View allAll Photos Tagged Substrate
This small lens has color glass applied to the front of lens the substrate is clear glass .
The sides look like at one time had blacking on the edges
which does not appear to be lamp paint.
www.patternglass.com/FlashCaseStain/FlashCaseStain.htm
FLASHING : The application of a very thin layer of glass of one color over a layer of contrasting color. This is achieved by dipping a gather of hot glass into a crucible containing hot glass of the second color. The upper layer may be too thin to be worked in relief. After the piece is dipped in glass of a contrasting color, it is blown to final form.
Cased glass: see Overlay glass:
A technique of putting successive layers of different colors of glass over an object. Sometimes cased glass is cut away to expose the layers of color. The term plating as a synonym for casing appears to be an North American term. The term "cased" is mostly used in Europe.
OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA
The Namaqua chameleon - Chamaeleo namaquensis - is a ground-living lizard found in the western desert regions of Namibia, South Africa and southern Angola.
Chamaeleo namaquensis is one of the largest chameleon species in southern Africa, and reaches up to 25 cm in length. Females are larger than males, though the latter are proportionately more robust and have larger heads and head ornamentation, as well as a bulge under the tail base due to the presence of hemipenes. Its tail is far shorter than its body and those of other arboreal chameleons as an adaptation to its primarily terrestrial habitat. It has large dorsal spines and a prominent, pointed casque on the back of its head and lacks the neck flap of other Chamaeleo species. Like many chameleons, this species has nasal salt glands which excretes excess minerals such as sodium chloride and potassium.
It has hygroscopic skin, and shares a feature with some other lizards (such as the thorny devil, Texas horned lizard, Saara hardwickii, and the giant girdled lizard) in that it can drink moisture in contact with its scales through capillary action.
Although capable of changing colour, this chameleon is usually some shade of grey or brown with several lighter patches on the flank, dark patches below the dorsal ridge and yellow or red striping on the throat. This ability aids in thermoregulation, becoming black in the cooler morning to absorb heat more efficiently, then a lighter grey colour to reflect light during the heat of the day — or showing both colours at the same time, neatly separated left from right by the spine. Like most desert animals, it is adapted to high environmental temperatures, but can also tolerate periods of low temperatures. Although temperature varies throughout the year, the natural habitat of this species has a yearly average coastal temperature of 19.3 °C in the air, and 26.6-31.8 °C on the substrate surface. Further inland, air temperature averages at 24.1 °C while substrate temperatures average between 30-34.5 °C.
This chameleon species occurs naturally throughout the arid western part of southern Africa, and is particularly common in the Namib Desert. It is recorded as far south as Sutherland, in the Western Cape, South Africa, and as far north as southern Angola. In the furthest eastern edge of its range, in eastern Namibia, it overlaps with the natural range of its relative, the flap-necked chameleon.
Within its natural range, it inhabits arid and semi-arid areas, such as Karoo shrubland, sandy desert and gravel plains, even foraging in intertidal zones. It is terrestrial, and is usually seen walking along the ground, although young are often found climbing.
Unlike the arboreal chameleons of the genus Chamaeleo, its tail is not prehensile, but otherwise it still hunts in the same way, slowly stalking its prey and catching it with its long tongue. Unusually for a chameleon, they will also chase down prey attempting to flee and will sometimes seize them with their jaws rather than with their tongue. Namaqua chameleons primarily feed on insects, eating mostly tenebrionid beetles and to a lesser extent oedipodine grasshoppers. They will occasionally feed on lizards (including young chameleons of their own species), snakes, and various other arthropods. In one exceptional case, an individual was seen catching and killing a Peringuey's adder twice its own length. They mostly hunt their prey in sandy dunes and rocky areas, but some coastal populations also forage for marine arthropods in intertidal zones, making it the only chameleon species to do so. Although typically feeding on live prey, in captivity they can sometimes be weaned onto dead food items.
When hunting potentially dangerous prey, individuals quickly learn to disable its weapons first (biting the heads of snakes and lizards, the fangs of spiders, the stingers of scorpions and hymenopterans, etc) before finally dispatching and consuming it.
This species also regularly consumes plant matter in the wild, and is one of several chameleon species recorded doing so. Plant matter may account for up to 29.1% of their diet amongst coastal populations and 20% amongst those inland, although an average of 2.8% for coastal and 1.5% for inland populations are more common. Of plant material, the "fleshy parts" of Zygophyllum stapffi are most commonly eaten. In captivity, plant matter is still consumed, especially succulents, but less frequently than in the wild. This suggests that the species may actually be an omnivorous chameleon, which is further supported by the presence of potassium in the excretions of the nasal glands as is the case with herbivorous lizards.
Inorganic material such as small stones, gravel, and sand are also ingested. They account for as much as 30% of the diet in coastal populations and 1.1% in inland populations, although an average of 6.2% and 0.5% is more common, respectively. It has been suggested that inorganic material may help with digestion or removing parasites. Regarding the former explanation, coastal populations which ingest more plant material also ingest more inorganic material.
This species has a high metabolic rate and is voracious, often feeding until the stomach has been completely filled, and immediately begins feeding again after food has traveled to the small intestine. Individuals in the wild are usually found gorged to the limit; an adult has an average of 12 meals a day, each meal usually consisting of about 19-23 large darkling beetles. This is a reflection of food in the Namib Desert being highly abundant and constantly available; a condition that is difficult to replicate in captivity. As a result, captive individuals do not grow as fast as they do in the wild.
Water is of critical importance to Namaqua chameleons, which drink dew water and fog condensation on surfaces such as vegetation, rocks, and sand. Heavy fog rolling in from the ocean occurs most days of the year through much of their habitat, being present in the mornings and afternoons, but occasionally persisting through the entire day. They also obtain moisture content from food, especially darkling beetles and plant matter. However, they can also drink water through capillary action; small channels in the scales can transport water across the body. In an experiment, dyed water placed on the side of its body visibly moved to its back and towards the head and tail. The chameleon then turned its head and drank the water that collected on its body.
More unusually for a desert reptile, it has an extraordinarily small bladder that is nearly useless for storing water. Furthermore, little storage space for water is available in the gut as it is typically filled with food. It appears that this is because sufficient water is readily available through regular fogs, food, and the cloaca reabsorbing moisture from urine, the latter which is aided by the salt glands removing excess minerals. Additionally, as a reptile, its rate of loss of water is far lower than in mammals and can also obtain relatively more water from the protein degradation of food. However, this species must have a regular source of drinking water other than its food and humidity in order to survive.
Namaqua chameleons are preyed upon by jackals, hawks, and eagles, and possibly monitor lizards. Similar to other chameleon species in areas near human habitation, it falls victim to introduced predators such as domestic cats, dogs and foxes. This species runs fast for a chameleon however and will do so to evade potential danger. It will also defend itself by quickly turning black, inflating the body and gular pouch, hissing, and gaping the bright yellow mouth in an attempt to startle the threat to buy enough time to flee. If cornered, it will charge and try to bite the attacker with its powerful jaws, and if successful, violently rips and tears at the flesh without letting go.
Namaqua chameleons become fiercely territorial upon reaching adulthood, and begin to maintain vast territories. Territorial conflicts when territories overlap are common. Such conflicts between same sex individuals are far more common, but male-female conflicts occur as well. Females are larger and more aggressive than males; as a result, territorial disputes between females are somewhat more common than in males. Nevertheless, females hold far smaller territories than males. The average territory size of females is 868 m² amongst inland and 382 m² amongst coastal populations. Males hold territories averaging 1,250 m² amongst inland and 1,718 m² amongst coastal populations. During such conflicts, individuals often severely injure each other. After mating, the individual holding the territory will forcefully evict the other.
Juveniles meanwhile are not seen as a territorial threat by adults and are in this respect ignored. Juveniles do not hold territories and have a shifting home range, and as such will even sleep with other juveniles when given the opportunity.
While territories cannot be held in captivity, they are known to defend resting and nesting areas of about 35cm in diameter in captive settings. However, the defence of immediate nesting sites occurs only in captivity.
Breeding can occur at any point in the year, after which eggs spend a gestation period of 35-45 days inside the mother. Adult females lay around 2-3 clutches of eggs a year, although occasionally may lay up to 4. Each clutch consists of 10-13 eggs, but may be as large as 22 eggs or as little as 6. Eggs are buried under loose gravel and in a layer of moist sand, as dried sand shrivels up the eggs. Sometimes an extension of their resting burrow may be excavated for egg laying. Such behaviour may indicate a level of parental care of eggs due to the close proximity of the eggs to the parent throughout incubation. In the wild, a 20-25 cm deep burrow is excavated, and the eggs are laid in the burrow at a depth of 15 cm to reach the damp layer of sand. In captive settings, eggs may be buried about 10cm under the substrate. Groups of 6-8 eggs are laid in layers, with one layer being buried before laying another directly above. Excavation and laying last 8-10 hours. Unusually in captive settings, other chameleons of either sex may assist in covering the hole after laying. Eggs have a gestation period of 35-45 days inside the mother, and take about 100 days to hatch after being laid. Compared to adults, young prefer and are more skilled at climbing. Females become sexually mature by 150 days, and males by 210 days. Like many chameleons and other lizards, females can store sperm after mating once so that more fertile eggs may be laid months later.
Laying is taxing on females and depletes their fat reserves. Females subsequently eat as much as the stomach capacity allows.
Due to the especially advanced state of embryos and eggs by the time they are laid, it has been suggested that this species is in the process of evolving ovoviviparity.
During courtship, adults adopt a mottled and spotted colouration. Like some iguanids, only recently ovulated females are receptive to mating. Non-receptive females will attack males attempting to mate, and the size disparity often causes serious injury or even death of the male.
Unlike more arboreal chameleon species, Namaqua chameleons often utilize burrows as retreats. Sometimes they will take advantage of abandoned rodent burrows, but will often excavate their own as well.
Namaqua chameleons are listed as CITES II. In 2012, the filming of the Mad Max sequel Fury Road caused damage to Namaqua chameleon habitat in Dorob National Park and Namib-Naukluft National Park. There are frequent casualties by vehicles sport driving in the desert, and from speeding on the road from Swakopmund to Walvis Bay.
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I recently bought some dried gourds to use as substrates for some mosaics. After completing the first one, I realized I needed something flexible to use so the gourd wouldn't tip/wobble while working on it. I had one of those 'pool noodles' that kids use and for which I repurposed into a grouting tool (works really well for that, btw) and I decided to make a ring out of it. The beauty of this is that you can vary the size depending on your substrate. Basically, I took about ten 2" pieces of 'noodle" and strung them together.
Substrate: Phellinus tremulae, Populus tremula.
Eesti punase nimestiku liik, ohualdis (VU). LK III.
Tõrremäe, Lääne-Virumaa.
Substrate: Phellinus tremulae, Populus tremula.
Eesti punase nimestiku liik, ohualdis (VU). LK III.
Kantküla, Lääne-Virumaa.
From the archives (from August 2009), this is a shot of Pete Grube photographing Spiranthes romanzoffiana in a calcareous fen in Lagrange County, Indiana. One of his goals has been to photograph all of Indiana's native orchids, and I was helping him find this Spiranthes, which is listed as state endangered.
The substrate at this spot is a very saturated combination of marl, peat, muck, and sand. I can guarantee that his pants were soaking up local color!! To his right and directly in front of him is a seepage spring run.
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At the top, in 2009 February making my mixture substrate test in 4 Echinopsis "brothers". At the bottom, Echinopsis after 10 months (2009 December). You can see the different level of growing and differents behaviours.
Oryzopsis exigua is somewhat common in the low statured Artemisia arbuscula dominated sagebrush steppe of Grand Teton National Park and on very gravelly well-drained substrates. The short awns are bent (geniculate) and ephemeral.
Researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory were looking at ways to make semiconducting nanostructures for telecommunications applications. While analyzing the vapor deposition of arsenic sulfide on a fused quartz substrate with scanning electron microscopy, this crystallized dog was found jumping across the substrate.
Terms of Use: Our images are freely and publicly available for use with the credit line, "Courtesy of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory." Please use provided caption information for use in appropriate context.
Used a loose mix of thinset,
not quite "peaking" consistency.
Used my hands to trowel it as
smooth as possible.
Left to sit an hour or so and then
Tooled further by gently rubbing the surface with my palms.
Substrate: Quercus robur.
Eesti punase nimestiku liik, äärmiselt ohustatud (CR). LK I.
Vinni, Lääne-Virumaa.
this animal was recently recontextualized for me in a very interesting way. C. pyrrhus are known to be very good substrate-matchers, and rattlesnake camouflage coloration is known to affect predation rates. the balance among possible mechanisms that achieve this at the meta-population, population, and individual levels is not explored; it could be behavioral, it could be evolutionary, (i think) likely it is a combination of those two. this individual was seen in an area where most animals are vibrantly yellow, and most animals that are not yellow are gray and tan, and this biphasic locality exists as a tiny unique pocket within a (much) larger, mostly-monophasic (the gray and tan phase) region, and this is at the western edge of the species's range (range edges are often where genetically-weird stuff happens, both because range edges tend to occur near to where tolerance limits occur, and because there's less convergent selection on subpopulations on edges relative to subpopulations that are receiving gene flow from all directions). this individual seems to me to be representative of the regional gray and tan phase, but in which something to do with the concentration of melanin in the ectoderm has been amplified, to cover the animal in black spots so dense that the animal looks black when received as a whole. this can probably happen by accident (it's not quite melanism or hypermelanism the way that that is usually expressed in snakes), and for a long time my interpretation was that it was just an accident... but last time i visited this site, i found out that less than 20 years ago, a very large area around the site had burned in a wildfire. burn scars still persist in the area; a visitor can see burn marks on old woody stems in the area, and ash stains on many rocks... 20 years later. 15 years ago? 10 years ago? maybe even 5 years ago? for a long time the dominant substrate color (i would guess soils and rock faces) was probably black. certainly this is not proof that the local subpopulation evolved or chose (or a combination of these) substrate matching to a black, wildfire-generated substrate, but the idea is thought provoking.
seen on Kumeyaay land.
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Substrate: Phellinus tremulae, Populus tremula.
Eesti punase nimestiku liik, ohualdis (VU). LK III.
Tõrremäe, Lääne-Virumaa.
Divers Kate and Chuck ready to release a concrete substrate from the davit and escort it down to the bottom. Back to UAB in Antarctica website.
White Mountains cinquefoil, Potentilla morefieldii, elevation 3530 m (11580 ft). Substrate is carbonate (Reed Dolomite).
This species is endemic to the high subalpine and alpine of the White Mountains, and to a small segment of the Sierra Nevada directly to the west across Owens Valley. Named by Dr. Barbara Ertter in 1992 (Brittonia 44: 432-434) as part of her work to sort out the variation in the Potentilla drummondii/breweri complex, it was previously misidentified by me and others as P. drummondii var. bruceae or P. pseudosericea. It will forever be an honor to have an eponymous species residing on top of my favorite mountain range!
Repeated alternate steps of applying gesso then sanding smooth to produce a strong white matt surface for acrylic painting (it's better to do this before the sun goes down, if your lights are rubbish).
Team members Alan and Jason in the "Wonderbread" platform zodiac attach the next substrate to the davit while watching the bubbles from working divers Kate and Chuck. Back to UAB in Antarctica website.
Although common on sandy soils, this annual inhabits other substrates such as cinder beds, rocky soils, and bedrock. This could be Cryptantha torreyana, which is similar in appearance but grows on non-sandy substrates. The lanceolate nutlets or fruits of this plant, however, are those of C. fendleri, which is common through this part of the Snake River plains. This site lies along the North Crater trail on the south side of Big Craters, Craters of the Moon National Monument, Butte County, Idaho.
As the scientific name implies, gray tree frogs are variable in color owing to their ability to camouflage themselves from gray to green, depending on the substrate where they are sitting. The degree of mottling varies.[3] They can change from nearly black to nearly white. They change color at a slower rate than a chameleon. Dead gray tree frogs and ones in unnatural surroundings are predominantly gray. The female does not croak and has a white throat; however, the male does croak and has a black/gray throat. The female is usually larger than the male.
They are relatively small compared to other North American frog species, typically attaining no more than 1.5 to 2 in (3.8 to 5.1 cm). Their skin has a lumpy texture to it, giving them a warty appearance. They are virtually indistinguishable from the Cope's gray tree frog, H. chrysoscelis, the only readily noticeable difference being their calls. Cope's gray tree frog has a shorter, faster call.[4] The gray tree frog also has an extra set of chromosomes (4N), or 48 in total, and is called tetraploid gray tree frog in scientific circles. The Cope's gray tree frog, or diploid gray tree frog, retained its 2N (24) original chromosome set. Hybridization between these species results in early mortality of many larvae, but some individuals survive to adulthood though they have reduced fertility.[5]
Both H. chrysoscelis and H. versicolor have bright-yellow patches on their hind legs, which distinguishes them from other tree frogs, such as H. avivoca.[6] The bright patches are normally only visible while the frog is jumping. Both species of gray tree frogs are slightly sexually dimorphic. Males have black or gray throats, while the throats of the females are lighter.[7]
Tadpoles have rounded bodies (as opposed to the more elongated bodies of stream species) with high, wide tails that can be colored red if predators are in the system. Metamorphosis can occur as quickly as two months with optimal conditions. At metamorphosis, the new froglets will almost always turn green for a day or two before changing to the more common gray. Young frogs will also sometimes maintain a light green color and turn gray or darker green after reaching adulthood.
Substrate: Picea abies.
Määraja / Identified By Irja Saar.
Koitjärve, Põhja-Kõrvemaa.
Eesti punase nimestiku liik, ohualdis (VU).
SEM image of a nano-bridge milled into silicon substrate using a FIB(ref.: NanoBridge). Helios NanoLab 400 Made using NanoBuilder.
HV 5.00 kV
Mag 6 000x
Tilt -0°
WD 4.0 mm
HFW 21.3 µm
Courtesy: Remco Geurts (FEI)
Pluteus pouzarianus Singer (1983)
EN: no name, DE: Nadelholzdachpilz, Nadelholz-Schnallen-Dachpilz, Schnallendachpilz
Slo.: pouzarjeva ščitovka
Pieces of substrate - Picea abies.
Dat.: Oct. 29. 2016
Lat.: 46.36009 Long.: 13.70169
Code: Bot_1024/2016_DSC6239
Habitat: Mixed forest, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, southeast aspect; relatively warm and dry place; colluvial, calcareous, skeletal ground; in shade; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 600 m (2.000 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.
Substratum: completely rotten stump of Picea abies.
Place: Lower Trenta valley, between villages SoÄŤa and Trenta, right bank of river SoÄŤa, near the trail from Trenta 2b cottage to abandoned farm house Strgulc, SoÄŤa 47, East Julian Alps, PosoÄŤje, Slovenia EC.
Comments: Pluteus pouzarianus belongs to Pluteus cervinus agg. Variability of size, color, etc. of members of this group is so big that several authors claim they can hardly be determined in the field. Microscopy is needed. Pluteus pouzarianus is distinguished from other options, particularly from common Pluteus cervinus s.s., by: about 40% of hypha in pileipellis having clamps and it grows exclusively on conifer wood. Usually it has (in average) grayer cap and it is of somewhat smaller size. It seems, traits of the find fit well to literature.
There were two pilei present in this find. Pilei diameter 4 and 4.5 cm, surface velvety-waxy for palpation, cuticle peels off easily; stipe 4.5 and 5 cm tall, diameter in the middle 6 and 6.5 mm, 'bulbous'; smell faint, lightly on radish; taste faint, slightly mushroomy and on radish; SP abundant, pinkish-ocher, oac651.
Spores smooth. Dimensions: 6 [6,8 ; 7,1] 7,9 x 4,6 [5,1 ; 5,3] 5,7 microns; Q = 1,2 [1,3 ; 1,4] 1,5; N = 33; C = 95%; Me = 7 x 5,2 microns; Qe = 1,3. Pleurocystidia numerous, horned. Dimensions: 41.2 [53 ; 58.6] 70.3 x 11.9 [15 ; 16.5] 19.6 microns; Q = 2.6 [3.4 ; 3.8] 4.5; N = 27; C = 95%; Me = 55.8 x 15.7 microns; Qe = 3.6. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (cheilocystidia, pleurocystidia, pileipellis hypha), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (pileipellis); fresh material, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.
Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, VeÄŤna pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF
Ref.:
(1) R.Lliffe, Getting to Grips with Pluteus, Field mycology, Vol.11 (3) 2010, p78; available at: www.britmycolsoc.org.uk/files/9413/3094/7703/Pluteus%20Ge....
(2) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.4. Verlag Mykologia (1995), p 128.
(3) www.photomazza.com/?Pluteus-cervinus (P.cervinus)
(4) www.mycodb.fr/fiche.php?genre=Pluteus&espece=pouzaria...
(5) www.funghiitaliani.it/?showtopic=71917
(6) www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Pluteus_pouzarianus.html
(7) www.ambmuggia.it/forum/topic/5566-pluteus-pouzarianus/?mo...
(8) C. Bas et al. Flora Agaricina Neerlandica, Vol.2., CRC Press (1990), p 35; available at: books.google.si/books?id=Z-xGzC7Nic4C&pg=PA35&lpg...
Metarhizium flavoviride fungus grows on rice substrate in plastic tubs to produce spores. (file name: MISC_366)
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Mud-puddling is the phenomenon mostly seen in butterflies and involves their aggregation on substrates like wet soil, dung and carrion to obtain nutrients such as salts and amino acids. This behaviour has also been seen in some other insects, notably the leafhoppers.
Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) are diverse in their strategies to gather liquid nutrients. Typically, mud-puddling behavior takes place on wet soil. But even sweat on human skin may be attractive to butterflies.The most unusual sources include blood and tears.
This behaviour is restricted to males in many species, and in some like Battus philenor the presence of an assembly of butterflies on the ground acts as a stimulus to join the presumptive mud-puddling flock.
In tropical India this phenomenon is mostly seen in the post-monsoon season. The groups can include several species often including members of the Papilionidae and Pieridae.
Males seem to benefit from the sodium uptake through mud-puddling behaviour with an increase in reproductive success. The collected sodium and amino acids are often transferred to the female with the spermatophore during mating as a nuptial gift. This nutrition also enhances the survival rate of the eggs.
When puddling many butterflies and moths pump fluid through the digestive tract and release fluid from their anus. In some, such as the male notodontid Gluphisia septentrionis, this is released in forced anal jets at 3 second intervals. Fluid of up to 600 times the body mass may pass through and males have a much longer ileum (anterior hindgut) than non-puddling females