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Cross of Sacrifice is echoed by one of the crosses on St Peter’s Cathedral spires.
The Women’s War Memorial, usually referred to as the Cross of Sacrifice, was the idea of SA women soon after WWI ended. Funds were collected from women as a tribute to the British, French & Allied troops lost in the war; 10,000 subscribers contributed over £3,000. The first stage was the Cross of Sacrifice, a replica of the cross designed by Sir Reginald Blomfield which stands over war cemeteries. It was built by Walter Torode of Unley using Tea Tree Gully stone from the St Peter's College quarry. The cross foundation stone was laid 4 Aug 1920 by the Governor, Sir Archibald Weigall. On 24 Mar 1922 Ethel Wyatt, who originated the idea of a women’s memorial, placed under the shaft of the cross the names of men who died serving in the war. (The women refused to include names of nurses lost.) The cross, facing east, with a bronze crusaders sword attached, was unveiled 25 Apr 1922. The Stone of Remembrance at the eastern end of the Memorial Garden was unveiled 26 Apr 1923. Based on that of Sir Edward Lutyens, it is a 5-ton block of Palmer stone, also built by Walter Torode. The Garden of Memory was laid out in the shape of a cross with hedges of olive as suggested by Herbert Baker, one of the three principal architects for the War Graves Commission. The Eternal Flame & Ataturk’s Tribute were added 11 Nov 2008. The Anzac Day March traditionally leaves the SA National War memorial and ends at the Cross of Sacrifice where a Remembrance Service is held.
“A large number of women war workers assembled in the Mayor's Parlor on Wednesday afternoon to consider a suggestion for the establishment of a women's war memorial. . . it is a fitting sequel to women's work and sacrifice that the women of South Australia shall erect, as a memorial to the sailors and soldiers who have laid down their lives in this war, some monument, to be placed in a prominent site, and demonstrate publicly for all time their reverence for the spirit of sacrifice which filled their men and their own humble pride in sharing that sacrifice." [Advertiser 13 Mar 1919]
“it was Miss E. Wyatt's idea, and that the committee grew out of the League of Loyal Women's organization. Public meetings were held, and women everywhere joined in to help.” [Register 17 Apr 1923]
“the women were not erecting the memorial to their own work as seemed to be the idea in some quarters. The women . . . have stood behind their men and cared for them in camps, hospitals, and trenches and welcomed them home, and their memorial is just a tribute to the men who have passed beyond their care. . . it is proposed by the promoters that the form of the memorial should be one of two alternatives, a simple rough stone cross or some piece or group of statuary in bronze. The exact size and form will of necessity be determined by the amount subscribed.” [Daily Herald 1 May 1919]
“The national memorial is to be erected, or, at any rate, subsidised by a Government grant, which is perfectly proper, but we want ours to be absolutely distinct — a spontaneous gift, erected in that 'give because it is a pleasure and a privilege' spirit which makes the humblest tribute acceptable.” [Advertiser 1 May 1919]
“Mr. Herbert Baker, well known in the architectural world, has rendered a great service in advising the committee and planning the scheme which will be carried out under the supervision of Mr. Alfred Wells. . . letter from Mr. Baker: — 'I have so much appreciated your sensible and excellent ideas in such a good cause that I will gladly give you some suggestions. . . . I have suggested laying out part of the garden along the axis of the Cathedral. . . I have placed the war stone in the apse, as it were, formed of a cut hedge of dark green. . . The centre path would run straight down to the cross at the far end, and which would be on a circular stone-paved platform, two or three steps up. I suggest that the stone should be framed with spiral trees, and the cross with spreading trees.’” [Register 3 Mar 1920]
“There was a large gathering of women at the laying of the foundation stone of the Women's War Memorial at Pennington terrace, North Adelaide, on Wednesday. The ceremony was performed by the Governor (Sir Archibald Weigall). Over 1500 women war workers marched from Victoria square to the site of the memorial, the procession being headed by the band of the R.S. and S. League. . . Numbers of the Cheer-Up Society in uniform were present, and a guard of honor composed of army nurses under Matron Davidson.” [Daily Herald 5 Aug 1920]
“His Excellency the Governor (Sir Archibald Weigall) laid the foundation stone of the Women's Memorial, and another of the stone bearing the inscription 'To the glory of God and the imperishable memory of the men who gave their lives in the great war, 1914-1920. The tribute of the women of South. Australia'.” [Register 12 Aug 1920]
“A formidable sword, of ancient design, which would be serviceable only in the hands of a Goliath, was among the recent imports to South Australia from England. It is a Crusader's sword, made of bronze, and will figure on the face of the tall white stone cross which is to be erected in Pennington Gardens, North Adelaide. . . It was expected that the parts of the cross would be ready for assembling this mouth, but owing to the difficulty in obtaining stone of uniform color and the required durability the work has been delayed. The cross will be the dominant feature of an elaborate scheme. The entire garden will be transformed, in accordance with a plan gratuitously provided by Mr. Herbert Baker (designer of the City of New Delhi, and a member of the Imperial War Graves Commission), and the memorial column will look down upon a low shrine of remembrance, the design for which has been supplied by Sir' Edward Lutyen, who was the designee of the London Cenotaph.” [Advertiser 2 Apr 1921]
“After many months of research since the foundation of the Women's Memorial Cross at Pennington Gardens, North Adelaide, was completed, the full number of special sized stones have been quarried, and the contractor, Mr. Walter Torode, is in a position to arrange for the completion of the memorial. The stone is from St. Peter's College quarry, Teatree Gully.” [Register 29 Aug 1921]
“Excellent progress is being made in the work of laying out the garden near Pennington-terrace east for the women of South Australia's memorial to the men who gave their lives in the war. The hedge forming the enclosure has been planted, and preparations are being made for forming the flower-beds and paths in accordance with the design. . . some people did not approve of the choice of an olive hedge, but the opinion of experts had been obtained, and the question carefully gone into before it was decided upon. The committee had had to bear in mind the fact that owing to the nature of the subsoil cupressus and other types of hedge would require replacing from time to time, whereas the olive would be practically everlasting. It was, moreover, a most beautiful hedge when properly cut and looked after, and was also decidedly appropriate, through its historical association with the Crucifix. . . The monolith, or Stone of Remembrance, similar to those placed in the war cemeteries abroad, was not likely to be finished until later, as it was difficult to procure a perfect large block from which could be cut in one piece, but the material was understood to be now in sight, and the work in relation to it would, proceed with the least possible delay.” [Advertiser 13 Oct 1921]
“Women's Memorial in Pennington Gardens. When the foundation stone was laid offerings were brought and laid on the stone, and into the little violet linen bags which held each offering a card or slip of paper with the name of a soldier who had given his life for our sakes was slipped. These have been saved and put into a jar, which is to be buried beneath the cross.” [The Journal 25 Mar 1922]
“the site of the Women's Memorial to the Fallen in the Great War at Pennington Gardens . . . the placing of an urn in the base of the cross. . . Miss Ethel Wyatt placed the urn, which was enfolded in the Union Jack, inside the base of the cross. . . The names enclosed in the receptacle were those of British, French, and Allied fighters in the Great War; and were received on the day that the foundation stone was laid, The women who desired to assist in the movement brought offerings in little violet bags, and each contained the name of some loved one, who had given his life in the defence of womanhood and for all that it enshrined.” [Register 25 Mar 1922]
“Viewed from the centre of the pathway a trinity of crosses is seen, for the crosses on the spires of St. Peter's Cathedral are seen as in guardianship, on either side of the Memorial Cross.” [The Journal 26 Apr 1922]
“the beautiful monument just unveiled, had been erected not only to the soldiers of their great British Empire, but also to the memory of the soldiers of the Allies who had fallen in assisting to win the war. It was another example-of the splendid loyalty and aid given by the women of the Empire to soldiers, not only while abroad, but since their return. All the money for that memorial had been subscribed voluntarily by the ladies of South Australia.” [Register 26 Apr 1922]
“the annual Violet Memory Day ceremonies in Adelaide in honour of those who died in the Great War. The Exhibition Building was crowded. . . It was in July, 1915, that the first gathering was held in honour of those who had fallen in the fighting and as a public means of affording some comfort to the bereaved. . . there was a great and charming free contribution of violets (which were subsequently placed on the Women's Memorial at North Adelaide and on the soldiers' graves at the West Terrace Cemetery).” [Register 31 Jul 1922]
“The ‘stone of remembrance’, which has been designed as part of the Women's Memorial on Pennington terrace, embarked upon the last stage of its journey — from Martin's monumental works, on the Hyde Park road, to the site of the memorial . . . was seen passing through King William street on a low-wheeled vehicle drawn by four stalwart horses. The block is of Palmer stone, weighs five tons, is 11 ft. 7 in. long by 2 ft. 4 in. high, and 2 ft. 4 in. broad, with a total measurement of 60 cubic feet, and, with the exception of the inscription, ‘Their name liveth for evermore’ on one side, is free from all adornment.” [The Journal 18 Apr 1923]
“The Cross, which faces east, has been constructed immediately in front of a massive Moreton Bay figtree, behind which the towers and spires of St. Peter's Cathedral raise their hallowed peaks. . . The Cross of Sacrifice is from the design of Sir Reginald Blomfield, R.A., of London, and the Stone of Remembrance is from an English plan by Sir Edward Lutyens, R.A. Mr. Herbert Baker, who planned the New Delhi, gave his advice concerning the lay-out of the garden scheme, the planting of which has been superintended by the Adelaide City Gardener (Mr. Pelzer). The honorary architect was Mr. Alfred Wells. The real work of construction of the Cross and the Stone was executed under the direction of Mr. Walter Torode.” [Register 26 Apr 1923]
SELECTV KWHY TV 22 ADD BY RALPH6343 (4RETROCHANNELNETWORK)
SelecTV was a subscription (Pay TV) television service formed in 1976, and first broadcasting in 1978 [1] The service focused entirely on televising movies, and ended in 1991. The service originally allowed subscribers to pay only for programs "selected" during the month, with the first several minutes free (the decoder box included a phone hook-up to transmit information back to the billing office). It later went to a flat-fee basis.
SelecTV was transmitted via scrambled signal from a local UHF television station. A decoder box was required to unscramble the signal and permit normal viewing. SelecTV was available in at least three markets: in Milwaukee on WCGV, channel 24 (now MyNetworkTV), KWHY channel 22 in Los Angeles (now a Spanish-language independent), and WWSG channel 57 in Philadelphia (now CW affiliate WPSG). On WWSG, the service utilized the gated-pulse scrambling technique for the video and using technology that would later be used to enable Multichannel television sound moved the audio to a different subcarrier, freeing the standard audio channel for use as a "barker" (sales promotion) channel. In 1984, New Jersey based WHT began offering SelecTV on its affiliated television stations after it stopped programming its own network, but the affiliation with SelecTV would not last long, as within a year, WHT ceased operations. This occurred following a massive financial collapse, as a result of a majority of their subscribers defecting to cable television services which offered more channels, including pay-tv services like HBO and Showtime.
In 1983, the service went national via satellite and was later purchased by Starion Entertainment, which eventually dropped the SelecTV branding in the late 1980s and renamed it Starion Premiere Cinema. The service ceased operations in 1991.
Unlike rival service ONTV, SelecTV specialized in airing movies and did not air sports events. Foreign films were often shown in dubbed and subtitled versions, indicated in the monthly programming guide. In the early '80s, the Los Angeles affiliate simulcast some shows from Z Channel. During Oscar season in the Los Angeles market regular programming would often be preempted for special "Academy Consideration" screenings of films in contention for Oscar nominations. By 1985 (if not earlier), SelecTV aired softcore versions of pornographic films in their "Adult Theater" programming block.
Another thing making the channel unique was their policy of screening R-rated movies throughout the broadcast day, at a time when other pay services restricted R-rated content until after 8pm. SelecTV also transmitted its C-band satellite "in the clear" (unscrambled) for a longer time than rivals HBO and Showtime.
By 1984, OnTV and SelecTV merged, and some sports were broadcast on the combined service. Most of those events were simulcast from Prime Ticket, which was then a new regional sports network.
In 1986, SelecTV produced one original, non-sports series, a half-hour comedy, Channel K. [2] The title of the series was chosen to mock one of SelecTV’s early competitors, Z Channel. Each half-hour episode was composed of shorter segments, averaging five minutes, spoofing television programming. There were two comedy spin-offs from Channel K, both also airing in 1986, presented in ten minute segments in order to be used when fill time was needed between movies. The first was Bachelor Pad, where a self-proclaimed ladies man gave not-so-helpful tips to single men looking to be more successful at dating women. The second, Handy Dan, gave do-it-yourself lessons that always led to disaster. In 1987, Channel K returned to the network briefly with the new title, Son of Channel K. Three VHS volumes, including episodes of both Channel K and Son of Channel K, and segments of Bachelor Pad and Handy Dan, were released to the Home Video market in 1989 and 1990, as the SelecTV network, eroded away by the advancement of cable TV, went dark.[3]
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“Worship the Lord in the Beauty of Holiness.” Inscription from Psalm 96:9 above the chancel arch.
Foundation stone 28 Jul 1850 by Bishop Augustus Short, designed by Mr Burnet, opened May 1852, bell installed in tower 1863, new chancel dedicated 20 Dec 1904, re-opened 7 Dec 1930 after renovations, closed c2015, now private. Earliest services had been in the flour mill or Horseshoe Inn. Town originally named “Noarlunga”, renamed “Old Noarlunga” in 1978 after Main South Road by-passed the town in 1972.
“A Meeting of the subscribers for the erection of a Church at Noarlunga, was held on Friday last, when Messrs Bosworth, Hollins, and J. S. Clark were elected trustees. The church will be a very pretty structure of stone from the neighbouring quarries, and it is to be on an acre in the township presented by Mr Giles for the South Australian Company.” [South Australian 26 Jun 1850]
“Noarlunga — The foundation stone of the new church to be dedicated to St. Phillip and St. James, was laid on Friday, the 28th ultimo, by the Bishop of Adelaide, in the presence of a numerous, and highly respectable, concourse of the inhabitants. . . Divine service was performed for the first time on Sunday last, at the ‘Horse Shoe’ Inn. Mr Bock, the worthy landlord, fitted up the room for the occasion, and Miss Plaisted led the various hymns on a splendid organ. . . a great improvement upon the pro tempore places of worship previously used at Noarlunga.” [Adelaide Times 3 Aug 1850]
“The towered church of St. Philip and St. James, Noarlunga, perched on a hill, with the silver ribbon of the Onkaparinga winding in and out at its foot, was designed by Mr. Burnet after the model of a church in England.” [Observer 23 Dec 1905]
“St. Phillip and St. James' Anglican Church. . . When services were first held there the gospel was preached in somewhat trying circumstances. There were no window panes, strips of calico serving instead. No floor had been set down, and the congregation rested their feet on the soil. . . The name of the church is derived from the Christian names of two of the pioneer workers in the district — Messrs. James Hughes and Phillip Hollins. Before the erection of the church the former conducted a Sunday school in a flourmill nearby.” [News 16 May 1929]
“Noarlunga . . . A large bronze bell weighing 120 lbs. has been fixed in the tower of the Episcopal Church here, and will be very useful to the members of that congregation. The gentlemen who have kindly taken the trouble to procure the bell are certainly deserving of the thanks of the members of the church. It is of a good tone, but it has not yet been properly rung. Some trees and shrubs have been planted in the ground adjoining the sacred edifice, but whilst the fence is in an open and decayed state, there can be little hopes of seeing plants grow, as pigs, goats, and calves, are constantly getting into the enclosure.” [Advertiser 22 Aug 1863]
“St. Philip and St. James' Church. . . a lecture and concert was held in Mr. Holmes's wheat store in aid of the funds for plastering and ceiling the church. In the afternoon about 100 persons were present, which number was largely increased in the evening.” [Adelaide Observer 14 Apr 1866]
“The anniversary festival of the Sunday school belonging to St, Philip and St. James's Church was held on Thursday. Eighty children marched from the church to the district school room, singing hymns, were supplied with fruit, spent some time in play, and then were provided liberally with other refreshments. Between 50 and 60 adults were next regaled, and the whole company had a day of thorough enjoyment.” [Register 15 Mar 1871]
“St. Philip and St. James, Noarlunga. . . The Wardens' accounts, which were audited and passed, showed the Church to be in a very satisfactory financial position, and clear of all liabilities. . . discharging the balance of building fund, £25, and left £6 7s. 4d. in hand towards further improvement.” [Register 1 May 1873]
“St Phillip’s and St James' Church, Noarlunga. . . A committee was appointed to consider the question of building new chancel and repairing the church.” [Advertiser 19 Apr 1902]
“A new chancel will be dedicated by the Bishop of Adelaide (Dr. Harmer) at Sts. Philip and James, Noarlunga, on Sunday. The church was completed, with chancel and vestry, in 1867, and the present rector is the Rev. T. Wood.” [Advertiser 16 Dec 1903]
“Noarlunga. . . A beautiful carved blackwood reredos for the Church of St. Phillip and St. James was dedicated by Archdeacon Clampett, of St. Matthew's Church, Hawthorn, last Friday evening. The reredos is erected to commemorate the seventy-fifth birthday of the sacred edifice. . . After the service the congregation and friends met in the local hall. . . The reredos is the work of Mr. Price, of Adelaide.” [Observer 17 Oct 1925]
“Many inconveniences have been suffered by the congregation of St. Phillip and St. James' Anglican Church. . . At present the church is in a sad state of disrepair owing to lack .of funds to cope with the ravages which Time has wrought. Such a pitch has the disrepair reached that on rainy days members of the congregation dare not sit in the back rows, for dripping gutters have no respect for Sunday clothes. Recently, also, two churchgoers were rather fortunate in moving from one of the pews just before a large piece of plaster fell from the ceiling. Large cracks may be seen in various parts of the church, inside and out, and the possibility of more plaster falling presents danger. Some of the window frames has become separated partially from the stonework, and to prevent the entry of wind and rain .newspaper has been stuffed into the space. . . From time to time improvements were made to the church, which now boasts a brick floor and leadlight windows.” [News 16 May 1929]
“the third of a series of dances, arranged by Mr. Keith Maynard, for the restoration fund of St. Philip and James Church, Noarlunga.” [Advertiser 11 Jun 1929]
“Hawdon in his first overland expedition (1839) struck the Horseshoe after coming down the Onkaparinga, and from thence was able to make a beeline for Adelaide. . . Mr. Peter Giles, an octogenarian comeback, says that in his days there were only six houses, a brewery, and a flourmill in Noarlunga. Beautiful trees and shrubs, wattle, honeysuckle, silver wattle, sheaoak, tea tree, and masses of wild flowers grew in profusion and beauty along the river bank to Port Noarlunga. . . Philip Hollins was the father of Onkaparinga River navigation. The barge Appoline was built to be towed between Port Noarlunga by a horse on a tow path (1857). Hollins was also the proprietor of the Horseshoe Hotel. . . The Rev. A. Burnett held the first Anglican services in the district in its lodgeroom (1848-1853). . . In the seventies and eighties Noarlunga was the great changing place of the Yankalilla-Adelaide mail. At the Horseshoe Inn the passengers transhipped into a larger or smaller coach as the case might be.” [Advertiser 28 Oct 1929]
“To celebrate the reopening of St. Philip and St. James Anglican Church, Noarlunga, following renovations at a cost of £200, a back to Noarlunga service will be held on Sunday afternoon. It will be followed by a reunion tea. Archdeacon A. W. Clampett, M.A., will preach. There is a special corner for children in the church. It is in the form of a font presented by scholars of catechism.” [News 3 Dec 1930]
“For eighty-one years the Church of St. Phillip and St. James, Noarlunga, has been a prominent landmark on the main South-road. . . Children of the Catechism have furnished the church with a massive font and a shrine of the Blessed Virgin Mary.” [Advertiser 17 Oct 1931]
“In the Anglican Church at Noarlunga on Sunday, a memorial window to the late Mrs. Eleanor Maynard was unveiled by the rector (Rev. R. E. Saunders). Designed in a mixture of antique and opaque glass, the window shows the Star in the East shining over Bethleham. Mr. Saunders preached a memorial sermon, taking as text ‘Let your light so shine before men’. Friends of Mrs. Maynard throughout the State contributed to the cost of the window.” [Advertiser 25 Aug 1934]
“Noarlunga. Last week ladles of the St. Phillip and St. James's Church of England Guild conducted a pet show in the institute in aid of the Church of England Diocesan Centenary.” [Advertiser 27 May 1947]
“A Blossom Ball organised by members of the St. Phillip's and St. James's Church of England Guild in aid of the church centenary fund realised £36.” [Advertiser 14 Aug 1947]
“Next Sunday the centenary of St. Philip and St. James Church of England will be celebrated. . . Eucharist, with the Bishop of Adelaide. . . luncheon in Noarlunga Hall. . . Evensong at 3 p.m. . . The first rector was Rev. A. Burnett, who arrived in 1848 and lived in a tent at Willunga. During his term of office the church was contemplated. On July 25, 1850 the land was conveyed under Act 10. 1847, by Messrs. G. F. Angus, Hy. Kingscote and I. R. Todd in trust. . . From 1856 onwards the rectors were Revs. T. R. Neville, E. K. Miller, F. H. Stokes, G. Griffiths, T. Wood, H. C. Thrush, R. E. Saunders and H. J. Hughes, the present rector.” [Advertiser 9 May 1950]
“Edward Giles, who was connected with the South Australian Company and had a farm on the opposite side of the river, gave the land for the church. Mrs. F. Rayner, president of the Ladies' Guild, said originally the church had a slate floor and calico windows.” [News 12 Nov 1952]
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This is the November Subscriber Gift for Lok's Mailing List, you can pick it up here slurl.com/secondlife/Low%20Prim%20Furniture/127/129/23 and if you are not already a member, you can join and I will send the gift within a few hours! :)
Foundation stone 28 Jul 1850 by Bishop Augustus Short, designed by Mr Burnet, opened May 1852, bell installed in tower 1863, new chancel dedicated 20 Dec 1904, re-opened 7 Dec 1930 after renovations, closed c2015, now private. Earliest services had been in the flour mill or Horseshoe Inn.
“A Meeting of the subscribers for the erection of a Church at Noarlunga, was held on Friday last, when Messrs Bosworth, Hollins, and J. S. Clark were elected trustees. The church will be a very pretty structure of stone from the neighbouring quarries, and it is to be on an acre in the township presented by Mr Giles for the South Australian Company.” [South Australian 26 Jun 1850]
“Noarlunga — The foundation stone of the new church to be dedicated to St. Phillip and St. James, was laid on Friday, the 28th ultimo, by the Bishop of Adelaide, in the presence of a numerous, and highly respectable, concourse of the inhabitants. . . Divine service was performed for the first time on Sunday last, at the ‘Horse Shoe’ Inn. Mr Bock, the worthy landlord, fitted up the room for the occasion, and Miss Plaisted led the various hymns on a splendid organ. . . a great improvement upon the pro tempore places of worship previously used at Noarlunga.” [Adelaide Times 3 Aug 1850]
“The towered church of St. Philip and St. James, Noarlunga, perched on a hill, with the silver ribbon of the Onkaparinga winding in and out at its foot, was designed by Mr. Burnet after the model of a church in England.” [Observer 23 Dec 1905]
“St. Phillip and St. James' Anglican Church. . . When services were first held there the gospel was preached in somewhat trying circumstances. There were no window panes, strips of calico serving instead. No floor had been set down, and the congregation rested their feet on the soil. . . The name of the church is derived from the Christian names of two of the pioneer workers in the district — Messrs. James Hughes and Phillip Hollins. Before the erection of the church the former conducted a Sunday school in a flourmill nearby.” [News 16 May 1929]
“Noarlunga . . . A large bronze bell weighing 120 lbs. has been fixed in the tower of the Episcopal Church here, and will be very useful to the members of that congregation. The gentlemen who have kindly taken the trouble to procure the bell are certainly deserving of the thanks of the members of the church. It is of a good tone, but it has not yet been properly rung. Some trees and shrubs have been planted in the ground adjoining the sacred edifice, but whilst the fence is in an open and decayed state, there can be little hopes of seeing plants grow, as pigs, goats, and calves, are constantly getting into the enclosure.” [Advertiser 22 Aug 1863]
“St. Philip and St. James' Church. . . a lecture and concert was held in Mr. Holmes's wheat store in aid of the funds for plastering and ceiling the church. In the afternoon about 100 persons were present, which number was largely increased in the evening.” [Adelaide Observer 14 Apr 1866]
“The anniversary festival of the Sunday school belonging to St, Philip and St. James's Church was held on Thursday. Eighty children marched from the church to the district school room, singing hymns, were supplied with fruit, spent some time in play, and then were provided liberally with other refreshments. Between 50 and 60 adults were next regaled, and the whole company had a day of thorough enjoyment.” [Register 15 Mar 1871]
“St. Philip and St. James, Noarlunga. . . The Wardens' accounts, which were audited and passed, showed the Church to be in a very satisfactory financial position, and clear of all liabilities. . . discharging the balance of building fund, £25, and left £6 7s. 4d. in hand towards further improvement.” [Register 1 May 1873]
“St Phillip’s and St James' Church, Noarlunga. . . A committee was appointed to consider the question of building new chancel and repairing the church.” [Advertiser 19 Apr 1902]
“A new chancel will be dedicated by the Bishop of Adelaide (Dr. Harmer) at Sts. Philip and James, Noarlunga, on Sunday. The church was completed, with chancel and vestry, in 1867, and the present rector is the Rev. T. Wood.” [Advertiser 16 Dec 1903]
“Noarlunga. . . A beautiful carved blackwood reredos for the Church of St. Phillip and St. James was dedicated by Archdeacon Clampett, of St. Matthew's Church, Hawthorn, last Friday evening. The reredos is erected to commemorate the seventy-fifth birthday of the sacred edifice. . . After the service the congregation and friends met in the local hall. . . The reredos is the work of Mr. Price, of Adelaide.” [Observer 17 Oct 1925]
“Many inconveniences have been suffered by the congregation of St. Phillip and St. James' Anglican Church. . . At present the church is in a sad state of disrepair owing to lack .of funds to cope with the ravages which Time has wrought. Such a pitch has the disrepair reached that on rainy days members of the congregation dare not sit in the back rows, for dripping gutters have no respect for Sunday clothes. Recently, also, two churchgoers were rather fortunate in moving from one of the pews just before a large piece of plaster fell from the ceiling. Large cracks may be seen in various parts of the church, inside and out, and the possibility of more plaster falling presents danger. Some of the window frames has become separated partially from the stonework, and to prevent the entry of wind and rain .newspaper has been stuffed into the space. . . From time to time improvements were made to the church, which now boasts a brick floor and leadlight windows.” [News 16 May 1929]
“the third of a series of dances, arranged by Mr. Keith Maynard, for the restoration fund of St. Philip and James Church, Noarlunga.” [Advertiser 11 Jun 1929]
“Hawdon in his first overland expedition (1839) struck the Horseshoe after coming down the Onkaparinga, and from thence was able to make a beeline for Adelaide. . . Mr. Peter Giles, an octogenarian comeback, says that in his days there were only six houses, a brewery, and a flourmill in Noarlunga. Beautiful trees and shrubs, wattle, honeysuckle, silver wattle, sheaoak, tea tree, and masses of wild flowers grew in profusion and beauty along the river bank to Port Noarlunga. . . Philip Hollins was the father of Onkaparinga River navigation. The barge Appoline was built to be towed between Port Noarlunga by a horse on a tow path (1857). Hollins was also the proprietor of the Horseshoe Hotel. . . The Rev. A. Burnett held the first Anglican services in the district in its lodgeroom (1848-1853). . . In the seventies and eighties Noarlunga was the great changing place of the Yankalilla-Adelaide mail. At the Horseshoe Inn the passengers transhipped into a larger or smaller coach as the case might be.” [Advertiser 28 Oct 1929]
“To celebrate the reopening of St. Philip and St. James Anglican Church, Noarlunga, following renovations at a cost of £200, a back to Noarlunga service will be held on Sunday afternoon. It will be followed by a reunion tea. Archdeacon A. W. Clampett, M.A., will preach. There is a special corner for children in the church. It is in the form of a font presented by scholars of catechism.” [News 3 Dec 1930]
“For eighty-one years the Church of St. Phillip and St. James, Noarlunga, has been a prominent landmark on the main South-road. . . Children of the Catechism have furnished the church with a massive font and a shrine of the Blessed Virgin Mary.” [Advertiser 17 Oct 1931]
“In the Anglican Church at Noarlunga on Sunday, a memorial window to the late Mrs. Eleanor Maynard was unveiled by the rector (Rev. R. E. Saunders). Designed in a mixture of antique and opaque glass, the window shows the Star in the East shining over Bethleham. Mr. Saunders preached a memorial sermon, taking as text ‘Let your light so shine before men’. Friends of Mrs. Maynard throughout the State contributed to the cost of the window.” [Advertiser 25 Aug 1934]
“Noarlunga. Last week ladles of the St. Phillip and St. James's Church of England Guild conducted a pet show in the institute in aid of the Church of England Diocesan Centenary.” [Advertiser 27 May 1947]
“A Blossom Ball organised by members of the St. Phillip's and St. James's Church of England Guild in aid of the church centenary fund realised £36.” [Advertiser 14 Aug 1947]
“Next Sunday the centenary of St. Philip and St. James Church of England will be celebrated. . . Eucharist, with the Bishop of Adelaide. . . luncheon in Noarlunga Hall. . . Evensong at 3 p.m. . . The first rector was Rev. A. Burnett, who arrived in 1848 and lived in a tent at Willunga. During his term of office the church was contemplated. On July 25, 1850 the land was conveyed under Act 10. 1847, by Messrs. G. F. Angus, Hy. Kingscote and I. R. Todd in trust. . . From 1856 onwards the rectors were Revs. T. R. Neville, E. K. Miller, F. H. Stokes, G. Griffiths, T. Wood, H. C. Thrush, R. E. Saunders and H. J. Hughes, the present rector.” [Advertiser 9 May 1950]
“Edward Giles, who was connected with the South Australian Company and had a farm on the opposite side of the river, gave the land for the church. Mrs. F. Rayner, president of the Ladies' Guild, said originally the church had a slate floor and calico windows.” [News 12 Nov 1952]
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Rincones que hace el mar; calas.
Made in Austria, people and landscapes.
Lalita, un icono de cariño, compañía y bondad.
Arte y forja en L'Espluga de Francolí, (Tarragona).
Cuando murió su amada pensó en hacerse viejo. (A. Machado).
Una ruta por Mura, (Barcelona).
Con mis fotografías pretendo captar el momento o mejor dicho, un “momento” de la vida.
Si esto causa malestar a los protagonistas de mis imágenes, no tengo ningún inconveniente en retirarlas si lo manifiestan; así como enviarle una copia vía e-mail si me lo hacen llegar.
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Strobist
Shot on a shooting table. This was a balancing exercise between ambient light and flash light.
3 flash guns used to light the shooting table (white background)
2 x Nikon SB28@1/8 power underneath the shooting table to light the horizontal bit of the table
1 x Nikon SB24@1/4 power behind the background of the table bouncing light off a white wall
The rest was ambient light. To allow the icons to show on the display I lowered the shutter speed to 1/20.
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310: THURSDAY, AUGUST 25, 2011
I know, I know, I know...its a bit crazy, but I have reasons behind my madness. Down in T-town, football, cheerleaders, all of it is a big deal. I've never been a subscriber to the football bible. I've never been a cheerleader, never really been to any football games, in college or otherwise, so to get to this point, where I'm standing, no, no, buying this costume, is against every thing I belief in. It really is. However, its Halloween, or rather, it will be, and when you're in T-town, you show the pride whether you're in it or not. My aunt lives in Dallas, and her husband it a die hard fan. He's got memorabilia all over the house, and during football season, you are not allowed to speak during the games unless you are cheering on the team and speaking football jargon.
Anyway, its August, and why am I in costume...well, I bought it to motivate me (and yes I'm aware I need white boots, but I'll have to go find them closer to Halloween). I want to wear either this one or my number 2 pick this year (which I've yet to purchase because I'd literally have to stop eating to get into it which I'm not going to do). I wanted to know just HOW HARD I'd have to workout you know, and I didn't want to find out a week before Halloween, that I wouldn't be able to fit into the costume or it wouldn't look right because of whatever. Halloween is a BIG deal with my friends, and I love the whole thing. I mean, everyone was talking about it in July and planning on which night to go and what parties...crazy right, for one night so many months away, but aside from last year, I've had some pretty b*tchin' Halloweens, and this year is no different. So got the thing today, and I can get it on, lol, so that's a good sign, but I don't care what anyone says, or how anyone tries to convince me, "oh it looks fine," I know me, I've got work to do! Your true friends, you're girls, and your gays will tell you what needs work, and they were honest, and thats why I trust them. B*tches! LOL.
In other news, its a good day to be alive. Got my blood work back from the doctor today, and although I have a high platelet count, I'm negative for Lupus! Some days, are yours, you know, when the world feels just a little bit more okay...
Foundation stone 28 Jul 1850 by Bishop Augustus Short, designed by Mr Burnet, opened May 1852, bell installed in tower 1863, new chancel dedicated 20 Dec 1904, re-opened 7 Dec 1930 after renovations, closed c2015, now private. Earliest services had been in the flour mill or Horseshoe Inn.
“A Meeting of the subscribers for the erection of a Church at Noarlunga, was held on Friday last, when Messrs Bosworth, Hollins, and J. S. Clark were elected trustees. The church will be a very pretty structure of stone from the neighbouring quarries, and it is to be on an acre in the township presented by Mr Giles for the South Australian Company.” [South Australian 26 Jun 1850]
“Noarlunga — The foundation stone of the new church to be dedicated to St. Phillip and St. James, was laid on Friday, the 28th ultimo, by the Bishop of Adelaide, in the presence of a numerous, and highly respectable, concourse of the inhabitants. . . Divine service was performed for the first time on Sunday last, at the ‘Horse Shoe’ Inn. Mr Bock, the worthy landlord, fitted up the room for the occasion, and Miss Plaisted led the various hymns on a splendid organ. . . a great improvement upon the pro tempore places of worship previously used at Noarlunga.” [Adelaide Times 3 Aug 1850]
“The towered church of St. Philip and St. James, Noarlunga, perched on a hill, with the silver ribbon of the Onkaparinga winding in and out at its foot, was designed by Mr. Burnet after the model of a church in England.” [Observer 23 Dec 1905]
“St. Phillip and St. James' Anglican Church. . . When services were first held there the gospel was preached in somewhat trying circumstances. There were no window panes, strips of calico serving instead. No floor had been set down, and the congregation rested their feet on the soil. . . The name of the church is derived from the Christian names of two of the pioneer workers in the district — Messrs. James Hughes and Phillip Hollins. Before the erection of the church the former conducted a Sunday school in a flourmill nearby.” [News 16 May 1929]
“Noarlunga . . . A large bronze bell weighing 120 lbs. has been fixed in the tower of the Episcopal Church here, and will be very useful to the members of that congregation. The gentlemen who have kindly taken the trouble to procure the bell are certainly deserving of the thanks of the members of the church. It is of a good tone, but it has not yet been properly rung. Some trees and shrubs have been planted in the ground adjoining the sacred edifice, but whilst the fence is in an open and decayed state, there can be little hopes of seeing plants grow, as pigs, goats, and calves, are constantly getting into the enclosure.” [Advertiser 22 Aug 1863]
“St. Philip and St. James' Church. . . a lecture and concert was held in Mr. Holmes's wheat store in aid of the funds for plastering and ceiling the church. In the afternoon about 100 persons were present, which number was largely increased in the evening.” [Adelaide Observer 14 Apr 1866]
“The anniversary festival of the Sunday school belonging to St, Philip and St. James's Church was held on Thursday. Eighty children marched from the church to the district school room, singing hymns, were supplied with fruit, spent some time in play, and then were provided liberally with other refreshments. Between 50 and 60 adults were next regaled, and the whole company had a day of thorough enjoyment.” [Register 15 Mar 1871]
“St. Philip and St. James, Noarlunga. . . The Wardens' accounts, which were audited and passed, showed the Church to be in a very satisfactory financial position, and clear of all liabilities. . . discharging the balance of building fund, £25, and left £6 7s. 4d. in hand towards further improvement.” [Register 1 May 1873]
“St Phillip’s and St James' Church, Noarlunga. . . A committee was appointed to consider the question of building new chancel and repairing the church.” [Advertiser 19 Apr 1902]
“A new chancel will be dedicated by the Bishop of Adelaide (Dr. Harmer) at Sts. Philip and James, Noarlunga, on Sunday. The church was completed, with chancel and vestry, in 1867, and the present rector is the Rev. T. Wood.” [Advertiser 16 Dec 1903]
“Noarlunga. . . A beautiful carved blackwood reredos for the Church of St. Phillip and St. James was dedicated by Archdeacon Clampett, of St. Matthew's Church, Hawthorn, last Friday evening. The reredos is erected to commemorate the seventy-fifth birthday of the sacred edifice. . . After the service the congregation and friends met in the local hall. . . The reredos is the work of Mr. Price, of Adelaide.” [Observer 17 Oct 1925]
“Many inconveniences have been suffered by the congregation of St. Phillip and St. James' Anglican Church. . . At present the church is in a sad state of disrepair owing to lack .of funds to cope with the ravages which Time has wrought. Such a pitch has the disrepair reached that on rainy days members of the congregation dare not sit in the back rows, for dripping gutters have no respect for Sunday clothes. Recently, also, two churchgoers were rather fortunate in moving from one of the pews just before a large piece of plaster fell from the ceiling. Large cracks may be seen in various parts of the church, inside and out, and the possibility of more plaster falling presents danger. Some of the window frames has become separated partially from the stonework, and to prevent the entry of wind and rain .newspaper has been stuffed into the space. . . From time to time improvements were made to the church, which now boasts a brick floor and leadlight windows.” [News 16 May 1929]
“the third of a series of dances, arranged by Mr. Keith Maynard, for the restoration fund of St. Philip and James Church, Noarlunga.” [Advertiser 11 Jun 1929]
“Hawdon in his first overland expedition (1839) struck the Horseshoe after coming down the Onkaparinga, and from thence was able to make a beeline for Adelaide. . . Mr. Peter Giles, an octogenarian comeback, says that in his days there were only six houses, a brewery, and a flourmill in Noarlunga. Beautiful trees and shrubs, wattle, honeysuckle, silver wattle, sheaoak, tea tree, and masses of wild flowers grew in profusion and beauty along the river bank to Port Noarlunga. . . Philip Hollins was the father of Onkaparinga River navigation. The barge Appoline was built to be towed between Port Noarlunga by a horse on a tow path (1857). Hollins was also the proprietor of the Horseshoe Hotel. . . The Rev. A. Burnett held the first Anglican services in the district in its lodgeroom (1848-1853). . . In the seventies and eighties Noarlunga was the great changing place of the Yankalilla-Adelaide mail. At the Horseshoe Inn the passengers transhipped into a larger or smaller coach as the case might be.” [Advertiser 28 Oct 1929]
“To celebrate the reopening of St. Philip and St. James Anglican Church, Noarlunga, following renovations at a cost of £200, a back to Noarlunga service will be held on Sunday afternoon. It will be followed by a reunion tea. Archdeacon A. W. Clampett, M.A., will preach. There is a special corner for children in the church. It is in the form of a font presented by scholars of catechism.” [News 3 Dec 1930]
“For eighty-one years the Church of St. Phillip and St. James, Noarlunga, has been a prominent landmark on the main South-road. . . Children of the Catechism have furnished the church with a massive font and a shrine of the Blessed Virgin Mary.” [Advertiser 17 Oct 1931]
“In the Anglican Church at Noarlunga on Sunday, a memorial window to the late Mrs. Eleanor Maynard was unveiled by the rector (Rev. R. E. Saunders). Designed in a mixture of antique and opaque glass, the window shows the Star in the East shining over Bethleham. Mr. Saunders preached a memorial sermon, taking as text ‘Let your light so shine before men’. Friends of Mrs. Maynard throughout the State contributed to the cost of the window.” [Advertiser 25 Aug 1934]
“Noarlunga. Last week ladles of the St. Phillip and St. James's Church of England Guild conducted a pet show in the institute in aid of the Church of England Diocesan Centenary.” [Advertiser 27 May 1947]
“A Blossom Ball organised by members of the St. Phillip's and St. James's Church of England Guild in aid of the church centenary fund realised £36.” [Advertiser 14 Aug 1947]
“Next Sunday the centenary of St. Philip and St. James Church of England will be celebrated. . . Eucharist, with the Bishop of Adelaide. . . luncheon in Noarlunga Hall. . . Evensong at 3 p.m. . . The first rector was Rev. A. Burnett, who arrived in 1848 and lived in a tent at Willunga. During his term of office the church was contemplated. On July 25, 1850 the land was conveyed under Act 10. 1847, by Messrs. G. F. Angus, Hy. Kingscote and I. R. Todd in trust. . . From 1856 onwards the rectors were Revs. T. R. Neville, E. K. Miller, F. H. Stokes, G. Griffiths, T. Wood, H. C. Thrush, R. E. Saunders and H. J. Hughes, the present rector.” [Advertiser 9 May 1950]
“Edward Giles, who was connected with the South Australian Company and had a farm on the opposite side of the river, gave the land for the church. Mrs. F. Rayner, president of the Ladies' Guild, said originally the church had a slate floor and calico windows.” [News 12 Nov 1952]
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As Dar Holdsworth, the creator of Darwin M/C, explains, the Model 1 is:
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Beginning the next issue of IronWorks Magazine we’ll follow along and show you the evolution of our particular Darwinian bike.
It’ll rise from the primordial ooze otherwise known as BBB’s workshop until it evolves into a bike that any of us would be proud to own.
Ah, but there’ll be only one winner, and to be that person you’ll need to sign up for the contest. And the best way to do that is to subscribe or renew your subscription to IronWorks Magazine.
Our Model 1 giveaway bike will have some unique styling features, such as an antiqued tank badge, and we even hope to find the missing link to its chain, so stay tuned. The IW/BBB Model 1 is one model you’ll want to own.
Program Details
Contest begins: March 10, 2009
Contest ends: Midnight, January 31, 2010
Eligibility: Subscribe or renew your IW subscription
Delivery: 2010 Daytona Bike Week
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Darwin Motorcycles, manufacturer of Brass Balls Bobbers & Choppers, is a registered & licensed NHTSA Manufaturer and listed with Kelley Blue Book and N.A.D.A. services. Our bikes are easy to finance and insure.
Call 405.270.0995 for more details.
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Some shots from Star Citizen
Fish Tank (w/exotic space fish) is one of the many hanger decorations (aka subscriber flair).
Star Citizen is an ambitious crowd funded open world space simulation project from Chris Roberts (Wing Commander, Freelancer).
robertsspaceindustries.com/about-the-game
Using a SweetFx 64-bit variant to make the colors more vibrant.
forums.robertsspaceindustries.com/discussion/comment/2993...
Mobile phones were launched in 1984 and the market has been booming ever since. In 20 years they have spread like wildfire. By September 2004 there were 344 million subscribers (out of a population of 380 million) in the 15 (old) members of the European Union. According to Nokia there will be 2 000 million cellphone users worldwide by 2008.
For any form of publication, please include the link to this page:
This photo has been graciously provided to be used in the GRID-Arendal resources library by: Emmanuelle Bournay
Telemarketing for the holidays - Email follow up marketing tips.
The subject line of your email is like the outer portion of an envelope.
The window is the message, and it gives a glimpse of who it is from. So it’s important to display in your subject lines the motivation your subscribers need to open your emails. Consumers are actively looking to purchase gifts, and they want to save as much as possible while doing so. Being straight to the point in your subject line about what exactly you’re offering in your email is a great way to grab attention. For example, “Christmas Blow-Out Sale,” isn’t as effective as “50% off Entire Site.”
To help your email stand out, here are a few marketing tips we have up our sleeve:
Subject Line – Just Do It.
holiday email marketing subject lines - 2
Being direct with your audience can pay off. It tells them to act now, with no fluff added to the subject line. It’s a more just do it, call to action. Try not to be pushy or over-promote, but don’t be afraid to be straight forward. The following are examples on how to be straight forward without being rude:
Don’t Miss This Sale, Ends at Midnight
Subject Line – Can I help you?
holiday email marketing subject lines - 3
A command isn’t the only way to get noticed in an inbox. Using a question in your email subject line is an easy way to get more personal with connecting to consumers. The following are examples on how to use questions in a subject line more effectively:
Struggling to find the perfect gift?
Did you already get the perfect gift for your spouse?
Subject Line – Tease…What’s inside…
holiday email marketing subject lines - 4
Consumers love anticipation. A holiday sale is no different, if teased correctly in an email subject line. It’s important that your audience becomes interested in your product, and that even those who are already valued clients will be grabbed and want to open your email. The following are examples of a holiday tease:
Holiday Shopping can be anxiety-free at (your business).
Steps on how to shop under $100 for everyone this holiday season.
Subject Line – We know you
holiday email marketing subject lines - 5
Some of the most personal emails are ones that include your clients’ names in them, which literally call them out from their inboxes. Yes, it’s possible to do this. Having a database of all your subscriber and customer information will help populate the information needed to create personalized emails for everyone it’s being sent to. The biggest tip to keep in mind is that the less generic the email subject line is, the more likely your open rates will increase.
holiday email marketing subject lines - 6
Got an announcement of some sort? It doesn’t have to get complicated. It’s important to only announce something when it’s really important. Here’s how to do it right:
Don’t Miss out on Our Christmas Friends and Family Event
We’re Open Late! Extended Store Hours for the Holidays.
Subject Line – Lists That Might Interest You
holiday email marketing subject lines - 7
Lists help people organize their thoughts and information. Consumers are usually attracted to a list that will demonstrate value or importance. These are ways to send out a list to your audience that will get their attention:
5 Must Haves for The Holidays
12 time-saving tips to Avoid the Crowds
Subject Line – Words to Use
Consumers love to hear of any discount promotions, and here are key phrases and words that have a successful open rate:
Free Shipping on us!
A Sale You Can’t Afford to Skip
Save On Your Holiday Favorites
One Day Only Sale
Get 20% Off Everything Now
Time of year matters, and customers are on board during upcoming holidays. Here are key phrases and words that have a successful open rate:
Avoid the Crowds, Black Friday
Special Cyber Monday Offer to Customers Only
Last Minute Christmas Savings
Save on your Hanukkah Gifts
Beside the examples used above, using words that make a customer feel like they are getting value from purchasing from you is imperative. These words will assist in achieving value in a holiday email subject line: Special, Get, More, New, Win, and Off.
holiday email marketing subject lines - 8It’s important to make a schedule of all your holiday marketing campaigns and track the success of all your subject lines to see what works best for your business whether it’s a teaser, question, or a command. Keep in mind that the best subject lines are descriptive, yet short. Trying to attract attention during the holidays is tricky, but being straightforward is important in order to engage your audience so that they at least open your email and see your offer.
At ListGIANT.com, we want to make sure you reach your holiday email marketing objectives without a hitch. By using our email marketing services for your business, you can achieve new levels of success! We also provide many other marketing services, including telemarketing and direct mail lists. If you are interested in reaching your clients and prospects with email marketing, make sure to maximize your opens with a creative holiday subject line!
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John Greene
800 383 1381 Ext 141
“Suffer Little Children to Come Unto Me”. Window presented by the Sunday School children Oct 1899.
Church foundation stone 28 Jul 1850 by Bishop Augustus Short, designed by Mr Burnet, opened May 1852, bell installed in tower 1863, new chancel dedicated 20 Dec 1904, re-opened 7 Dec 1930 after renovations, closed c2015, now private. Earliest services had been in the flour mill or Horseshoe Inn. Town originally named “Noarlunga”, renamed “Old Noarlunga” in 1978 after Main South Road by-passed the town in 1972.
“A Meeting of the subscribers for the erection of a Church at Noarlunga, was held on Friday last, when Messrs Bosworth, Hollins, and J. S. Clark were elected trustees. The church will be a very pretty structure of stone from the neighbouring quarries, and it is to be on an acre in the township presented by Mr Giles for the South Australian Company.” [South Australian 26 Jun 1850]
“Noarlunga — The foundation stone of the new church to be dedicated to St. Phillip and St. James, was laid on Friday, the 28th ultimo, by the Bishop of Adelaide, in the presence of a numerous, and highly respectable, concourse of the inhabitants. . . Divine service was performed for the first time on Sunday last, at the ‘Horse Shoe’ Inn. Mr Bock, the worthy landlord, fitted up the room for the occasion, and Miss Plaisted led the various hymns on a splendid organ. . . a great improvement upon the pro tempore places of worship previously used at Noarlunga.” [Adelaide Times 3 Aug 1850]
“The towered church of St. Philip and St. James, Noarlunga, perched on a hill, with the silver ribbon of the Onkaparinga winding in and out at its foot, was designed by Mr. Burnet after the model of a church in England.” [Observer 23 Dec 1905]
“St. Phillip and St. James' Anglican Church. . . When services were first held there the gospel was preached in somewhat trying circumstances. There were no window panes, strips of calico serving instead. No floor had been set down, and the congregation rested their feet on the soil. . . The name of the church is derived from the Christian names of two of the pioneer workers in the district — Messrs. James Hughes and Phillip Hollins. Before the erection of the church the former conducted a Sunday school in a flourmill nearby.” [News 16 May 1929]
“Noarlunga . . . A large bronze bell weighing 120 lbs. has been fixed in the tower of the Episcopal Church here, and will be very useful to the members of that congregation. The gentlemen who have kindly taken the trouble to procure the bell are certainly deserving of the thanks of the members of the church. It is of a good tone, but it has not yet been properly rung. Some trees and shrubs have been planted in the ground adjoining the sacred edifice, but whilst the fence is in an open and decayed state, there can be little hopes of seeing plants grow, as pigs, goats, and calves, are constantly getting into the enclosure.” [Advertiser 22 Aug 1863]
“St. Philip and St. James' Church. . . a lecture and concert was held in Mr. Holmes's wheat store in aid of the funds for plastering and ceiling the church. In the afternoon about 100 persons were present, which number was largely increased in the evening.” [Adelaide Observer 14 Apr 1866]
“The anniversary festival of the Sunday school belonging to St, Philip and St. James's Church was held on Thursday. Eighty children marched from the church to the district school room, singing hymns, were supplied with fruit, spent some time in play, and then were provided liberally with other refreshments. Between 50 and 60 adults were next regaled, and the whole company had a day of thorough enjoyment.” [Register 15 Mar 1871]
“St. Philip and St. James, Noarlunga. . . The Wardens' accounts, which were audited and passed, showed the Church to be in a very satisfactory financial position, and clear of all liabilities. . . discharging the balance of building fund, £25, and left £6 7s. 4d. in hand towards further improvement.” [Register 1 May 1873]
“St Phillip’s and St James' Church, Noarlunga. . . A committee was appointed to consider the question of building new chancel and repairing the church.” [Advertiser 19 Apr 1902]
“A new chancel will be dedicated by the Bishop of Adelaide (Dr. Harmer) at Sts. Philip and James, Noarlunga, on Sunday. The church was completed, with chancel and vestry, in 1867, and the present rector is the Rev. T. Wood.” [Advertiser 16 Dec 1903]
“Noarlunga. . . A beautiful carved blackwood reredos for the Church of St. Phillip and St. James was dedicated by Archdeacon Clampett, of St. Matthew's Church, Hawthorn, last Friday evening. The reredos is erected to commemorate the seventy-fifth birthday of the sacred edifice. . . After the service the congregation and friends met in the local hall. . . The reredos is the work of Mr. Price, of Adelaide.” [Observer 17 Oct 1925]
“Many inconveniences have been suffered by the congregation of St. Phillip and St. James' Anglican Church. . . At present the church is in a sad state of disrepair owing to lack .of funds to cope with the ravages which Time has wrought. Such a pitch has the disrepair reached that on rainy days members of the congregation dare not sit in the back rows, for dripping gutters have no respect for Sunday clothes. Recently, also, two churchgoers were rather fortunate in moving from one of the pews just before a large piece of plaster fell from the ceiling. Large cracks may be seen in various parts of the church, inside and out, and the possibility of more plaster falling presents danger. Some of the window frames has become separated partially from the stonework, and to prevent the entry of wind and rain .newspaper has been stuffed into the space. . . From time to time improvements were made to the church, which now boasts a brick floor and leadlight windows.” [News 16 May 1929]
“the third of a series of dances, arranged by Mr. Keith Maynard, for the restoration fund of St. Philip and James Church, Noarlunga.” [Advertiser 11 Jun 1929]
“Hawdon in his first overland expedition (1839) struck the Horseshoe after coming down the Onkaparinga, and from thence was able to make a beeline for Adelaide. . . Mr. Peter Giles, an octogenarian comeback, says that in his days there were only six houses, a brewery, and a flourmill in Noarlunga. Beautiful trees and shrubs, wattle, honeysuckle, silver wattle, sheaoak, tea tree, and masses of wild flowers grew in profusion and beauty along the river bank to Port Noarlunga. . . Philip Hollins was the father of Onkaparinga River navigation. The barge Appoline was built to be towed between Port Noarlunga by a horse on a tow path (1857). Hollins was also the proprietor of the Horseshoe Hotel. . . The Rev. A. Burnett held the first Anglican services in the district in its lodgeroom (1848-1853). . . In the seventies and eighties Noarlunga was the great changing place of the Yankalilla-Adelaide mail. At the Horseshoe Inn the passengers transhipped into a larger or smaller coach as the case might be.” [Advertiser 28 Oct 1929]
“To celebrate the reopening of St. Philip and St. James Anglican Church, Noarlunga, following renovations at a cost of £200, a back to Noarlunga service will be held on Sunday afternoon. It will be followed by a reunion tea. Archdeacon A. W. Clampett, M.A., will preach. There is a special corner for children in the church. It is in the form of a font presented by scholars of catechism.” [News 3 Dec 1930]
“For eighty-one years the Church of St. Phillip and St. James, Noarlunga, has been a prominent landmark on the main South-road. . . Children of the Catechism have furnished the church with a massive font and a shrine of the Blessed Virgin Mary.” [Advertiser 17 Oct 1931]
“In the Anglican Church at Noarlunga on Sunday, a memorial window to the late Mrs. Eleanor Maynard was unveiled by the rector (Rev. R. E. Saunders). Designed in a mixture of antique and opaque glass, the window shows the Star in the East shining over Bethleham [sic]. Mr. Saunders preached a memorial sermon, taking as text ‘Let your light so shine before men’. Friends of Mrs. Maynard throughout the State contributed to the cost of the window.” [Advertiser 25 Aug 1934]
“Noarlunga. Last week ladles of the St. Phillip and St. James's Church of England Guild conducted a pet show in the institute in aid of the Church of England Diocesan Centenary.” [Advertiser 27 May 1947]
“A Blossom Ball organised by members of the St. Phillip's and St. James's Church of England Guild in aid of the church centenary fund realised £36.” [Advertiser 14 Aug 1947]
“Next Sunday the centenary of St. Philip and St. James Church of England will be celebrated. . . Eucharist, with the Bishop of Adelaide. . . luncheon in Noarlunga Hall. . . Evensong at 3 p.m. . . The first rector was Rev. A. Burnett, who arrived in 1848 and lived in a tent at Willunga. During his term of office the church was contemplated. On July 25, 1850 the land was conveyed under Act 10. 1847, by Messrs. G. F. Angus, Hy. Kingscote and I. R. Todd in trust. . . From 1856 onwards the rectors were Revs. T. R. Neville, E. K. Miller, F. H. Stokes, G. Griffiths, T. Wood, H. C. Thrush, R. E. Saunders and H. J. Hughes, the present rector.” [Advertiser 9 May 1950]
“Edward Giles, who was connected with the South Australian Company and had a farm on the opposite side of the river, gave the land for the church. Mrs. F. Rayner, president of the Ladies' Guild, said originally the church had a slate floor and calico windows.” [News 12 Nov 1952]
Grey's Monument is a Grade I-listed monument in the centre of Newcastle upon Tyne, England. It was built in 1838 in recognition of Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1830 to 1834. In particular, it celebrates the passing of the Great Reform Act of 1832, one of Grey's most important legislative achievements. The act reorganised the system of parliamentary constituencies and increased the number of those eligible to vote.
The monument is located at the junction of Grey, Grainger and Blackett Streets and has a total height of 133 ft (41 m). It was funded via public subscription and consists of a statue of Earl Grey on a pedestal standing on top of a Roman Doric column. The column was designed by local architect, Benjamin Green, and the statue was created by the sculptor, Edward Hodges Baily.
A contemporary report of the unveiling ceremony described the monument as "a fine imaginative work of art" and other 19th century commentators praised it as "a noble effort of genius" and as having "a most commanding appearance". However, its location, then at the centre of the city's tram infrastructure, was criticised as unsuitable, with one newspaper declaring that "in its present situation, it will be a great nuisance" and, in the 1920s, there were calls to move the column to improve traffic flow. In 1981, the nearby station on the Tyne and Wear Metro was named after the monument. The pedestrianised area around the base is a popular meeting place and is used as a speakers' corner.
History
Grey's Monument was erected in recognition of the tenure of Charles Grey as Prime Minister. Earl Grey represented Northumberland in Parliament from the age of 22. He was made First Lord of the Admiralty in 1806, and later Leader of the House of Commons. In 1830 he was invited to form a government and became Prime Minister. It was during his time as Prime Minister that he passed the Great Reform Act, which brought about constituency reform and extended the right to vote. Grey's Monument was constructed when Grey was still alive and had retired from politics.
Conception and planning
A monument to Earl Grey was first proposed by the Newcastle-based architect, John Green, in 1832. Green envisaged a statue in Northumberland Square, North Shields, depicting Grey in parliamentary robes, holding the Magna Carta. He sought public subscriptions for his scheme in the Newcastle Chronicle on 16 June 1832:[1]
Instead of expressing our grateful Joy in the childish Barbarism of wasteful and dangerous Illuminations, which blaze for an Hour and are forgotten for ever; let us erect a Monument that shall commemorate to future Ages our Gratitude to the Friend of the People! the Prince of Patriots! and the Honour of Northumberland, EARL GREY!!!
The proposal was initially met with enthusiasm, although some Reformers were hesitant to commemorate an individual, instead preferring to erect a monument to the cause of the Reform movement itself. Alternative sites for the monument were proposed, including Rimside Moor in Northumberland.
The eventual site of the monument in central Newcastle was chosen as part of a local improvement plan proposed by Richard Grainger. In his plan, Grainger proposed to erect a statue not of Grey, but of an idealised figure. However, in 1834, Earl Grey was proposed as the subject of the statue. A public meeting took place on 6 October, chaired by William Ord, "to take into consideration the propriety of entering into a subscription, for erecting in a public situation in his native county, a statue, or other memorial, to the memory of the Noble Earl". There was unanimous support for the monument and £500 was raised on the day. One of the subscribers to the final monument was Whig politician and Irish political leader Daniel O'Connell.
The final location of the monument was slow to be approved, due to indecision from the council. There was also some lack of approval of Earl Grey himself; he was not as popular as he had been around the time of the Great Reform Bill's passing, and after leaving politics in 1834 Grey had focussed on a quiet life outside of the public sphere. Plans for Grey's Monument were approved by Newcastle Town Council on 14 September 1836. In the same meeting, it was agreed that the location of the monument would be at the top of Upper Dean Street, which would be renamed "Grey Street". Councillor Charnley spoke about the location of the monument, saying: "It must be well known to most of us that great anxiety has been felt to fix upon a proper situation for the monument; and after long deliberation, the Committee have come to the resolution that the place proposed is the fittest and most appropriate in Newcastle. It will be for you to decide whether, in your judgement, the Committee have come to a proper determination".
Benjamin Green, John Green's son, designed the monument's column, which was to cost £1,600. The architects initially intended for the monument to be taller, but the height was limited by the amount of money raised via subscriptions. Edward Hodges Baily was commissioned to design the statue of the Earl which cost £700.
Joseph Welch, who had previously built the Ouseburn Viaduct and Bellingham Bridge, was in charge of building the monument. The foundation stone was laid on 6 September 1837 by both John and Benjamin Green. A time capsule was buried at the time of the monument's construction. It contained a hermetically sealed glass bottle which contained a drawing of the structure, a collection of coins, local medals and tradesmen's tokens donated by John Ralph Fenwick, and a list of the monument's subscribers
Following the completion of the column on 11 August 1838, the Earl and Countess Grey visited Newcastle and were reported to have shown "evident signs of pleasure" when viewing the structure. On 24 August 1838, the statue of Earl Grey was placed on top of the column. It was transported from London by Halcyon, a trader based in Newcastle, and moved to its base from the quay of the River Tyne by two wagons. Church bells rang throughout the day to commemorate the occasion, although Earl Grey did not attend. In November 1838, the scaffolding encasing the monument was removed.
Design
Measured from the bottom of the column to the top of the statue, Grey's Monument is 133 ft (41 m) tall. The fluted column[13] is Roman Doric in style and is 9 ft 11 in (3.02 m) in diameter.[21] The column was originally built from stone from the Pennines, later replaced with sandstone ashlar. A helical staircase with 164 steps leads to a viewing platform at the top of the monument, which is occasionally opened to the public. Four lamps were placed at the base of the monument in 1893, increasing to 12 in the 1920s. The railings and lamps have since been removed. A building survey conducted in 1995 concluded that the monument was built on shallow foundations. It also found that the column can sway up to 30 cm (12 in) in the wind.
Statue
At the top of the column there is a pedestal surrounded by railings which enclose the viewing platform. The statue of Earl Grey by E. H. Baily sits on top of the pedestal. The statue depicts a 13 ft (4.0 m) twice-life-size figure standing upright, clothed in robes of the Order of the Garter. It is made out of Portland stone and was originally coated in wax to protect it against the weather. In Public Sculpture of North-East England, the expression of Earl Grey is described as "pensive". Baily also made 30 miniatures of the statue out of plaster, possibly intended as souvenirs.
During a thunderstorm on 25 July 1941, the head of the statue, which weighed around 102 kg (225 lb), was knocked off by a bolt of lightning and fell onto the tram lines below the monument. One of the statue's arms and a portion of the cloak were also damaged. The Newcastle Estate and Property Committee agreed that the statue would not be repaired until after the Second World War, but the head would be retained and restored. In 1947, sculptor Roger Hedley created a new head based on the preserved fragments of the original.
Inscriptions
The main inscription on the south side of the pedestal was added in 1854 and was most likely written by Sydney Smith It was installed by the Red Barns Marble Works of Gibson Street, Newcastle.
THIS COLUMN WAS ERECTED IN 1838
TO COMMEMORATE
THE SERVICES RENDERED TO HIS COUNTRY BY
CHARLES, EARL GREY, K.G.
WHO, DURING AN ACTIVE POLITICAL CAREER OF
NEARLY HALF A CENTURY
WAS THE CONSTANT ADVOCATE OF PEACE
AND THE FEARLESS AND CONSISTENT CHAMPION OF
CIVIL AND RELIGIOUS LIBERTY.
HE FIRST DIRECTED HIS EFFORTS TO THE AMENDMENT
OF THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE IN 1792,
AND WAS THE MINISTER
BY WHOSE ADVICE, AND UNDER WHOSE GUIDANCE,
THE GREAT MEASURE OF PARLIAMENTARY REFORM
WAS, AFTER AN ARDUOUS AND PROTRACTED STRUGGLE
SAFELY AND TRIUMPHANTLY ACHIEVED
IN THE YEAR 1832.
On the opposite face is a later inscription from 1932, installed at the request of Sir Charles Trevelyan, 100 years after the passing of the Great Reform Act. The words of the inscription were written by Edward Grey.
AFTER A CENTURY OF CIVIL PEACE,
THE PEOPLE RENEW
THEIR GRATITUDE TO THE AUTHOR
OF THE GREAT REFORM BILL.
1932.
Critical and public reception
After the monument was completed it received praise from contemporary artists and writers. A column in The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction in 1838 wrote that the statue "is a faithful representation of the noble Lord,—and esteemed a fine imaginative work of art". Also in 1838, The Spectator described the statue as "equal to any of Chantry's [sic]". Writing in Bradshaw's Journal in 1842, Alex Falkner wrote that the statue, "when seen from the centre of the street, has a most commanding appearance". In 1867, the author T. Fordyce described the statue of Earl Grey as "a noble effort of genius" which reflected "the highest credit on its accomplished author, Mr. Baily".
The monument was not universally acclaimed and it received criticism which lasted into the latter half of the 19th century. After the column was erected in August 1838, The Newcastle Journal wrote "Whatever may be the character of the Column as a work of art, it is certain that in its present situation, it will be a great nuisance, and that at no distant day its removal to a less objectionable site will be called for by the public". In 1857, a writer local to Newcastle wrote "the monument to Earl Grey is, to my mind, a huge mistake; you place an aged nobleman, dressed in court costume, on a high pillar, and, without a hat upon his bald head, expose him to the pelting of every storm that Heaven sends". Public interest and awareness of Earl Grey also decreased into and during the 20th century.[1] In the 1920s, there were calls from the Durham Branch of the Surveyors' Institution to remove and relocate the monument, due to its growing obstruction of the traffic.
Grey's Monument became a Grade I listed building on 14 June 1954. In the second half of the 20th century there were multiple calls (in 1982, 1994 and 1998) for the monument to be renovated, but these were dismissed due to the estimated cost and recognition that previous repairs had led to long-term damage by pollution. The monument lends its name to Monument Metro station, on the Tyne and Wear Metro, opened in 1981 and located directly underneath the monument. The pedestrianised area around the monument is a popular meeting place and is regarded as a speakers' corner.
Edward Hodges Baily RA FRS (10 March 1788 – 22 May 1867; sometimes misspelled Bailey) was a prolific British sculptor responsible for numerous public monuments, portrait busts, statues and exhibition pieces as well as works in silver. He carved friezes for both the Marble Arch and Buckingham Palace in London. His numerous statues of public figures include that of Horatio Nelson on top of Nelson's Column and Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey on Grey's Monument in Newcastle upon Tyne. Throughout his career Baily was responsible for creating a number of monuments and memorials for British churches and cathedrals, including several in St Paul's Cathedral.
Biography
Baily was born in 1788 at Downend in Bristol to Martha Hodges (1755-1836) and William Hillier Baily (1763-1834), a woodcutter who specialised in carving ship's figureheads. At the age of fourteen he was placed as an accounts clerk in a mercantile house, where he worked for two years, though he continued to produce wax models and busts, his childhood hobby. In 1804, aged sixteen he abandoned his job and set himself up as a professional wax portraitist. Two Homeric studies, executed for a friend, were shown to the sculptor John Flaxman who was so impressed, that in 1807, he accepted Baily as a pupil in his London studio and subsequently employed him as an assistant. In 1808 Baily won the silver medal of the Society of Arts for a plaster figure of Laocoön and the next year entered the Royal Academy Schools. At the academy he won a silver medal in 1809 and in 1811 he gained their gold medal for a model of Hercules restoring Alcestis to Admetus, and soon after exhibited Apollo discharging his Arrows against the Greeks and Hercules casting Lichas into the Sea.
From 1816 to 1846 Baily was the Chief Modeller for Rundell, Bridge and Rundell, goldsmiths to the royal family, where he was responsible for creating the Doncaster Cup trophy in 1843 and the Ascot Gold Cup in 1844. Baily also produced designs for the silversmith Paul Storr. For a soup tureen commission in 1821, Baily designed a pair of ornamental handles which became the basis of his large scale marble sculpture Eve at the Fountain, which was acquired by the Bristol Literary Institute and is now in the Bristol Museum & Art Gallery. Widely reproduced at reduced sizes in both Parian ware and bronze, the work was among the most popular individual sculptures in Britain at the time. Baily returned to Eve as a subject in 1842 with the work Eve listening to the Voice. Baily was elected an Associate member of the Royal Academy in 1817 and, on the strength of Eve at the Fountain, a full Academician in 1821.
From the 1820s until 1858 Baily had a series of high-profile public commissions and was also responsible for numerous portrait busts, statues and exhibition pieces. He carved the bas-reliefs on the facade of the Masonic Hall on Park Street in Bristol and those on the south side of the Marble Arch in Hyde Park in 1826. When changes were made to the size and design of the Marble Arch, a number of friezes that Baily had carved were considered surplus to requirements but were installed on the facade of Buckingham Palace. He also designd the models of the stone figures installed on the pediment of Buckingham Palace when the building was enlarged and carved the frieze Britannia Rewarding Arts and Sciences for the Palace's throne room. He created the prominent statue of Horatio Nelson for the top of Nelson's Column, in Trafalgar Square. For the facade of the National Gallery facing onto Trafalgar Square he created a series of statues and friezes.
Baily exhibited at the Royal Academy regularly from 1810 to 1862 and at the British Institution from 1812 to 1840. His exhibition pieces often represented aspects of family life with titles such as Maternal Affection and Mother and Child. For Saint Stephen's Hall in the Palace of Westminster he created statues of Charles James Fox and Lord Mansfield. Subjects of his portrait busts included the Duke of Wellington, his mentor John Flaxman and Lord Byron. Several of his designs for monuments were cast as small scales bronzes for the domestic retail market, notably his equestrian statue of George IV.
Financial insecurity was a recurring theme in Baily's life. He was first declared bankrupt in 1831, and again in 1838. On the first occasion questions were asked in Parliament on his behalf because his financial distress had resulted from delays in receiving payment for sculptures at Buckingham Palace. Fortunately his appeals to the Royal Academy for financial assistance, were successful in the 1830s, as again in the 1860s, when they provided him with a pension of £200 a year as an honorary retired Academician. Baily's election as a fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) came in 1842. Among his final works was the design for the Turner medal in 1857, the Royal Academy's award for landscape painting.
Baily married Elizabeth Wardley (1786-1836) in Bristol during 1806 and the couple had four children. Their daughter, Caroline, married Edgar George Papworth Senior one of Baily's assistants. Among his other assistants and pupils were John Henry Foley, Musgrave Watson, Joseph Durham, Edward Bowring Stephens and William Theed. Baily's nephew was William Hellier Baily, the paleontologist.
Baily died at 99 Devonshire Road, Holloway in north London on 22 May 1867 and is buried in the city's Highgate Cemetery.
Newcastle upon Tyne, or simply Newcastle is a cathedral city and metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, England. It is located on the River Tyne's northern bank, opposite Gateshead to the south. It is the most populous settlement in the Tyneside conurbation and North East England.
Newcastle developed around a Roman settlement called Pons Aelius, the settlement became known as Monkchester before taking on the name of a castle built in 1080 by William the Conqueror's eldest son, Robert Curthose. It was one of the world's largest ship building and repair centres during the industrial revolution. Newcastle was part of the county of Northumberland until 1400, when it separated and formed a county of itself. In 1974, Newcastle became part of Tyne and Wear. Since 2018, the city council has been part of the North of Tyne Combined Authority.
The history of Newcastle upon Tyne dates back almost 2,000 years, during which it has been controlled by the Romans, the Angles and the Norsemen amongst others. Newcastle upon Tyne was originally known by its Roman name Pons Aelius. The name "Newcastle" has been used since the Norman conquest of England. Due to its prime location on the River Tyne, the town developed greatly during the Middle Ages and it was to play a major role in the Industrial Revolution, being granted city status in 1882. Today, the city is a major retail, commercial and cultural centre.
Roman settlement
The history of Newcastle dates from AD 122, when the Romans built the first bridge to cross the River Tyne at that point. The bridge was called Pons Aelius or 'Bridge of Aelius', Aelius being the family name of Roman Emperor Hadrian, who was responsible for the Roman wall built across northern England along the Tyne–Solway gap. Hadrian's Wall ran through present-day Newcastle, with stretches of wall and turrets visible along the West Road, and at a temple in Benwell. Traces of a milecastle were found on Westgate Road, midway between Clayton Street and Grainger Street, and it is likely that the course of the wall corresponded to present-day Westgate Road. The course of the wall can be traced eastwards to the Segedunum Roman fort at Wallsend, with the fort of Arbeia down-river at the mouth of the Tyne, on the south bank in what is now South Shields. The Tyne was then a wider, shallower river at this point and it is thought that the bridge was probably about 700 feet (210 m) long, made of wood and supported on stone piers. It is probable that it was sited near the current Swing Bridge, due to the fact that Roman artefacts were found there during the building of the latter bridge. Hadrian himself probably visited the site in 122. A shrine was set up on the completed bridge in 123 by the 6th Legion, with two altars to Neptune and Oceanus respectively. The two altars were subsequently found in the river and are on display in the Great North Museum in Newcastle.
The Romans built a stone-walled fort in 150 to protect the river crossing which was at the foot of the Tyne Gorge, and this took the name of the bridge so that the whole settlement was known as Pons Aelius. The fort was situated on a rocky outcrop overlooking the new bridge, on the site of the present Castle Keep. Pons Aelius is last mentioned in 400, in a Roman document listing all of the Roman military outposts. It is likely that nestling in the shadow of the fort would have been a small vicus, or village. Unfortunately, no buildings have been detected; only a few pieces of flagging. It is clear that there was a Roman cemetery near Clavering Place, behind the Central station, as a number of Roman coffins and sarcophagi have been unearthed there.
Despite the presence of the bridge, the settlement of Pons Aelius was not particularly important among the northern Roman settlements. The most important stations were those on the highway of Dere Street running from Eboracum (York) through Corstopitum (Corbridge) and to the lands north of the Wall. Corstopitum, being a major arsenal and supply centre, was much larger and more populous than Pons Aelius.
Anglo-Saxon development
The Angles arrived in the North-East of England in about 500 and may have landed on the Tyne. There is no evidence of an Anglo-Saxon settlement on or near the site of Pons Aelius during the Anglo-Saxon age. The bridge probably survived and there may well have been a small village at the northern end, but no evidence survives. At that time the region was dominated by two kingdoms, Bernicia, north of the Tees and ruled from Bamburgh, and Deira, south of the Tees and ruled from York. Bernicia and Deira combined to form the kingdom of Northanhymbra (Northumbria) early in the 7th century. There were three local kings who held the title of Bretwalda – 'Lord of Britain', Edwin of Deira (627–632), Oswald of Bernicia (633–641) and Oswy of Northumbria (641–658). The 7th century became known as the 'Golden Age of Northumbria', when the area was a beacon of culture and learning in Europe. The greatness of this period was based on its generally Christian culture and resulted in the Lindisfarne Gospels amongst other treasures. The Tyne valley was dotted with monasteries, with those at Monkwearmouth, Hexham and Jarrow being the most famous. Bede, who was based at Jarrow, wrote of a royal estate, known as Ad Murum, 'at the Wall', 12 miles (19 km) from the sea. It is thought that this estate may have been in what is now Newcastle. At some unknown time, the site of Newcastle came to be known as Monkchester. The reason for this title is unknown, as we are unaware of any specific monasteries at the site, and Bede made no reference to it. In 875 Halfdan Ragnarsson, the Danish Viking conqueror of York, led an army that attacked and pillaged various monasteries in the area, and it is thought that Monkchester was also pillaged at this time. Little more was heard of it until the coming of the Normans.
Norman period
After the arrival of William the Conqueror in England in 1066, the whole of England was quickly subjected to Norman rule. However, in Northumbria there was great resistance to the Normans, and in 1069 the newly appointed Norman Earl of Northumbria, Robert de Comines and 700 of his men were killed by the local population at Durham. The Northumbrians then marched on York, but William was able to suppress the uprising. That same year, a second uprising occurred when a Danish fleet landed in the Humber. The Northumbrians again attacked York and destroyed the garrison there. William was again able to suppress the uprising, but this time he took revenge. He laid waste to the whole of the Midlands and the land from York to the Tees. In 1080, William Walcher, the Norman bishop of Durham and his followers were brutally murdered at Gateshead. This time Odo, bishop of Bayeux, William's half brother, devastated the land between the Tees and the Tweed. This was known as the 'Harrying of the North'. This devastation is reflected in the Domesday Book. The destruction had such an effect that the North remained poor and backward at least until Tudor times and perhaps until the Industrial Revolution. Newcastle suffered in this respect with the rest of the North.
In 1080 William sent his eldest son, Robert Curthose, north to defend the kingdom against the Scots. After his campaign, he moved to Monkchester and began the building of a 'New Castle'. This was of the "motte-and-bailey" type of construction, a wooden tower on top of an earthen mound (motte), surrounded by a moat and wooden stockade (bailey). It was this castle that gave Newcastle its name. In 1095 the Earl of Northumbria, Robert de Mowbray, rose up against the king, William Rufus, and Rufus sent an army north to recapture the castle. From then on the castle became crown property and was an important base from which the king could control the northern barons. The Northumbrian earldom was abolished and a Sheriff of Northumberland was appointed to administer the region. In 1091 the parish church of St Nicholas was consecrated on the site of the present Anglican cathedral, close by the bailey of the new castle. The church is believed to have been a wooden building on stone footings.
Not a trace of the tower or mound of the motte and bailey castle remains now. Henry II replaced it with a rectangular stone keep, which was built between 1172 and 1177 at a cost of £1,444. A stone bailey, in the form of a triangle, replaced the previous wooden one. The great outer gateway to the castle, called 'the Black Gate', was built later, between 1247 and 1250, in the reign of Henry III. There were at that time no town walls and when attacked by the Scots, the townspeople had to crowd into the bailey for safety. It is probable that the new castle acted as a magnet for local merchants because of the safety it provided. This in turn would help to expand trade in the town. At this time wool, skins and lead were being exported, whilst alum, pepper and ginger were being imported from France and Flanders.
Middle Ages
Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress, the centre for assembled armies. The Border war against Scotland lasted intermittently for several centuries – possibly the longest border war ever waged. During the civil war between Stephen and Matilda, David 1st of Scotland and his son were granted Cumbria and Northumberland respectively, so that for a period from 1139 to 1157, Newcastle was effectively in Scottish hands. It is believed that during this period, King David may have built the church of St Andrew and the Benedictine nunnery in Newcastle. However, King Stephen's successor, Henry II was strong enough to take back the Earldom of Northumbria from Malcolm IV.
The Scots king William the Lion was imprisoned in Newcastle, in 1174, after being captured at the Battle of Alnwick. Edward I brought the Stone of Scone and William Wallace south through the town and Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times during the 14th century.
Around 1200, stone-faced, clay-filled jetties were starting to project into the river, an indication that trade was increasing in Newcastle. As the Roman roads continued to deteriorate, sea travel was gaining in importance. By 1275 Newcastle was the sixth largest wool exporting port in England. The principal exports at this time were wool, timber, coal, millstones, dairy produce, fish, salt and hides. Much of the developing trade was with the Baltic countries and Germany. Most of the Newcastle merchants were situated near the river, below the Castle. The earliest known charter was dated 1175 in the reign of Henry II, giving the townspeople some control over their town. In 1216 King John granted Newcastle a mayor[8] and also allowed the formation of guilds (known as Mysteries). These were cartels formed within different trades, which restricted trade to guild members. There were initially twelve guilds. Coal was being exported from Newcastle by 1250, and by 1350 the burgesses received a royal licence to export coal. This licence to export coal was jealously guarded by the Newcastle burgesses, and they tried to prevent any one else on the Tyne from exporting coal except through Newcastle. The burgesses similarly tried to prevent fish from being sold anywhere else on the Tyne except Newcastle. This led to conflicts with Gateshead and South Shields.
In 1265, the town was granted permission to impose a 'Wall Tax' or Murage, to pay for the construction of a fortified wall to enclose the town and protect it from Scottish invaders. The town walls were not completed until early in the 14th century. They were two miles (3 km) long, 9 feet (2.7 m) thick and 25 feet (7.6 m) high. They had six main gates, as well as some smaller gates, and had 17 towers. The land within the walls was divided almost equally by the Lort Burn, which flowed southwards and joined the Tyne to the east of the Castle. The town began to expand north of the Castle and west of the Lort Burn with various markets being set up within the walls.
In 1400 Henry IV granted a new charter, creating a County corporate which separated the town, but not the Castle, from the county of Northumberland and recognised it as a "county of itself" with a right to have a sheriff of its own. The burgesses were now allowed to choose six aldermen who, with the mayor would be justices of the peace. The mayor and sheriff were allowed to hold borough courts in the Guildhall.
Religious houses
During the Middle Ages a number of religious houses were established within the walls: the first of these was the Benedictine nunnery of St Bartholomew founded in 1086 near the present-day Nun Street. Both David I of Scotland and Henry I of England were benefactors of the religious house. Nothing of the nunnery remains now.
The friary of Blackfriars, Newcastle (Dominican) was established in 1239. These were also known as the Preaching Friars or Shod Friars, because they wore sandals, as opposed to other orders. The friary was situated in the present-day Friars Street. In 1280 the order was granted royal permission to make a postern in the town walls to communicate with their gardens outside the walls. On 19 June 1334, Edward Balliol, claimant to be King of Scotland, did homage to King Edward III, on behalf of the kingdom of Scotland, in the church of the friary. Much of the original buildings of the friary still exist, mainly because, after the Dissolution of the Monasteries the friary of Blackfriars was rented out by the corporation to nine of the local trade guilds.
The friary of Whitefriars (Carmelite) was established in 1262. The order was originally housed on the Wall Knoll in Pandon, but in 1307 it took over the buildings of another order, which went out of existence, the Friars of the Sac. The land, which had originally been given by Robert the Bruce, was situated in the present-day Hanover Square, behind the Central station. Nothing of the friary remains now.
The friary of Austinfriars (Augustinian) was established in 1290. The friary was on the site where the Holy Jesus Hospital was built in 1682. The friary was traditionally the lodging place of English kings whenever they visited or passed through Newcastle. In 1503 Princess Margaret, eldest daughter of Henry VII of England, stayed two days at the friary on her way to join her new husband James IV of Scotland.
The friary of Greyfriars (Franciscans) was established in 1274. The friary was in the present-day area between Pilgrim Street, Grey Street, Market Street and High Chare. Nothing of the original buildings remains.
The friary of the Order of the Holy Trinity, also known as the Trinitarians, was established in 1360. The order devoted a third of its income to buying back captives of the Saracens, during the Crusades. Their house was on the Wall Knoll, in Pandon, to the east of the city, but within the walls. Wall Knoll had previously been occupied by the White Friars until they moved to new premises in 1307.
All of the above religious houses were closed in about 1540, when Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries.
An important street running through Newcastle at the time was Pilgrim Street, running northwards inside the walls and leading to the Pilgrim Gate on the north wall. The street still exists today as arguably Newcastle's main shopping street.
Tudor period
The Scottish border wars continued for much of the 16th century, so that during that time, Newcastle was often threatened with invasion by the Scots, but also remained important as a border stronghold against them.
During the Reformation begun by Henry VIII in 1536, the five Newcastle friaries and the single nunnery were dissolved and the land was sold to the Corporation and to rich merchants. At this time there were fewer than 60 inmates of the religious houses in Newcastle. The convent of Blackfriars was leased to nine craft guilds to be used as their headquarters. This probably explains why it is the only one of the religious houses whose building survives to the present day. The priories at Tynemouth and Durham were also dissolved, thus ending the long-running rivalry between Newcastle and the church for control of trade on the Tyne. A little later, the property of the nunnery of St Bartholomew and of Grey Friars were bought by Robert Anderson, who had the buildings demolished to build his grand Newe House (also known as Anderson Place).
With the gradual decline of the Scottish border wars the town walls were allowed to decline as well as the castle. By 1547, about 10,000 people were living in Newcastle. At the beginning of the 16th century exports of wool from Newcastle were more than twice the value of exports of coal, but during the century coal exports continued to increase.
Under Edward VI, John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, sponsored an act allowing Newcastle to annexe Gateshead as its suburb. The main reason for this was to allow the Newcastle Hostmen, who controlled the export of Tyne coal, to get their hands on the Gateshead coal mines, previously controlled by the Bishop of Durham. However, when Mary I came to power, Dudley met his downfall and the decision was reversed. The Reformation allowed private access to coal mines previously owned by Tynemouth and Durham priories and as a result coal exports increase dramatically, from 15,000 tons in 1500 to 35,000 tons in 1565, and to 400,000 tons in 1625.
The plague visited Newcastle four times during the 16th century, in 1579 when 2,000 people died, in 1589 when 1700 died, in 1595 and finally in 1597.
In 1600 Elizabeth I granted Newcastle a charter for an exclusive body of electors, the right to elect the mayor and burgesses. The charter also gave the Hostmen exclusive rights to load coal at any point on the Tyne. The Hostmen developed as an exclusive group within the Merchant Adventurers who had been incorporated by a charter in 1547.
Stuart period
In 1636 there was a serious outbreak of bubonic plague in Newcastle. There had been several previous outbreaks of the disease over the years, but this was the most serious. It is thought to have arrived from the Netherlands via ships that were trading between the Tyne and that country. It first appeared in the lower part of the town near the docks but gradually spread to all parts of the town. As the disease gained hold the authorities took measures to control it by boarding up any properties that contained infected persons, meaning that whole families were locked up together with the infected family members. Other infected persons were put in huts outside the town walls and left to die. Plague pits were dug next to the town's four churches and outside the town walls to receive the bodies in mass burials. Over the course of the outbreak 5,631 deaths were recorded out of an estimated population of 12,000, a death rate of 47%.
In 1637 Charles I tried to raise money by doubling the 'voluntary' tax on coal in return for allowing the Newcastle Hostmen to regulate production and fix prices. This caused outrage amongst the London importers and the East Anglian shippers. Both groups decided to boycott Tyne coal and as a result forced Charles to reverse his decision in 1638.
In 1640 during the Second Bishops' War, the Scots successfully invaded Newcastle. The occupying army demanded £850 per day from the Corporation to billet the Scottish troops. Trade from the Tyne ground to a halt during the occupation. The Scots left in 1641 after receiving a Parliamentary pardon and a £4,000,000 loan from the town.
In 1642 the English Civil War began. King Charles realised the value of the Tyne coal trade and therefore garrisoned Newcastle. A Royalist was appointed as governor. At that time, Newcastle and King's Lynn were the only important seaports to support the crown. In 1644 Parliament blockaded the Tyne to prevent the king from receiving revenue from the Tyne coal trade. Coal exports fell from 450,000 to 3,000 tons and London suffered a hard winter without fuel. Parliament encouraged the coal trade from the Wear to try to replace that lost from Newcastle but that was not enough to make up for the lost Tyneside tonnage.
In 1644 the Scots crossed the border. Newcastle strengthened its defences in preparation. The Scottish army, with 40,000 troops, besieged Newcastle for three months until the garrison of 1,500 surrendered. During the siege, the Scots bombarded the walls with their artillery, situated in Gateshead and Castle Leazes. The Scottish commander threatened to destroy the steeple of St Nicholas's Church by gunfire if the mayor, Sir John Marley, did not surrender the town. The mayor responded by placing Scottish prisoners that they had captured in the steeple, so saving it from destruction. The town walls were finally breached by a combination of artillery and sapping. In gratitude for this defence, Charles gave Newcastle the motto 'Fortiter Defendit Triumphans' to be added to its coat of arms. The Scottish army occupied Northumberland and Durham for two years. The coal taxes had to pay for the Scottish occupation. In 1645 Charles surrendered to the Scots and was imprisoned in Newcastle for nine months. After the Civil War the coal trade on the Tyne soon picked up and exceeded its pre-war levels.
A new Guildhall was completed on the Sandhill next to the river in 1655, replacing an earlier facility damaged by fire in 1639, and became the meeting place of Newcastle Town Council. In 1681 the Hospital of the Holy Jesus was built partly on the site of the Austin Friars. The Guildhall and Holy Jesus Hospital still exist.
Charles II tried to impose a charter on Newcastle to give the king the right to appoint the mayor, sheriff, recorder and town clerk. Charles died before the charter came into effect. In 1685, James II tried to replace Corporation members with named Catholics. However, James' mandate was suspended in 1689 after the Glorious Revolution welcoming William of Orange. In 1689, after the fall of James II, the people of Newcastle tore down his bronze equestrian statue in Sandhill and tossed it into the Tyne. The bronze was later used to make bells for All Saints Church.
In 1689 the Lort Burn was covered over. At this time it was an open sewer. The channel followed by the Lort Burn became the present day Dean Street. At that time, the centre of Newcastle was still the Sandhill area, with many merchants living along the Close or on the Side. The path of the main road through Newcastle ran from the single Tyne bridge, through Sandhill to the Side, a narrow street which climbed steeply on the north-east side of the castle hill until it reached the higher ground alongside St Nicholas' Church. As Newcastle developed, the Side became lined with buildings with projecting upper stories, so that the main street through Newcastle was a narrow, congested, steep thoroughfare.
In 1701 the Keelmen's Hospital was built in the Sandgate area of the city, using funds provided by the keelmen. The building still stands today.
Eighteenth century
In the 18th century, Newcastle was the country's largest print centre after London, Oxford and Cambridge, and the Literary and Philosophical Society of 1793, with its erudite debates and large stock of books in several languages predated the London Library by half a century.
In 1715, during the Jacobite rising in favour of the Old Pretender, an army of Jacobite supporters marched on Newcastle. Many of the Northumbrian gentry joined the rebels. The citizens prepared for its arrival by arresting Jacobite supporters and accepting 700 extra recruits into the local militia. The gates of the city were closed against the rebels. This proved enough to delay an attack until reinforcements arrived forcing the rebel army to move across to the west coast. The rebels finally surrendered at Preston.
In 1745, during a second Jacobite rising in favour of the Young Pretender, a Scottish army crossed the border led by Bonnie Prince Charlie. Once again Newcastle prepared by arresting Jacobite supporters and inducting 800 volunteers into the local militia. The town walls were strengthened, most of the gates were blocked up and some 200 cannon were deployed. 20,000 regulars were billeted on the Town Moor. These preparations were enough to force the rebel army to travel south via the west coast. They were eventually defeated at Culloden in 1746.
Newcastle's actions during the 1715 rising in resisting the rebels and declaring for George I, in contrast to the rest of the region, is the most likely source of the nickname 'Geordie', applied to people from Tyneside, or more accurately Newcastle. Another theory, however, is that the name 'Geordie' came from the inventor of the Geordie lamp, George Stephenson. It was a type of safety lamp used in mining, but was not invented until 1815. Apparently the term 'German Geordie' was in common use during the 18th century.
The city's first hospital, Newcastle Infirmary opened in 1753; it was funded by public subscription. A lying-in hospital was established in Newcastle in 1760. The city's first public hospital for mentally ill patients, Wardens Close Lunatic Hospital was opened in October 1767.
In 1771 a flood swept away much of the bridge at Newcastle. The bridge had been built in 1250 and repaired after a flood in 1339. The bridge supported various houses and three towers and an old chapel. A blue stone was placed in the middle of the bridge to mark the boundary between Newcastle and the Palatinate of Durham. A temporary wooden bridge had to be built, and this remained in use until 1781, when a new stone bridge was completed. The new bridge consisted of nine arches. In 1801, because of the pressure of traffic, the bridge had to be widened.
A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of Fenham Barracks in 1806. The facilities at the Castle for holding assizes, which had been condemned for their inconvenience and unhealthiness, were replaced when the Moot Hall opened in August 1812.
Victorian period
Present-day Newcastle owes much of its architecture to the work of the builder Richard Grainger, aided by architects John Dobson, Thomas Oliver, John and Benjamin Green and others. In 1834 Grainger won a competition to produce a new plan for central Newcastle. He put this plan into effect using the above architects as well as architects employed in his own office. Grainger and Oliver had already built Leazes Terrace, Leazes Crescent and Leazes Place between 1829 and 1834. Grainger and Dobson had also built the Royal Arcade at the foot of Pilgrim Street between 1830 and 1832. The most ambitious project covered 12 acres 12 acres (49,000 m2) in central Newcastle, on the site of Newe House (also called Anderson Place). Grainger built three new thoroughfares, Grey Street, Grainger Street and Clayton Street with many connecting streets, as well as the Central Exchange and the Grainger Market. John Wardle and George Walker, working in Grainger's office, designed Clayton Street, Grainger Street and most of Grey Street. Dobson designed the Grainger Market and much of the east side of Grey Street. John and Benjamin Green designed the Theatre Royal at the top of Grey Street, where Grainger placed the column of Grey's Monument as a focus for the whole scheme. Grey Street is considered to be one of the finest streets in the country, with its elegant curve. Unfortunately most of old Eldon Square was demolished in the 1960s in the name of progress. The Royal Arcade met a similar fate.
In 1849 a new bridge was built across the river at Newcastle. This was the High Level Bridge, designed by Robert Stephenson, and slightly up river from the existing bridge. The bridge was designed to carry road and rail traffic across the Tyne Gorge on two decks with rail traffic on the upper deck and road traffic on the lower. The new bridge meant that traffic could pass through Newcastle without having to negotiate the steep, narrow Side, as had been necessary for centuries. The bridge was opened by Queen Victoria, who one year later opened the new Central Station, designed by John Dobson. Trains were now able to cross the river, directly into the centre of Newcastle and carry on up to Scotland. The Army Riding School was also completed in 1849.
In 1854 a large fire started on the Gateshead quayside and an explosion caused it to spread across the river to the Newcastle quayside. A huge conflagration amongst the narrow alleys, or 'chares', destroyed the homes of 800 families as well as many business premises. The narrow alleys that had been destroyed were replaced by streets containing blocks of modern offices.
In 1863 the Town Hall in St Nicholas Square replaced the Guildhall as the meeting place of Newcastle Town Council.
In 1876 the low level bridge was replaced by a new bridge known as the Swing Bridge, so called because the bridge was able to swing horizontally on a central axis and allow ships to pass on either side. This meant that for the first time sizeable ships could pass up-river beyond Newcastle. The bridge was built and paid for by William Armstrong, a local arms manufacturer, who needed to have warships access his Elswick arms factory to fit armaments to them. The Swing Bridge's rotating mechanism is adapted from the cannon mounts developed in Armstrong's arms works. In 1882 the Elswick works began to build ships as well as to arm them. The Barrack Road drill hall was completed in 1890.
Industrialisation
In the 19th century, shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution. Newcastle's development as a major city owed most to its central role in the production and export of coal. The phrase "taking coals to Newcastle" was first recorded in 1538; it proverbially denotes bringing a particular commodity to a place that has more than enough of it already.
Innovation in Newcastle and surrounding areas included the following:
George Stephenson developed a miner's safety lamp at the same time that Humphry Davy developed a rival design. The lamp made possible the opening up of ever deeper mines to provide the coal that powered the industrial revolution.
George and his son Robert Stephenson were hugely influential figures in the development of the early railways. George developed Blücher, a locomotive working at Killingworth colliery in 1814, whilst Robert was instrumental in the design of Rocket, a revolutionary design that was the forerunner of modern locomotives. Both men were involved in planning and building railway lines, all over this country and abroad.
Joseph Swan demonstrated a working electric light bulb about a year before Thomas Edison did the same in the USA. This led to a dispute as to who had actually invented the light bulb. Eventually the two rivals agreed to form a mutual company between them, the Edison and Swan Electric Light Company, known as Ediswan.
Charles Algernon Parsons invented the steam turbine, for marine use and for power generation. He used Turbinia, a small, turbine-powered ship, to demonstrate the speed that a steam turbine could generate. Turbinia literally ran rings around the British Fleet at a review at Spithead in 1897.
William Armstrong invented a hydraulic crane that was installed in dockyards up and down the country. He then began to design light, accurate field guns for the British army. These were a vast improvement on the existing guns that were then in use.
The following major industries developed in Newcastle or its surrounding area:
Glassmaking
A small glass industry existed in Newcastle from the mid-15th century. In 1615 restrictions were put on the use of wood for manufacturing glass. It was found that glass could be manufactured using the local coal, and so a glassmaking industry grew up on Tyneside. Huguenot glassmakers came over from France as refugees from persecution and set up glasshouses in the Skinnerburn area of Newcastle. Eventually, glass production moved to the Ouseburn area of Newcastle. In 1684 the Dagnia family, Sephardic Jewish emigrants from Altare, arrived in Newcastle from Stourbridge and established glasshouses along the Close, to manufacture high quality flint glass. The glass manufacturers used sand ballast from the boats arriving in the river as the main raw material. The glassware was then exported in collier brigs. The period from 1730 to 1785 was the highpoint of Newcastle glass manufacture, when the local glassmakers produced the 'Newcastle Light Baluster'. The glassmaking industry still exists in the west end of the city with local Artist and Glassmaker Jane Charles carrying on over four hundred years of hot glass blowing in Newcastle upon Tyne.
Locomotive manufacture
In 1823 George Stephenson and his son Robert established the world's first locomotive factory near Forth Street in Newcastle. Here they built locomotives for the Stockton and Darlington Railway and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, as well as many others. It was here that the famous locomotive Rocket was designed and manufactured in preparation for the Rainhill Trials. Apart from building locomotives for the British market, the Newcastle works also produced locomotives for Europe and America. The Forth Street works continued to build locomotives until 1960.
Shipbuilding
In 1296 a wooden, 135 ft (41 m) long galley was constructed at the mouth of the Lort Burn in Newcastle, as part of a twenty-ship order from the king. The ship cost £205, and is the earliest record of shipbuilding in Newcastle. However the rise of the Tyne as a shipbuilding area was due to the need for collier brigs for the coal export trade. These wooden sailing ships were usually built locally, establishing local expertise in building ships. As ships changed from wood to steel, and from sail to steam, the local shipbuilding industry changed to build the new ships. Although shipbuilding was carried out up and down both sides of the river, the two main areas for building ships in Newcastle were Elswick, to the west, and Walker, to the east. By 1800 Tyneside was the third largest producer of ships in Britain. Unfortunately, after the Second World War, lack of modernisation and competition from abroad gradually caused the local industry to decline and die.
Armaments
In 1847 William Armstrong established a huge factory in Elswick, west of Newcastle. This was initially used to produce hydraulic cranes but subsequently began also to produce guns for both the army and the navy. After the Swing Bridge was built in 1876 allowing ships to pass up river, warships could have their armaments fitted alongside the Elswick works. Armstrong's company took over its industrial rival, Joseph Whitworth of Manchester in 1897.
Steam turbines
Charles Algernon Parsons invented the steam turbine and, in 1889, founded his own company C. A. Parsons and Company in Heaton, Newcastle to make steam turbines. Shortly after this, he realised that steam turbines could be used to propel ships and, in 1897, he founded a second company, Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company in Wallsend. It is there that he designed and manufactured Turbinia. Parsons turbines were initially used in warships but soon came to be used in merchant and passenger vessels, including the liner Mauretania which held the blue riband for the Atlantic crossing until 1929. Parsons' company in Heaton began to make turbo-generators for power stations and supplied power stations all over the world. The Heaton works, reduced in size, remains as part of the Siemens AG industrial giant.
Pottery
In 1762 the Maling pottery was founded in Sunderland by French Huguenots, but transferred to Newcastle in 1817. A factory was built in the Ouseburn area of the city. The factory was rebuilt twice, finally occupying a 14-acre (57,000 m2) site that was claimed to be the biggest pottery in the world and which had its own railway station. The pottery pioneered use of machines in making potteries as opposed to hand production. In the 1890s the company went up-market and employed in-house designers. The period up to the Second World War was the most profitable with a constant stream of new designs being introduced. However, after the war, production gradually declined and the company closed in 1963.
Expansion of the city
Newcastle was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835: the reformed municipal borough included the parishes of Byker, Elswick, Heaton, Jesmond, Newcastle All Saints, Newcastle St Andrew, Newcastle St John, Newcastle St Nicholas, and Westgate. The urban districts of Benwell and Fenham and Walker were added in 1904. In 1935, Newcastle gained Kenton and parts of the parishes of West Brunton, East Denton, Fawdon, Longbenton. The most recent expansion in Newcastle's boundaries took place under the Local Government Act 1972 on 1 April 1974, when Newcastle became a metropolitan borough, also including the urban districts of Gosforth and Newburn, and the parishes of Brunswick, Dinnington, Hazlerigg, North Gosforth and Woolsington from the Castle Ward Rural District, and the village of Westerhope.
Meanwhile Northumberland County Council was formed under the Local Government Act 1888 and benefited from a dedicated meeting place when County Hall was completed in the Castle Garth area of Newcastle in 1910. Following the Local Government Act 1972 County Hall relocated to Morpeth in April 1981.
Twentieth century
In 1925 work began on a new high-level road bridge to span the Tyne Gorge between Newcastle and Gateshead. The capacity of the existing High-Level Bridge and Swing Bridge were being strained to the limit, and an additional bridge had been discussed for a long time. The contract was awarded to the Dorman Long Company and the bridge was finally opened by King George V in 1928. The road deck was 84 feet (26 m) above the river and was supported by a 531 feet (162 m) steel arch. The new Tyne Bridge quickly became a symbol for Newcastle and Tyneside, and remains so today.
During the Second World War, Newcastle was largely spared the horrors inflicted upon other British cities bombed during the Blitz. Although the armaments factories and shipyards along the River Tyne were targeted by the Luftwaffe, they largely escaped unscathed. Manors goods yard and railway terminal, to the east of the city centre, and the suburbs of Jesmond and Heaton suffered bombing during 1941. There were 141 deaths and 587 injuries, a relatively small figure compared to the casualties in other industrial centres of Britain.
In 1963 the city gained its own university, the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, by act of parliament. A School of Medicine and Surgery had been established in Newcastle in 1834. This eventually developed into a college of medicine attached to Durham University. A college of physical science was also founded and became Armstrong College in 1904. In 1934 the two colleges merged to become King's College, Durham. This remained as part of Durham University until the new university was created in 1963. In 1992 the city gained its second university when Newcastle Polytechnic was granted university status as Northumbria University.
Newcastle City Council moved to the new Newcastle Civic Centre in 1968.
As heavy industries declined in the second half of the 20th century, large sections of the city centre were demolished along with many areas of slum housing. The leading political figure in the city during the 1960s was T. Dan Smith who oversaw a massive building programme of highrise housing estates and authorised the demolition of a quarter of the Georgian Grainger Town to make way for Eldon Square Shopping Centre. Smith's control in Newcastle collapsed when it was exposed that he had used public contracts to advantage himself and his business associates and for a time Newcastle became a byword for civic corruption as depicted in the films Get Carter and Stormy Monday and in the television series Our Friends in the North. However, much of the historic Grainger Town area survived and was, for the most part, fully restored in the late 1990s. Northumberland Street, initially the A1, was gradually closed to traffic from the 1970s and completely pedestrianised by 1998.
In 1978 a new rapid transport system, the Metro, was built, linking the Tyneside area. The system opened in August 1980. A new bridge was built to carry the Metro across the river between Gateshead and Newcastle. This was the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge, commonly known as the Metro Bridge. Eventually the Metro system was extended to reach Newcastle Airport in 1991, and in 2002 the Metro system was extended to the nearby city of Sunderland.
As the 20th century progressed, trade on the Newcastle and Gateshead quaysides gradually declined, until by the 1980s both sides of the river were looking rather derelict. Shipping company offices had closed along with offices of firms related to shipping. There were also derelict warehouses lining the riverbank. Local government produced a master plan to re-develop the Newcastle quayside and this was begun in the 1990s. New offices, restaurants, bars and residential accommodation were built and the area has changed in the space of a few years into a vibrant area, partially returning the focus of Newcastle to the riverside, where it was in medieval times.
The Gateshead Millennium Bridge, a foot and cycle bridge, 26 feet (7.9 m) wide and 413 feet (126 m) long, was completed in 2001. The road deck is in the form of a curve and is supported by a steel arch. To allow ships to pass, the whole structure, both arch and road-deck, rotates on huge bearings at either end so that the road deck is lifted. The bridge can be said to open and shut like a human eye. It is an important addition to the re-developed quayside area, providing a vital link between the Newcastle and Gateshead quaysides.
Recent developments
Today the city is a vibrant centre for office and retail employment, but just a short distance away there are impoverished inner-city housing estates, in areas originally built to provide affordable housing for employees of the shipyards and other heavy industries that lined the River Tyne. In the 2010s Newcastle City Council began implementing plans to regenerate these depressed areas, such as those along the Ouseburn Valley.
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