Pescadero, a small coastal town south of San Francisco, where his father, Walter H. Moore, was deputy sheriff and the family of his mother, the former Florence Almira Williamson, ran the general store.
Mr. Moore enrolled at San Jose State College (now San José State University), where he met Betty Whitaker, a journalism student. They married in 1950. That year, he completed his undergraduate studies at the University of California, Berkeley, with a degree in chemistry. In 1954, he received his doctorate, also in chemistry, from the Caltech.
One of the first jobs he applied for was as a manager with Dow Chemical. “They sent me to a psychologist to see how this would fit,” Mr. Moore wrote in 1994. “The psychologist said I was OK technically but I’d never manage anything.”
So Mr. Moore took a position with the Applied Physics Laboratory at Johns Hopkins University in Maryland. Then, looking for a way back to California, he interviewed at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory in Livermore, Calif. He was offered a job, “but I decided I didn’t want to take spectra of exploding nuclear bombs, so I turned it down,” he wrote.
Instead, in 1956, Mr. Moore joined William Shockley, the inventor of the transistor, to work at a West Coast division of Bell Laboratories, a start-up unit whose aim was to make a cheap silicon transistor.
But the company, Shockley Semiconductor, foundered under Mr. Shockley, who had no experience running a company. In 1957, Mr. Moore and Mr. Noyce joined a group of defectors who came to be known as “the traitorous eight.” With each putting in $500, along with $1.3 million in backing from the aircraft pioneer Sherman Fairchild, the eight men left to form the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation, which became a pioneer in manufacturing integrated circuits.
Bitten by the entrepreneurial bug, Mr. Moore and Mr. Noyce decided in 1968 to form their own company, focusing on semiconductor memory. They wrote what Mr. Moore described as a “very general” business plan.
“It said we were going to work with silicon … and make interesting products,” he said in an interview in 1994.
Their vague proposal notwithstanding, they had no trouble finding financial backing.
With $2.5 million in capital, Mr. Moore and Mr. Noyce called their start-up Integrated Electronics Corporation, and later shortened it to Intel. The third employee was Mr. Grove, a young Hungarian immigrant who had worked under Mr. Moore at Fairchild.
After some indecision around what technology to focus on, the three men settled on a new version of MOS — metal oxide semiconductor — technology called silicon-gate MOS. To improve a transistor’s speed and density, they used silicon instead of aluminum.
“Fortunately, very much by luck, we had hit on a technology that had just the right degree of difficulty for a successful start-up,” Mr. Moore wrote in 1994. “This was how Intel began.”
In the early 1970s, Intel’s 4000 series “computer on a chip” began the revolution in personal computers, although Intel itself missed the opportunity to manufacture a PC, which Mr. Moore blamed partly on his own shortsightedness.
“Long before Apple, one of our engineers came to me with the suggestion that Intel ought to build a computer for the home,” he wrote. “And I asked him, ‘What the heck would anyone want a computer for in his home?”
Image
Mr. Moore holding a silicon wafer in 2005. Silicon was a key to Intel’s success.
Mr. Moore holding a silicon wafer in 2005. Silicon was a key to Intel’s success.Credit...Paul Sakuma/Associated Press
Still, he saw the future. In 1963, while still at Fairchild as director of research and development, Mr. Moore contributed a book chapter describing what was to become the precursor to his eponymous law, without the explicit numerical prediction. Two years later, he published an article in Electronics, a widely circulated trade magazine, titled, “Cramming More Components Onto Integrated Circuits.”
“The article presented the same argument as the book chapter, with the addition of this explicitly numerical prediction,” said David Brock, a co-author of “Moore’s Law: The Life of Gordon Moore, Silicon Valley’s Quiet Revolutionary.”
There is little evidence that many people read the article when it was published, Mr. Brock said.
“He kept giving talks with these charts and plots, and people started using his slides and reproducing his graphs,” Mr. Brock said. “Then people saw the phenomenon happen. Silicon microchips got more complex, and their cost went down.”
In the 1960s, when Mr. Moore began in electronics, a single silicon transistor sold for $150. Later, $10 would buy more than 100 million transistors. Mr. Moore once wrote that if cars advanced as quickly as computers, “they would get 100,000 miles to the gallon and it would be cheaper to buy a Rolls-Royce than park it. (Cars would also be a half an inch long.)”
Mr. Moore’s survivors include his wife, and his sons Kenneth and Steven, as well as four grandchildren.
In 2014, Forbes estimated Mr. Moore’s net worth at $7 billion. Yet he remained unprepossessing throughout his life, preferring tattered shirts and khakis to tailored suits. He shopped at Costco and kept a collection of fly lures and fishing reels on his office desk.
Moore’s Law is bound to reach its end, as engineers encounter some basic physical limits, as well as the extreme cost of building factories to achieve the next level of miniaturization. And in recent years, the pace of miniaturization has slowed.
Mr. Moore himself commented from time to time on the inevitable end to Moore’s Law. “It can’t continue forever,” he said in a 2005 interview with Techworld magazine. “The nature of exponentials is that you push them out and eventually disaster happens.”
Holcomb B. Noble, a former science editor for The Times, died in 2017.
Katie Hafner, a former staff reporter for The New York Times, is a co-author of "Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of The Internet."
How The Times decides who gets an obituary. If you made news in life, chances are your death is news, too. There is no formula, scoring system or checklist. We investigate, research and ask around before settling on our subjects.
Learn more about our process.
Recommended Newsletters
times journeys special offer
Times Journeys
Gordon E. Moore, the Intel Co-Founder Behind Moore’s Law, Dies at 94
His prediction in the 1960s about exponential advances in computer chip technology charted a course for the age of high tech.
Image
Gordon E. Moore in 1990 at the Silicon Valley headquarters of Intel, which he founded in 1968 with Robert Noyce.
Gordon E. Moore in 1990 at the Silicon Valley headquarters of Intel, which he founded in 1968 with Robert Noyce. Credit...Alamy
By Holcomb B. Noble and Katie Hafner
March 24, 2023, 9:36 p.m. ET
6 MIN READ
Gordon E. Moore, a co-founder and former chairman of Intel Corporation, the California semiconductor chip maker that helped give Silicon Valley its name, achieving the kind of industrial dominance once held by the giant American railroad or steel companies of another age, died on Friday at his home in Hawaii. He was 94.
His death was confirmed by Intel and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. They did not provide a cause.
Along with a handful of colleagues, Mr. Moore could claim credit for bringing laptop computers to hundreds of millions of people and embedding microprocessors into everything from bathroom scales, toasters and toy fire engines to cellphones, cars and jets.
Mr. Moore, who had wanted to be a teacher but could not get a job in education and later called himself the Accidental Entrepreneur, became a billionaire as a result of an initial $500 investment in the fledgling microchip business, which turned electronics into one of the world’s largest industries.
Story continues below advertisement
And it was he, his colleagues said, who saw the future. In 1965, in what became known as Moore’s Law, he predicted that the number of transistors that could be placed on a silicon chip would double at regular intervals for the foreseeable future, thus increasing the data-processing power of computers exponentially.
He added two corollaries later: The evolving technology would make computers more and more expensive to build, yet consumers would be charged less and less for them because so many would be sold. Moore’s Law held up for decades.
Through a combination of Mr. Moore’s brilliance, leadership, charisma and contacts, as well as that of his partner and Intel co-founder, Robert Noyce, the two assembled a group widely regarded by many as among the boldest and most creative technicians of the high-tech age.
This was the group that advocated the use of the thumbnail-thin chips of silicon, a highly polished, chemically treated sandy substance — one of the most common natural resources on earth — because of what turned out to be silicon’s amazing hospitality in housing smaller and smaller electronic circuitry that could work at higher and higher speeds.
Story continues below advertisement
With its silicon microprocessors, the brains of a computer, Intel enabled American manufacturers in the mid-1980s to regain the lead in the vast computer data-processing field from their formidable Japanese competitors. By the ’90s, Intel had placed its microprocessors in 80 percent of the computers that were being made worldwide, becoming the most successful semiconductor company in history.
Much of his happened under Mr. Moore’s watch. He was chief executive from 1975 to 1987, when Andrew Grove succeeded him, and remained as chairman until 1997.
As his wealth grew, Mr. Moore also became a major figure in philanthropy. In 2001, he and his wife created the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation with a donation of 175 million Intel shares. In 2001, they donated $600 million to the California Institute of Technology, the largest single gift to an institution of higher learning at the time. The foundation’s assets currently exceed $8 billion and it has given away more than $5 billion since its founding.
In interviews, Mr. Moore was characteristically humble about his achievements, particularly the technical advances that Moore’s Law made possible.
Story continues below advertisement
“What I could see was that semiconductor devices were the way electronics were going to become cheap. That was the message I was trying to get across,” he told the journalist Michael Malone in 2000. “It turned out to be an amazingly precise prediction — a lot more precise than I ever imagined it would be.”
Not only was Mr. Moore predicting that electronics would become much cheaper over time, as the industry shifted from away from discrete transistors and tubes to silicon microchips, but over the years his prediction proved so reliable that technology firms based their product strategy on the assumption that Moore’s Law would hold.
“Any business doing rational multiyear planning had to assume this rate of change or else get steamrolled,” said Harry Saal, a longtime Silicon Valley entrepreneur.
“That’s his legacy,” said Arthur Rock, an early investor in Intel and friend of Mr. Moore’s. “It’s not Intel. It’s not the Moore Foundation. It’s that phrase: Moore’s Law.”
Image
Mr. Moore during Intel’s early days. His prediction, a few years earlier, that the number of transistors that could be placed on a silicon chip would double at regular intervals became known as Moore’s Law.
Mr. Moore during Intel’s early days. His prediction, a few years earlier, that the number of transistors that could be placed on a silicon chip would double at regular intervals became known as Moore’s Law.Credit...Intel
Gordon Earl Moore was born on Jan. 3, 1929, in San Francisco. He grew up in Pescadero, a small coastal town south of San Francisco, where his father, Walter H. Moore, was deputy sheriff and the family of his mother, the former Florence Almira Williamson, ran the general store.
Mr. Moore enrolled at San Jose State College (now San José State University), where he met Betty Whitaker, a journalism student. They married in 1950. That year, he completed his undergraduate studies at the University of California, Berkeley, with a degree in chemistry. In 1954, he received his doctorate, also in chemistry, from the Caltech.
One of the first jobs he applied for was as a manager with Dow Chemical. “They sent me to a psychologist to see how this would fit,” Mr. Moore wrote in 1994. “The psychologist said I was OK technically but I’d never manage anything.”
So Mr. Moore took a position with the Applied Physics Laboratory at Johns Hopkins University in Maryland. Then, looking for a way back to California, he interviewed at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory in Livermore, Calif. He was offered a job, “but I decided I didn’t want to take spectra of exploding nuclear bombs, so I turned it down,” he wrote.
Instead, in 1956, Mr. Moore joined William Shockley, the inventor of the transistor, to work at a West Coast division of Bell Laboratories, a start-up unit whose aim was to make a cheap silicon transistor.
But the company, Shockley Semiconductor, foundered under Mr. Shockley, who had no experience running a company. In 1957, Mr. Moore and Mr. Noyce joined a group of defectors who came to be known as “the traitorous eight.” With each putting in $500, along with $1.3 million in backing from the aircraft pioneer Sherman Fairchild, the eight men left to form the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation, which became a pioneer in manufacturing integrated circuits.
Bitten by the entrepreneurial bug, Mr. Moore and Mr. Noyce decided in 1968 to form their own company, focusing on semiconductor memory. They wrote what Mr. Moore described as a “very general” business plan.
“It said we were going to work with silicon … and make interesting products,” he said in an interview in 1994.
Their vague proposal notwithstanding, they had no trouble finding financial backing.
With $2.5 million in capital, Mr. Moore and Mr. Noyce called their start-up Integrated Electronics Corporation, and later shortened it to Intel. The third employee was Mr. Grove, a young Hungarian immigrant who had worked under Mr. Moore at Fairchild.
After some indecision around what technology to focus on, the three men settled on a new version of MOS — metal oxide semiconductor — technology called silicon-gate MOS. To improve a transistor’s speed and density, they used silicon instead of aluminum.
“Fortunately, very much by luck, we had hit on a technology that had just the right degree of difficulty for a successful start-up,” Mr. Moore wrote in 1994. “This was how Intel began.”
In the early 1970s, Intel’s 4000 series “computer on a chip” began the revolution in personal computers, although Intel itself missed the opportunity to manufacture a PC, which Mr. Moore blamed partly on his own shortsightedness.
“Long before Apple, one of our engineers came to me with the suggestion that Intel ought to build a computer for the home,” he wrote. “And I asked him, ‘What the heck would anyone want a computer for in his home?”
Image
Mr. Moore holding a silicon wafer in 2005. Silicon was a key to Intel’s success.
Mr. Moore holding a silicon wafer in 2005. Silicon was a key to Intel’s success.Credit...Paul Sakuma/Associated Press
Still, he saw the future. In 1963, while still at Fairchild as director of research and development, Mr. Moore contributed a book chapter describing what was to become the precursor to his eponymous law, without the explicit numerical prediction. Two years later, he published an article in Electronics, a widely circulated trade magazine, titled, “Cramming More Components Onto Integrated Circuits.”
“The article presented the same argument as the book chapter, with the addition of this explicitly numerical prediction,” said David Brock, a co-author of “Moore’s Law: The Life of Gordon Moore, Silicon Valley’s Quiet Revolutionary.”
There is little evidence that many people read the article when it was published, Mr. Brock said.
“He kept giving talks with these charts and plots, and people started using his slides and reproducing his graphs,” Mr. Brock said. “Then people saw the phenomenon happen. Silicon microchips got more complex, and their cost went down.”
In the 1960s, when Mr. Moore began in electronics, a single silicon transistor sold for $150. Later, $10 would buy more than 100 million transistors. Mr. Moore once wrote that if cars advanced as quickly as computers, “they would get 100,000 miles to the gallon and it would be cheaper to buy a Rolls-Royce than park it. (Cars would also be a half an inch long.)”
Mr. Moore’s survivors include his wife, and his sons Kenneth and Steven, as well as four grandchildren.
In 2014, Forbes estimated Mr. Moore’s net worth at $7 billion. Yet he remained unprepossessing throughout his life, preferring tattered shirts and khakis to tailored suits. He shopped at Costco and kept a collection of fly lures and fishing reels on his office desk.
Moore’s Law is bound to reach its end, as engineers encounter some basic physical limits, as well as the extreme cost of building factories to achieve the next level of miniaturization. And in recent years, the pace of miniaturization has slowed.
Mr. Moore himself commented from time to time on the inevitable end to Moore’s Law. “It can’t continue forever,” he said in a 2005 interview with Techworld magazine. “The nature of exponentials is that you push them out and eventually disaster happens.”
Holcomb B. Noble, a former science editor for The Times, died in 2017.
Katie Hafner, a former staff reporter for The New York Times, is a co-author of "Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of The Internet."
How The Times decides who gets an obituary. If you made news in life, chances are your death is news, too. There is no formula, scoring system or checklist. We investigate, research and ask around before settling on our subjects.
Learn more about our process.
Recommended Newsletters
times journeys special offer
Times Journeys
Gordon E. Moore, the Intel Co-Founder Behind Moore’s Law, Dies at 94
His prediction in the 1960s about exponential advances in computer chip technology charted a course for the age of high tech.
Image
Gordon E. Moore in 1990 at the Silicon Valley headquarters of Intel, which he founded in 1968 with Robert Noyce. Credit...Alamy
By Holcomb B. Noble and Katie Hafner
March 24, 2023, 9:36 p.m. ET
6 MIN READ
Gordon E. Moore, a co-founder and former chairman of Intel Corporation, the California semiconductor chip maker that helped give Silicon Valley its name, achieving the kind of industrial dominance once held by the giant American railroad or steel companies of another age, died on Friday at his home in Hawaii. He was 94.
His death was confirmed by Intel and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. They did not provide a cause.
Along with a handful of colleagues, Mr. Moore could claim credit for bringing laptop computers to hundreds of millions of people and embedding microprocessors into everything from bathroom scales, toasters and toy fire engines to cellphones, cars and jets.
Mr. Moore, who had wanted to be a teacher but could not get a job in education and later called himself the Accidental Entrepreneur, became a billionaire as a result of an initial $500 investment in the fledgling microchip business, which turned electronics into one of the world’s largest industries.
Story continues below advertisement
And it was he, his colleagues said, who saw the future. In 1965, in what became known as Moore’s Law, he predicted that the number of transistors that could be placed on a silicon chip would double at regular intervals for the foreseeable future, thus increasing the data-processing power of computers exponentially.
He added two corollaries later: The evolving technology would make computers more and more expensive to build, yet consumers would be charged less and less for them because so many would be sold. Moore’s Law held up for decades.
Through a combination of Mr. Moore’s brilliance, leadership, charisma and contacts, as well as that of his partner and Intel co-founder, Robert Noyce, the two assembled a group widely regarded by many as among the boldest and most creative technicians of the high-tech age.
This was the group that advocated the use of the thumbnail-thin chips of silicon, a highly polished, chemically treated sandy substance — one of the most common natural resources on earth — because of what turned out to be silicon’s amazing hospitality in housing smaller and smaller electronic circuitry that could work at higher and higher speeds.
Story continues below advertisement
With its silicon microprocessors, the brains of a computer, Intel enabled American manufacturers in the mid-1980s to regain the lead in the vast computer data-processing field from their formidable Japanese competitors. By the ’90s, Intel had placed its microprocessors in 80 percent of the computers that were being made worldwide, becoming the most successful semiconductor company in history.
Much of his happened under Mr. Moore’s watch. He was chief executive from 1975 to 1987, when Andrew Grove succeeded him, and remained as chairman until 1997.
As his wealth grew, Mr. Moore also became a major figure in philanthropy. In 2001, he and his wife created the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation with a donation of 175 million Intel shares. In 2001, they donated $600 million to the California Institute of Technology, the largest single gift to an institution of higher learning at the time. The foundation’s assets currently exceed $8 billion and it has given away more than $5 billion since its founding.
In interviews, Mr. Moore was characteristically humble about his achievements, particularly the technical advances that Moore’s Law made possible.
Story continues below advertisement
“What I could see was that semiconductor devices were the way electronics were going to become cheap. That was the message I was trying to get across,” he told the journalist Michael Malone in 2000. “It turned out to be an amazingly precise prediction — a lot more precise than I ever imagined it would be.”
Not only was Mr. Moore predicting that electronics would become much cheaper over time, as the industry shifted from away from discrete transistors and tubes to silicon microchips, but over the years his prediction proved so reliable that technology firms based their product strategy on the assumption that Moore’s Law would hold.
“Any business doing rational multiyear planning had to assume this rate of change or else get steamrolled,” said Harry Saal, a longtime Silicon Valley entrepreneur.
“That’s his legacy,” said Arthur Rock, an early investor in Intel and friend of Mr. Moore’s. “It’s not Intel. It’s not the Moore Foundation. It’s that phrase: Moore’s Law.”
Image
Mr. Moore during Intel’s early days. His prediction, a few years earlier, that the number of transistors that could be placed on a silicon chip would double at regular intervals became known as Moore’s Law.
Mr. Moore during Intel’s early days. His prediction, a few years earlier, that the number of transistors that could be placed on a silicon chip would double at regular intervals became known as Moore’s Law.Credit...Intel
Gordon Earl Moore was born on Jan. 3, 1929, in San Francisco. He grew up in Pescadero, a small coastal town south of San Francisco, where his father, Walter H. Moore, was deputy sheriff and the family of his mother, the former Florence Almira Williamson, ran the general store.
Mr. Moore enrolled at San Jose State College (now San José State University), where he met Betty Whitaker, a journalism student. They married in 1950. That year, he completed his undergraduate studies at the University of California, Berkeley, with a degree in chemistry. In 1954, he received his doctorate, also in chemistry, from the Caltech.
One of the first jobs he applied for was as a manager with Dow Chemical. “They sent me to a psychologist to see how this would fit,” Mr. Moore wrote in 1994. “The psychologist said I was OK technically but I’d never manage anything.”
So Mr. Moore took a position with the Applied Physics Laboratory at Johns Hopkins University in Maryland. Then, looking for a way back to California, he interviewed at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory in Livermore, Calif. He was offered a job, “but I decided I didn’t want to take spectra of exploding nuclear bombs, so I turned it down,” he wrote.
Instead, in 1956, Mr. Moore joined William Shockley, the inventor of the transistor, to work at a West Coast division of Bell Laboratories, a start-up unit whose aim was to make a cheap silicon transistor.
But the company, Shockley Semiconductor, foundered under Mr. Shockley, who had no experience running a company. In 1957, Mr. Moore and Mr. Noyce joined a group of defectors who came to be known as “the traitorous eight.” With each putting in $500, along with $1.3 million in backing from the aircraft pioneer Sherman Fairchild, the eight men left to form the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation, which became a pioneer in manufacturing integrated circuits.
Bitten by the entrepreneurial bug, Mr. Moore and Mr. Noyce decided in 1968 to form their own company, focusing on semiconductor memory. They wrote what Mr. Moore described as a “very general” business plan.
“It said we were going to work with silicon … and make interesting products,” he said in an interview in 1994.
Their vague proposal notwithstanding, they had no trouble finding financial backing.
With $2.5 million in capital, Mr. Moore and Mr. Noyce called their start-up Integrated Electronics Corporation, and later shortened it to Intel. The third employee was Mr. Grove, a young Hungarian immigrant who had worked under Mr. Moore at Fairchild.
After some indecision around what technology to focus on, the three men settled on a new version of MOS — metal oxide semiconductor — technology called silicon-gate MOS. To improve a transistor’s speed and density, they used silicon instead of aluminum.
“Fortunately, very much by luck, we had hit on a technology that had just the right degree of difficulty for a successful start-up,” Mr. Moore wrote in 1994. “This was how Intel began.”
In the early 1970s, Intel’s 4000 series “computer on a chip” began the revolution in personal computers, although Intel itself missed the opportunity to manufacture a PC, which Mr. Moore blamed partly on his own shortsightedness.
“Long before Apple, one of our engineers came to me with the suggestion that Intel ought to build a computer for the home,” he wrote. “And I asked him, ‘What the heck would anyone want a computer for in his home?”
Image
Mr. Moore holding a silicon wafer in 2005. Silicon was a key to Intel’s success.
Mr. Moore holding a silicon wafer in 2005. Silicon was a key to Intel’s success.Credit...Paul Sakuma/Associated Press
Still, he saw the future. In 1963, while still at Fairchild as director of research and development, Mr. Moore contributed a book chapter describing what was to become the precursor to his eponymous law, without the explicit numerical prediction. Two years later, he published an article in Electronics, a widely circulated trade magazine, titled, “Cramming More Components Onto Integrated Circuits.”
“The article presented the same argument as the book chapter, with the addition of this explicitly numerical prediction,” said David Brock, a co-author of “Moore’s Law: The Life of Gordon Moore, Silicon Valley’s Quiet Revolutionary.”
There is little evidence that many people read the article when it was published, Mr. Brock said.
“He kept giving talks with these charts and plots, and people started using his slides and reproducing his graphs,” Mr. Brock said. “Then people saw the phenomenon happen. Silicon microchips got more complex, and their cost went down.”
In the 1960s, when Mr. Moore began in electronics, a single silicon transistor sold for $150. Later, $10 would buy more than 100 million transistors. Mr. Moore once wrote that if cars advanced as quickly as computers, “they would get 100,000 miles to the gallon and it would be cheaper to buy a Rolls-Royce than park it. (Cars would also be a half an inch long.)”
Mr. Moore’s survivors include his wife, and his sons Kenneth and Steven, as well as four grandchildren.
In 2014, Forbes estimated Mr. Moore’s net worth at $7 billion. Yet he remained unprepossessing throughout his life, preferring tattered shirts and khakis to tailored suits. He shopped at Costco and kept a collection of fly lures and fishing reels on his office desk.
Moore’s Law is bound to reach its end, as engineers encounter some basic physical limits, as well as the extreme cost of building factories to achieve the next level of miniaturization. And in recent years, the pace of miniaturization has slowed.
Mr. Moore himself commented from time to time on the inevitable end to Moore’s Law. “It can’t continue forever,” he said in a 2005 interview with Techworld magazine. “The nature of exponentials is that you push them out and eventually disaster happens.”
Holcomb B. Noble, a former science editor for The Times, died in 2017.
Katie Hafner, a former staff reporter for The New York Times, is a co-author of "Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of The Internet."
How The Times decides who gets an obituary. If you made news in life, chances are your death is news, too. There is no formula, scoring system or checklist. We investigate, research and ask around before settling on our subjects.
Learn more about our process.
Recommended Newsletters
times journeys special offer
Times Journeys
In the late 1960s. A group of guys put together dinners for local motorcyclists and leathermen These dinners took place at a bar on 9th Street in NW called Louis'. Oddly enough, it was located right across the street from FBI headquarters, and these were the days of J. Edgar Hoover. The bar was renamed Louis' Spartan Lounge, after the Spartans MC was formed on April 3, 1968. On September 4, 1968, Don Bruce became, what we now refer to as, our first "Baby Spartan." These dates and events are important to this story, because they would give birth to the legendary DC Eagle.
Eventually, Don Bruce, became one of the early Spartans Presidents. He then decided that our crowd should have a home of our own. Don and his brother Eddie pooled their money to open the first of three buildings on 9th Street. The night before the Eagle was to open, Don invited the Spartans to take part in a ceremony. They placed nails into a sculpture of an eagle. This sculpture hung on the wall of that bar until the building was claimed by eminent domain to make way for what was then the "new" DC Convention Center at 900 9th St. NW.
The bar closed at the regular hour on moving night and reopened the next day at noon in a brand new location. Many of the club members were drafted into the moving party to make sure everything would be ready.
The Eagle gave flight to a number of other businesses, including the Leather Rack and the Eagle in Exile.
There are many traditions that evolved from the brotherhood of the Spartans and the Eagle in the early years.
The Hanging of the Club Colors. The Spartan Colors were the first club colors to ever hang on the walls of the Eagle and subsequently other bars adopted this tradition.
Club Mugs. The Spartans were the first club to have mugs in the Eagle. Don wanted the club members to feel at home and special. Don insisted that any club member who came to the bar received special treatment.
Helmet Drinks. As a thank you to the bikers that patronized the Eagle, the first drink is always on the house.
Blackout Nights. One night while the bar was open, there was a power outage and rather than close, candles were placed around the bar. Thus began the tradition of a "Blackout Night."
Thanksgiving Dinner. Don was very aware of the numbers of men that had nowhere to go on Thanksgiving Day. He began a tradition of preparing a complete holiday feast with all the trimmings that was available to all.
Christmas Carols. Every Christmas Day, those that were in town would gather at the Eagle and sing carols with friends, instead of being alone.
Mr. DC Eagle Contest. The idea of selecting a man who best represented the traditions and mystique of the bar was a novel one. The Mr. DC Eagle Contest is the longest running leather title contest in the entire country.
The Eagle was open 365 days a year without fail. God help the manager who did not have that door open at noon sharp.
The Eagle was not just the child of Don and Eddie. Dick McHugh, Don's partner in life, was there every step of the way. Dick was the Mr. Fix-It of the DC Eagle. He was the one that kept antiquated coolers, ice machines, air conditioning and heaters operating. Dick was the quiet force behind the scenes during the early days. But if you knew Dick, you could see his influence throughout the place.
The time came again when the DC Eagle would be forced from it's nest, to make way for a new technology center on 7th Street. (The TechWorld Complex) Don and Eddie retired to Florida soon after the move. Dick stayed in town and opened Dick's Place, on New York Avenue, in the old Manhattan Transfer Company building. Dick's Place, became the DC Eagle that we know today. The rest, as they say, is history.
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Dick McHugh
McHugh was born May 27 , 1938 , in Newton , Mass. , into a family of 16 children - 10 boys and six girls. He was raised in the Boston area and served in the Air Force from 1960 to 1966.He studied electronics at the Wentworth Institute of Technology in Boston and later was a civilian employee working in communications at a military surveillance site in Greenland.He worked as an electrical technician for Graybar Electric in Delaware before moving to Washington in 1974.In 1987 , McHugh took over ownership of the Eagle , succeeding previous owner Don Bruce , McHugh's partner of 15 years , who died in 1992.
McHugh retired in September 2000.
McHugh helped many Gay organizations get off the ground , including the Atlantic States Gay Rodeo Association.He also supported organizations in the local leather/Levi community and helped many organizations under the umbrella of Brother, Help Thyself. He was a member and past president of the Bucks Motorcycle Club in Pittsburgh , Pa. , and a member of the Straight Eights Region of the Lambda Car Club.
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Moving of DC Eagle Building 34'
dc.curbed.com/archives/2015/04/880-ton-mt-vernon-square-m...
TechWorld Plaza in a hi-contrast monochrome
Gotta go back when the sun is lighting both sides of this plaza.
[9403F1]
Have a look at these female tech leaders and their achievements bit.ly/2uzSK2B #Techworld #womenpower #technews #techladies
Just took a pilgrimage to Burnaby, British Columbia to visit D-Wave’s row of quantum computers cooling down for their coming out party. They look a bit like meat lockers, but with RF shielding.
Geordie’s dwave.wordpress.com has generated a fair bit of interest, becoming the 2nd most popular blog on WordPress yesterday… More at Guardian, EE Times, Gizmodo, TechWorld, and the ever-eloquent Inquirer:
"Boffins wonder if the outfit has really got a Quantum computer to sell as they were not really expecting to see one for another 20 years. Still you get temporal distortions when you mess around with parallel universes, and the machine has probably invented itself in the future and sent itself back through time."
The bridge at Tech World Plaza in Washington, D.C. I'm standing at H Street NW and 8th Stree NW, looking north.
Tech World was constructed in pieces by the Smith-Williams Group, a limited partnership formed by two regional construction companies. The 15-story Renaissance Washington Hotel was the first to go up, in 1986. The 12-story 800 K Street NW went up next, in 1989, and the 12-story 801 I Street NW went up last in 1991.
The west side of Tech World is a U-shaped set of two buildings, with the open end of the area framed by the buildings in the east. A tower was built in this space. The east side of Tech World was supposed to be a mirror-image of the west -- but it was not to be. Money ran out, and the southwest corner of the project was sold in 2004 to the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW) who erected a bland, boxy building on the site.
So on the east side are a half-U and a tower.
A bridge -- eight stories above the street, and itself four stories high -- conntects the two towers.
Mobile web or mobile apps || Image Source: cdn4.techworld.com/cmsdata/features/3658322/mobile_smart_...
Christian Kloc hanging out with Vaudoux Aerial Dance Theatre, at Techworld Plaza, during the 2015 Art All Night. 1518 North Capitol St NW, Washington, DC.
Historical records suggest that Arattupuzha pooram has been celebrated for more than 1,420 years. The 30th Street freight yards were allowed to stay. A straight line could be drawn through their centres in a windward direction. The Amvrosiivsky Raion highlighted on the map of Donetsk Oblast. Francorchamps, where he collided with Mansell and was confronted by the angered Englishman in the pits afterwards.
A First year high school student. In total, the Zoo TV Tour played to about 5. A low risk balance sheet and cheap valuation provide a safe place to hide. Brickhill Street from the hamlet that gives it its name.I will work on this asap. Strom Thurmond remained in the Senate, retiring in 2002. It was also chosen for debut presentation at the TECH 2000 Preview Reception at the new TechWorld Plaza, Washington D. Lifetime Learning Publications, Richard A. Andrew Jackson Democrat Club Of Tippecanoe County.
Site of Kennedy assassination and surrounding buildings that are rumored to have held additional assassins. He returned to East Pakistan as a public hero. The eruption of Hekla in historical times. Place your right hand on it, palm downwards. Boolean inclusion by determining which columns of the R matrix are logically included in each column of the Q matrix.
Still, some bloggers have claimed that the MBA has made sweeping claims to represent bloggers. Egerius, as commander of the garrison which he stationed in that city. Gazetier, Hoshangabad District, Govt. His father and mother, both of German descent, belonged to prospering families in the clothing manufacturing industry. In addition, he has been criticized by the right.
--
Deena
Sent with Airmail
The Institute for Government invited guests to the launch of its new report, Making a success of digital government.
Filing your tax return, renewing your passport or applying for child benefit should be as easy as online banking. So why isn’t it?
At this event, a panel of experts from inside and outside government discussed the challenge of delivering more public services online, and how the new administration should rise to meet it. The panel included:
Kit Collingwood-Richardson, Deputy Director, Universal Credit at Department for Work & Pensions
Alex Holmes, Chief Operating Officer, Government Digital Service
Charlotte Jee, Editor, Techworld
Oliver Morley, Chief Executive Officer, Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency
Dr Emily Andrews, Researcher, Institute for Government
The event was chaired by Dr Sally Howes, Consultant, Digital and Cyber Security.
Photos by Candice McKenzie
8 November 2017; Speakers, from left, Kathleen Richardson, Professor of Culture and Ethics of Robots and AI, De Montfort University, Charlotte Jee,
Editor, Techworld, and Ben Goertzel, Chief Scientist, Hanson Robotics & SingularityNET, on the AutoTech / TalkRobot Stage during day two of Web Summit 2017 at Altice Arena in Lisbon. Photo by Seb Daly/Web Summit via Sportsfile
8 November 2017; Speakers, from left, Kathleen Richardson, Professor of Culture and Ethics of Robots and AI, De Montfort University, Charlotte Jee,
Editor, Techworld, and Ben Goertzel, Chief Scientist, Hanson Robotics & SingularityNET, on the AutoTech / TalkRobot Stage during day two of Web Summit 2017 at Altice Arena in Lisbon. Photo by Seb Daly/Web Summit via Sportsfile
8 November 2017; Speakers, from left, Kathleen Richardson, Professor of Culture and Ethics of Robots and AI, De Montfort University, Charlotte Jee,
Editor, Techworld, and Ben Goertzel, Chief Scientist, Hanson Robotics & SingularityNET, on the AutoTech / TalkRobot Stage during day two of Web Summit 2017 at Altice Arena in Lisbon. Photo by Seb Daly/Web Summit via Sportsfile
The Institute for Government invited guests to the launch of its new report, Making a success of digital government.
Filing your tax return, renewing your passport or applying for child benefit should be as easy as online banking. So why isn’t it?
At this event, a panel of experts from inside and outside government discussed the challenge of delivering more public services online, and how the new administration should rise to meet it. The panel included:
Kit Collingwood-Richardson, Deputy Director, Universal Credit at Department for Work & Pensions
Alex Holmes, Chief Operating Officer, Government Digital Service
Charlotte Jee, Editor, Techworld
Oliver Morley, Chief Executive Officer, Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency
Dr Emily Andrews, Researcher, Institute for Government
The event was chaired by Dr Sally Howes, Consultant, Digital and Cyber Security.
Photos by Candice McKenzie
The Institute for Government invited guests to the launch of its new report, Making a success of digital government.
Filing your tax return, renewing your passport or applying for child benefit should be as easy as online banking. So why isn’t it?
At this event, a panel of experts from inside and outside government discussed the challenge of delivering more public services online, and how the new administration should rise to meet it. The panel included:
Kit Collingwood-Richardson, Deputy Director, Universal Credit at Department for Work & Pensions
Alex Holmes, Chief Operating Officer, Government Digital Service
Charlotte Jee, Editor, Techworld
Oliver Morley, Chief Executive Officer, Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency
Dr Emily Andrews, Researcher, Institute for Government
The event was chaired by Dr Sally Howes, Consultant, Digital and Cyber Security.
Photos by Candice McKenzie
The Institute for Government invited guests to the launch of its new report, Making a success of digital government.
Filing your tax return, renewing your passport or applying for child benefit should be as easy as online banking. So why isn’t it?
At this event, a panel of experts from inside and outside government discussed the challenge of delivering more public services online, and how the new administration should rise to meet it. The panel included:
Kit Collingwood-Richardson, Deputy Director, Universal Credit at Department for Work & Pensions
Alex Holmes, Chief Operating Officer, Government Digital Service
Charlotte Jee, Editor, Techworld
Oliver Morley, Chief Executive Officer, Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency
Dr Emily Andrews, Researcher, Institute for Government
The event was chaired by Dr Sally Howes, Consultant, Digital and Cyber Security.
Photos by Candice McKenzie
The Institute for Government invited guests to the launch of its new report, Making a success of digital government.
Filing your tax return, renewing your passport or applying for child benefit should be as easy as online banking. So why isn’t it?
At this event, a panel of experts from inside and outside government discussed the challenge of delivering more public services online, and how the new administration should rise to meet it. The panel included:
Kit Collingwood-Richardson, Deputy Director, Universal Credit at Department for Work & Pensions
Alex Holmes, Chief Operating Officer, Government Digital Service
Charlotte Jee, Editor, Techworld
Oliver Morley, Chief Executive Officer, Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency
Dr Emily Andrews, Researcher, Institute for Government
The event was chaired by Dr Sally Howes, Consultant, Digital and Cyber Security.
Photos by Candice McKenzie
31 October 2016
The Institute for Government invited guests to the launch of its new report, Making a success of digital government.
Filing your tax return, renewing your passport or applying for child benefit should be as easy as online banking. So why isn’t it?
At this event, a panel of experts from inside and outside government discussed the challenge of delivering more public services online, and how the new administration should rise to meet it. The panel included:
Kit Collingwood-Richardson, Deputy Director, Universal Credit at Department for Work & Pensions
Alex Holmes, Chief Operating Officer, Government Digital Service
Charlotte Jee, Editor, Techworld
Oliver Morley, Chief Executive Officer, Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency
Dr Emily Andrews, Researcher, Institute for Government
The event was chaired by Dr Sally Howes, Consultant, Digital and Cyber Security.
Photos by Candice McKenzie
31 October 2016
The Institute for Government invited guests to the launch of its new report, Making a success of digital government.
Filing your tax return, renewing your passport or applying for child benefit should be as easy as online banking. So why isn’t it?
At this event, a panel of experts from inside and outside government discussed the challenge of delivering more public services online, and how the new administration should rise to meet it. The panel included:
Kit Collingwood-Richardson, Deputy Director, Universal Credit at Department for Work & Pensions
Alex Holmes, Chief Operating Officer, Government Digital Service
Charlotte Jee, Editor, Techworld
Oliver Morley, Chief Executive Officer, Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency
Dr Emily Andrews, Researcher, Institute for Government
The event was chaired by Dr Sally Howes, Consultant, Digital and Cyber Security.
Photos by Candice McKenzie
The Institute for Government invited guests to the launch of its new report, Making a success of digital government.
Filing your tax return, renewing your passport or applying for child benefit should be as easy as online banking. So why isn’t it?
At this event, a panel of experts from inside and outside government discussed the challenge of delivering more public services online, and how the new administration should rise to meet it. The panel included:
Kit Collingwood-Richardson, Deputy Director, Universal Credit at Department for Work & Pensions
Alex Holmes, Chief Operating Officer, Government Digital Service
Charlotte Jee, Editor, Techworld
Oliver Morley, Chief Executive Officer, Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency
Dr Emily Andrews, Researcher, Institute for Government
The event was chaired by Dr Sally Howes, Consultant, Digital and Cyber Security.
Photos by Candice McKenzie
31 October 2016
The Institute for Government invited guests to the launch of its new report, Making a success of digital government.
Filing your tax return, renewing your passport or applying for child benefit should be as easy as online banking. So why isn’t it?
At this event, a panel of experts from inside and outside government discussed the challenge of delivering more public services online, and how the new administration should rise to meet it. The panel included:
Kit Collingwood-Richardson, Deputy Director, Universal Credit at Department for Work & Pensions
Alex Holmes, Chief Operating Officer, Government Digital Service
Charlotte Jee, Editor, Techworld
Oliver Morley, Chief Executive Officer, Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency
Dr Emily Andrews, Researcher, Institute for Government
The event was chaired by Dr Sally Howes, Consultant, Digital and Cyber Security.
Photos by Candice McKenzie
The Institute for Government invited guests to the launch of its new report, Making a success of digital government.
Filing your tax return, renewing your passport or applying for child benefit should be as easy as online banking. So why isn’t it?
At this event, a panel of experts from inside and outside government discussed the challenge of delivering more public services online, and how the new administration should rise to meet it. The panel included:
Kit Collingwood-Richardson, Deputy Director, Universal Credit at Department for Work & Pensions
Alex Holmes, Chief Operating Officer, Government Digital Service
Charlotte Jee, Editor, Techworld
Oliver Morley, Chief Executive Officer, Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency
Dr Emily Andrews, Researcher, Institute for Government
The event was chaired by Dr Sally Howes, Consultant, Digital and Cyber Security.
Photos by Candice McKenzie
31 October 2016
The Institute for Government invited guests to the launch of its new report, Making a success of digital government.
Filing your tax return, renewing your passport or applying for child benefit should be as easy as online banking. So why isn’t it?
At this event, a panel of experts from inside and outside government discussed the challenge of delivering more public services online, and how the new administration should rise to meet it. The panel included:
Kit Collingwood-Richardson, Deputy Director, Universal Credit at Department for Work & Pensions
Alex Holmes, Chief Operating Officer, Government Digital Service
Charlotte Jee, Editor, Techworld
Oliver Morley, Chief Executive Officer, Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency
Dr Emily Andrews, Researcher, Institute for Government
The event was chaired by Dr Sally Howes, Consultant, Digital and Cyber Security.
Photos by Candice McKenzie
The Institute for Government invited guests to the launch of its new report, Making a success of digital government.
Filing your tax return, renewing your passport or applying for child benefit should be as easy as online banking. So why isn’t it?
At this event, a panel of experts from inside and outside government discussed the challenge of delivering more public services online, and how the new administration should rise to meet it. The panel included:
Kit Collingwood-Richardson, Deputy Director, Universal Credit at Department for Work & Pensions
Alex Holmes, Chief Operating Officer, Government Digital Service
Charlotte Jee, Editor, Techworld
Oliver Morley, Chief Executive Officer, Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency
Dr Emily Andrews, Researcher, Institute for Government
The event was chaired by Dr Sally Howes, Consultant, Digital and Cyber Security.
Photos by Candice McKenzie
The Institute for Government invited guests to the launch of its new report, Making a success of digital government.
Filing your tax return, renewing your passport or applying for child benefit should be as easy as online banking. So why isn’t it?
At this event, a panel of experts from inside and outside government discussed the challenge of delivering more public services online, and how the new administration should rise to meet it. The panel included:
Kit Collingwood-Richardson, Deputy Director, Universal Credit at Department for Work & Pensions
Alex Holmes, Chief Operating Officer, Government Digital Service
Charlotte Jee, Editor, Techworld
Oliver Morley, Chief Executive Officer, Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency
Dr Emily Andrews, Researcher, Institute for Government
The event was chaired by Dr Sally Howes, Consultant, Digital and Cyber Security.
Photos by Candice McKenzie
The Institute for Government invited guests to the launch of its new report, Making a success of digital government.
Filing your tax return, renewing your passport or applying for child benefit should be as easy as online banking. So why isn’t it?
At this event, a panel of experts from inside and outside government discussed the challenge of delivering more public services online, and how the new administration should rise to meet it. The panel included:
Kit Collingwood-Richardson, Deputy Director, Universal Credit at Department for Work & Pensions
Alex Holmes, Chief Operating Officer, Government Digital Service
Charlotte Jee, Editor, Techworld
Oliver Morley, Chief Executive Officer, Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency
Dr Emily Andrews, Researcher, Institute for Government
The event was chaired by Dr Sally Howes, Consultant, Digital and Cyber Security.
Photos by Candice McKenzie
The Institute for Government invited guests to the launch of its new report, Making a success of digital government.
Filing your tax return, renewing your passport or applying for child benefit should be as easy as online banking. So why isn’t it?
At this event, a panel of experts from inside and outside government discussed the challenge of delivering more public services online, and how the new administration should rise to meet it. The panel included:
Kit Collingwood-Richardson, Deputy Director, Universal Credit at Department for Work & Pensions
Alex Holmes, Chief Operating Officer, Government Digital Service
Charlotte Jee, Editor, Techworld
Oliver Morley, Chief Executive Officer, Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency
Dr Emily Andrews, Researcher, Institute for Government
The event was chaired by Dr Sally Howes, Consultant, Digital and Cyber Security.
Photos by Candice McKenzie