View allAll Photos Tagged Strabismus
[Two unidentified soldiers in Union privates' uniforms in front of painted backdrop]
[between 1861 and 1865]
1 photograph : sixth-plate tintype, hand-colored ; 8.1 x 9.3 cm (case)
Notes:
Title devised by Library staff.
Case: Leather; geometric design.
Use digital images. Original served only by appointment because material requires special handling. For more information see: (www.loc.gov/rr/print/info/617_apptonly.html)
Photograph shows two soldiers, one with a lazy eye.
Deposit; Tom Liljenquist; 2012; (D066)
Purchased from: Matthew Fleming, Milan, Ohio, 2012.
Forms part of: Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil War Photographs (Library of Congress).
Subjects:
United States.--Army--People--1860-1870.
Soldiers--Union--1860-1870.
Military uniforms--Union--1860-1870.
Vision disorders--1860-1870.
Backdrops--1860-1870.
United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Military personnel--Union.
Format: Group portraits--1860-1870.
Portrait photographs--1860-1870.
Tintypes--Hand-colored--1860-1870.
Rights Info: No known restrictions on publication.
Repository: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print
Part Of: Ambrotype/Tintype filing series (Library of Congress) (DLC) 2010650518
Liljenquist Family collection (Library of Congress) (DLC) 2010650519
More information about this collection is available at hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.lilj
Higher resolution image is available (Persistent URL): hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsca.33437
Call Number: AMB/TIN no. 2958
Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst Albrecht von Graefe (* 22. Mai 1828 in Berlin; † 20. Juli 1870 ebenda) begründete in Deutschland das Fach der Augenheilkunde oder Ophthalmologie, die bis dahin zur Chirurgie gehörte. 1866 wurde Graefe Direktor der augenärztlichen Abteilung der Charité und war besonders erfolgreich bei der Behandlung des Grünen Stars und des von ihm schon zuvor untersuchten Schielens (Strabismus). Die von Graefe entwickelte Operationstechnik war Grundlage für die Operationsmethoden dieser Erkrankung bis in die 60er Jahre des 20. Jahrhunderts. Mehr als 10.000 Augenoperationen soll er durchgeführt haben. Auch die konsequente Anwendung des von Helmholtz entwickelten Augenspiegels geht auf ihn zurück. (Quelle: Wikipedia, gekürzt)
Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst Albrecht von Gräfe, often Anglicized to Graefe (1828 – 1870), was a Prussian pioneer of German ophthalmology. In 1858 he became an associate professor of ophthalmology in Berlin, where in 1866 he was appointed a full professor. In 1870, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Graefe died in Berlin from pulmonary tuberculosis on 20 July 1870. Graefe made many contributions to ophthalmological science, being considered one of the more important (if not the most important) figures in 19th century ophthalmology. Among his achievements were a method of treating glaucoma and a new operation for cataract. In 1863 he founded the Deutsche Ophtalmologische Gesellschaft (German Opthalmological Society)
(Source: en.wikipedia.org, adapted)
There is a well-known mutation that produces the white tiger, technically known as chinchilla albinistic, an animal which is rare in the wild, but widely bred in zoos due to its popularity. Breeding of white tigers will often lead to inbreeding (as the trait is recessive). Many initiatives have taken place in white and orange tiger mating in an attempt to remedy the issue, often mixing subspecies in the process. Such inbreeding has led to white tigers having a greater likelihood of being born with physical defects, such as cleft palates and scoliosis (curvature of the spine). Furthermore, white tigers are prone to having crossed eyes (a condition known as strabismus). Even apparently healthy white tigers generally do not live as long as their orange counterparts.
A pair of white tigers at the Singapore Zoo
Recordings of white tigers were first made in the early 19th century. They can only occur when both parents carry the rare gene found in white tigers; this gene has been calculated to occur in only one in every 10,000 births. The white tiger is not a separate sub-species, but only a colour variation; since the only white tigers that have been observed in the wild have been Bengal tigers (and all white tigers in captivity are at least part Bengal), it is commonly thought that the recessive gene that causes the white colouring is probably carried only by Bengal tigers, although the reasons for this are not known. Nor are they in any way more endangered than tigers are generally, this being a common misconception. Another misconception is that white tigers are albinos, despite the fact that pigment is evident in the white tiger's stripes. They are distinct not only because of their white hue; they also have blue eyes and pink noses.
Concentration (12/12)
I was diagnose with Strabismus, another term for cross-eyed. I had surgery at a young age to get rid of it and all I remember is having an eye-patch over me, standing in the hallway in my house looking at my mom. Even though I don't have crossed-eyes anymore, I'm quite blind. Without glasses or contact lens, I can only see things clearly that are probably perhaps a foot away from my eyes. It's horrible and makes me wonder that I should treat my eyes with more care and not abuse it. In other words, we should be grateful for the useful human qualities that can get us through life.
I've finally completed my AP concentration portfolio! All photos were sent on Friday. I feel super accomplished with this.
White Tiger or Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris)
The white tiger is a pigmentation variant of the Bengal tiger, which is reported in the wild from time to time in States of India like Assam, Bengal, Bihar,Sunderbans and especially in the former State of Rewa.
Variation
The White Bengal tigers are distinctive for their color fur. According to the website, “Animal Corner,” the correct term to name the white tiger is Chinchilla albinistic. The white fur is due to the lack of pheomelanin pigment, which is found in Bengal tigers with orange color fur. When compared to Bengal tigers, the white Bengal tigers tend to grow faster and heavier than the orange Bengal tiger. They also tend to be somewhat bigger at birth, and as fully grown adults. White Bengal tigers are fully grown when they are 2–3 years of age. White male tigers reach weights of 200 to 230 kilograms and up to 3 meters in length. Similar to zebras, the white Bengal tiger’s stripes are like fingerprints, no two tigers have the same. Also, the stripes of the tiger are a pigmentation of the skin.
For a white Bengal tiger to be born, both parents must carry the unusual gene for white colouring, which, according to the website “Animal Corner,” only happens naturally about once in 10,000 births. As stated by Kailash Sankhala, the director of the New Delhi Zoo in the 1960s, “one of the functions of the white gene tiger may have been to keep a size gene in the population, in case it's ever needed." Dark-striped white individuals are well-documented in the Bengal tiger subspecies, also known as the Royal Bengal or Indian tiger (Panthera tigris tigris or P. t. bengalensis), and may also have occurred in captive Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris altaica)[citation needed], as well as having been reported historically in several other subspecies.
Currently, several hundred white tigers are in captivity worldwide, with about one hundred being found in India. Nevertheless, their population is on the increase. Nandankanan in the state of Odisha, India, is the host zoo for white tigers. In 1980, the first litter of white tigers were born to Deepak and Ganga, two normal tawny tigers. Subsequent litters of white tigers have been distributed to zoos both at home and abroad. Currently, Nandankanan is home to over 34 white tigers. Their unique white color fur has made them popular in entertainment showcasing exotic animals, and at zoos. German-American magicians Siegfried & Roy became famous for breeding and training two white tigers for their performances, referring to them as "royal white tigers," the white tiger's association with the Maharaja of Rewa. The first white Bengal tiger was found in India by royalty Maharaja Shri Martand Singh of Rewa. According to the website, “Animal Corner”, in 1948, Maharaja killed the white tigress leaving four cubs behind. Later, the cubs of the dead tigress were shot except for the white cub. It is believed that all white Bengal tigers are descendants of this cub.
White Siberian tigers
The existence of white Siberian tigers has not been scientifically documented, despite occasional unsubstantiated reports of sightings of white tigers in the regions where wild Siberian tigers live. It may be that the white mutation does not exist in the wild Siberian tiger population: no white Siberian tigers have been born in captivity, despite the fact that the subspecies has been extensively bred during the last few decades (with much outbreeding between the different Siberian lineages for purposes of conservation genetics); a recessive allele should occasionally turn up in a homozygous state during such breeding, and in this particular case yield white tigers from normally-colored parents, but no such animals have been reported.
The famous white Siberian tigers found in captivity are actually not pure Siberian tigers. They are instead the result of Siberian tigers breeding with Bengal tigers. The gene for white coating is quite common among Bengal tigers, but the natural birth of a white Bengal tiger is still a very rare occasion in the wild, where white tigers are not bred selectively.
The white tiger is not considered a tiger subspecies, but rather a hybrid mutant variant of the existing tiger subspecies. If a pure white Siberian tiger were to be born, it would therefore not be selectively bred within the tiger conservation programs. It would, however, probably still be selectively bred outside the program in an effort to create more white Siberian tigers. Due to the popularity of white tigers, they are used to attract visitors to zoos. White tigers are found in zoos in China commonly. White Tigers are very large. They can weigh up to 300 kg and reach more than 4 meters of length.
Stripeless white tigers and golden tabby tiger
An additional genetic condition can remove most of the striping of a white tiger, making the animal almost pure white. One such specimen was exhibited at Exeter Change in England in 1820, and described by Georges Cuvier as "A white variety of Tiger is sometimes seen, with the stripes very opaque, and not to be observed except in certain angles of light." Naturalist Richard Lydekker said that, "a white tiger, in which the fur was of a creamy tint, with the usual stripes faintly visible in certain parts, was exhibited at the old menagerie at Exeter Change about the year 1820." Hamilton Smith said, "A wholly white tiger, with the stripe-pattern visible only under reflected light, like the pattern of a white tabby cat, was exhibited in the Exeter Change Menagerie in 1820.", and John George Wood stated that, "a creamy white, with the ordinary tigerine stripes so faintly marked that they were only visible in certain lights." Edwin Henry Landseer also drew this tigress in 1824.
The modern strain of snow white tigers came from repeated brother–sister matings of Bhim and Sumita at Cincinnati Zoo. The gene involved may have come from a Siberian tiger, via their part-Siberian ancestor Tony. Continued inbreeding appears to have caused a recessive gene for stripelessness to show up. About one fourth of Bhim and Sumita's offspring were stripeless. Their striped white offspring, which have been sold to zoos around the world, may also carry the stripeless gene. Because Tony's genome is present in many white tiger pedigrees, the gene may also be present in other captive white tigers. As a result, stripeless white tigers have appeared in zoos as far afield as the Czech Republic (Liberec), Spain and Mexico. Stage magicians Siegfried & Roy were the first to attempt to selectively breed tigers for stripelessness; they owned snow-white Bengal tigers taken from Cincinnati Zoo (Tsumura, Mantra, Mirage and Akbar-Kabul) and Guadalajara, Mexico (Vishnu and Jahan), as well as a stripeless Siberian tiger called Apollo.
In 2004, a blue-eyed, stripeless white tiger was born in a wildlife refuge in Alicante, Spain. Its parents are normal orange Bengals. The cub was named Artico ("Arctic").
Stripeless white tigers were thought to be sterile until Siegfried & Roy's stripeless white tigress Sitarra, a daughter of Bhim and Sumita, gave birth. Another variation which came out of the white strains were unusually light-orange tigers called "golden tabby tigers". These are probably orange tigers which carry the stripeless white gene as a recessive. Some white tigers in India are very dark, between white and orange.
Genetics
A white tiger's pale coloration is due to the lack of the red and yellow pigments that normally produce the orange color. This had long been thought to be due to a mutation in the gene for the tyrosinase enzyme. A knockout mutation in this gene results in albinism, the inability to make either pheomelanin or eumelanin, while the consequence of a less severe mutation in the same gene is the cause of a selective loss of pheomelanin, the so-called Chinchilla trait. The white phenotype in tigers had been attributed to this Chinchilla mutation in tyrosinase, and some publications prior to the 1980s refer to it as an albino gene for this reason.[citation needed] However, genomic analysis has demonstrated instead that a mutation in the SLC45A2 gene is responsible. The resultant single amino acid substitution in this transport protein, by a mechanism yet to be determined, causes the elimination of pheomelanin expression seen in the white tiger. This is a recessive trait, meaning that it is only seen in individuals that are homozygous for this mutation. Inbreeding promotes recessive traits and has been used as a strategy to produce white tigers in captivity.
The stripe color varies due to the influence and interaction of other genes. Another genetic characteristic makes the stripes of the tiger very pale; white tigers of this type are called snow-white or "pure white". White tigers, Siamese cats, and Himalayan rabbits have enzymes in their fur which react to temperature, causing them to grow darker in the cold. A white tiger named Mohini was whiter than her relatives in the Bristol Zoo, who showed more cream tones. This may have been because she spent less time outdoors in the winter. White tigers produce a mutated form of tyrosinase, an enzyme used in the production of melanin, which only functions at certain temperatures, below 37 °C (99 °F). This is why Siamese cats and Himalayan rabbits are darker on their faces, ears, legs, and tails (the color points), where the cold penetrates more easily. This is called acromelanism, and other cats breeds derived from the Siamese, such as the Himalayan and the snowshoe cat, also exhibit the condition. Kailash Sankhala observed that white tigers were always whiter in Rewa State, even when they were born in New Delhi and returned there. "In spite of living in a dusty courtyard, they were always snow white." A weakened immune system is directly linked to reduced pigmentation in white tigers.
Genetic defects
Outside of India, inbred white tigers have been prone to crossed eyes, a condition known as strabismus, an example of which is "Clarence the cross-eyed lion", due to incorrectly routed visual pathways in the brains of white tigers. When stressed or confused, all white tigers cross their eyes. Strabismus is associated with white tigers of mixed Bengal x Siberian ancestry. The only pure-Bengal white tiger reported to be cross-eyed was Mohini's daughter Rewati. Strabismus is directly linked to the white gene and is not a separate consequence of inbreeding. The orange litter-mates of white tigers are not prone to strabismus. Siamese cats and albinos of every species which have been studied all exhibit the same visual pathway abnormality found in white tigers. Siamese cats are also sometimes cross-eyed, as are some albino ferrets. The visual pathway abnormality was first documented in white tigers in the brain of a white tiger called Moni after he died, although his eyes were of normal alignment. The abnormality is that there is a disruption in the optic chiasm. The examination of Moni's brain suggested the disruption is less severe in white tigers than it is in Siamese cats. Because of the visual pathway abnormality, by which some optic nerves are routed to the wrong side of the brain, white tigers have a problem with spatial orientation, and bump into things until they learn to compensate. Some tigers compensate by crossing their eyes. When the neurons pass from the retina to the brain and reach the optic chiasma, some cross and some do not, so that visual images are projected to the wrong hemisphere of the brain. White tigers cannot see as well as normal tigers and suffer from photophobia, like albinos.
Other genetic problems include shortened tendons of the forelegs, club foot, kidney problems, arched or crooked backbone and twisted neck. Reduced fertility and miscarriages, noted by ”tiger man” Kailash Sankhala in pure-Bengal white tigers were attributed to inbreeding depression. A condition known as "star-gazing" (the head and neck are raised almost straight up, as if the affected animal is gazing at the stars), which is associated with inbreeding in big cats, has also been reported in white tigers. Some white tigers born to North American lines have bulldog faces with a snub nose, jutting jaw, domed head and wide-set eyes with an indentation between the eyes. However, some of these traits may be linked to poor diet rather than inbreeding.
There was a 450 lb (200 kg) male cross-eyed white tiger at the Pana'ewa Rainforest Zoo in Hawaii, which was donated to the zoo by Las Vegas magician Dirk Arthur. There is a picture of a white tiger which appears to be cross-eyed on just one side in Siegfried & Roy's book Mastering The Impossible. A white tiger, named Scarlett O'Hara, who was Tony's sister, was cross-eyed only on the right side.
A male white tiger named Cheytan, a son of Bhim and Sumita born at the Cincinnati Zoo, died at the San Antonio Zoo in 1992 from anaesthesia complications during root canal therapy. It appears that white tigers also react strangely to anaesthesia. The best drug for immobilizing a tiger is CI 744, but a few tigers, white ones in particular, undergo a re-sedation effect 24–36 hours later. This is due to their inability to produce normal tyrosinase, a trait they share with albinos, according to zoo veterinarian David Taylor. He treated a pair of white tigers from the Cincinnati Zoo at Fritz Wurm's safari park in Stukenbrock, Germany, for salmonella poisoning, which reacted strangely to the anaesthesia.
Mohini was checked for Chédiak-Higashi syndrome in 1960, but the results were inconclusive. This condition is similar to albino mutations and causes bluish lightening of the fur color, crossed eyes, and prolonged bleeding after surgery. Also, in the event of an injury, the blood is slow to coagulate. This condition has been observed in domestic cats, but there has never been a case of a white tiger having Chédiak-Higashi syndrome. There has been a single case of a white tiger having central retinal degeneration, reported from the Milwaukee County Zoo, which could be related to reduced pigmentation in the eye. The white tiger in question was a male named Mota on loan from the Cincinnati Zoo.
There is a myth that white tigers have an 80% infant mortality rate. However, the infant mortality rate for white tigers is no higher than it is for normal orange tigers bred in captivity. Cincinnati Zoo director Ed Maruska said: "We have not experienced premature death among our white tigers. Forty-two animals born in our collection are still alive. Mohan, a large white tiger, died just short of his 20th birthday, an enviable age for a male of any subspecies, since most males live shorter captive lives. Premature deaths in other collections may be artifacts of captive environmental conditions...in 52 births we had four stillbirths, one of which was an unexplained loss. We lost two additional cubs from viral pneumonia, which is not excessive. Without data from non-inbred tiger lines, it is difficult to determine whether this number is high or low with any degree of accuracy."Ed Maruska also addressed the issue of deformities: "Other than a case of hip dysplasia that occurred in a male white tiger, we have not encountered any other body deformities or any physiological or neurological disorders. Some of these reported maladies in mutant tigers in other collections may be a direct result of inbreeding or improper rearing management of tigers generally."
Inbreeding and outcrossing
Because of the extreme rarity of the white tiger allele in the wild,[9] the breeding pool was limited to the small number of white tigers in captivity. According to Kailash Sankhala, the last white tiger ever seen in the wild was shot in 1958. Today there is a large number of white tigers in captivity. A white Amur tiger may have been born at Center Hill and has given rise to a strain of white Amur tigers. A man named Robert Baudy realized that his tigers had white genes when a tiger he sold to Marwell Zoo in England developed white spots, and bred them accordingly. The Lowry Park Zoo in Tampa Bay has four of these white Amur tigers, descended from Robert Baudy's stock.
It has also been possible to expand the white-gene pool by outcrossing white tigers with unrelated orange tigers and then using the cubs to produce more white tigers. The white tigers Ranjit, Bharat, Priya and Bhim were all outcrossed, in some instances to more than one tiger. Bharat was bred to an unrelated orange tiger named Jack from the San Francisco Zoo and had an orange daughter named Kanchana. Bharat and Priya were also bred with an unrelated orange tiger from Knoxville Zoo, and Ranjit was bred to this tiger's sister, also from Knoxville Zoo. Bhim fathered several litters with an unrelated orange tigress named Kimanthi at the Cincinnati Zoo. ankam Ranjeeth had several mates at the Omaha Zoo.
The last descendants of Bristol Zoo's white tigers were a group of orange tigers from outcrosses which were bought by a Pakistani senator and shipped to Pakistan. Rajiv, Pretoria Zoo's white tiger, who was born in the Cincinnati Zoo, was also outcrossed and sired at least two litters of orange cubs at Pretoria Zoo. Outcrossing is not necessarily done with the intent of producing more white cubs by resuming inbreeding further down the line.
Outcrossing is a way of bringing fresh blood into the white strain. The New Delhi Zoo loaned out white tigers to some of India's better zoos for outcrossing, and the government had to impose a whip to force zoos to return either the white tigers or their orange offspring.
Siegfried & Roy performed at least one outcross. In the mid-1980s they offered to work with the Indian government in the creation of a healthier strain of white tigers. The Indian government reportedly considered the offer; however, India had a moratorium on breeding white tigers after cubs were born at New Delhi Zoo with arched backs and clubbed feet, necessitating euthanasia. Siegfried & Roy have bred white tigers in collaboration with the Nashville Zoo.
Because of the inbreeding and resulting genetic defects the Association of Zoos and Aquariums barred member zoos from breeding white tigers, white lions and king cheetahs in a white paper adopted by the board of directors in July 2011. It is noteworthy that the first person to speak out against the displaying of white tigers was William G. Conway, General Director of the New York Zoological Society, which later became known as the Wildlife Conservation Society when he said, "White tigers are freaks. It's not the role of a zoo to show two headed calves and white tigers." He warned AZA in 1983 of the harm to the zoo's credibility in catering to the public's fascination with freaks, but went unheeded until 2008 when AZA issued a request to their members to stop breeding white tigers and then later in July 2011 when the AZA formally adopted that stance as policy. Conway was attacked by Ed Maruska of the Cincinnati Zoo for his observation, but in the end Conway's belief was validated.
A complete scan of the genome led to the discovery that the white tiger’s distinguishing characteristic arises from a single naturally occurring mutation, the substitution of one amino acid for another—valine for alanine—in the protein identified as SLC45A2. The implication of this discovery means that white tigers can be bred from any colored Bengal tiger pair possessing the unique but naturally occurring recessive gene.
Popular culture
White tigers appear frequently in literature, video games, television, and comic books. Such examples include the Swedish rock band Kent, which featured a white tiger on the cover of their best-selling album Vapen & ammunition in 2002. This was a tribute to the band's home town Eskilstuna, as the local zoo in town had white tigers from the Hawthorn Circus as its main attraction. The white tiger has also been featured in the video for the song "Human" by the popular American synth-rock band The Killers. White Tiger is also the name of an American glam metal band from the 1980s.
In the live action version of Disney's 101 Dalmatians, Cruella de Vil kills a white tiger for its fur.
- Seto Bagh (or White tiger in English) is a Nepali language novel by Diamond - Shumsher Rana about an encounter with a white tiger.
- Aravind Adiga's novel The White Tiger won the Man Booker Prize in 2008. The central character and narrator refers to himself as "The White Tiger". It was a nickname given to him as a child to denote that he was unique in the "jungle" (his hometown), that he was smarter than the others.
- Video games including white tigers include Zoo Tycoon, the Warcraft universe, and Perfect World International. White Tigers are featured as a wild, tamable "pet" companion in Guild Wars Factions. White tigers are also seen in Heroes of Might and Magic IV. The protector of the mystical world of Shangri-La in Far Cry 4 is a white tiger that allies with the protagonist to defeat demons.
- Both the Power Rangers and the Japanese Super Sentai series from which the Power Rangers series is based on, have used White Tiger themed mecha. A trained white tiger from the Bowmanville Zoo in Ontario, Canada, was used in the Animorphs TV series. A superhero named White Tiger appears in "The Justice Friends" on Dexter's Laboratory.
- Marvel Comics also publishes several superheroes who go by the name White Tiger. A white tiger named White Blaze is frequently shown in the anime Ronin Warriors.
- Tigatron from the animated TV series Transformers: Beast Wars is based on the white tiger. There have been at least 4 heroes in Marvel comics called "The White Tiger": two gained powers from a group of three mystic amulets that they possessed, one was actually a tigress evolved by the High Evolutionary, and one was given an artificial version of the "Black Panther's Heart Shaped Herb".
- Kylie Chan's 'Dark Heavens' series incorporates the four winds of Chinese mythology – including The White Tiger.
- In Hayate the Combat Butler, Tama; Nagi Sanzenin's pet tiger is a white tiger.
In 2013, a white tiger used for election campaign in Lahore, Pakistan died of dehydration
In Captivity
India
Nandankanan, in the Indian state of Odisha hosts 34 white tigers. White tigers were born to normal coloured parents in 1980, a unique event in the world. A unique white tiger safari was established in this Zoological Park on 1 October 1991.
Algeria
Parc de Ben Aknoun, is a zoo in the city of Algiers, which houses white tigers of a rare breed. Two females and a male, were brought on a flight from Gabon, in July 2014.
Portugal
Jardim Zoológico de Lisboa (the Zoologic Garden of Lisbon) is home to five white tigers, a male and female along with their cubs (one male and two females), all born in the zoo.
Trinidad
The Emperor Valley Zoo houses a male and female white tiger. On 9 January 2015 the female white bengal tiger named Rajasi gave birth to two cubs at the Emperor Valley Zoo.
Hungary
Two Bengal White Tigers where born in a zoo in January of 2015, in a zoo in Gyor.
[Credit: en.wikipedia.org/]
Making Eyes in the City
The Eye City-Iloilo was primarily the brainchild of Dr. Nathaniel H. Chan. When he returned to Iloilo City after completing his fellowship training in the United States, he had already wanted to put an ophthalmic group practice in the city; however, there were none willing as he to “Boldly go…” where no Ilonggo Ophthalmologist had gone before. In the years that followed, several subspecialists arrived in Iloilo City and soon there was enough to form a group.
Informal meetings at various venues were held first to test the waters and soon after, the core incorporators of Iloilo City Eye Consultants, Inc (the corporation behind the group) was finalized. All individual clinics were dissolved and combined into what is now The Eye City – Iloilo.
The vision of The Eye City – Iloilo is to be a center of excellence dedicated to providing efficient, dynamic and quality ophthalmic eye care managed by dedicated, competent and well-trained eye specialists. The Group’s mission is to develop a caring, compassionate and professional environment that will attend to patients’ needs through affordable, high quality eye care.
At the heart of the group’s mission-vision statement is our patients. High quality eye care need not be unavailable or unaffordable in Iloilo City or in the Western Visayas Region. No longer do Ilonggos need to go to Manila for Ophthalmic Sub-specialist care. Providing quality eye care parallel to what is available in Manila and the world is our long-term goal. Meet the men and the lady medics behind The Eye City- Iloilo.
DR. NATHANIEL HINGUILLO CHAN
To say that Dr. Nathaniel “Pol” Hinguillo Chan is a well-accomplished academician, physician and ophthalmologist is an understatement. Though he was born to this world in the same location and manner as most people in Iloilo City, the similarity ends there, since there is nothing ordinary about this doctor.
Dr. Chan was born to Jose D. Chan, an accountant, and Milagros Hinguillo-Chan, a businesswoman. At the onset, Dr. Chan seemed built for achievement and recognition. He graduated as class valedictorian in primary school and fourth honorable mention in high school from Iloilo Sun Yat Sen School. He then graduated magna cum laude as a BS Biological Sciences Major from West Visayas State University in 1993. He completed his medical degree also at the same university, again graduating as class valedictorian in 1997. Dr. Pol then transferred to Manila for his Medical Internship at the Philippine General Hospital and his ophthalmic residency training at St. Luke’s Medical Center, Institute of Ophthalmology, where he served as Chief Resident during his final year of training. After passing all the United States Medical Licensure Examination (USMLE) steps, he served as a Clinical Fellow in Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus at the Children’s National Medical Center at George Washington University, Washington DC, USA from 2003 to 2004. Through all of these accomplishments, Dr. Pol has remained humble and easy to relate to.
What comes next is what makes Dr. Pol truly extra-ordinary. Contrary to the common Filipino sentiment of wanting to live and work in the United States, Dr. Chan chose to come home to Iloilo City, as its first and only Pediatric Ophthalmologist (in Iloilo and the whole Western Visayas Region). His desire to be of service to his fellow Ilonggos/Filpinos was greater than his desire to earn in US dollars. He is the primary visionary for The Eye City – Iloilo. It was his desire to provide world-class ophthalmic care parallel to what he had experienced overseas that drove him to move towards Ophthalmic Group Practice. He is also the President of Iloilo City Eye Consultants Inc., the corporation behind the group clinic.
Dr. Pol is married to Marie Rose “Princess” Chan, who is currently finishing her second degree in accountancy at University of Philippines in the Visayas. They have three children, Sofia Ysabella, Jose Enrico and Joanna Mikaela.
DR. EMILIANO MEDINA BERNARDO III
Dr. Emiliano “Totoy” Medina Bernardo III is not from this island, but is actually from another island, further north. He was born in Quezon City (in the same hospital that eventually trained him as a physician) to Dr. Edgardo D. Bernardo and Nenita Medina-Bernardo. Dr. Totoy is a true blue Atenean; all of his formative years were spent at Loyola Heights, Ateneo de Manila University (GS ‘88, HS ‘92 and BS ‘96). In spite of his currently hefty built, Dr. Totoy was actually part of the track and field team, swimming team and sweep rowing team in college. On top of these activities, he graduated with honors with his BS Psychology degree in 1996. For the next ten years, he would complete his medical degree, internship, residency training in ophthalmology and subspecialty training in Neuro-Ophthalmology at the University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center (UERMMMC). Between obtaining his medical license and the start of his residency training (2002), he took a year off from medicine to teach at the Department of Psychology, Ateneo de Manila University.
Dr. Bernardo is the only ophthalmologist sub-specializing in Neuro-Visual Disorders in the whole Western Visayas Region. He was fortunate to be mentored by the Filipino pioneers and experts in the field of Neuro-Ophthalmology: Dr. Jesus Tamesis, Jr. (Clinica Tamesis Eye Center), Dr. Raul Cruz (PGH, SLMC), Dr. Rich Kho (PGH, American Eye Center), Dr. Sidney Cheng (UERMMMC, TMC), and Dr. Analyn Suntay (UERMMMC, EAMC), to name a few. Though he was primarily a fellow of UERMMMC, through the help of the Neuro-Ophthalmology Club of the Philippines (NOCP), Dr. Bernardo also rotated at PGH, American Eye Hospital and Cardinal Santos MRI Center. He is currently a member of the NOCP and the Asian Neuro-Ophthalmology Society (ASNOS).
If there is one thing that Dr. Totoy did perfectly right, it was getting married to Dr. Jennifer Grendel R. Ganzon-Bernardo, one of the eleven board-certified dermatologists of the Philippine Dermatological Society in Iloilo City. They have two children, Jaime Rodolfo and Hannah Maria Ines. When people ask him, why a tagalog would uproot himself from Manila, he would usually jokingly answer, “Namit kag barato ang pagkaon diri sa Iloilo.” But the truth of it is, he feels home wherever his beloved Jenjen, Jaime and Hannah are.
DR. CHRISTOPHER SEBASTIAN JARANILLA UY
Dr. Christopher Sebastian Jaranilla Uy’s quiet demeanor and unassuming behavior belies the rich heritage that this well trained ophthalmologist hails from. Chris was born in Iloilo City and studied at Assumption, Ateneo de Iloilo (Sta. Maria Catholic School at that time) and UP Visayas, Miag-ao (Biological Science Degree). He completed his medical training at the University of Sto. Tomas and went on to train at UP-PGH for his residency in ophthalmology. He is the eldest son of one of Iloilo City’s pioneer ophthalmologists, Dr. Cezar Uy and the former Delfa Jaranilla and the grandson of Dr. Delfin Jaranilla. Due to his father’s untimely passing, Chris took over his father’s clinic at the Iloilo Medical Arts Condominium at the Iloilo Doctor’s Hospital Complex (now a satellite clinic of The Eye City-Iloilo), immediately after graduating from residency. He subsequently passed the Diplomate Examination of the Philippine Board of Ophthalmology.
Though Dr Chris is the youngest in the group, he is already quite happily married to Dr. Melita Jesusa T. Uy, an Ear, Nose and Throat, Head & Neck Surgery Specialist with a subspecialty in Rhinoplasty (Nose lift and reconstruction) and they have a son, Christian Marcus. It is fortunate that his love of eating chocolate and anything sweet is counter balanced with a healthy interest in sports (basketball, volleyball, table tennis and golf), televised and otherwise. … and his favorite color is blue.
Dr. Uy is scheduled to train overseas for his subspecialty in Vitreo-Retinal Diseases in 2010. When he returns in 2011, The Eye City – Iloilo and the Western Visayas Area will have another Vitreo-Retina Specialist who can share the significant volume of vitreo-retinal cases with Dr. Anne Marie Gertrude G. Caseñas, currently the only Vitreo-Retinal sub-specialist in the Western Visayas Region.
DR. ANNE MARIE GERTRUDE GRINO CASENAS
Dr. Anne Marie Gertrude Gringo Casinos is as petite and fair-skinned as her name is long. She was born in Iloilo City to the late General Buenaventura Caseñas and to Iloilo City’s pioneer pediatrician, Dr. Marie Grino-Caseñas. She went to Sta. Maria Catholic School (now Ateneo de Iloilo) for her primary schooling and spent the rest of her formative years at the University of the Philippines in the Visayas. She was a scholar through high school and college. She went to medical school at the University of the Philippines College of Medicine in Manila, graduating in 1998. She then completed her residency training in Ophthalmology, fellowship training in Cornea and External Disease and fellowship training in Vitreo-Retinal Diseases at the Philippine General Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences from 1999 to 2004. Dr. Caseñas is the only ophthalmologist sub-specializing in both Cornea and External Disease and Vitreo-Retinal Diseases in the whole Western Visayas Region. Among the common cases that she manages as a subspecialist are: diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, and age-related macular degeneration. She is not only a consummate clinician, Dr. Caseñas has done research on age related macular degeneration, central retinal vein occlusion and retinal vasculitis. It if were not for her presence in Iloilo City and her choice to remain here, all vireo-retinal disease patients would have to go to Metro Manila for treatment.
Despite of her accomplishments she remains to be a simple and down-to-earth person. She accompanies her mother at their family residence and spends her free time dabbling in interior design and pampering her two beautiful dogs, Simba and Denise. Dr. Caseñas is also an Animal Rights Activist and is a member of the Philippine Animal Welfare Society and of the Iloilo Kennel Club.
NOSTALGIA
Silent shadow silhouette,
following steps,
love of Melancholy.
Feelings of past,
disguised in forms,
lake big clouds,
catching shapes,
in a sky of thoughts.
Strabismus of waking up dreams,
in abstract ways,
lost in the distance.
Among colored lights,
fading into the horizon,
clarifying in reality.
NOSTALGIE
Stumme Schatten Silhouette,
Schritte folgend,
verliebt in Melancholie.
Gefühle der Vergangenheit,
in verschleierten Formen.
Riesen Wolken,
im Fang der formen,
Himmel der Gedanken.
Schielen des wachen der Träume,
in abstrakter Weise,
verlorene Ferne.
Zwischen Bunten Lichtern,
verschwommener Horizont,
zur aufklärender Realität.
Isabel Grau Pass
I don`t like mondays! :(
The only good thing is, that I can give a full film to the developer ..
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With my scientific movement you can detect strabismus, cataracts, astigmatism. keratoconus, glaucoma, night blindness and other abnormalities...
There is no identification of the woman in this tintype, and no photographer's stamp on the back, but the mat is embossed with Potter's Patent March 7, 1865. I didn't even realize it was tinted, until I got it home and scanned it. I had thought it was just dirty. Found in Mechanicsville, Virginia.
Looking up at these lights, I was instantly reminded of Wall-E, the little rubbish dump robot in the movie of the same name. However, the spotlights were pointed away from each other, giving him a wall-eyed look.
WIKIPEDIA
"Wall-eyed" means that when a person with strabismus looks at an object, one eye fixes on the object and the other fixes with a convergence angle greater than zero; that is, the optic axes diverge from parallel.
Taken with iPhone 4S.
Letter on reverse dated 2.5.16 with admin stamp from Feld-Rekr.-Dep. des 26. Res.-Korps III Batl. Postage cancelled a day later on 3.5.16.
11 Kompanie recruits destined for service with Reserve-Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 240 pose for a memento photograph of their time together at the Rekruten Depot.
All these fellows are wearing the familiar Krätzchen (pork-pie cap) and all bar three wear the M1915/16 Feldbluse tunics. In the foreground lies a pile of practice grenades.
The 52nd Reserve Division fought on the Western Front, entering the line in mid-October. As part of the so-called Race to the Sea, it fought in the Battle of the Yser and the First Battle of Ypres in October-November 1914. It remained in positional warfare and fighting along the Yser until September 1916.
It saw action in the Battle of the Somme that month, and then went into the line in the Champagne region until April 1917. In May 1917, it fought in the Second Battle of the Aisne, also called the Third Battle of Champagne, and in the Autumn of 1917 fought in the Battle of Passchendaele.
The Division then returned to the line in the Champagne, remaining there until April 1918. At the end of April it went into action in the fighting at Kemmel, Belgium, and then remained in the Flanders region until the end of the war. In 1918, Allied intelligence rated the Division as a second class division, noting that although trained as an assault division, it was not so used in most of the German offensives that year.
Strabismus is a medical condition in which the eyes don’t work together and look in the same direction. The most common form of strabismus is estropia, or a turning in of the eyes, although the misalignment can occur in any direction and be of any size.
Because it’s impossible to focus accurately on two things at once, the brain will tune out input from the deviated eye and use the aligned eye to focus. This avoids double vision but can lead to amblyopia (lazy eye), a condition in which the brain doesn’t learn to see normally through the affected eye. The weaker eye may regress to the level of legal blindness if lazy eye is allowed to remain untreated into late childhood or adolescence.
Although strabismus can occur in adults, usually as the result of trauma or stroke, it typically begins in children and often persists into adulthood. Strabismus is commonly referred to as “crossed eyes,” “wandering eyes” or having a “cast.”
This photo shows how Strabismus affects the physical appearance and how it could affect visual perception of this little girl.
©Orbis
This is my youngest daughter Jade. She is so lovely and precious. She has had 5 brain surgeries in her short little life for Hydrocephalus. Thank goodness she has a very high IQ and has no brain damage from the hydrocephalus. The hydro has been stable since 2008. She has strabismus so our photos sometimes are hit and miss. You may see some photos where her eyes just do not line up, but it doesn't stop her from being beautiful one bit.
White Tiger or Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris)
The white tiger is a pigmentation variant of the Bengal tiger, which is reported in the wild from time to time in States of India like Assam, Bengal, Bihar,Sunderbans and especially in the former State of Rewa.
Variation
The White Bengal tigers are distinctive for their color fur. According to the website, “Animal Corner,” the correct term to name the white tiger is Chinchilla albinistic. The white fur is due to the lack of pheomelanin pigment, which is found in Bengal tigers with orange color fur. When compared to Bengal tigers, the white Bengal tigers tend to grow faster and heavier than the orange Bengal tiger. They also tend to be somewhat bigger at birth, and as fully grown adults. White Bengal tigers are fully grown when they are 2–3 years of age. White male tigers reach weights of 200 to 230 kilograms and up to 3 meters in length. Similar to zebras, the white Bengal tiger’s stripes are like fingerprints, no two tigers have the same. Also, the stripes of the tiger are a pigmentation of the skin.
For a white Bengal tiger to be born, both parents must carry the unusual gene for white colouring, which, according to the website “Animal Corner,” only happens naturally about once in 10,000 births. As stated by Kailash Sankhala, the director of the New Delhi Zoo in the 1960s, “one of the functions of the white gene tiger may have been to keep a size gene in the population, in case it's ever needed." Dark-striped white individuals are well-documented in the Bengal tiger subspecies, also known as the Royal Bengal or Indian tiger (Panthera tigris tigris or P. t. bengalensis), and may also have occurred in captive Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris altaica)[citation needed], as well as having been reported historically in several other subspecies.
Currently, several hundred white tigers are in captivity worldwide, with about one hundred being found in India. Nevertheless, their population is on the increase. Nandankanan in the state of Odisha, India, is the host zoo for white tigers. In 1980, the first litter of white tigers were born to Deepak and Ganga, two normal tawny tigers. Subsequent litters of white tigers have been distributed to zoos both at home and abroad. Currently, Nandankanan is home to over 34 white tigers. Their unique white color fur has made them popular in entertainment showcasing exotic animals, and at zoos. German-American magicians Siegfried & Roy became famous for breeding and training two white tigers for their performances, referring to them as "royal white tigers," the white tiger's association with the Maharaja of Rewa. The first white Bengal tiger was found in India by royalty Maharaja Shri Martand Singh of Rewa. According to the website, “Animal Corner”, in 1948, Maharaja killed the white tigress leaving four cubs behind. Later, the cubs of the dead tigress were shot except for the white cub. It is believed that all white Bengal tigers are descendants of this cub.
White Siberian tigers
The existence of white Siberian tigers has not been scientifically documented, despite occasional unsubstantiated reports of sightings of white tigers in the regions where wild Siberian tigers live. It may be that the white mutation does not exist in the wild Siberian tiger population: no white Siberian tigers have been born in captivity, despite the fact that the subspecies has been extensively bred during the last few decades (with much outbreeding between the different Siberian lineages for purposes of conservation genetics); a recessive allele should occasionally turn up in a homozygous state during such breeding, and in this particular case yield white tigers from normally-colored parents, but no such animals have been reported.
The famous white Siberian tigers found in captivity are actually not pure Siberian tigers. They are instead the result of Siberian tigers breeding with Bengal tigers. The gene for white coating is quite common among Bengal tigers, but the natural birth of a white Bengal tiger is still a very rare occasion in the wild, where white tigers are not bred selectively.
The white tiger is not considered a tiger subspecies, but rather a hybrid mutant variant of the existing tiger subspecies. If a pure white Siberian tiger were to be born, it would therefore not be selectively bred within the tiger conservation programs. It would, however, probably still be selectively bred outside the program in an effort to create more white Siberian tigers. Due to the popularity of white tigers, they are used to attract visitors to zoos. White tigers are found in zoos in China commonly. White Tigers are very large. They can weigh up to 300 kg and reach more than 4 meters of length.
Stripeless white tigers and golden tabby tiger
An additional genetic condition can remove most of the striping of a white tiger, making the animal almost pure white. One such specimen was exhibited at Exeter Change in England in 1820, and described by Georges Cuvier as "A white variety of Tiger is sometimes seen, with the stripes very opaque, and not to be observed except in certain angles of light." Naturalist Richard Lydekker said that, "a white tiger, in which the fur was of a creamy tint, with the usual stripes faintly visible in certain parts, was exhibited at the old menagerie at Exeter Change about the year 1820." Hamilton Smith said, "A wholly white tiger, with the stripe-pattern visible only under reflected light, like the pattern of a white tabby cat, was exhibited in the Exeter Change Menagerie in 1820.", and John George Wood stated that, "a creamy white, with the ordinary tigerine stripes so faintly marked that they were only visible in certain lights." Edwin Henry Landseer also drew this tigress in 1824.
The modern strain of snow white tigers came from repeated brother–sister matings of Bhim and Sumita at Cincinnati Zoo. The gene involved may have come from a Siberian tiger, via their part-Siberian ancestor Tony. Continued inbreeding appears to have caused a recessive gene for stripelessness to show up. About one fourth of Bhim and Sumita's offspring were stripeless. Their striped white offspring, which have been sold to zoos around the world, may also carry the stripeless gene. Because Tony's genome is present in many white tiger pedigrees, the gene may also be present in other captive white tigers. As a result, stripeless white tigers have appeared in zoos as far afield as the Czech Republic (Liberec), Spain and Mexico. Stage magicians Siegfried & Roy were the first to attempt to selectively breed tigers for stripelessness; they owned snow-white Bengal tigers taken from Cincinnati Zoo (Tsumura, Mantra, Mirage and Akbar-Kabul) and Guadalajara, Mexico (Vishnu and Jahan), as well as a stripeless Siberian tiger called Apollo.
In 2004, a blue-eyed, stripeless white tiger was born in a wildlife refuge in Alicante, Spain. Its parents are normal orange Bengals. The cub was named Artico ("Arctic").
Stripeless white tigers were thought to be sterile until Siegfried & Roy's stripeless white tigress Sitarra, a daughter of Bhim and Sumita, gave birth. Another variation which came out of the white strains were unusually light-orange tigers called "golden tabby tigers". These are probably orange tigers which carry the stripeless white gene as a recessive. Some white tigers in India are very dark, between white and orange.
Genetics
A white tiger's pale coloration is due to the lack of the red and yellow pigments that normally produce the orange color. This had long been thought to be due to a mutation in the gene for the tyrosinase enzyme. A knockout mutation in this gene results in albinism, the inability to make either pheomelanin or eumelanin, while the consequence of a less severe mutation in the same gene is the cause of a selective loss of pheomelanin, the so-called Chinchilla trait. The white phenotype in tigers had been attributed to this Chinchilla mutation in tyrosinase, and some publications prior to the 1980s refer to it as an albino gene for this reason.[citation needed] However, genomic analysis has demonstrated instead that a mutation in the SLC45A2 gene is responsible. The resultant single amino acid substitution in this transport protein, by a mechanism yet to be determined, causes the elimination of pheomelanin expression seen in the white tiger. This is a recessive trait, meaning that it is only seen in individuals that are homozygous for this mutation. Inbreeding promotes recessive traits and has been used as a strategy to produce white tigers in captivity.
The stripe color varies due to the influence and interaction of other genes. Another genetic characteristic makes the stripes of the tiger very pale; white tigers of this type are called snow-white or "pure white". White tigers, Siamese cats, and Himalayan rabbits have enzymes in their fur which react to temperature, causing them to grow darker in the cold. A white tiger named Mohini was whiter than her relatives in the Bristol Zoo, who showed more cream tones. This may have been because she spent less time outdoors in the winter. White tigers produce a mutated form of tyrosinase, an enzyme used in the production of melanin, which only functions at certain temperatures, below 37 °C (99 °F). This is why Siamese cats and Himalayan rabbits are darker on their faces, ears, legs, and tails (the color points), where the cold penetrates more easily. This is called acromelanism, and other cats breeds derived from the Siamese, such as the Himalayan and the snowshoe cat, also exhibit the condition. Kailash Sankhala observed that white tigers were always whiter in Rewa State, even when they were born in New Delhi and returned there. "In spite of living in a dusty courtyard, they were always snow white." A weakened immune system is directly linked to reduced pigmentation in white tigers.
Genetic defects
Outside of India, inbred white tigers have been prone to crossed eyes, a condition known as strabismus, an example of which is "Clarence the cross-eyed lion", due to incorrectly routed visual pathways in the brains of white tigers. When stressed or confused, all white tigers cross their eyes. Strabismus is associated with white tigers of mixed Bengal x Siberian ancestry. The only pure-Bengal white tiger reported to be cross-eyed was Mohini's daughter Rewati. Strabismus is directly linked to the white gene and is not a separate consequence of inbreeding. The orange litter-mates of white tigers are not prone to strabismus. Siamese cats and albinos of every species which have been studied all exhibit the same visual pathway abnormality found in white tigers. Siamese cats are also sometimes cross-eyed, as are some albino ferrets. The visual pathway abnormality was first documented in white tigers in the brain of a white tiger called Moni after he died, although his eyes were of normal alignment. The abnormality is that there is a disruption in the optic chiasm. The examination of Moni's brain suggested the disruption is less severe in white tigers than it is in Siamese cats. Because of the visual pathway abnormality, by which some optic nerves are routed to the wrong side of the brain, white tigers have a problem with spatial orientation, and bump into things until they learn to compensate. Some tigers compensate by crossing their eyes. When the neurons pass from the retina to the brain and reach the optic chiasma, some cross and some do not, so that visual images are projected to the wrong hemisphere of the brain. White tigers cannot see as well as normal tigers and suffer from photophobia, like albinos.
Other genetic problems include shortened tendons of the forelegs, club foot, kidney problems, arched or crooked backbone and twisted neck. Reduced fertility and miscarriages, noted by ”tiger man” Kailash Sankhala in pure-Bengal white tigers were attributed to inbreeding depression. A condition known as "star-gazing" (the head and neck are raised almost straight up, as if the affected animal is gazing at the stars), which is associated with inbreeding in big cats, has also been reported in white tigers. Some white tigers born to North American lines have bulldog faces with a snub nose, jutting jaw, domed head and wide-set eyes with an indentation between the eyes. However, some of these traits may be linked to poor diet rather than inbreeding.
There was a 450 lb (200 kg) male cross-eyed white tiger at the Pana'ewa Rainforest Zoo in Hawaii, which was donated to the zoo by Las Vegas magician Dirk Arthur. There is a picture of a white tiger which appears to be cross-eyed on just one side in Siegfried & Roy's book Mastering The Impossible. A white tiger, named Scarlett O'Hara, who was Tony's sister, was cross-eyed only on the right side.
A male white tiger named Cheytan, a son of Bhim and Sumita born at the Cincinnati Zoo, died at the San Antonio Zoo in 1992 from anaesthesia complications during root canal therapy. It appears that white tigers also react strangely to anaesthesia. The best drug for immobilizing a tiger is CI 744, but a few tigers, white ones in particular, undergo a re-sedation effect 24–36 hours later. This is due to their inability to produce normal tyrosinase, a trait they share with albinos, according to zoo veterinarian David Taylor. He treated a pair of white tigers from the Cincinnati Zoo at Fritz Wurm's safari park in Stukenbrock, Germany, for salmonella poisoning, which reacted strangely to the anaesthesia.
Mohini was checked for Chédiak-Higashi syndrome in 1960, but the results were inconclusive. This condition is similar to albino mutations and causes bluish lightening of the fur color, crossed eyes, and prolonged bleeding after surgery. Also, in the event of an injury, the blood is slow to coagulate. This condition has been observed in domestic cats, but there has never been a case of a white tiger having Chédiak-Higashi syndrome. There has been a single case of a white tiger having central retinal degeneration, reported from the Milwaukee County Zoo, which could be related to reduced pigmentation in the eye. The white tiger in question was a male named Mota on loan from the Cincinnati Zoo.
There is a myth that white tigers have an 80% infant mortality rate. However, the infant mortality rate for white tigers is no higher than it is for normal orange tigers bred in captivity. Cincinnati Zoo director Ed Maruska said: "We have not experienced premature death among our white tigers. Forty-two animals born in our collection are still alive. Mohan, a large white tiger, died just short of his 20th birthday, an enviable age for a male of any subspecies, since most males live shorter captive lives. Premature deaths in other collections may be artifacts of captive environmental conditions...in 52 births we had four stillbirths, one of which was an unexplained loss. We lost two additional cubs from viral pneumonia, which is not excessive. Without data from non-inbred tiger lines, it is difficult to determine whether this number is high or low with any degree of accuracy."Ed Maruska also addressed the issue of deformities: "Other than a case of hip dysplasia that occurred in a male white tiger, we have not encountered any other body deformities or any physiological or neurological disorders. Some of these reported maladies in mutant tigers in other collections may be a direct result of inbreeding or improper rearing management of tigers generally."
Inbreeding and outcrossing
Because of the extreme rarity of the white tiger allele in the wild,[9] the breeding pool was limited to the small number of white tigers in captivity. According to Kailash Sankhala, the last white tiger ever seen in the wild was shot in 1958. Today there is a large number of white tigers in captivity. A white Amur tiger may have been born at Center Hill and has given rise to a strain of white Amur tigers. A man named Robert Baudy realized that his tigers had white genes when a tiger he sold to Marwell Zoo in England developed white spots, and bred them accordingly. The Lowry Park Zoo in Tampa Bay has four of these white Amur tigers, descended from Robert Baudy's stock.
It has also been possible to expand the white-gene pool by outcrossing white tigers with unrelated orange tigers and then using the cubs to produce more white tigers. The white tigers Ranjit, Bharat, Priya and Bhim were all outcrossed, in some instances to more than one tiger. Bharat was bred to an unrelated orange tiger named Jack from the San Francisco Zoo and had an orange daughter named Kanchana. Bharat and Priya were also bred with an unrelated orange tiger from Knoxville Zoo, and Ranjit was bred to this tiger's sister, also from Knoxville Zoo. Bhim fathered several litters with an unrelated orange tigress named Kimanthi at the Cincinnati Zoo. ankam Ranjeeth had several mates at the Omaha Zoo.
The last descendants of Bristol Zoo's white tigers were a group of orange tigers from outcrosses which were bought by a Pakistani senator and shipped to Pakistan. Rajiv, Pretoria Zoo's white tiger, who was born in the Cincinnati Zoo, was also outcrossed and sired at least two litters of orange cubs at Pretoria Zoo. Outcrossing is not necessarily done with the intent of producing more white cubs by resuming inbreeding further down the line.
Outcrossing is a way of bringing fresh blood into the white strain. The New Delhi Zoo loaned out white tigers to some of India's better zoos for outcrossing, and the government had to impose a whip to force zoos to return either the white tigers or their orange offspring.
Siegfried & Roy performed at least one outcross. In the mid-1980s they offered to work with the Indian government in the creation of a healthier strain of white tigers. The Indian government reportedly considered the offer; however, India had a moratorium on breeding white tigers after cubs were born at New Delhi Zoo with arched backs and clubbed feet, necessitating euthanasia. Siegfried & Roy have bred white tigers in collaboration with the Nashville Zoo.
Because of the inbreeding and resulting genetic defects the Association of Zoos and Aquariums barred member zoos from breeding white tigers, white lions and king cheetahs in a white paper adopted by the board of directors in July 2011. It is noteworthy that the first person to speak out against the displaying of white tigers was William G. Conway, General Director of the New York Zoological Society, which later became known as the Wildlife Conservation Society when he said, "White tigers are freaks. It's not the role of a zoo to show two headed calves and white tigers." He warned AZA in 1983 of the harm to the zoo's credibility in catering to the public's fascination with freaks, but went unheeded until 2008 when AZA issued a request to their members to stop breeding white tigers and then later in July 2011 when the AZA formally adopted that stance as policy. Conway was attacked by Ed Maruska of the Cincinnati Zoo for his observation, but in the end Conway's belief was validated.
A complete scan of the genome led to the discovery that the white tiger’s distinguishing characteristic arises from a single naturally occurring mutation, the substitution of one amino acid for another—valine for alanine—in the protein identified as SLC45A2. The implication of this discovery means that white tigers can be bred from any colored Bengal tiger pair possessing the unique but naturally occurring recessive gene.
Popular culture
White tigers appear frequently in literature, video games, television, and comic books. Such examples include the Swedish rock band Kent, which featured a white tiger on the cover of their best-selling album Vapen & ammunition in 2002. This was a tribute to the band's home town Eskilstuna, as the local zoo in town had white tigers from the Hawthorn Circus as its main attraction. The white tiger has also been featured in the video for the song "Human" by the popular American synth-rock band The Killers. White Tiger is also the name of an American glam metal band from the 1980s.
In the live action version of Disney's 101 Dalmatians, Cruella de Vil kills a white tiger for its fur.
- Seto Bagh (or White tiger in English) is a Nepali language novel by Diamond - Shumsher Rana about an encounter with a white tiger.
- Aravind Adiga's novel The White Tiger won the Man Booker Prize in 2008. The central character and narrator refers to himself as "The White Tiger". It was a nickname given to him as a child to denote that he was unique in the "jungle" (his hometown), that he was smarter than the others.
- Video games including white tigers include Zoo Tycoon, the Warcraft universe, and Perfect World International. White Tigers are featured as a wild, tamable "pet" companion in Guild Wars Factions. White tigers are also seen in Heroes of Might and Magic IV. The protector of the mystical world of Shangri-La in Far Cry 4 is a white tiger that allies with the protagonist to defeat demons.
- Both the Power Rangers and the Japanese Super Sentai series from which the Power Rangers series is based on, have used White Tiger themed mecha. A trained white tiger from the Bowmanville Zoo in Ontario, Canada, was used in the Animorphs TV series. A superhero named White Tiger appears in "The Justice Friends" on Dexter's Laboratory.
- Marvel Comics also publishes several superheroes who go by the name White Tiger. A white tiger named White Blaze is frequently shown in the anime Ronin Warriors.
- Tigatron from the animated TV series Transformers: Beast Wars is based on the white tiger. There have been at least 4 heroes in Marvel comics called "The White Tiger": two gained powers from a group of three mystic amulets that they possessed, one was actually a tigress evolved by the High Evolutionary, and one was given an artificial version of the "Black Panther's Heart Shaped Herb".
- Kylie Chan's 'Dark Heavens' series incorporates the four winds of Chinese mythology – including The White Tiger.
- In Hayate the Combat Butler, Tama; Nagi Sanzenin's pet tiger is a white tiger.
In 2013, a white tiger used for election campaign in Lahore, Pakistan died of dehydration
In Captivity
India
Nandankanan, in the Indian state of Odisha hosts 34 white tigers. White tigers were born to normal coloured parents in 1980, a unique event in the world. A unique white tiger safari was established in this Zoological Park on 1 October 1991.
Algeria
Parc de Ben Aknoun, is a zoo in the city of Algiers, which houses white tigers of a rare breed. Two females and a male, were brought on a flight from Gabon, in July 2014.
Portugal
Jardim Zoológico de Lisboa (the Zoologic Garden of Lisbon) is home to five white tigers, a male and female along with their cubs (one male and two females), all born in the zoo.
Trinidad
The Emperor Valley Zoo houses a male and female white tiger. On 9 January 2015 the female white bengal tiger named Rajasi gave birth to two cubs at the Emperor Valley Zoo.
Hungary
Two Bengal White Tigers where born in a zoo in January of 2015, in a zoo in Gyor.
[Credit: en.wikipedia.org/]
A white tiger is a tiger with a recessive gene that creates the pale coloration. Another genetic characteristic makes the stripes of the tiger very pale; white tigers of this type are called snow-white or "pure white". This occurs when a tiger inherits two copies of the recessive gene for the paler coloration, which is rare. They have a pink nose, pink paw pads, grey-mottled skin, ice-blue eyes, and white to cream-coloured fur with black, ash grey, or chocolate-coloured stripes. Mr. H.E. Scott of the Indian police gave this description of a captive white tiger's eyes: "The colourings of the eyes are very distinct. There is no well defined division between the yellow of the comex and the blue of the iris. The eyes in some lights are practically colourless merely showing the black pupil on a light yellow background."Contrary to popular belief, white tigers are not albinos; true albino tigers would have no stripes. The stripeless white tigers known today only have very pale stripes.
Part of the confusion is due to the misidentification of the so-called chinchilla gene (for white) as an allele of the albino series (publications prior to the 1980s refer to it as an albino gene). The mutation is recessive to normal color, which means that two orange tigers carrying the mutant gene may produce white offspring, and white tigers bred together will produce only white cubs. The stripe color varies due to the influence and interaction of other genes.
While the inhibitor ("chinchilla") gene affects the color of the hair shaft, there is a separate "wide-band" gene affecting the distance between the dark bands of colour on agouti hairs.[118] An orange tiger who inherits two copies of this wide-band gene becomes a golden tabby; a white who inherits two copies becomes almost or completely stripeless. Inbreeding allows the effect of recessive genes to show up, hence the ground and stripe colour variations among white tigers.
As early as 1907, naturalist Richard Lydeker doubted the existence of albino tigers
However, we do have a report of true albinism: in 1922, two pink-eyed albino young were shot along with their mother at Mica Camp, Tisri, in the Cooch Behar district, according to Victor N Narayan in a ”Miscellaneous Note” in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. The albinos were described as sickly-looking sub-adults, with extended necks and pink eyes.
Outside of India white tigers have been prone to crossed eyes, a condition known as strabismus, like "Clarence the cross eyed lion"
White tigers feature frequently in literature, video games, television and comic books. Such examples include the Swedish rock band Kent, who featured a white tiger on the cover of their best-selling album Vapen & ammunition in 2002. This was a tribute to the band's home town Eskilstuna as the local zoo in town had white tigers from the Hawthorn Circus as its main attraction. The white tiger has also been featured in the video for the song "Human" by the popular American synth-rock band The Killers. White Tiger was also the name of an American glam metal band from the 1980s.
Aravind Adiga's novel, "The White Tiger", won the Man Booker Prize in 2008. The central character and narrator refers to himself as "The White Tiger". It was a nickname given to him as a child to denote that he was unique in the "jungle" (his hometown), that he was smarter than the others.
Games referencing white tigers include Zoo Tycoon and the Warcraft universe. Both the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, and the Japanese Super Sentai series from which the Power Rangers series are based have used White Tiger themed mecha. The White Ranger from Power Rangers: Wild Force and its Sentai counterpart also has the powers of the White Tiger, as well as the White Tiger themed mecha.
A trained white tiger from the Bowmanville Zoo in Ontario, Canada, was used in the Animorphs TV series. White Tigers are also seen in Heroes of Might and Magic IV, where they are a lvl 2 unit for the nature team. Even White Tiger and The Justice Friends were on Dexter's Laboratory, and a white tiger named White Blaze is frequently shown in the anime Ronin Warriors. White Tigers are featured as a wild, tameable "pet" companion in Guild Wars Factions. Finally, the popularity of white tigers has led private users to create mods or game patches for Elder Scrolls IV - Oblivion which changes the Kahjit species to possess white tiger aspects, including realistic height and body sizes in relation to the standard orange Kahjit.
Others include the Beast Wars character Tigatron who transformed into a white tiger, the White Tiger comic book hero. In the film The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, white tigers are seen fighting for the White Witch.
Letter on reverse (below) generously translated by GenBerlin: authored at Zweibrücken on the 30.7.1915 with postage cancelled at Zweibrücken on the same day.
A company sized group of men from bayer. Landsturm Bataillon 'Zweibrücken' (b. II 12) gathered around their Feldwebel.
As gwyliecoyote points out below, these fellows are wearing a variety of uniform items, and in some cases, entirely civilian attire. According to the Busche manuscript, this battalion was formed on 22.8.1914, the reason for such diversity amongst the men's uniforms is a mystery.
Raffaello Santi
Portrait of Tommaso Inghirami [1509]
Boston Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum
Portrait of Tommaso Inghirami is an oil painting by Italian artist Raphael. Painted ca. 1509, it exists in two copies, one of which is in display in the Palatina Gallery in Florence and the other in the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston. Known for its realism and attention to detail, it relates stylistically to Raphael's Portrait of Agnolo Doni, ca.1506, in what Claudio Strinati described in 1998 as its "merciless clarity."
The subject of the painting was a friend of Raphael's, a prelate nicknamed Phaedra. A popular orator and actor, Tommaso Inghirami suffered from strabismus. The painting is "the first likeness into which Raphael introduced the concept of movement", in the twist of his body as he contemplates his composition. By means of this device, Raphael focused attention away from his subject's disfigurement.
Abbreviated after wikipedia:
The light reflex is central in the right eye (the non-deviated eye), but over the iris in the left eye (the deviated eye).
Photo: ORBIS.
Published in: Community Eye Health Journal Vol. 23 No. 72 MARCH 2010 www.cehjournal.org
The left eye is higher in this girl, an example of hypertropia, a vertical deviation
Photo: ORBIS.
Published in: Community Eye Health Journal Vol. 23 No. 72 MARCH 2010 www.cehjournal.org
This boy’s right eye is deviated inwards, an example of esotropia
Photo: ORBIS.
Published in: Community Eye Health Journal Vol. 23 No. 72 MARCH 2010 www.cehjournal.org
Touching their toes. Dr. Fiona Dean, volunteer faculty surgeon from Warwick Medical School in Coventry United Kingdom, examines an infant strabismus patient.
By Karen Strike on December 7, 20181 Comment Post Views: 3,320
1800s Art Books Medicine Illustration Surgery Wellcome Trust
19th Century Illustrations for the Surgical Removal of Unwanted Parts of the Human Body
"I didn't expect to recover from my second operation but since I did, I consider that I'm living on borrowed time" - Henri Matisse
Many of the colour lithographs below were created for US surgeon Joseph Pancoast’s (November 23, 1805 – March 6, 1882) 1844 book A Treatise on Operative Surgery. The blurb tells us: “A treatise on operative surgery comprising a description of the various processes of the art, including all the new operations; exhibiting the state of surgical science in is present advanced condition; with eighty plates containing four-hundred and eighty-six separate illustrations.” These images are for the book’s second edition of 1846, for which they were “enlarged”. Other images can be found in the 1848 work Précis iconographique de médecine opératoire et d’anatomie chirurgicale by Claude Bernard (1813-1878). They are captivating and unsettling.
Plate LXVII. Surgical technique for lithotomy (the removal of a bladder stone). Bilateral and vesico-rectal operation.
Plate LXVI. Surgical technique for lithotomy.
Plate XLIX. Surgery to correct strabismus, involving the division of the internal rectus of the right eye. Strabismus is the misalignment of the eyes.
Plate XLIX. Surgery to correct strabismus, involving the division of the internal rectus of the right eye. Strabismus is the misalignment of the eyes.
Plate XXXIV. Surgical instruments used for external urethrotomy in prostatectomy (removal of part of the prostate gland).
Plate XXXIV. Surgical instruments used for external urethrotomy in prostatectomy (removal of part of the prostate gland).
Removing the placenta and umbilical cord after birth
Removing the placenta and umbilical cord after birth. Abbildungen aus dem Gesammtgebiete der theoretisch-praktischen Geburtshülfe, nebst beschreibender Erklärung derselben / Nach dem Französischen des Maygrier bearbeitet und mit Anmerkungen versehen von Eduard Casp. Jac. von Siebold – 1829
Plate XLVIII. Illustration of surgery on the eye for the removal of a cataract. Operation by extraction - inferior section of the cornea.
Plate XLVIII. Illustration of surgery on the eye for the removal of a cataract. Operation by extraction – inferior section of the cornea.
Plate LVI. Surgery for the removal of the mammary gland.
Plate LVI. Surgery for the removal of the mammary gland. 19th Century. Iconografia d’anatomia chirurgica e di medicina operatoria / [Jean Baptiste Marc Bourgery]
Plate 42, Techniques for the removal of cataracts.
Plate 42, Techniques for the removal of cataracts.
Plate 70, Surgical techniques for lithotripsy (the removal of bladder and kidney stones).
Plate 70, Surgical techniques for lithotripsy (the removal of bladder and kidney stones). Précis iconographique de médecine opératoire et d’anatomie chirurgicale by Claude Bernard (1848).
Plate LXVII. Surgical technique for lithotomy (the removal of a bladder stone). Bilateral and vesico-rectal operation.
Plate LXVII. Surgical technique for lithotomy (the removal of a bladder stone). Bilateral and vesico-rectal operation.
Fig. 1. Removal with the forceps by torsion and traction. Fig. 2, 3. Removal by ligature. Fig. 4,5. Simple hare-lip. Fig. 6, 7, 8. 'Double hare-lip' and 'complicated hare-lip'.
Fig. 1. Removal with the forceps by torsion and traction. Fig. 2, 3. Removal by ligature. Fig. 4,5. Simple hare-lip. Fig. 6, 7, 8. ‘Double hare-lip’ and ‘complicated hare-lip’.
Plate 65, Surgical removal of tumours from the scrotum.
Plate 65, Surgical removal of tumours from the scrotum.
Plate 46, Illustration of the removal of nasal polyps and tonsillectomy.
Plate 46, Illustration of the removal of nasal polyps and tonsillectomy.
Plate 16. Various operative stages of the removal of a tumour from the uterus.
Plate 16. Various operative stages of the removal of a tumour from the uterus.
Tomo II, Tavola 19. Surgical instruments used on the tonsils and nasal cavity for the removal of polyps.
Tomo II, Tavola 19. Surgical instruments used on the tonsils and nasal cavity for the removal of polyps.
Tomo II, Tavola 57 bis. Procedure for the removal of stones from the prostate and urethra.
Tomo II, Tavola 57 bis. Procedure for the removal of stones from the prostate and urethra.
Removal of tumours of uterus
Removal of tumours of uterus
Hand painted wood engraving showing the necessary position for the patient for removal of bladder stones.
Hand painted wood engraving showing the necessary position for the patient for removal of bladder stones.
Surgery on the eye for the removal of a cataract.
Surgery on the eye for the removal of a cataract.
Plate XIX. Surgical removal of a stone from the bladder.
Plate XIX. Surgical removal of a stone from the bladder.
Plate 43, Illustration and anatomy of ear surgery.
Plate 43, Illustration and anatomy of ear surgery.
surgery cataracts
Removing cataracts
Plate 55, J. Pancoast, A treatise on operative surgery, 1846.
The Evil Within - ~35MP Rendering, 8k textures , SMAA , Custom F0V , Noclip , timestop , Reshade
The Evil Within Flickroad album
This was quite a surprising shot after messing around with Reshade (SweetFX+Master Effects). I forgot the ingame brightness all the way down and i couldn't adjust it because this was during a cutscene so i went again B&W.
There're crashed blacks but i like it that way as it looks like he's coming out of shadows, the only problem is that he looks like he has Strabismus (crashed blacks). I also tried to use some DOF to blur the background but i was afraid the game would crash so i used a slight Tilt Shift DOF.
By Karen Strike on December 7, 20181 Comment Post Views: 3,320
1800s Art Books Medicine Illustration Surgery Wellcome Trust
19th Century Illustrations for the Surgical Removal of Unwanted Parts of the Human Body
"I didn't expect to recover from my second operation but since I did, I consider that I'm living on borrowed time" - Henri Matisse
Many of the colour lithographs below were created for US surgeon Joseph Pancoast’s (November 23, 1805 – March 6, 1882) 1844 book A Treatise on Operative Surgery. The blurb tells us: “A treatise on operative surgery comprising a description of the various processes of the art, including all the new operations; exhibiting the state of surgical science in is present advanced condition; with eighty plates containing four-hundred and eighty-six separate illustrations.” These images are for the book’s second edition of 1846, for which they were “enlarged”. Other images can be found in the 1848 work Précis iconographique de médecine opératoire et d’anatomie chirurgicale by Claude Bernard (1813-1878). They are captivating and unsettling.
Plate LXVII. Surgical technique for lithotomy (the removal of a bladder stone). Bilateral and vesico-rectal operation.
Plate LXVI. Surgical technique for lithotomy.
Plate XLIX. Surgery to correct strabismus, involving the division of the internal rectus of the right eye. Strabismus is the misalignment of the eyes.
Plate XLIX. Surgery to correct strabismus, involving the division of the internal rectus of the right eye. Strabismus is the misalignment of the eyes.
Plate XXXIV. Surgical instruments used for external urethrotomy in prostatectomy (removal of part of the prostate gland).
Plate XXXIV. Surgical instruments used for external urethrotomy in prostatectomy (removal of part of the prostate gland).
Removing the placenta and umbilical cord after birth
Removing the placenta and umbilical cord after birth. Abbildungen aus dem Gesammtgebiete der theoretisch-praktischen Geburtshülfe, nebst beschreibender Erklärung derselben / Nach dem Französischen des Maygrier bearbeitet und mit Anmerkungen versehen von Eduard Casp. Jac. von Siebold – 1829
Plate XLVIII. Illustration of surgery on the eye for the removal of a cataract. Operation by extraction - inferior section of the cornea.
Plate XLVIII. Illustration of surgery on the eye for the removal of a cataract. Operation by extraction – inferior section of the cornea.
Plate LVI. Surgery for the removal of the mammary gland.
Plate LVI. Surgery for the removal of the mammary gland. 19th Century. Iconografia d’anatomia chirurgica e di medicina operatoria / [Jean Baptiste Marc Bourgery]
Plate 42, Techniques for the removal of cataracts.
Plate 42, Techniques for the removal of cataracts.
Plate 70, Surgical techniques for lithotripsy (the removal of bladder and kidney stones).
Plate 70, Surgical techniques for lithotripsy (the removal of bladder and kidney stones). Précis iconographique de médecine opératoire et d’anatomie chirurgicale by Claude Bernard (1848).
Plate LXVII. Surgical technique for lithotomy (the removal of a bladder stone). Bilateral and vesico-rectal operation.
Plate LXVII. Surgical technique for lithotomy (the removal of a bladder stone). Bilateral and vesico-rectal operation.
Fig. 1. Removal with the forceps by torsion and traction. Fig. 2, 3. Removal by ligature. Fig. 4,5. Simple hare-lip. Fig. 6, 7, 8. 'Double hare-lip' and 'complicated hare-lip'.
Fig. 1. Removal with the forceps by torsion and traction. Fig. 2, 3. Removal by ligature. Fig. 4,5. Simple hare-lip. Fig. 6, 7, 8. ‘Double hare-lip’ and ‘complicated hare-lip’.
Plate 65, Surgical removal of tumours from the scrotum.
Plate 65, Surgical removal of tumours from the scrotum.
Plate 46, Illustration of the removal of nasal polyps and tonsillectomy.
Plate 46, Illustration of the removal of nasal polyps and tonsillectomy.
Plate 16. Various operative stages of the removal of a tumour from the uterus.
Plate 16. Various operative stages of the removal of a tumour from the uterus.
Tomo II, Tavola 19. Surgical instruments used on the tonsils and nasal cavity for the removal of polyps.
Tomo II, Tavola 19. Surgical instruments used on the tonsils and nasal cavity for the removal of polyps.
Tomo II, Tavola 57 bis. Procedure for the removal of stones from the prostate and urethra.
Tomo II, Tavola 57 bis. Procedure for the removal of stones from the prostate and urethra.
Removal of tumours of uterus
Removal of tumours of uterus
Hand painted wood engraving showing the necessary position for the patient for removal of bladder stones.
Hand painted wood engraving showing the necessary position for the patient for removal of bladder stones.
Surgery on the eye for the removal of a cataract.
Surgery on the eye for the removal of a cataract.
Plate XIX. Surgical removal of a stone from the bladder.
Plate XIX. Surgical removal of a stone from the bladder.
Plate 43, Illustration and anatomy of ear surgery.
Plate 43, Illustration and anatomy of ear surgery.
surgery cataracts
Removing cataracts
Plate 55, J. Pancoast, A treatise on operative surgery, 1846.
By Karen Strike on December 7, 20181 Comment Post Views: 3,320
1800s Art Books Medicine Illustration Surgery Wellcome Trust
19th Century Illustrations for the Surgical Removal of Unwanted Parts of the Human Body
"I didn't expect to recover from my second operation but since I did, I consider that I'm living on borrowed time" - Henri Matisse
Many of the colour lithographs below were created for US surgeon Joseph Pancoast’s (November 23, 1805 – March 6, 1882) 1844 book A Treatise on Operative Surgery. The blurb tells us: “A treatise on operative surgery comprising a description of the various processes of the art, including all the new operations; exhibiting the state of surgical science in is present advanced condition; with eighty plates containing four-hundred and eighty-six separate illustrations.” These images are for the book’s second edition of 1846, for which they were “enlarged”. Other images can be found in the 1848 work Précis iconographique de médecine opératoire et d’anatomie chirurgicale by Claude Bernard (1813-1878). They are captivating and unsettling.
Plate LXVII. Surgical technique for lithotomy (the removal of a bladder stone). Bilateral and vesico-rectal operation.
Plate LXVI. Surgical technique for lithotomy.
Plate XLIX. Surgery to correct strabismus, involving the division of the internal rectus of the right eye. Strabismus is the misalignment of the eyes.
Plate XLIX. Surgery to correct strabismus, involving the division of the internal rectus of the right eye. Strabismus is the misalignment of the eyes.
Plate XXXIV. Surgical instruments used for external urethrotomy in prostatectomy (removal of part of the prostate gland).
Plate XXXIV. Surgical instruments used for external urethrotomy in prostatectomy (removal of part of the prostate gland).
Removing the placenta and umbilical cord after birth
Removing the placenta and umbilical cord after birth. Abbildungen aus dem Gesammtgebiete der theoretisch-praktischen Geburtshülfe, nebst beschreibender Erklärung derselben / Nach dem Französischen des Maygrier bearbeitet und mit Anmerkungen versehen von Eduard Casp. Jac. von Siebold – 1829
Plate XLVIII. Illustration of surgery on the eye for the removal of a cataract. Operation by extraction - inferior section of the cornea.
Plate XLVIII. Illustration of surgery on the eye for the removal of a cataract. Operation by extraction – inferior section of the cornea.
Plate LVI. Surgery for the removal of the mammary gland.
Plate LVI. Surgery for the removal of the mammary gland. 19th Century. Iconografia d’anatomia chirurgica e di medicina operatoria / [Jean Baptiste Marc Bourgery]
Plate 42, Techniques for the removal of cataracts.
Plate 42, Techniques for the removal of cataracts.
Plate 70, Surgical techniques for lithotripsy (the removal of bladder and kidney stones).
Plate 70, Surgical techniques for lithotripsy (the removal of bladder and kidney stones). Précis iconographique de médecine opératoire et d’anatomie chirurgicale by Claude Bernard (1848).
Plate LXVII. Surgical technique for lithotomy (the removal of a bladder stone). Bilateral and vesico-rectal operation.
Plate LXVII. Surgical technique for lithotomy (the removal of a bladder stone). Bilateral and vesico-rectal operation.
Fig. 1. Removal with the forceps by torsion and traction. Fig. 2, 3. Removal by ligature. Fig. 4,5. Simple hare-lip. Fig. 6, 7, 8. 'Double hare-lip' and 'complicated hare-lip'.
Fig. 1. Removal with the forceps by torsion and traction. Fig. 2, 3. Removal by ligature. Fig. 4,5. Simple hare-lip. Fig. 6, 7, 8. ‘Double hare-lip’ and ‘complicated hare-lip’.
Plate 65, Surgical removal of tumours from the scrotum.
Plate 65, Surgical removal of tumours from the scrotum.
Plate 46, Illustration of the removal of nasal polyps and tonsillectomy.
Plate 46, Illustration of the removal of nasal polyps and tonsillectomy.
Plate 16. Various operative stages of the removal of a tumour from the uterus.
Plate 16. Various operative stages of the removal of a tumour from the uterus.
Tomo II, Tavola 19. Surgical instruments used on the tonsils and nasal cavity for the removal of polyps.
Tomo II, Tavola 19. Surgical instruments used on the tonsils and nasal cavity for the removal of polyps.
Tomo II, Tavola 57 bis. Procedure for the removal of stones from the prostate and urethra.
Tomo II, Tavola 57 bis. Procedure for the removal of stones from the prostate and urethra.
Removal of tumours of uterus
Removal of tumours of uterus
Hand painted wood engraving showing the necessary position for the patient for removal of bladder stones.
Hand painted wood engraving showing the necessary position for the patient for removal of bladder stones.
Surgery on the eye for the removal of a cataract.
Surgery on the eye for the removal of a cataract.
Plate XIX. Surgical removal of a stone from the bladder.
Plate XIX. Surgical removal of a stone from the bladder.
Plate 43, Illustration and anatomy of ear surgery.
Plate 43, Illustration and anatomy of ear surgery.
surgery cataracts
Removing cataracts
Plate 55, J. Pancoast, A treatise on operative surgery, 1846.
The right eye is turned inwards.
Photo: David Taylor
Published in: Community Eye Health Journal Vol. 23 No. 72 MARCH 2010 www.cehjournal.org
Kinaya, 5, and mother before a post-op exam for her strabismus surgery the previous day on the FEH - bilateral medius rectus recessions.
Strabismo di Venere
L'origine dell'espressione "strabismo di Venere" deriva da quel piccolo e unico difetto che rese celebre Venere - dea della bellezza, dell'amore e della fertilità - come nel dipinto La Nascita di Venere di Botticelli.
Strabismus of Venus
The origin of the expression "strabism of Venus" comes from that small and only defect that made Venus - goddess of beauty, love and fertility famous - as in Botticelli's Birth of Venus.
The light reflex is central in the left eye (the non-deviated eye), but over the iris in the right eye (the deviated eye).
Photo: ORBIS.
Published in: Community Eye Health Journal Vol. 23 No. 72 MARCH 2010 www.cehjournal.org
Photo: Lance Bellers.
Published in: Revue de Santé Oculaire Communautaire Vol. 4 No. 4 Août 2007 www.revuesoc.com
SGU's Virtual Hospital welcomed Dr. Michael Gray and his pediatric ophthalmology team from Cincinnati Children's Hospital. Dr. Gray volunteered in Grenada for a week of pediatric eye care and surgical correction of strabismus.
This child assumes an abnormal head posture, facing right while the eyes look to the left, to enable the eyes to be aligned.
Photo: ORBIS.
Published in: Community Eye Health Journal Vol. 23 No. 72 MARCH 2010 www.cehjournal.org
Roma, Aprile 2010. This very young woman works in the bar owned by the dark lady portrayed in the previous photograph, and, oddly enough, she too suffers from a slight strabismus. Despite, perhaps because of her age, she exudes a deep, unbridled sensuality that reminds me of Zola's Nanà. In all likelihood, this woman comes from a modest family background. Yet, if only she were aware of her power - which she is not - she would spell havoc within many haughty academic circles.
A large piece of government land in Austin is slated for redevelopment. The Grove will make space for apartments, shops and offices. Lucas and I visited the area to capture the special charm of decay before demolition and construction commence.
This boy’s right eye is deviated outwards, an example of exotropia
Photo: ORBIS.
Published in: Community Eye Health Journal Vol. 23 No. 72 MARCH 2010 www.cehjournal.org
By Karen Strike on December 7, 20181 Comment Post Views: 3,320
1800s Art Books Medicine Illustration Surgery Wellcome Trust
19th Century Illustrations for the Surgical Removal of Unwanted Parts of the Human Body
"I didn't expect to recover from my second operation but since I did, I consider that I'm living on borrowed time" - Henri Matisse
Many of the colour lithographs below were created for US surgeon Joseph Pancoast’s (November 23, 1805 – March 6, 1882) 1844 book A Treatise on Operative Surgery. The blurb tells us: “A treatise on operative surgery comprising a description of the various processes of the art, including all the new operations; exhibiting the state of surgical science in is present advanced condition; with eighty plates containing four-hundred and eighty-six separate illustrations.” These images are for the book’s second edition of 1846, for which they were “enlarged”. Other images can be found in the 1848 work Précis iconographique de médecine opératoire et d’anatomie chirurgicale by Claude Bernard (1813-1878). They are captivating and unsettling.
Plate LXVII. Surgical technique for lithotomy (the removal of a bladder stone). Bilateral and vesico-rectal operation.
Plate LXVI. Surgical technique for lithotomy.
Plate XLIX. Surgery to correct strabismus, involving the division of the internal rectus of the right eye. Strabismus is the misalignment of the eyes.
Plate XLIX. Surgery to correct strabismus, involving the division of the internal rectus of the right eye. Strabismus is the misalignment of the eyes.
Plate XXXIV. Surgical instruments used for external urethrotomy in prostatectomy (removal of part of the prostate gland).
Plate XXXIV. Surgical instruments used for external urethrotomy in prostatectomy (removal of part of the prostate gland).
Removing the placenta and umbilical cord after birth
Removing the placenta and umbilical cord after birth. Abbildungen aus dem Gesammtgebiete der theoretisch-praktischen Geburtshülfe, nebst beschreibender Erklärung derselben / Nach dem Französischen des Maygrier bearbeitet und mit Anmerkungen versehen von Eduard Casp. Jac. von Siebold – 1829
Plate XLVIII. Illustration of surgery on the eye for the removal of a cataract. Operation by extraction - inferior section of the cornea.
Plate XLVIII. Illustration of surgery on the eye for the removal of a cataract. Operation by extraction – inferior section of the cornea.
Plate LVI. Surgery for the removal of the mammary gland.
Plate LVI. Surgery for the removal of the mammary gland. 19th Century. Iconografia d’anatomia chirurgica e di medicina operatoria / [Jean Baptiste Marc Bourgery]
Plate 42, Techniques for the removal of cataracts.
Plate 42, Techniques for the removal of cataracts.
Plate 70, Surgical techniques for lithotripsy (the removal of bladder and kidney stones).
Plate 70, Surgical techniques for lithotripsy (the removal of bladder and kidney stones). Précis iconographique de médecine opératoire et d’anatomie chirurgicale by Claude Bernard (1848).
Plate LXVII. Surgical technique for lithotomy (the removal of a bladder stone). Bilateral and vesico-rectal operation.
Plate LXVII. Surgical technique for lithotomy (the removal of a bladder stone). Bilateral and vesico-rectal operation.
Fig. 1. Removal with the forceps by torsion and traction. Fig. 2, 3. Removal by ligature. Fig. 4,5. Simple hare-lip. Fig. 6, 7, 8. 'Double hare-lip' and 'complicated hare-lip'.
Fig. 1. Removal with the forceps by torsion and traction. Fig. 2, 3. Removal by ligature. Fig. 4,5. Simple hare-lip. Fig. 6, 7, 8. ‘Double hare-lip’ and ‘complicated hare-lip’.
Plate 65, Surgical removal of tumours from the scrotum.
Plate 65, Surgical removal of tumours from the scrotum.
Plate 46, Illustration of the removal of nasal polyps and tonsillectomy.
Plate 46, Illustration of the removal of nasal polyps and tonsillectomy.
Plate 16. Various operative stages of the removal of a tumour from the uterus.
Plate 16. Various operative stages of the removal of a tumour from the uterus.
Tomo II, Tavola 19. Surgical instruments used on the tonsils and nasal cavity for the removal of polyps.
Tomo II, Tavola 19. Surgical instruments used on the tonsils and nasal cavity for the removal of polyps.
Tomo II, Tavola 57 bis. Procedure for the removal of stones from the prostate and urethra.
Tomo II, Tavola 57 bis. Procedure for the removal of stones from the prostate and urethra.
Removal of tumours of uterus
Removal of tumours of uterus
Hand painted wood engraving showing the necessary position for the patient for removal of bladder stones.
Hand painted wood engraving showing the necessary position for the patient for removal of bladder stones.
Surgery on the eye for the removal of a cataract.
Surgery on the eye for the removal of a cataract.
Plate XIX. Surgical removal of a stone from the bladder.
Plate XIX. Surgical removal of a stone from the bladder.
Plate 43, Illustration and anatomy of ear surgery.
Plate 43, Illustration and anatomy of ear surgery.
surgery cataracts
Removing cataracts
Plate 55, J. Pancoast, A treatise on operative surgery, 1846.