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This is a picture of Sycamore Creek that runs through Unstead State park, it was taken around 3:00 Saturday afternoon and is the site of where an old mill used to sit. I chose this picture because there is so much going on in nature that we do not even realize. The plants are surviving and growing using photosynthetic active radiation using what solar radiation is reaching the Earth, the rest is then reflecting back into the atmosphere. The animals are then in return eating the plants, and sometimes each other, to also survive and grow in their own individual niches. The fish in the creek are being exposed to high levels of PCB's and people are advised to not eat very many of the fish from it. This shows the impact humans have on almost everything in nature. I'm not sure how this would affect their niche, but I think it would adjust what their realized niche is since they are able to tolerate the contaminants in the water. This also all goes to show how amazing nature is and how everything works together to live and grow. I really enjoyed walking some of the trails in this park and attached the website if anyone else would like to visit. www.ncparks.gov/william-b-umstead-state-park
The Barrel Cactus, a member of the genus cacti and subfamily of Cactoideae, can be found in the Southwest Dessert of North America or the "Sonoran Desert." It can grow up to eleven feet tall with very spiky spines. A puncture to the human skin by one of the spines can result in severe pain and leave a "dirty wound."This species of cactus is capable of storing 500 kilograms of water and can live up to 100 years. I took this picture on March 29th, 2017 to document the progress it had made since I purchased it from Home Depot in late February. One of the most interesting aspects of the Barrel Cactus is its mutualistic symbiotic relationship it shares with the desert mouse. The cactus provides shelter and shade for the mouse, while the mouse eats the predators of the cactus. Both greatly benefit from this type of relationship.
While in Colonial Williamsburg, VA this weekend it was hard not to notice ivy on many buildings both old and new. A common misconception of this plant is that it is mainly an unwanted visitor causing damage to the structure of the buildings it chooses to live on. There is some truth in this seeing as some cases of intrusive ivy on older, less "advanced" brickwork cause damage by slowly entering the building through cracks in the foundation. However, an incredible ecological relationship between ivy and its chosen host was explained in an article by the Daily Mail UK. The headline, "Why Ivy creeping up the side of you home could actually protect the building thanks to 'thermal shield'" quite frankly says it all. When I saw the ivy on the side of this building, I started wondering what good it would do to leave it there and if the benefits outweighed the potential damage. Though this particular sighting wouldn't nearly benefit the building in the ways explained in the article, it is nonetheless connected to the same concept. Not only is ivy a great example of adapting to your environment, it also serves as an example of a thermodynamic interaction. Ivy covering buildings has been shown to increase temperatures in the building in the winter and decrease them when it is hotter outside (as told by the findings from a study done by Oxford University scientists). This is all through the plants ability to cover large areas of walls and therefore hold heat inside when it is cold and create shaded areas on the walls to keep heat out in warmer conditions. Basically, ivy is a natural insulator, protects from moisture that can cause cracks in brickwork, and even sometimes serves as a sort of natural filter of pollution. Though this patch of ivy was just getting started here in Williamsburg on a rather cloudy Sunday morning, the ecological interactions are soon to be hard at work. Article can be found here for further reference: www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1278430/Why-ivy-c...
In North Carolina, Brown Pelicans are found in coastal marine and estuarine waters. Most migrate south for the winter, but small numbers remain year-round, though severe cold snaps result in frostbite to their webbed feet and pouches. They can be found nesting in the Cape Fear River, and in Pamlico and Bogue Sounds on small islands where they are relatively safe from disturbance and predation.
Pelicans were first recorded breeding in North Carolina in 1929 on Royal Shoal and from those 14 pairs the population grew to more than 100 pairs nesting around Ocracoke Inlet The pesticide DDT compromised many species’ eggs, including Brown Pelicans’, decreasing populations throughout its range and landing them on the endangered species list. Following the ban of DDT in 1972, Brown Pelicans became a conservation success story, with North Carolina populations exceeding historic levels and expanding to islands in the Cape Fear River. Today 4,000-5,000 pairs nest in North Carolina.
This video was taken on January 21st 2017 at the Georgia Aquarium. The fish species show in the video is a ray finned fish called the french grunt (Haemulon flavolineatum). In this video it can be seen that the grunts are showing schooling behavior. This schooling behavior is used as a defense mechanism against predators. While most reef fish when confronted with a predator will swim away and hide the french grunt gathers into tight large schooled groups and surrounds the predator. The individuals that are behind the predator will then nip at the predators tail as a warning. This can happen a few times until the predator feels threatened and leaves. French grunts are also often found schooling with their relative the blue striped grunt (Haemulon sciurus). The interaction between the blue striped grunt and French grunt can often display interspecific territoriality contest competition. The blue striped grunt has been known to push the french grunts around with an open mouth as a mechanism of defending their territory. While the french grunts school during the day they separate at night as they go in search of food. This feeding habit makes the interspecific competition for food more of an exploitative form of competition than an interference form of competition, as often the french grunt has a specific area it retreats to at night where it is less likely to come in direct contact with other french grunts.
During spring break I took a trip to Dayton Beach Florida. While I was there I was walking on the beach and ran into this Man-of-war. After I saw this one, more kept showing up on-shore. Seeing all of these hydrozoans on shore confused me because these man-of-wars do not usually appear in Florida until July or August. This could be due to climate change, or the fact that there was a strong storm in Daytona a few days before I got there. I asked one of my friends that live there and she said that every time there is a strong storm these Man-Of-Wars get washed up all over Florida. They travel with the wind and current, and they do not swim.
Man-of-wars tend to travel in packs so this is why I saw so many washed up on the beach.
The salt marshes in North Carolina are known for their teaming amounts of biodiversity and the ecological roles that they play in the oceanic environment.
The marsh is home to several different species of plants and animals that each fill certain ecological niches for that ecosystem. An example of this would be the cordgrass (Spartina alteriflora) that is all over the marsh. These plants have special adaptations that allow them to deal with high amounts of salt and low amounts of water during the day, due to the tidal patterns and the high salinity content of the salt marshes themselves. There are also larger amounts of oysters (crassostrea virginica) which help filter out toxins and other harmful things in the waters. The oysters also aid in the process of adding calcium carbonate to the ocean when they die. This calcium carbonate works as a pH buffer which can help resist a change in pH if an acidic or basic solution is present in the environment.
Sources: plants.usda.gov
This is a photograph of Spanish Moss, Tillandsia usneoides, growing on a pine tree. This plant is not actually a moss as it's more closely related to pineapples and succulents. They are sometimes called "air plants" because small scales, called trichomes, that envelop the entire plant absorb nutrients and water from the atmosphere. This plant grows on other trees in warm, humid areas. It's most often found growing on oaks or pines. Spanish Moss growing on other trees is an example of commensalism because while it does use another tree as support, it does not harm the larger tree in the process. Commensalism is a type of symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and there is no effect on the other. Only on rare occasions does the weight of the moss break a branch or the sheer mass of the plant block sunlight. Spanish Moss also provides a habitat for an array of other organisms, including rat snakes, chiggers, several species of bats, and spiders.
I'm pink, and so are my flowery friends. Our relationship is interesting; some days I walk by them and notice them very little, while other days I stop for their beauty and smile. And still other days I take a selfie with them to use for my eco project. We're so different and yet so similar, both just trying to survive, although I doubt the flowers stop to adoringly gaze at me as often as I do to them. But our relationship is more than a superficial attraction based on looks. No, it's much, much more than that. The flowers receive light from the sun and use this light to photosynthesize, and with the help of our old pals H2O and CO2, these flowers derive power, releasing O2 in the process. I then use the O2 this flower released to respirate, releasing CO2 as a byproduct, that the flower then.... yeah, you get the point. Now, of course our relationship isn't quite as intimate as I've described it, but on a holistic level, we are totally dependent on each other. We're nothing more than two organisms, both evolved to fit a specific niche (even though us humans often times way overdo our role). But at the end of the day, we're both living things. So next time you blatantly disrespect the validity of a plant, just sit back and ask yourself why your form of life is any better? Than thank the plants for all they have to offer you, and go on with your day.
For Spring Break this year I was fortunate enough to be able to go on a cruise to the Bahamas. Before we left though we were warned that there might be a slight possibility of Zika being present in the Bahamas. We were advised to wear mosquito repellant and to wear long clothing whenever possible. Since Zika is a virus it can be considered a microparasite that uses an intermediate vector to infect humans. Humans can then pass the virus on to each other. This virus causes birth defects in babies, fever, rash, joint pain, and red eyes. The symptoms usually aren't bad enough that the person infected becomes hospitalized, but once infected you shouldn't be able to be infected again.
"Thistles," oil painting. Artist: Edith Urban. This work will be on display as part of the 4th Annual Juried Show at NorthWind Fine Arts Gallery in Saranac Lake, opening Friday, May 5 with a reception from 5-7 pm. Sample slideshow
Thunnus albacares, or yellow finned tuna is what you consume when you eat a can of Starkist tuna like this jar. In the small corner sits a seal with a cute dolphin and the words “Dolphin Safe”. Dr. Pabst, of the UNCW biology team, lectured about the meaning of this label and the effects that it had on both the economy and ecological community in which tuna thrives. The “Dolphin Safe” label signifies that the tuna in the can was caught while not setting on dolphins. Dolphin and sexually mature yellow finned tuna are often found in association with one another; this relationship is hypothesized to be as a way to decrease predation of both species. USA fishermen in the past targeted dolphin pods, knowing it was likely that sexually mature yellow finned tuna would be found in the deeper water underneath. During this process, many dolphins died which was a direct violation of the US’s Marine Mammal Protection Act. As a result, other modes of catching tuna developed such as log and school setting. With each of these, there main tuna catch is sexually immature yellow finned tuna along with many other by-catch organisms. The big picture would be that for those that eat canned tuna, you are eating sexually immature Thunnus albacares. Because the target fish are sexually immature yellow finned tuna in log and school setting methods, the ecosystem is suffering. When a population undergoes a change in which sexually immature members are targeted, it hurts the growth rate of that population. This is because the species’ sexually mature individuals are taken out of the population, it is up to the mature individuals to reproduce. There are less organisms to reproduce, therefore, population growth will be hindered. As we are learning about community dynamics, we can keep in mind that because the yellow finned tuna interacts with organisms of different species meaning that the decrease in its population may affect other populations as well. #IMAGE3 #UNCWteal
An orange a day keeps the parasitic wasps away.
Oranges provide us with vitamin C which has many health benefits. However, as Humans oranges are not detrimental to our survival or fitness.
Yet there is an organism who's fitness is depended on oranges.
Dorsophila melanogaster commonly known as the fruit fly, prefers to lay its eggs in oranges.
Evolution has gifted the fruit fly with a specific gene that allows it to recognize the scent of oranges (limonene). This adaptation allows fruit flies to recognize oranges and lay their eggs within the fruit. This behavior is an important factor in the reproduction of fruit flies, it reduces the risk of parasitic predation of wasps on fruit fly larvae and thereby increases the probability of the species to pass on its genes to the next generation.
Scientists have discovered that when the gene responsible for smelling or “localizing” the scent of oranges is silenced, the fruit fly is not able to locate oranges. By not laying eggs in oranges, the fruit fly larvae are exposed to parasitic wasps who lay their eggs within fruit fly larvae. This is a great example of natural selection. Since the parasitic wasps are deterred by the smell of oranges, fruit flies with the gene responsible for sensing the scent of oranges have a greater chance of producing offspring, while the ones lacking the characteristic are more likely to die off.
Source:
Here is a cool photo that I took at the Fort Fisher Aquarium earlier this semester! This ocellaris clown fish (Amphiprioninar) has a mutual symbiotic relationship with this sea anemone (Actiniaria)! Both the clown fish and the sea anemone benefit from each others company! The clown fish receives protection from bigger fish through the anemone and the anemone receives protection from other predatory fish that are chased away by the extremely territorial clown fish. As a member of the phylum Cnidaria, this sea anemone possess nematocysts that sting prey; not including the clown fish. It is thought that this is due to the mucus coating, that overtime and contact with anemones, produces antigens. I find it extremely interesting that the clown fish has been able to adapt to the stings of the anemone in order to thrive in its aquatic environment! #UNCW #uncwteal #ecology #FishAreCool
This is a cactus (a type of prickly pear). These cacti may be hazardous to people passing by, but they have an important part of the ecology right here in Wilmington. They lay just beyond the first dunes from the beach and cover a good portion of dune. These Cacti have deep roots, important for keeping the sand (and the beach) in place helping with erosion and beach displacement. These along with the other grasses, vines and wild flowers are key to keeping the beach right where it is.
Acte de lliurament de les credencials com a Filla Predilecta de Vila-real a l'empresària i dissenyadora Dolores Cortés Goterris
This picture was taken in Cozumel, Mexico on my cruise for spring break. The Island of Cozumel is a biologically diverse location with different physical features like mountains, rainforests, and coastal beaches. As you can see from the bright blue water, the ocean surrounding the island is full of life and color. Underneath the water, a whole host of ecological processes are at hand. The multiple sites of coral reefs show community structure and dynamics. The coral reefs are known to host a diverse array of tropical fish and other species. One of the most important species for Cozumel is the common starfish (Asteria rubens). The common starfish is an example of keystone predation. A keystone species is a species whose impact is disproportionate to the amount in the community. Keystone predation is the disproportionate impact of a predator who is less abundant in a community. The starfish, by feeding on a variety of prey species, helps reduces the populations and competition in the ecosystem. If the starfish were not present, more prey species populations in the preceding trophic level (typically an intermediate species) will increase. With that increase, the more dominant species will increase and reduce the other prey populations. This would lead to a decrease in biodiversity which you can calculate through Shannon's or Simpson's index. The starfish is able to stabilize the community and help it thrive and be even more diverse. It is so interesting how a trip to Cozumel can show how ecology impacts our daily lives.
Red-tailed hawks are one of the top aerial predators of the longleaf pine ecosystem. These hawks will prey on many animals from rabbits, to reptiles and even fish. The Red-tailed hawks main competitor is the Great horned owl (Bubo virginianus). The two species have been known to consume the others young and fight over nesting sites. The Red-tailed hawk is the most successful raptor in North America ranging from Alaska and Canada all the way south through Mexico into central america.
If you look closely you will see what looks like a small acorn barnacle attached to a cockle shell that washed up on Wrightsville Beach. This is the Balanus Amphitrite more commonly known as the Purple Acorn Barnacle. These small barnacles can be found worldwide in warm temperate seas. They are said to be the most predominant barnacle of ports worldwide due to ship-facilitated introductions centuries ago which makes them an Alien species to many places. Reproduction and dispersion for this species is not a problem as all considering that the Balanus Amphitrite is hermaphroditic and has the highest penis to body length ratio than any other animal.
This photo was taken in mooresville, nc at the lazy 5 ranch mid march 2017.
While on the wagon through the ranch, we saw 2 emus fighting. From researching why, i have found that emus rely on a social hierarchy. There is only one alpha female in a flock and that female has first dibs on food and mating. These emus were fighting for that status. This is an example of intraspecific competition and since they are in a ranch and not in the wild, i doubt that food was the main reason since it is plentiful. We are in the end of their mating season and a limited amount of emus live there. I believe this was the reason for the fighting.
According to www.redoakfarm.com/sex_and_the_emu.htm if there are several males in an area, all the females are going to be bred. The alpha female may not like it and she may try to fight or chase the other females.
I took this photo on a rainy day during an Ecology Lab field trip in the Longleaf Pine and Wiregrass forest on the UNCW campus. It depicts a Longleaf Pine that shows scorch marks on the trunk. The forest this photo was taken in was recently burned in a controlled manner in order to allow forest succession (around 2011). Controlled burnings help reduce the occurrence of natural forest fires. These controlled burnings are periodic and of lower intensity than those naturally occurring fires. Fire is absolutely essential to the natural succession of Longleaf Pine forests. Longleaf Pines are well adapted to take advantage of environmental changes caused by fire. Fire removes thick underbrush that blocks growth of young trees, thins areas of dense growth, and provides an open area for young plants/trees to grow. Also, once a fire has ended, the ground is replenished with essential mineral and nutrients for many plants. Adult Longleaf Pines have a harden bark that is extremely fire-resistance, which allows them to be relatively unaffected by forest fires (save scorch marks such as those shown in this image). Longleaf Pines tend to germinate and grow in areas of the forest floor that have greater openings and light. Fire helps increase open space and light, which in turn provides the optimal environment for the Longleaf Pine to grow. If a seed is deposited in an area of little light it will grow slowly in the grass stage until some natural disturbance, most likely fire, provides the necessary increase in light for growth. Seedlings in the grass stage remain stemless, because it protects the apical meristem and allows for large carbon reserves in the roots. Young Longleaf Pines are very fire resistant once they are out of their fire-sensitive stage (once they reach about 5 ft. high). In order to reduce the likelihood of death in this stage, once enough nutrients are stored in the roots, seedling Longleaf Pines have rapid growth which reduces the amount of time spent in their fire-sensitive stage. They have tufts of needles that are relatively unnecessary for growth, so the loss of needles to fire has little effect on these young trees. Resistance to fire in Longleaf Pines is also related to overall fitness of the individual. Pines that are under more stress, tend to have a higher likelihood of death or damage due to fire. Also, Longleaf Pines that are heavily damaged by insects are less likely to survive fires. The height of adult Longleaf Pines is another protection against fire as it allows the apical meristem to be out of reach of fires on the forest floors. UNCW has 3 distinct sections of Longleaf Pine forests, and burnings are periodically prescribed to reduce the likelihood of uncontrolled fires near a residential area. Controlled fires also help the growth of the forest, which is essential as Longleaf Pine forests are drastically decreasing in size and frequency in the South.
Citations:
Wang, G. G., Pile, L. S., Knapp, B. O., & Hung, H. Longleaf pine adaptation to fire: Is early height growth pattern critical to fire survival? USDA: Fire Services, 214-218.
Natural Regeneration of Longleaf Pine. (2011). North Carolina Forest Service- Longleaf Leaflet, 5.
This is an Eastern American Toad, Anaxyrus americanus americanus, found in Frederick, Maryland on the night of April 15th. While we were walking through the park many toads could be seen on the sidewalk pavement out for the night. The American toad is most active at night spending most of its day hiding under ground litter. The American toad exhibits two different types of predation defenses, the first being cryptic coloration. Though not clear in the picture, the toad camouflages very well into its natural environment such as the underbrush of small forests. In fact, when feeling threatened it often crouches low and remains still, relying on its camouflage. The other predation defense it exhibits is chemical defense. The parotoid glands and skin of this toad secrete a chemical known as bufotoxin. While this is a good chemical defense for the toad, unfortunately it is not uncommon for curious dogs to become the victim of toad poisoning.
This photo was taken on Carolina Beach on April 13th 2017. The species of jellyfish shown is most likely a mushroom jellyfish, scientific name Rhopilema verrilli. Recently, the amount of jellyfish in North Carolina waters has been increasing. Earlier and earlier in the season, more jellyfish are spotted both in the water and washed up on shore. Also, species of jellyfish previously never seen in North Carolina are being identified and growing in numbers. There are many potential reasons for these observed patterns of increasing population growth. First of all, global warming is thought to be a major contributor. A warmer climate means warmer waters, and thus species of jellyfish that could previously solely exist in tropical waters are able to survive in increasing latitudes. The environmental range of tolerance for many types of jellyfish is increasing, and thus more species are able to thrive in a greater variety of ecosystems.
Also, increased agricultural activity results in high amounts of nutrient rich runoff entering the oceans. These nutrients can spark algal blooms and increase the productivity of phytoplankton. Algae and phytoplankton constitute the main food source for jellyfish, providing another explanation for increased numbers of jellyfish in North Carolina waters. A third reason for increased jellyfish populations could be the removal of their natural predators. Jellyfish have few natural predators to begin with, given their lack of nutritional value, but some creatures do eat them and serve to keep their populations in check. The main predators of jellyfish include sharks and sea turtles, both of which are critically endangered and often killed by humans. Without enough natural predators, jellyfish populations will continue to serge and this could have dire consequences for many ecosystems.
Possible consequences of more jellyfish are numerous. Since jellyfish eat the primary producers of the oceans (phytoplankton), increased numbers of jellyfish may cause a sharp decline in the phytoplankton population, and thus the productivity of our oceans. Phytoplankton support the entire marine food web and without them, community and ecosystem structures would quickly collapse. Besides affecting aquatic organisms, increasing the jellyfish population could also impact human endeavors. Not only do jellyfish sting humans, but their presence in large numbers would lower the recreational value of many coastal locations. Also, growing unchecked, they may outcompete other valuable species for resources and harm the fishing industry. Thus increasing populations of jellyfish can harm natural ecosystems, as well as our economy.
For more information on the topic, please visit the following webpages:
voices.nationalgeographic.com/2014/08/16/animals-jellyfis...
I took this photo outside of my apartment this afternoon with an iPhone 6s. My Garden Answers app told me it was the European Fan Palm. This was planted here in Mayfaire because it is both aesthetically pleasing and it is able to tolerate the heat and humidity that the Wilmington summer will bring. They can adapt to well-drained soils and are from hot and dry places in the Mediterranean Sea Basin.
"Garden Answers - Plant Identification." Garden Answers. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2016.
Retrieved from: www.gardenanswers.com/
Featured in this photo is a beautiful azalea with a bee inside. These flowers and the bees around them were found outside of the POD market by the Landing on the UNCW campus around 1 pm on March 29, 2017. Azaleas belong to a genus known as Rhododendron. I've identified this one to be R. vaseyi, one of the five azalea species with pink petals, based on its number of stamen and shape of its petals. Azaleas are very popular in Wilmington, even owing their name to a large local community celebration known as the Azalea Festival which occurs in early April. What's taking place in this picture is a special type of mutualistic symbiotic relationship called pollination. Pollination is the transfer of pollen (the male gamete) from the stamen of one plant to the stigma of another for sexual reproduction. Sometimes pollination takes place on the same individual, known as self-pollination. Pollination can be accomplished by abiotic factors such as wind or water but is often done by organisms which have a close relationship to the flower being pollinated. These relationships have coevolved so powerfully in some cases that specific species of insects exclusively pollinate specific plants. This act of pollination is very important for the dispersal of the plant and genetic variability (pollen can travel to distant flowers instead of self-pollination or nearby ones). Bees by doing this are providing an ecosystem service, serving to uphold the ecosystem this azalea is a part of. Humans could theoretically move the pollen from one plant to another allowing for sexual reproduction but this would of course be a long, tedious, expensive process that instead is accomplished by nature in the form of these bees. The relationship is mutualistic because the bees get food from the flower in exchange for spreading the pollen.
As I watched my grandmother swat and waive her arms around wildly, I simply looked at her and said "it's just a bumble bee." After saying that I realized that I really wasn't sure what kind of bee it was but after snapping a picture of it and searching various sites, I found out it was not a bumble bee at all, but a Carpenter Bee ( Xylocopa spp.). At a glance, these bees are almost and quite often highly mistaken for common bumble bees but their main distinguishable characteristics are 1) Where they live exactly and 2) Their markings/ coloration. The Carpenter Bee has almost identical markings as a bumble bee, however where the bumble bee has a hairy abdomen, the abdomen of the Carpenter Bee, as is visible in this picture up close, is shiny and relatively hairless (Jacobs). They construct their nests in wood (hence the name) rather than in the ground like bumble bees, which is most often unpainted and unpolished/ weathered. It is only the female that does this. The males act as sentries to ward off other insects and the females use the holes bored in the wood (usually about 1 inch deep) to lay their eggs. This is very possibly a defense against predators as the hole is so small, many larger creatures cannot enter and with the male acting as a sentry, it provides protection for the young and alots the female time and space to protect the dwelling. After 5-7 weeks, the pupates will emerge fully developed and proceed to find mates and tunnels of their own (Wilton). Ecologically, this can cause some structural damage to trees, fences or any solid wood construct or object. Initially this is of little concern but as the female bores deeper and deeper, the tunneling and holes can cause almost termite-like complications, depending on the structure and number of females present (insectidentifaction.org). As is the case with almost all bees, they serve great importance by traveling between nests and flowers to feed, though they do not produce honey, while at the same time pollinating the plants around us. What you are seeing in the picture is possibly a location or future location of a home for this bee and his mate and he is guarding the area. Not to fear, however, because as long as it is a male one can feel fairly safe as the males have no stinger. The females, on the other hand, can sting if provoked hard enough. Many of those who own or tend garden often try to control rather than exterminate the number of Carpenter Bees around their field as they do not want any structural damage to occur from too many females, but also use them to benefit their vegetable gardens, specifically eggplant, tomato and various others as they are excellent pollinators (Buchman).
Sources:
ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/carpenter-bees
www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/pollinator-of-the-m...
sites.google.com/a/wiltonhs.com/carpenter-bee/life-cycle
www.insectidentification.org/insect-description.asp?ident...