View allAll Photos Tagged Source
Took a break on the snow and bandaged this guy's paws some more before continuing on this seemingly never-ending talus field. Told him this could be our last water source until we get back from the summit so he best drink up. And with his eyes closed he replied: "Zzz…".
Graffiti (plural; singular graffiti or graffito, the latter rarely used except in archeology) is art that is written, painted or drawn on a wall or other surface, usually without permission and within public view. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire (see also mural).
Graffiti is a controversial subject. In most countries, marking or painting property without permission is considered by property owners and civic authorities as defacement and vandalism, which is a punishable crime, citing the use of graffiti by street gangs to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities. Graffiti has become visualized as a growing urban "problem" for many cities in industrialized nations, spreading from the New York City subway system and Philadelphia in the early 1970s to the rest of the United States and Europe and other world regions
"Graffiti" (usually both singular and plural) and the rare singular form "graffito" are from the Italian word graffiato ("scratched"). The term "graffiti" is used in art history for works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface. A related term is "sgraffito", which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique was primarily used by potters who would glaze their wares and then scratch a design into them. In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, although sometimes chalk or coal were used. The word originates from Greek γράφειν—graphein—meaning "to write".
The term graffiti originally referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, and such, found on the walls of ancient sepulchres or ruins, as in the Catacombs of Rome or at Pompeii. Historically, these writings were not considered vanadlism, which today is considered part of the definition of graffiti.
The only known source of the Safaitic language, an ancient form of Arabic, is from graffiti: inscriptions scratched on to the surface of rocks and boulders in the predominantly basalt desert of southern Syria, eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD.
Some of the oldest cave paintings in the world are 40,000 year old ones found in Australia. The oldest written graffiti was found in ancient Rome around 2500 years ago. Most graffiti from the time was boasts about sexual experiences Graffiti in Ancient Rome was a form of communication, and was not considered vandalism.
Ancient tourists visiting the 5th-century citadel at Sigiriya in Sri Lanka write their names and commentary over the "mirror wall", adding up to over 1800 individual graffiti produced there between the 6th and 18th centuries. Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there. One reads:
Wet with cool dew drops
fragrant with perfume from the flowers
came the gentle breeze
jasmine and water lily
dance in the spring sunshine
side-long glances
of the golden-hued ladies
stab into my thoughts
heaven itself cannot take my mind
as it has been captivated by one lass
among the five hundred I have seen here.
Among the ancient political graffiti examples were Arab satirist poems. Yazid al-Himyari, an Umayyad Arab and Persian poet, was most known for writing his political poetry on the walls between Sajistan and Basra, manifesting a strong hatred towards the Umayyad regime and its walis, and people used to read and circulate them very widely.
Graffiti, known as Tacherons, were frequently scratched on Romanesque Scandinavian church walls. When Renaissance artists such as Pinturicchio, Raphael, Michelangelo, Ghirlandaio, or Filippino Lippi descended into the ruins of Nero's Domus Aurea, they carved or painted their names and returned to initiate the grottesche style of decoration.
There are also examples of graffiti occurring in American history, such as Independence Rock, a national landmark along the Oregon Trail.
Later, French soldiers carved their names on monuments during the Napoleonic campaign of Egypt in the 1790s. Lord Byron's survives on one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion in Attica, Greece.
The oldest known example of graffiti "monikers" found on traincars created by hobos and railworkers since the late 1800s. The Bozo Texino monikers were documented by filmmaker Bill Daniel in his 2005 film, Who is Bozo Texino?.
In World War II, an inscription on a wall at the fortress of Verdun was seen as an illustration of the US response twice in a generation to the wrongs of the Old World:
During World War II and for decades after, the phrase "Kilroy was here" with an accompanying illustration was widespread throughout the world, due to its use by American troops and ultimately filtering into American popular culture. Shortly after the death of Charlie Parker (nicknamed "Yardbird" or "Bird"), graffiti began appearing around New York with the words "Bird Lives".
Modern graffiti art has its origins with young people in 1960s and 70s in New York City and Philadelphia. Tags were the first form of stylised contemporary graffiti. Eventually, throw-ups and pieces evolved with the desire to create larger art. Writers used spray paint and other kind of materials to leave tags or to create images on the sides subway trains. and eventually moved into the city after the NYC metro began to buy new trains and paint over graffiti.
While the art had many advocates and appreciators—including the cultural critic Norman Mailer—others, including New York City mayor Ed Koch, considered it to be defacement of public property, and saw it as a form of public blight. The ‘taggers’ called what they did ‘writing’—though an important 1974 essay by Mailer referred to it using the term ‘graffiti.’
Contemporary graffiti style has been heavily influenced by hip hop culture and the myriad international styles derived from Philadelphia and New York City Subway graffiti; however, there are many other traditions of notable graffiti in the twentieth century. Graffiti have long appeared on building walls, in latrines, railroad boxcars, subways, and bridges.
An early graffito outside of New York or Philadelphia was the inscription in London reading "Clapton is God" in reference to the guitarist Eric Clapton. Creating the cult of the guitar hero, the phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington, north London in the autumn of 1967. The graffito was captured in a photograph, in which a dog is urinating on the wall.
Films like Style Wars in the 80s depicting famous writers such as Skeme, Dondi, MinOne, and ZEPHYR reinforced graffiti's role within New York's emerging hip-hop culture. Although many officers of the New York City Police Department found this film to be controversial, Style Wars is still recognized as the most prolific film representation of what was going on within the young hip hop culture of the early 1980s. Fab 5 Freddy and Futura 2000 took hip hop graffiti to Paris and London as part of the New York City Rap Tour in 1983
Commercialization and entrance into mainstream pop culture
Main article: Commercial graffiti
With the popularity and legitimization of graffiti has come a level of commercialization. In 2001, computer giant IBM launched an advertising campaign in Chicago and San Francisco which involved people spray painting on sidewalks a peace symbol, a heart, and a penguin (Linux mascot), to represent "Peace, Love, and Linux." IBM paid Chicago and San Francisco collectively US$120,000 for punitive damages and clean-up costs.
In 2005, a similar ad campaign was launched by Sony and executed by its advertising agency in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Miami, to market its handheld PSP gaming system. In this campaign, taking notice of the legal problems of the IBM campaign, Sony paid building owners for the rights to paint on their buildings "a collection of dizzy-eyed urban kids playing with the PSP as if it were a skateboard, a paddle, or a rocking horse".
Tristan Manco wrote that Brazil "boasts a unique and particularly rich, graffiti scene ... [earning] it an international reputation as the place to go for artistic inspiration". Graffiti "flourishes in every conceivable space in Brazil's cities". Artistic parallels "are often drawn between the energy of São Paulo today and 1970s New York". The "sprawling metropolis", of São Paulo has "become the new shrine to graffiti"; Manco alludes to "poverty and unemployment ... [and] the epic struggles and conditions of the country's marginalised peoples", and to "Brazil's chronic poverty", as the main engines that "have fuelled a vibrant graffiti culture". In world terms, Brazil has "one of the most uneven distributions of income. Laws and taxes change frequently". Such factors, Manco argues, contribute to a very fluid society, riven with those economic divisions and social tensions that underpin and feed the "folkloric vandalism and an urban sport for the disenfranchised", that is South American graffiti art.
Prominent Brazilian writers include Os Gêmeos, Boleta, Nunca, Nina, Speto, Tikka, and T.Freak. Their artistic success and involvement in commercial design ventures has highlighted divisions within the Brazilian graffiti community between adherents of the cruder transgressive form of pichação and the more conventionally artistic values of the practitioners of grafite.
Graffiti in the Middle East has emerged slowly, with taggers operating in Egypt, Lebanon, the Gulf countries like Bahrain or the United Arab Emirates, Israel, and in Iran. The major Iranian newspaper Hamshahri has published two articles on illegal writers in the city with photographic coverage of Iranian artist A1one's works on Tehran walls. Tokyo-based design magazine, PingMag, has interviewed A1one and featured photographs of his work. The Israeli West Bank barrier has become a site for graffiti, reminiscent in this sense of the Berlin Wall. Many writers in Israel come from other places around the globe, such as JUIF from Los Angeles and DEVIONE from London. The religious reference "נ נח נחמ נחמן מאומן" ("Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman") is commonly seen in graffiti around Israel.
Graffiti has played an important role within the street art scene in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), especially following the events of the Arab Spring of 2011 or the Sudanese Revolution of 2018/19. Graffiti is a tool of expression in the context of conflict in the region, allowing people to raise their voices politically and socially. Famous street artist Banksy has had an important effect in the street art scene in the MENA area, especially in Palestine where some of his works are located in the West Bank barrier and Bethlehem.
There are also a large number of graffiti influences in Southeast Asian countries that mostly come from modern Western culture, such as Malaysia, where graffiti have long been a common sight in Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur. Since 2010, the country has begun hosting a street festival to encourage all generations and people from all walks of life to enjoy and encourage Malaysian street culture.
The modern-day graffitists can be found with an arsenal of various materials that allow for a successful production of a piece. This includes such techniques as scribing. However, spray paint in aerosol cans is the number one medium for graffiti. From this commodity comes different styles, technique, and abilities to form master works of graffiti. Spray paint can be found at hardware and art stores and comes in virtually every color.
Stencil graffiti is created by cutting out shapes and designs in a stiff material (such as cardboard or subject folders) to form an overall design or image. The stencil is then placed on the "canvas" gently and with quick, easy strokes of the aerosol can, the image begins to appear on the intended surface.
Some of the first examples were created in 1981 by artists Blek le Rat in Paris, in 1982 by Jef Aerosol in Tours (France); by 1985 stencils had appeared in other cities including New York City, Sydney, and Melbourne, where they were documented by American photographer Charles Gatewood and Australian photographer Rennie Ellis
Tagging is the practice of someone spray-painting "their name, initial or logo onto a public surface" in a handstyle unique to the writer. Tags were the first form of modern graffiti.
Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional arts and technologies. For example, Graffiti Research Lab has encouraged the use of projected images and magnetic light-emitting diodes (throwies) as new media for graffitists. yarnbombing is another recent form of graffiti. Yarnbombers occasionally target previous graffiti for modification, which had been avoided among the majority of graffitists.
Theories on the use of graffiti by avant-garde artists have a history dating back at least to the Asger Jorn, who in 1962 painting declared in a graffiti-like gesture "the avant-garde won't give up"
Many contemporary analysts and even art critics have begun to see artistic value in some graffiti and to recognize it as a form of public art. According to many art researchers, particularly in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles, that type of public art is, in fact an effective tool of social emancipation or, in the achievement of a political goal
In times of conflict, such murals have offered a means of communication and self-expression for members of these socially, ethnically, or racially divided communities, and have proven themselves as effective tools in establishing dialog and thus, of addressing cleavages in the long run. The Berlin Wall was also extensively covered by graffiti reflecting social pressures relating to the oppressive Soviet rule over the GDR.
Many artists involved with graffiti are also concerned with the similar activity of stenciling. Essentially, this entails stenciling a print of one or more colors using spray-paint. Recognized while exhibiting and publishing several of her coloured stencils and paintings portraying the Sri Lankan Civil War and urban Britain in the early 2000s, graffitists Mathangi Arulpragasam, aka M.I.A., has also become known for integrating her imagery of political violence into her music videos for singles "Galang" and "Bucky Done Gun", and her cover art. Stickers of her artwork also often appear around places such as London in Brick Lane, stuck to lamp posts and street signs, she having become a muse for other graffitists and painters worldwide in cities including Seville.
Graffitist believes that art should be on display for everyone in the public eye or in plain sight, not hidden away in a museum or a gallery. Art should color the streets, not the inside of some building. Graffiti is a form of art that cannot be owned or bought. It does not last forever, it is temporary, yet one of a kind. It is a form of self promotion for the artist that can be displayed anywhere form sidewalks, roofs, subways, building wall, etc. Art to them is for everyone and should be showed to everyone for free.
Graffiti is a way of communicating and a way of expressing what one feels in the moment. It is both art and a functional thing that can warn people of something or inform people of something. However, graffiti is to some people a form of art, but to some a form of vandalism. And many graffitists choose to protect their identities and remain anonymous or to hinder prosecution.
With the commercialization of graffiti (and hip hop in general), in most cases, even with legally painted "graffiti" art, graffitists tend to choose anonymity. This may be attributed to various reasons or a combination of reasons. Graffiti still remains the one of four hip hop elements that is not considered "performance art" despite the image of the "singing and dancing star" that sells hip hop culture to the mainstream. Being a graphic form of art, it might also be said that many graffitists still fall in the category of the introverted archetypal artist.
Banksy is one of the world's most notorious and popular street artists who continues to remain faceless in today's society. He is known for his political, anti-war stencil art mainly in Bristol, England, but his work may be seen anywhere from Los Angeles to Palestine. In the UK, Banksy is the most recognizable icon for this cultural artistic movement and keeps his identity a secret to avoid arrest. Much of Banksy's artwork may be seen around the streets of London and surrounding suburbs, although he has painted pictures throughout the world, including the Middle East, where he has painted on Israel's controversial West Bank barrier with satirical images of life on the other side. One depicted a hole in the wall with an idyllic beach, while another shows a mountain landscape on the other side. A number of exhibitions also have taken place since 2000, and recent works of art have fetched vast sums of money. Banksy's art is a prime example of the classic controversy: vandalism vs. art. Art supporters endorse his work distributed in urban areas as pieces of art and some councils, such as Bristol and Islington, have officially protected them, while officials of other areas have deemed his work to be vandalism and have removed it.
Pixnit is another artist who chooses to keep her identity from the general public. Her work focuses on beauty and design aspects of graffiti as opposed to Banksy's anti-government shock value. Her paintings are often of flower designs above shops and stores in her local urban area of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some store owners endorse her work and encourage others to do similar work as well. "One of the pieces was left up above Steve's Kitchen, because it looks pretty awesome"- Erin Scott, the manager of New England Comics in Allston, Massachusetts.
Graffiti artists may become offended if photographs of their art are published in a commercial context without their permission. In March 2020, the Finnish graffiti artist Psyke expressed his displeasure at the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat publishing a photograph of a Peugeot 208 in an article about new cars, with his graffiti prominently shown on the background. The artist claims he does not want his art being used in commercial context, not even if he were to receive compensation.
Territorial graffiti marks urban neighborhoods with tags and logos to differentiate certain groups from others. These images are meant to show outsiders a stern look at whose turf is whose. The subject matter of gang-related graffiti consists of cryptic symbols and initials strictly fashioned with unique calligraphies. Gang members use graffiti to designate membership throughout the gang, to differentiate rivals and associates and, most commonly, to mark borders which are both territorial and ideological.
Graffiti has been used as a means of advertising both legally and illegally. Bronx-based TATS CRU has made a name for themselves doing legal advertising campaigns for companies such as Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Toyota, and MTV. In the UK, Covent Garden's Boxfresh used stencil images of a Zapatista revolutionary in the hopes that cross referencing would promote their store.
Smirnoff hired artists to use reverse graffiti (the use of high pressure hoses to clean dirty surfaces to leave a clean image in the surrounding dirt) to increase awareness of their product.
Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that rebels against authority, although the considerations of the practitioners often diverge and can relate to a wide range of attitudes. It can express a political practice and can form just one tool in an array of resistance techniques. One early example includes the anarcho-punk band Crass, who conducted a campaign of stenciling anti-war, anarchist, feminist, and anti-consumerist messages throughout the London Underground system during the late 1970s and early 1980s. In Amsterdam graffiti was a major part of the punk scene. The city was covered with names such as "De Zoot", "Vendex", and "Dr Rat". To document the graffiti a punk magazine was started that was called Gallery Anus. So when hip hop came to Europe in the early 1980s there was already a vibrant graffiti culture.
The student protests and general strike of May 1968 saw Paris bedecked in revolutionary, anarchistic, and situationist slogans such as L'ennui est contre-révolutionnaire ("Boredom is counterrevolutionary") and Lisez moins, vivez plus ("Read less, live more"). While not exhaustive, the graffiti gave a sense of the 'millenarian' and rebellious spirit, tempered with a good deal of verbal wit, of the strikers.
I think graffiti writing is a way of defining what our generation is like. Excuse the French, we're not a bunch of p---- artists. Traditionally artists have been considered soft and mellow people, a little bit kooky. Maybe we're a little bit more like pirates that way. We defend our territory, whatever space we steal to paint on, we defend it fiercely.
The developments of graffiti art which took place in art galleries and colleges as well as "on the street" or "underground", contributed to the resurfacing in the 1990s of a far more overtly politicized art form in the subvertising, culture jamming, or tactical media movements. These movements or styles tend to classify the artists by their relationship to their social and economic contexts, since, in most countries, graffiti art remains illegal in many forms except when using non-permanent paint. Since the 1990s with the rise of Street Art, a growing number of artists are switching to non-permanent paints and non-traditional forms of painting.
Contemporary practitioners, accordingly, have varied and often conflicting practices. Some individuals, such as Alexander Brener, have used the medium to politicize other art forms, and have used the prison sentences enforced on them as a means of further protest. The practices of anonymous groups and individuals also vary widely, and practitioners by no means always agree with each other's practices. For example, the anti-capitalist art group the Space Hijackers did a piece in 2004 about the contradiction between the capitalistic elements of Banksy and his use of political imagery.
Berlin human rights activist Irmela Mensah-Schramm has received global media attention and numerous awards for her 35-year campaign of effacing neo-Nazi and other right-wing extremist graffiti throughout Germany, often by altering hate speech in humorous ways.
In Serbian capital, Belgrade, the graffiti depicting a uniformed former general of Serb army and war criminal, convicted at ICTY for war crimes and crimes against humanity, including genocide and ethnic cleansing in Bosnian War, Ratko Mladić, appeared in a military salute alongside the words "General, thank to your mother". Aleks Eror, Berlin-based journalist, explains how "veneration of historical and wartime figures" through street art is not a new phenomenon in the region of former Yugoslavia, and that "in most cases is firmly focused on the future, rather than retelling the past". Eror is not only analyst pointing to danger of such an expressions for the region's future. In a long expose on the subject of Bosnian genocide denial, at Balkan Diskurs magazine and multimedia platform website, Kristina Gadže and Taylor Whitsell referred to these experiences as a young generations' "cultural heritage", in which young are being exposed to celebration and affirmation of war-criminals as part of their "formal education" and "inheritance".
There are numerous examples of genocide denial through celebration and affirmation of war criminals throughout the region of Western Balkans inhabited by Serbs using this form of artistic expression. Several more of these graffiti are found in Serbian capital, and many more across Serbia and Bosnian and Herzegovinian administrative entity, Republika Srpska, which is the ethnic Serbian majority enclave. Critics point that Serbia as a state, is willing to defend the mural of convicted war criminal, and have no intention to react on cases of genocide denial, noting that Interior Minister of Serbia, Aleksandar Vulin decision to ban any gathering with an intent to remove the mural, with the deployment of riot police, sends the message of "tacit endorsement". Consequently, on 9 November 2021, Serbian heavy police in riot gear, with graffiti creators and their supporters, blocked the access to the mural to prevent human rights groups and other activists to paint over it and mark the International Day Against Fascism and Antisemitism in that way, and even arrested two civic activist for throwing eggs at the graffiti.
Graffiti may also be used as an offensive expression. This form of graffiti may be difficult to identify, as it is mostly removed by the local authority (as councils which have adopted strategies of criminalization also strive to remove graffiti quickly). Therefore, existing racist graffiti is mostly more subtle and at first sight, not easily recognized as "racist". It can then be understood only if one knows the relevant "local code" (social, historical, political, temporal, and spatial), which is seen as heteroglot and thus a 'unique set of conditions' in a cultural context.
A spatial code for example, could be that there is a certain youth group in an area that is engaging heavily in racist activities. So, for residents (knowing the local code), a graffiti containing only the name or abbreviation of this gang already is a racist expression, reminding the offended people of their gang activities. Also a graffiti is in most cases, the herald of more serious criminal activity to come. A person who does not know these gang activities would not be able to recognize the meaning of this graffiti. Also if a tag of this youth group or gang is placed on a building occupied by asylum seekers, for example, its racist character is even stronger.
By making the graffiti less explicit (as adapted to social and legal constraints), these drawings are less likely to be removed, but do not lose their threatening and offensive character.
Elsewhere, activists in Russia have used painted caricatures of local officials with their mouths as potholes, to show their anger about the poor state of the roads. In Manchester, England, a graffitists painted obscene images around potholes, which often resulted in them being repaired within 48 hours.
In the early 1980s, the first art galleries to show graffitists to the public were Fashion Moda in the Bronx, Now Gallery and Fun Gallery, both in the East Village, Manhattan.
A 2006 exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum displayed graffiti as an art form that began in New York's outer boroughs and reached great heights in the early 1980s with the work of Crash, Lee, Daze, Keith Haring, and Jean-Michel Basquiat. It displayed 22 works by New York graffitists, including Crash, Daze, and Lady Pink. In an article about the exhibition in the magazine Time Out, curator Charlotta Kotik said that she hoped the exhibition would cause viewers to rethink their assumptions about graffiti.
From the 1970s onwards, Burhan Doğançay photographed urban walls all over the world; these he then archived for use as sources of inspiration for his painterly works. The project today known as "Walls of the World" grew beyond even his own expectations and comprises about 30,000 individual images. It spans a period of 40 years across five continents and 114 countries. In 1982, photographs from this project comprised a one-man exhibition titled "Les murs murmurent, ils crient, ils chantent ..." (The walls whisper, shout and sing ...) at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.
In Australia, art historians have judged some local graffiti of sufficient creative merit to rank them firmly within the arts. Oxford University Press's art history text Australian Painting 1788–2000 concludes with a long discussion of graffiti's key place within contemporary visual culture, including the work of several Australian practitioners.
Between March and April 2009, 150 artists exhibited 300 pieces of graffiti at the Grand Palais in Paris.
Spray paint has many negative environmental effects. The paint contains toxic chemicals, and the can uses volatile hydrocarbon gases to spray the paint onto a surface.
Volatile organic compound (VOC) leads to ground level ozone formation and most of graffiti related emissions are VOCs. A 2010 paper estimates 4,862 tons of VOCs were released in the United States in activities related to graffiti.
In China, Mao Zedong in the 1920s used revolutionary slogans and paintings in public places to galvanize the country's communist movement.
Based on different national conditions, many people believe that China's attitude towards Graffiti is fierce, but in fact, according to Lance Crayon in his film Spray Paint Beijing: Graffiti in the Capital of China, Graffiti is generally accepted in Beijing, with artists not seeing much police interference. Political and religiously sensitive graffiti, however, is not allowed.
In Hong Kong, Tsang Tsou Choi was known as the King of Kowloon for his calligraphy graffiti over many years, in which he claimed ownership of the area. Now some of his work is preserved officially.
In Taiwan, the government has made some concessions to graffitists. Since 2005 they have been allowed to freely display their work along some sections of riverside retaining walls in designated "Graffiti Zones". From 2007, Taipei's department of cultural affairs also began permitting graffiti on fences around major public construction sites. Department head Yong-ping Lee (李永萍) stated, "We will promote graffiti starting with the public sector, and then later in the private sector too. It's our goal to beautify the city with graffiti". The government later helped organize a graffiti contest in Ximending, a popular shopping district. graffitists caught working outside of these designated areas still face fines up to NT$6,000 under a department of environmental protection regulation. However, Taiwanese authorities can be relatively lenient, one veteran police officer stating anonymously, "Unless someone complains about vandalism, we won't get involved. We don't go after it proactively."
In 1993, after several expensive cars in Singapore were spray-painted, the police arrested a student from the Singapore American School, Michael P. Fay, questioned him, and subsequently charged him with vandalism. Fay pleaded guilty to vandalizing a car in addition to stealing road signs. Under the 1966 Vandalism Act of Singapore, originally passed to curb the spread of communist graffiti in Singapore, the court sentenced him to four months in jail, a fine of S$3,500 (US$2,233), and a caning. The New York Times ran several editorials and op-eds that condemned the punishment and called on the American public to flood the Singaporean embassy with protests. Although the Singapore government received many calls for clemency, Fay's caning took place in Singapore on 5 May 1994. Fay had originally received a sentence of six strokes of the cane, but the presiding president of Singapore, Ong Teng Cheong, agreed to reduce his caning sentence to four lashes.
In South Korea, Park Jung-soo was fined two million South Korean won by the Seoul Central District Court for spray-painting a rat on posters of the G-20 Summit a few days before the event in November 2011. Park alleged that the initial in "G-20" sounds like the Korean word for "rat", but Korean government prosecutors alleged that Park was making a derogatory statement about the president of South Korea, Lee Myung-bak, the host of the summit. This case led to public outcry and debate on the lack of government tolerance and in support of freedom of expression. The court ruled that the painting, "an ominous creature like a rat" amounts to "an organized criminal activity" and upheld the fine while denying the prosecution's request for imprisonment for Park.
In Europe, community cleaning squads have responded to graffiti, in some cases with reckless abandon, as when in 1992 in France a local Scout group, attempting to remove modern graffiti, damaged two prehistoric paintings of bison in the Cave of Mayrière supérieure near the French village of Bruniquel in Tarn-et-Garonne, earning them the 1992 Ig Nobel Prize in archeology.
In September 2006, the European Parliament directed the European Commission to create urban environment policies to prevent and eliminate dirt, litter, graffiti, animal excrement, and excessive noise from domestic and vehicular music systems in European cities, along with other concerns over urban life.
In Budapest, Hungary, both a city-backed movement called I Love Budapest and a special police division tackle the problem, including the provision of approved areas.
The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 became Britain's latest anti-graffiti legislation. In August 2004, the Keep Britain Tidy campaign issued a press release calling for zero tolerance of graffiti and supporting proposals such as issuing "on the spot" fines to graffiti offenders and banning the sale of aerosol paint to anyone under the age of 16. The press release also condemned the use of graffiti images in advertising and in music videos, arguing that real-world experience of graffiti stood far removed from its often-portrayed "cool" or "edgy'" image.
To back the campaign, 123 Members of Parliament (MPs) (including then Prime Minister Tony Blair), signed a charter which stated: "Graffiti is not art, it's crime. On behalf of my constituents, I will do all I can to rid our community of this problem."
In the UK, city councils have the power to take action against the owner of any property that has been defaced under the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (as amended by the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005) or, in certain cases, the Highways Act. This is often used against owners of property that are complacent in allowing protective boards to be defaced so long as the property is not damaged.
In July 2008, a conspiracy charge was used to convict graffitists for the first time. After a three-month police surveillance operation, nine members of the DPM crew were convicted of conspiracy to commit criminal damage costing at least £1 million. Five of them received prison sentences, ranging from eighteen months to two years. The unprecedented scale of the investigation and the severity of the sentences rekindled public debate over whether graffiti should be considered art or crime.
Some councils, like those of Stroud and Loerrach, provide approved areas in the town where graffitists can showcase their talents, including underpasses, car parks, and walls that might otherwise prove a target for the "spray and run".
Graffiti Tunnel, University of Sydney at Camperdown (2009)
In an effort to reduce vandalism, many cities in Australia have designated walls or areas exclusively for use by graffitists. One early example is the "Graffiti Tunnel" located at the Camperdown Campus of the University of Sydney, which is available for use by any student at the university to tag, advertise, poster, and paint. Advocates of this idea suggest that this discourages petty vandalism yet encourages artists to take their time and produce great art, without worry of being caught or arrested for vandalism or trespassing.[108][109] Others disagree with this approach, arguing that the presence of legal graffiti walls does not demonstrably reduce illegal graffiti elsewhere. Some local government areas throughout Australia have introduced "anti-graffiti squads", who clean graffiti in the area, and such crews as BCW (Buffers Can't Win) have taken steps to keep one step ahead of local graffiti cleaners.
Many state governments have banned the sale or possession of spray paint to those under the age of 18 (age of majority). However, a number of local governments in Victoria have taken steps to recognize the cultural heritage value of some examples of graffiti, such as prominent political graffiti. Tough new graffiti laws have been introduced in Australia with fines of up to A$26,000 and two years in prison.
Melbourne is a prominent graffiti city of Australia with many of its lanes being tourist attractions, such as Hosier Lane in particular, a popular destination for photographers, wedding photography, and backdrops for corporate print advertising. The Lonely Planet travel guide cites Melbourne's street as a major attraction. All forms of graffiti, including sticker art, poster, stencil art, and wheatpasting, can be found in many places throughout the city. Prominent street art precincts include; Fitzroy, Collingwood, Northcote, Brunswick, St. Kilda, and the CBD, where stencil and sticker art is prominent. As one moves farther away from the city, mostly along suburban train lines, graffiti tags become more prominent. Many international artists such as Banksy have left their work in Melbourne and in early 2008 a perspex screen was installed to prevent a Banksy stencil art piece from being destroyed, it has survived since 2003 through the respect of local street artists avoiding posting over it, although it has recently had paint tipped over it.
In February 2008 Helen Clark, the New Zealand prime minister at that time, announced a government crackdown on tagging and other forms of graffiti vandalism, describing it as a destructive crime representing an invasion of public and private property. New legislation subsequently adopted included a ban on the sale of paint spray cans to persons under 18 and increases in maximum fines for the offence from NZ$200 to NZ$2,000 or extended community service. The issue of tagging become a widely debated one following an incident in Auckland during January 2008 in which a middle-aged property owner stabbed one of two teenage taggers to death and was subsequently convicted of manslaughter.
Graffiti databases have increased in the past decade because they allow vandalism incidents to be fully documented against an offender and help the police and prosecution charge and prosecute offenders for multiple counts of vandalism. They also provide law enforcement the ability to rapidly search for an offender's moniker or tag in a simple, effective, and comprehensive way. These systems can also help track costs of damage to a city to help allocate an anti-graffiti budget. The theory is that when an offender is caught putting up graffiti, they are not just charged with one count of vandalism; they can be held accountable for all the other damage for which they are responsible. This has two main benefits for law enforcement. One, it sends a signal to the offenders that their vandalism is being tracked. Two, a city can seek restitution from offenders for all the damage that they have committed, not merely a single incident. These systems give law enforcement personnel real-time, street-level intelligence that allows them not only to focus on the worst graffiti offenders and their damage, but also to monitor potential gang violence that is associated with the graffiti.
Many restrictions of civil gang injunctions are designed to help address and protect the physical environment and limit graffiti. Provisions of gang injunctions include things such as restricting the possession of marker pens, spray paint cans, or other sharp objects capable of defacing private or public property; spray painting, or marking with marker pens, scratching, applying stickers, or otherwise applying graffiti on any public or private property, including, but not limited to the street, alley, residences, block walls, and fences, vehicles or any other real or personal property. Some injunctions contain wording that restricts damaging or vandalizing both public and private property, including but not limited to any vehicle, light fixture, door, fence, wall, gate, window, building, street sign, utility box, telephone box, tree, or power pole.
To help address many of these issues, many local jurisdictions have set up graffiti abatement hotlines, where citizens can call in and report vandalism and have it removed. San Diego's hotline receives more than 5,000 calls per year, in addition to reporting the graffiti, callers can learn more about prevention. One of the complaints about these hotlines is the response time; there is often a lag time between a property owner calling about the graffiti and its removal. The length of delay should be a consideration for any jurisdiction planning on operating a hotline. Local jurisdictions must convince the callers that their complaint of vandalism will be a priority and cleaned off right away. If the jurisdiction does not have the resources to respond to complaints in a timely manner, the value of the hotline diminishes. Crews must be able to respond to individual service calls made to the graffiti hotline as well as focus on cleanup near schools, parks, and major intersections and transit routes to have the biggest impact. Some cities offer a reward for information leading to the arrest and prosecution of suspects for tagging or graffiti related vandalism. The amount of the reward is based on the information provided, and the action taken.
When police obtain search warrants in connection with a vandalism investigation, they are often seeking judicial approval to look for items such as cans of spray paint and nozzles from other kinds of aerosol sprays; etching tools, or other sharp or pointed objects, which could be used to etch or scratch glass and other hard surfaces; permanent marking pens, markers, or paint sticks; evidence of membership or affiliation with any gang or tagging crew; paraphernalia including any reference to "(tagger's name)"; any drawings, writing, objects, or graffiti depicting taggers' names, initials, logos, monikers, slogans, or any mention of tagging crew membership; and any newspaper clippings relating to graffiti crime.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis
St. Louis is an independent city and inland port in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River, which marks Missouri's border with Illinois. The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River just north of the city. These two rivers combined form the fourth longest river system in the world. The city had an estimated 2017 population of 308,626 and is the cultural and economic center of the St. Louis metropolitan area (home to nearly 3,000,000 people), which is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri, the second-largest in Illinois (after Chicago), and the 22nd-largest in the United States.
Before European settlement, the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture. The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau, and named after Louis IX of France. In 1764, following France's defeat in the Seven Years' War, the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800. In 1803, the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase. During the 19th century, St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River; at the time of the 1870 Census it was the fourth-largest city in the country. It separated from St. Louis County in 1877, becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the Summer Olympics.
The economy of metropolitan St. Louis relies on service, manufacturing, trade, transportation of goods, and tourism. Its metro area is home to major corporations, including Anheuser-Busch, Express Scripts, Centene, Boeing Defense, Emerson, Energizer, Panera, Enterprise, Peabody Energy, Ameren, Post Holdings, Monsanto, Edward Jones, Go Jet, Purina and Sigma-Aldrich. Nine of the ten Fortune 500 companies based in Missouri are located within the St. Louis metropolitan area. The city has also become known for its growing medical, pharmaceutical, and research presence due to institutions such as Washington University in St. Louis and Barnes-Jewish Hospital. St. Louis has two professional sports teams: the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball and the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League. One of the city's iconic sights is the 630-foot (192 m) tall Gateway Arch in the downtown area.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busch_Stadium
Busch Stadium, also referred to informally as "New Busch Stadium" or "Busch Stadium III", is a baseball stadium located in St. Louis, Missouri, the home of the St. Louis Cardinals, the city's Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise. The stadium has a seating capacity of 44,494, and contains 3,706 club seats and 61 luxury suites. It replaced Busch Memorial Stadium (aka Busch Stadium II) and occupies a portion of that stadium's former footprint. A commercial area, dubbed Ballpark Village, was built adjacent to the stadium over the remainder of the former stadium's footprint.
The stadium opened on April 4, 2006 with an exhibition between the minor league Memphis Redbirds and Springfield Cardinals, both affiliates of the St. Louis Cardinals, which Springfield won 5–3 with right-hander Mike Parisi recording the first win. The first official major league game occurred on April 10, 2006 as the Cardinals defeated the Milwaukee Brewers 6–4 behind an Albert Pujols home run and winning pitcher Mark Mulder.
In 2004, then Anheuser-Busch president August Busch IV announced the brewing-giant purchased the 20-year naming rights for the stadium. Team owner William Dewitt Jr., said: "From the day we began planning for the new ballpark, we wanted to keep the name ‘Busch Stadium.' August Busch IV and Anheuser-Busch share our vision for continuing that tradition for our great fans and the entire St. Louis community."
It is the third stadium in St. Louis to carry the name Busch Stadium. Sportsman's Park was renamed Busch Stadium in 1953. Team owner August Busch Jr. had planned to name it Budweiser Stadium, but league rules prohibited naming a venue after an alcoholic beverage. Busch named the stadium after himself & his Anheuser-Busch later introduced the "Busch Beer". The first Busch Stadium closed in 1966 and both the baseball Cardinals, and the National Football League (NFL)'s team of the same name (now the Arizona Cardinals) moved to a new multi-purpose stadium, named Busch Memorial Stadium (Busch Stadium II).
{"source":"editor","total_effects_time":0,"total_draw_time":0,"total_effects_actions":0,"uid":"62FC61B3-E420-40C5-808B-44B0B20DF027_1469186209390","tools_used":{"crop":0,"perspective":0,"shape_crop":0,"stretch":0,"free_crop":0,"resize":0,"adjust":1,"clone":0,"selection":0,"flip_rotate":0,"tilt_shift":0,"enhance":0,"curves":0,"motion":0},"layers_used":0,"effects_tried":0,"subsource":"done_button","brushes_used":0,"photos_added":0,"effects_applied":0,"total_draw_actions":0,"height":1280,"total_editor_time":206,"width":960,"origin":"gallery","total_editor_actions":{"text":0,"shape_mask":0,"border":0,"square_fit":0,"lensflare":0,"clipart":0,"frame":0,"callout":0,"mask":0}}
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinckneyville,_Illinois
Pinckneyville is a city in and the county seat of Perry County, Illinois, United States. The population was 5,066 at the 2020 census. It is named for Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, an early American diplomat and presidential candidate.
Pinckneyville is the location of the Pinckneyville Power Plant, a combustion turbine generator (CTG)-type power plant run by Ameren.
Source: www.americanthresherman.com/history.html
ATA HISTORY
The American Thresherman Association (ATA) was organized in March of 1959.
At the annual meeting in 1962, Amos Rixman commented that the Association "organized three years ago this month for the purpose of furnishing some enjoyment to its members and to be the beginning of something very worthwhile." Already in its brief life the Association had earned such a reputation that three towns vied for the chance to become the permanent site for the show. The Pinckneyville Chamber of Commerce invited the ATA with open arms and pledges of support, and the Perry County community was chosen over Mascoutah and Highland for the 1962 show site.
Additional Foreign Language Tags:
(United States) "الولايات المتحدة" "Vereinigte Staaten" "アメリカ" "美国" "미국" "Estados Unidos" "États-Unis"
(Illinois) "الينوي" "伊利诺伊州" "इलिनोइस" "イリノイ" "일리노이" "Иллинойс"
(Pinckneyville) "بينكنيفيل" "平克尼维尔" "पिंकनीविले" "ピンクニービル" "핀크니빌" "Пинкнивилль"
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis
St. Louis is an independent city and inland port in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River, which marks Missouri's border with Illinois. The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River just north of the city. These two rivers combined form the fourth longest river system in the world. The city had an estimated 2017 population of 308,626 and is the cultural and economic center of the St. Louis metropolitan area (home to nearly 3,000,000 people), which is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri, the second-largest in Illinois (after Chicago), and the 22nd-largest in the United States.
Before European settlement, the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture. The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau, and named after Louis IX of France. In 1764, following France's defeat in the Seven Years' War, the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800. In 1803, the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase. During the 19th century, St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River; at the time of the 1870 Census it was the fourth-largest city in the country. It separated from St. Louis County in 1877, becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the Summer Olympics.
The economy of metropolitan St. Louis relies on service, manufacturing, trade, transportation of goods, and tourism. Its metro area is home to major corporations, including Anheuser-Busch, Express Scripts, Centene, Boeing Defense, Emerson, Energizer, Panera, Enterprise, Peabody Energy, Ameren, Post Holdings, Monsanto, Edward Jones, Go Jet, Purina and Sigma-Aldrich. Nine of the ten Fortune 500 companies based in Missouri are located within the St. Louis metropolitan area. The city has also become known for its growing medical, pharmaceutical, and research presence due to institutions such as Washington University in St. Louis and Barnes-Jewish Hospital. St. Louis has two professional sports teams: the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball and the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League. One of the city's iconic sights is the 630-foot (192 m) tall Gateway Arch in the downtown area.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grove,_St._Louis
The Grove is a business district located along Manchester Avenue (Missouri Route 100) between Kingshighway Boulevard and Vandeventer Avenue in the Forest Park Southeast (FPSE) neighborhood of St. Louis, Missouri. Formerly known as the Manchester Strip, the retail drag was first developed in the late 19th century to serve the working-class population of Forest Park Southeast. Today, the Grove is home to a variety of restaurants, bars, and clubs, including a significant number of LGBT-oriented establishments. The district is supported by a community improvement district (CID), created in 2009, which levies an additional sales tax on businesses within its boundaries to fund infrastructure and branding services.
The Grove is within walking distance of the Washington University Medical Center, Forest Park, and the Central West End and Cortex MetroLink light rail stations.
Oil, 18 x 24 inches
For thousands of years, multitudes of agricultural societies have worshiped this bringer of light and warmth, knowing it's critical (if magical seeming) role in growing their life-sustaining crops.
Our sun is the engine that powers our solar system. With slight exception, all the energy we use came from this star. Temperature variations on the earth's surface drive the winds. For billions of years, organisms have been photosynthesizing it's light and storing the energy that we now use as fossil fuels. Our atmosphere traps the sun's heat and keeps us from freezing to unlivable temperatures every night. We have evolved in a stable balance of atmospheric insulation, but now, as we burn billions of years of stored solar energy, we risk turning our energy savior into our fiery scourge. Luckily, with photovoltaic (solar) panels we have found a way to directly harness the sun's energy without altering our atmosphere. Hopefully we will soon make broad use of these scientific (if magical seeming) devices to avoid angering our source.
Here's a great video on exactly how the greenhouse effect works: www.youtube.com/watch?v=sTvqIijqvTg
Get your own solar panels to appease our source here (whether you own your roof or not): www.arcadiapower.com/solar
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinckneyville,_Illinois
Pinckneyville is a city in and the county seat of Perry County, Illinois, United States. The population was 5,066 at the 2020 census. It is named for Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, an early American diplomat and presidential candidate.
Pinckneyville is the location of the Pinckneyville Power Plant, a combustion turbine generator (CTG)-type power plant run by Ameren.
Source: www.americanthresherman.com/history.html
ATA HISTORY
The American Thresherman Association (ATA) was organized in March of 1959.
At the annual meeting in 1962, Amos Rixman commented that the Association "organized three years ago this month for the purpose of furnishing some enjoyment to its members and to be the beginning of something very worthwhile." Already in its brief life the Association had earned such a reputation that three towns vied for the chance to become the permanent site for the show. The Pinckneyville Chamber of Commerce invited the ATA with open arms and pledges of support, and the Perry County community was chosen over Mascoutah and Highland for the 1962 show site.
Additional Foreign Language Tags:
(United States) "الولايات المتحدة" "Vereinigte Staaten" "アメリカ" "美国" "미국" "Estados Unidos" "États-Unis"
(Illinois) "الينوي" "伊利诺伊州" "इलिनोइस" "イリノイ" "일리노이" "Иллинойс"
(Pinckneyville) "بينكنيفيل" "平克尼维尔" "पिंकनीविले" "ピンクニービル" "핀크니빌" "Пинкнивилль"
Source: UNESCO. 2009. Climate Change and Arctic Sustainable Development: scientific, social, cultural and educational challenges.
UNESCO: Paris, 376 pp unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001863/186364e.pdf
Ruisseau Cabéou. Tarn et Garonne.
After a boggy field, this is normally the point from where the stream begins. For this to be dry on the 16th of December illustrates how, in ancient times, issues of water supply needed strategies for all the potential dynamics of a year.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona
Arizona is a state in the Southwestern region of the United States, sharing the Four Corners region of the western United States with Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. Its other neighboring states are Nevada to the northwest and California to the west. It also shares an international border with the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California to the south and southwest. It is the 6th-largest and the 14th-most-populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix, which is the most populous state capital in the United States.
Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union, achieving statehood on February 14, 1912. Historically part of the territory of Alta California and Nuevo México in New Spain, it became part of independent Mexico in 1821. After being defeated in the Mexican–American War, Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848, where the area became part of the territory of New Mexico. The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase.
Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate, with extremely hot summers and mild winters. Northern Arizona features forests of pine, Douglas fir, and spruce trees; the Colorado Plateau; mountain ranges (such as the San Francisco Mountains); as well as large, deep canyons, with much more moderate summer temperatures and significant winter snowfalls. There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff, Sunrise, and Tucson. In addition to the internationally known Grand Canyon National Park, which is one of the world's seven natural wonders, there are several national forests, national parks, and national monuments.
Arizona is home to a diverse population. About one-quarter of the state is made up of Indian reservations that serve as the home of 27 federally recognized Native American tribes, including the Navajo Nation, the largest in the state and the country, with more than 300,000 citizens. Since the 1980s, the proportion of Hispanics has grown significantly owing to migration from Mexico and Central America. A substantial portion of the population are followers of the Roman Catholic Church and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Arizona's population and economy have grown dramatically since the 1950s because of inward migration, and the state is now a major hub of the Sun Belt. Cities such as Phoenix and Tucson have developed large, sprawling suburban areas. Many large companies, such as PetSmart and Circle K, have headquarters in the state, and Arizona is home to major universities, including the University of Arizona, Arizona State University, and Northern Arizona University. The state is known for a history of conservative politicians such as Barry Goldwater and John McCain, though it has become a swing state in recent years.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingman,_Arizona
Kingman is a city in and the county seat of Mohave County, Arizona, United States. It is named after Lewis Kingman, an engineer for the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad. It is located 105 miles (169 km) southeast of Las Vegas, Nevada, and 180 miles (290 km) northwest of Arizona's state capital, Phoenix. The population was 32,689 at the 2020 census.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Route_66_museums
Arizona Route 66 Museum
The Arizona Route 66 Museum opened in Kingman, Arizona on September 29, 2001 during Andy Devine Days. The museum, located in the Powerhouse Visitor Center, formerly the Desert Power & Water Co. Electric Power Plant, depicts the historical evolution of travel along the 35th parallel that became Route 66.
Source: www.explorekingman.com/attraction-Powerhouse-Route-66-Mus...
Opened September 2001, the Arizona Route 66 Museum is located in Kingman’s Historic Powerhouse and depicts the historical evolution of travel along the 35th parallel that became Route 66. Visit the Museum text page to see the signs text translated in other languages.
Brilliant murals, photos, and life-size dioramas capture each of the groups that have traveled what came to be known as the Mother Road. Follow the paths of the Native American trade routes and the U. S. Army led survey expeditions. Travel along with the settlers on their migration west over the nation’s first federally funded wagon roads. Feel the hardship and despair of the dust bowl refugees as they journeyed along the Mother Road to a better life. Visit Main Street America as the 50’s usher in fun and excitement for Route 66 travelers.
The Route 66 Museum is truly unique in that it is a museum of history, housed in a historical building that lighted the way for the earliest Route 66 travelers. The building, built in two phases between 1907 and 1911, was operated by the Desert Power & Light Company and powered early Kingman and area mines starting in July, 1909. It also supplied power for the construction of Hoover Dam, until the Dam began producing cheaper hydroelectric power in the late 1930’s. It was soon mothballed, not to be restored until 60 years later when it was opened as a Visitor Center in 1997.
New in 2014, the Route 66 Electric Vehicle Museum, the first of its kind anywhere, is now open and can be accessed only through the Arizona Route 66 Museum! This 3,600 square foot Museum includes twenty-nine (and counting) vehicles on loan from the Historic Electric Vehicle Foundation, with members world-wide. The Foundation’s purpose is to preserve the history of and examples of electric vehicles from the nineteenth to the twenty-first century for all the peoples of the world to enjoy and learn from. The exhibit has been open since December 2014.
Additional Foreign Language Tags:
(United States) "الولايات المتحدة" "Vereinigte Staaten" "アメリカ" "米国" "美国" "미국" "Estados Unidos" "États-Unis" "ארצות הברית" "संयुक्त राज्य" "США"
(Arizona) "أريزونا" "亚利桑那州" "אריזונה" "एरिजोना" "アリゾナ州" "애리조나" "Аризона"
(Kingman) "كينغمان" "金曼" "קינגמן" "किंगमैन" "キングマン" "킹맨" "Кингман"
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid
Madrid is the capital of Spain and the largest municipality in both the Community of Madrid and Spain as a whole. The city has almost 3.3 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.5 million. It is the third-largest city in the European Union (EU), smaller than only London and Berlin, and its monocentric metropolitan area is the third-largest in the EU, smaller only than those of London and Paris. The municipality covers 604.3 km2 (233.3 sq mi).
Madrid lies on the River Manzanares in the centre of both the country and the Community of Madrid (which comprises the city of Madrid, its conurbation and extended suburbs and villages); this community is bordered by the autonomous communities of Castile and León and Castile-La Mancha. As the capital city of Spain, seat of government, and residence of the Spanish monarch, Madrid is also the political, economic and cultural centre of the country. The current mayor is Manuela Carmena from the party Ahora Madrid.
The Madrid urban agglomeration has the third-largest GDP in the European Union and its influence in politics, education, entertainment, environment, media, fashion, science, culture, and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world's major global cities. Madrid is home to two world-famous football clubs, Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid. Due to its economic output, high standard of living, and market size, Madrid is considered the leading economic hub of the Iberian Peninsula and of Southern Europe. It hosts the head offices of the vast majority of major Spanish companies, such as Telefónica, IAG or Repsol. Madrid is also the 10th most liveable city in the world according to Monocle magazine, in its 2017 index.
Madrid houses the headquarters of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), belonging to the United Nations Organization (UN), the Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB), the Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI), and the Public Interest Oversight Board (PIOB). It also hosts major international regulators and promoters of the Spanish language: the Standing Committee of the Association of Spanish Language Academies, headquarters of the Royal Spanish Academy (RAE), the Cervantes Institute and the Foundation of Urgent Spanish (Fundéu BBVA). Madrid organises fairs such as FITUR, ARCO, SIMO TCI and the Madrid Fashion Week.
While Madrid possesses modern infrastructure, it has preserved the look and feel of many of its historic neighbourhoods and streets. Its landmarks include the Royal Palace of Madrid; the Royal Theatre with its restored 1850 Opera House; the Buen Retiro Park, founded in 1631; the 19th-century National Library building (founded in 1712) containing some of Spain's historical archives; a large number of national museums, and the Golden Triangle of Art, located along the Paseo del Prado and comprising three art museums: Prado Museum, the Reina Sofía Museum, a museum of modern art, and the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, which complements the holdings of the other two museums. Cibeles Palace and Fountain have become one of the monument symbols of the city.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Debod
The Temple of Debod (Spanish: Templo de Debod) is an ancient Egyptian temple that was dismantled and rebuilt in Madrid, Spain.
The shrine was originally erected 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) south of Aswan in Upper Egypt, very close to the first cataract of the Nile and to the great religious center in Philae dedicated to the goddess Isis. In the early 2nd century BC, Adikhalamani (Tabriqo), the Kushite king of Meroë, started its construction by building a small single-room chapel dedicated to the god Amun. It was built and decorated in a similar design to the later Meroitic chapel on which the Temple of Dakka is based. Later, during the reigns of Ptolemy VI, Ptolemy VIII, and Ptolemy XII of the Ptolemaic dynasty, it was extended on all four sides to form a small temple, 12 by 15 metres (39 ft × 49 ft), which was dedicated to Isis of Philae. The Roman emperors Augustus and Tiberius completed its decorations.
From the quay, there is a long processional way leading to the stone-built enclosure wall, through three stone pylon gateways, and finally to the temple itself. The pronaos, which had four columns with composite capitals, collapsed in 1868 and is now lost. Behind it lay the original sanctuary of Amun, the offering table room and a later sanctuary with several side-rooms and stairs to the roof.
In 1960, due to the construction of the Aswan High Dam and the consequent threat posed by its reservoir to numerous monuments and archeological sites, UNESCO made an international call to save this rich historical legacy. As a sign of gratitude for the help provided by Spain in saving the Abu Simbel temples, the Egyptian state donated the temple of Debod to Spain in 1968.
The temple was rebuilt in one of Madrid's parks, the Parque del Oeste, near the Royal Palace of Madrid, and opened to the public in 1972. The reassembled gateways have been placed in a different order than when originally erected. Compared to a photo of the original site, the gateway topped by a serpent-flanked sun was not the closest gateway to the temple proper. It constitutes one of the few works of ancient Egyptian architecture that can be seen outside Egypt and the only one of its kind in Spain.
View from Pont Alexandre III over the Seine to the Eiffel Tower.
Blick von der Pont Alexandre III. über die Seine zum Eiffelturm.
Paris, France.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida
Pensacola is the westernmost city in the Florida Panhandle, and the county seat of Escambia County, Florida. As of 2018, the population was estimated to be 52,713. Pensacola is the principal city of the Pensacola Metropolitan Area, which had an estimated 494,883 residents as of 2018. Pensacola is one of the largest metropolitan areas in the Gulf Coast region, the largest between New Orleans and Tampa.
Pensacola is the site of the first Spanish settlement within the borders of the continental United States in 1559, predating the establishment of St. Augustine by 6 years, although the settlement was abandoned due to a hurricane and not re-established until 1698. Pensacola is a seaport on Pensacola Bay, which is protected by the barrier island of Santa Rosa and connects to the Gulf of Mexico. A large United States Naval Air Station, the first in the United States, is located southwest of Pensacola near Warrington; it is the base of the Blue Angels flight demonstration team and the National Naval Aviation Museum. The main campus of the University of West Florida is situated north of the city center.
The area was originally inhabited by Muskogean-speaking peoples. The Pensacola people lived there at the time of European contact, and Creek people frequently visited and traded from present-day southern Alabama. Spanish explorer Tristán de Luna founded a short-lived settlement in 1559. In 1698 the Spanish established a presidio in the area, from which the modern city gradually developed. The area changed hands several times as European powers competed in North America. During Florida's British rule (1763–1781), fortifications were strengthened.
It is nicknamed "The City of Five Flags", due to the five governments that have ruled it during its history: the flags of Spain (Castile), France, Great Britain, the United States of America, and the Confederate States of America. Other nicknames include "World's Whitest Beaches" (due to the white sand of Florida panhandle beaches), "Cradle of Naval Aviation", "Western Gate to the Sunshine State", "America's First Settlement", "Emerald Coast", "Red Snapper Capital of the World", and "P-Cola".
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri
Kansas City (abbreviated KC or KCMO) is the largest city in Missouri by population and area. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 508,090 in 2020, making it the 36th most-populous city in the United States. It is the most populated municipality and historic core city of the Kansas City metropolitan area, which straddles the Kansas–Missouri state line and has a population of 2,392,035. Most of the city lies within Jackson County, with portions spilling into Clay, Cass, and Platte counties. Kansas City was founded in the 1830s as a port on the Missouri River at its confluence with the Kansas River coming in from the west. On June 1, 1850, the town of Kansas was incorporated; shortly after came the establishment of the Kansas Territory. Confusion between the two ensued, and the name Kansas City was assigned to distinguish them soon after.
Sitting on Missouri's western boundary with Kansas, with Downtown near the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri Rivers, the city encompasses about 319.03 square miles (826.3 km2), making it the 23rd largest city by total area in the United States. It serves as one of the two county seats of Jackson County, along with the major suburb of Independence. Other major suburbs include the Missouri cities of Blue Springs and Lee's Summit and the Kansas cities of Overland Park, Olathe, Lenexa, and Kansas City, Kansas.
The city is composed of several neighborhoods, including the River Market District in the north, the 18th and Vine District in the east, and the Country Club Plaza in the south. Celebrated cultural traditions include Kansas City jazz, theater, which was the center of the Vaudevillian Orpheum circuit in the 1920s, the Chiefs and Royals sports franchises, and famous cuisine based on Kansas City-style barbecue, Kansas City strip steak, and craft breweries.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Union_Station
Kansas City Union Station (station code: KCY) is a union station opened in 1914, serving Kansas City, Missouri, and the surrounding metropolitan area. It replaced a small Union Depot from 1878. Union Station served a peak annual traffic of more than 670,000 passengers in 1945 at the end of World War II, quickly declined in the 1950s, and was closed in 1985.
In 1996, a public–private partnership undertook Union Station's $250 million restoration, funded in part by a sales tax levied in both Kansas and Missouri counties in the Kansas City metropolitan area. By 1999, the station reopened as a series of museums and other public attractions. In 2002, Union Station saw its return as a train station when Amtrak began providing public transportation services and has since become Missouri's second-busiest train station. The refurbished station boasts theaters, ongoing museum exhibits, and attractions such as the Science City at Union Station, the Irish Museum and Cultural Center, and the Todd Bolender Center for Dance and Creativity. Since 2016, it is also a stop on the KC Streetcar.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_City_at_Union_Station
Science City at Union Station is a family-friendly interactive science center that features traveling exhibitions, The Arvin Gottlieb Planetarium, City Extreme Screen theatre, and more than 120 hands-on displays. It is located inside Union Station at 30 West Pershing Road in Kansas City, Missouri.
It was the main feature in the bi-state renovation vote of 1997. It was part of a renovation plan for Union Station after being closed for a short period of time when Trizec, a Canadian redevelopment firm had failed to redevelop the station. It opened in November 1999.
{"source":"editor","effects_tried":0,"photos_added":0,"origin":"gallery","total_effects_actions":0,"remix_data":["add_photo_directory"],"tools_used":{"tilt_shift":0,"resize":2,"adjust":0,"curves":0,"motion":0,"perspective":0,"clone":0,"crop":1,"enhance":0,"selection":0,"free_crop":0,"flip_rotate":0,"shape_crop":0,"stretch":0},"total_draw_actions":0,"total_editor_actions":{"border":0,"frame":0,"mask":0,"lensflare":0,"clipart":0,"text":0,"square_fit":0,"shape_mask":0,"callout":0},"total_editor_time":704,"brushes_used":0,"total_draw_time":0,"effects_applied":0,"uid":"F2AAFB00-0F0D-4603-BD3B-73DB8319C53F_1546026632686","total_effects_time":0,"height":3000,"layers_used":0,"width":3957,"subsource":"done_button"}
SOURCE INFO
- Original image was captured in May 1972 during my Australian Army Aviation service as a Craftsman, Fitter Electrical Systems (AIR), with 1 Aviation Regiment at the Oakey Base Workshops, using a KODAK INSTAMATIC 100 35mm compact camera, with KODAK KODACHROME 126 slide positive film.
***************************
PROCESS INFO
- Digitized using a Canon Canoscan 8800F scanner.
- Initial restoration from the badly scratched, faded & blue colour cast original slide quality, using Adobe Photoshop Creative Suite [Windows].
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London
London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England, at the head of its 50-mile (80 km) estuary leading to the North Sea, London has been a major settlement for two millennia. Londinium was founded by the Romans. The City of London, London's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles (2.9 km2) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that follow closely its medieval limits. The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status. Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
London is considered to be one of the world's most important global cities and has been termed the world's most powerful, most desirable, most influential, most visited, most expensive, innovative, sustainable, most investment friendly, most popular for work, and the most vegetarian friendly city in the world. London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism and transportation. London ranks 26 out of 300 major cities for economic performance. It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or sixth largest metropolitan area GDP. It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic. It is the leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. London's universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted three modern Summer Olympic Games.
London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2016 municipal population (corresponding to Greater London) was 8,787,892, the most populous of any city in the European Union and accounting for 13.4% of the UK population. London's urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The population within the London commuter belt is the most populous in the EU with 14,040,163 inhabitants in 2016. London was the world's most populous city from c. 1831 to 1925.
London contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the site comprising the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church; and the historic settlement in Greenwich where the Royal Observatory, Greenwich defines the Prime Meridian, 0° longitude, and Greenwich Mean Time. Other landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square and The Shard. London has numerous museums, galleries, libraries and sporting events. These include the British Museum, National Gallery, Natural History Museum, Tate Modern, British Library and West End theatres. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster
Westminster is an area of central London within the City of Westminster, part of the West End, on the north bank of the River Thames. Westminster's concentration of visitor attractions and historic landmarks, one of the highest in London, includes the Palace of Westminster, Buckingham Palace, Westminster Abbey and Westminster Cathedral.
Historically the area lay within St Margaret's parish, City & Liberty of Westminster, Middlesex.
The name Westminster (Old English: Westmynstre) originated from the informal description of the abbey church and royal peculiar of St Peter's (Westminster Abbey), literally West of the City of London (indeed, until the Reformation there was a reference to the 'East Minster' at Minories (Holy Trinity Priory, Aldgate) east of the City). The abbey was part of the royal palace that had been created here by Edward the Confessor. It has been the home of the permanent institutions of England's government continuously since about 1200 (High Middle Ages' Plantagenet times), and from 1707 the British Government — formally titled Her Majesty's Government.
In a government context, Westminster often refers to the Parliament of the United Kingdom, located in the UNESCO World Heritage Palace of Westminster — also known as the Houses of Parliament. The closest tube stations are Westminster and St James's Park, on the Jubilee, Circle, and District lines.
The area is the centre of Her Majesty's Government, with Parliament in the Palace of Westminster and most of the major Government ministries known as Whitehall, itself the site of the royal palace that replaced that at Westminster.
Within the area is Westminster School, a major public school which grew out of the Abbey, and the University of Westminster, attended by over 20,000 students. Bounding Westminster to the north is Green Park, a Royal Park of London.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster
The Palace of Westminster is the meeting place of the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Commonly known as the Houses of Parliament after its occupants, the Palace lies on the north bank of the River Thames in the City of Westminster, in central London, England.
Its name, which is derived from the neighbouring Westminster Abbey, may refer to either of two structures: the Old Palace, a medieval building complex destroyed by fire in 1834, or its replacement, the New Palace that stands today. The palace is owned by the monarch in right of the Crown and, for ceremonial purposes, retains its original status as a royal residence. The building is managed by committees appointed by both houses, which report to the Speaker of the House of Commons and the Lord Speaker.
The first royal palace was built on the site in the 11th century, and Westminster was the primary residence of the Kings of England until fire destroyed much of the complex in 1512. After that, it served as the home of the Parliament of England, which had been meeting there since the 13th century, and also as the seat of the Royal Courts of Justice, based in and around Westminster Hall. In 1834, an even greater fire ravaged the heavily rebuilt Houses of Parliament, and the only significant medieval structures to survive were Westminster Hall, the Cloisters of St Stephen's, the Chapel of St Mary Undercroft, and the Jewel Tower.
The subsequent competition for the reconstruction of the Palace was won by the architect Charles Barry, whose design was for new buildings in the Gothic Revival style, specifically inspired by the English Perpendicular Gothic style of the 14th–16th centuries. The remains of the Old Palace (except the detached Jewel Tower) were incorporated into its much larger replacement, which contains over 1,100 rooms organised symmetrically around two series of courtyards and has a floor area of 112,476 m2 (1,210,680 sq ft). Part of the New Palace's area of 3.24 hectares (8 acres) was reclaimed from the River Thames, which is the setting of its nearly 300-metre long (980 ft) façade, called the River Front. Barry was assisted by Augustus Pugin, a leading authority on Gothic architecture and style, who designed the interior of the Palace. Construction started in 1840 and lasted for 30 years, suffering great delays and cost overruns, as well as the death of both leading architects; works for the interior decoration continued intermittently well into the 20th century. Major conservation work has been carried out since then to reverse the effects of London's air pollution, and extensive repairs took place after the Second World War, including the reconstruction of the Commons Chamber following its bombing in 1941.
The Palace is one of the centres of political life in the United Kingdom; "Westminster" has become a metonym for the UK Parliament, and the Westminster system of government has taken its name after it. The Elizabeth Tower, in particular, which is often referred to by the name of its main bell, Big Ben, is an iconic landmark of London and the United Kingdom in general, one of the most popular tourist attractions in the city, and an emblem of parliamentary democracy. Tsar Nicholas I of Russia called the palace "a dream in stone". The Palace of Westminster has been a Grade I listed building since 1970 and part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1987.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ben
Big Ben is the nickname for the Great Bell of the clock at the north end of the Palace of Westminster in London and is usually extended to refer to both the clock and the clock tower. The official name of the tower in which Big Ben is located was originally the Clock Tower, but it was renamed Elizabeth Tower in 2012 to mark the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II.
The tower was designed by Augustus Pugin in a neo-gothic style. When completed in 1859, its clock was the largest and most accurate four-faced striking and chiming clock in the world. The tower stands 315 feet (96 m) tall, and the climb from ground level to the belfry is 334 steps. Its base is square, measuring 39 feet (12 m) on each side. Dials of the clock are 23 feet (7.0 m) in diameter. On 31 May 2009, celebrations were held to mark the tower's 150th anniversary.
Big Ben is the largest of five bells and weighs 13.5 long tons (13.7 tonnes; 15.1 short tons). It was the largest bell in the United Kingdom for 23 years. The origin of the bell's nickname is open to question; it may be named after Sir Benjamin Hall, who oversaw its installation, or heavyweight boxing champion Benjamin Caunt. Four quarter bells chime at 15, 30 and 45 minutes past the hour and just before Big Ben tolls on the hour. The clock uses its original Victorian mechanism, but an electric motor can be used as a backup.
The tower is a British cultural icon recognised all over the world. It is one of the most prominent symbols of the United Kingdom and parliamentary democracy, and it is often used in the establishing shot of films set in London. The clock tower has been part of a Grade I listed building since 1970 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1987.
On 21 August 2017, a four-year schedule of renovation works began on the tower, which are to include the addition of a lift. There are also plans to re-glaze and repaint the clock dials. With a few exceptions, such as New Year's Eve and Remembrance Sunday, the bells are to be silent until the work has been completed in the 2020s.
I dreamed about a human being is is part of a project exploring the use of artificial intelligence as applied to photography by using online open source code and data.
More information at fransimo.info/?p=1100
ID:3eac66557dd00ccafeb8b3123419bdf0
Image credits: www.flickr.com/photos/141939107@N06/26622137362/
www.flickr.com/photos/ghm575/26622140362/
www.flickr.com/photos/crudmucosa/26622241966/
www.flickr.com/photos/collisionconf/26622242001/
www.flickr.com/photos/pmrowla/26622309131/
www.flickr.com/photos/ygktech/26622447396/
www.flickr.com/photos/unmalumni/26622453614/
www.flickr.com/photos/unmalumni/26622459834/
www.flickr.com/photos/unmalumni/26622459834/
www.flickr.com/photos/cavan/26622609441/
www.flickr.com/photos/rhodeson/26622616926/
www.flickr.com/photos/jflinchbaugh/26622681616/
www.flickr.com/photos/b-j-c/26622743776/
www.flickr.com/photos/stgeorgesschool/26622884643/
www.flickr.com/photos/luciano-novali/26623026660/
www.flickr.com/photos/luciano-novali/26623043300/
www.flickr.com/photos/konsumterra/26623103151/
www.flickr.com/photos/culturacdmx/26623155883/
www.flickr.com/photos/134852063@N08/26623161721/
www.flickr.com/photos/134852063@N08/26623161721/
www.flickr.com/photos/134852063@N08/26623162061/
www.flickr.com/photos/134852063@N08/26623198531/
www.flickr.com/photos/134852063@N08/26623198531/
www.flickr.com/photos/134852063@N08/26623200931/
www.flickr.com/photos/barbbres/26623223213/
www.flickr.com/photos/malcolmslaney/26623525395/
www.flickr.com/photos/unmalumni/26623537713/
www.flickr.com/photos/family_helle/26623540225/
www.flickr.com/photos/unmalumni/26623542203/
www.flickr.com/photos/unmalumni/26623584783/
www.flickr.com/photos/mitsustainabilitysummit/26623621761/
www.flickr.com/photos/mitsustainabilitysummit/26623630951/
www.flickr.com/photos/nlireland/26623667841/
www.flickr.com/photos/hkd502/26623808826/
www.flickr.com/photos/meenabasha/26623813494/
www.flickr.com/photos/meenabasha/26623813494/
www.flickr.com/photos/billlan/26623883184/
www.flickr.com/photos/vocal-ny/26623957152/
www.flickr.com/photos/mariko1/26623996701/
www.flickr.com/photos/itupictures/26624109931/
www.flickr.com/photos/dtra87/26624130790/
www.flickr.com/photos/gageskidmore/26624144862/
www.flickr.com/photos/ell-r-brown/26624201892/
www.flickr.com/photos/bsmaichel/26624215734/
www.flickr.com/photos/worldpokertour/26624362605/
www.flickr.com/photos/worldpokertour/26624363705/
www.flickr.com/photos/worldpokertour/26624407372/
www.flickr.com/photos/137573916@N07/26624577816/
www.flickr.com/photos/137573916@N07/26624632276/
www.flickr.com/photos/137573916@N07/26624633786/
www.flickr.com/photos/137573916@N07/26624635256/
www.flickr.com/photos/137573916@N07/26624656301/
www.flickr.com/photos/137573916@N07/26624692226/
www.flickr.com/photos/47987086@N08/26624815590/
www.flickr.com/photos/thefuturistics/26624881076/
www.flickr.com/photos/billlan/26624953033/
www.flickr.com/photos/billlan/26624953783/
www.flickr.com/photos/thefuturistics/26625020386/
www.flickr.com/photos/orleman/26625136530/
www.flickr.com/photos/pangwiphotography/26625158641/
www.flickr.com/photos/pangwiphotography/26625158721/
www.flickr.com/photos/99847360@N07/26625165882/
www.flickr.com/photos/usaidasia/26625218714/
www.flickr.com/photos/glendale2000/26625258315/
www.flickr.com/photos/97329956@N04/26625297614/
www.flickr.com/photos/joeshlabotnik/26625301403/
www.flickr.com/photos/44562720@N06/26625304982/
www.flickr.com/photos/30478819@N08/26625315521/
www.flickr.com/photos/fire_engine_red/26625321485/
www.flickr.com/photos/fire_engine_red/26625322225/
www.flickr.com/photos/usaidasia/26625322574/
www.flickr.com/photos/slovensko/26625362341/
www.flickr.com/photos/slovensko/26625362411/
www.flickr.com/photos/slovensko/26625362601/
www.flickr.com/photos/slovensko/26625362661/
www.flickr.com/photos/dislegal/26625384391/
www.flickr.com/photos/tomascosauce/26625419865/
www.flickr.com/photos/torontogamejam/26625422980/
www.flickr.com/photos/tomascosauce/26625437195/
www.flickr.com/photos/torontogamejam/26625533870/
www.flickr.com/photos/torontogamejam/26625536170/
www.flickr.com/photos/76363860@N02/26625570692/
www.flickr.com/photos/auic/26625583582/
www.flickr.com/photos/sunnyyouforever/26625758703/
www.flickr.com/photos/sunnyyouforever/26625764123/
www.flickr.com/photos/97329956@N04/26625766953/
www.flickr.com/photos/sunnyyouforever/26625789374/
www.flickr.com/photos/karim2k/26625798271/
www.flickr.com/photos/jovajova9/26625822561/
www.flickr.com/photos/karim2k/26625824141/
www.flickr.com/photos/karim2k/26625824141/
www.flickr.com/photos/jovajova9/26625907531/
www.flickr.com/photos/award2008/26625970451/
www.flickr.com/photos/karim2k/26626101781/
www.flickr.com/photos/vaughnforest/26626177960/
www.flickr.com/photos/vaughnforest/26626177960/
www.flickr.com/photos/georgesg/26626249800/
www.flickr.com/photos/debdep/26626352855/
www.flickr.com/photos/stefans_dslr/26626451686/
www.flickr.com/photos/stefans_dslr/26626452676/
www.flickr.com/photos/dpk_photos/26626466272/
www.flickr.com/photos/nonopp/26626510986/
www.flickr.com/photos/kk/26626526220/
www.flickr.com/photos/kk/26626756730/
www.flickr.com/photos/gatz125/26626762603/
www.flickr.com/photos/presidentadilma/26626913474/
www.flickr.com/photos/worldpokertour/26626940742/
www.flickr.com/photos/helfen_kirchentag/26627045646/
www.flickr.com/photos/vernieman/26627270463/
www.flickr.com/photos/rscanderlecht/26627363701/
www.flickr.com/photos/rscanderlecht/26627364171/
www.flickr.com/photos/45671141@N07/26627456763/
www.flickr.com/photos/phototoday2008/26627479136/
www.flickr.com/photos/tuannguyenphotography/26627543963/
www.flickr.com/photos/livsphotoproject/26627561050/
www.flickr.com/photos/picsbyas/26627580806/
www.flickr.com/photos/carlosoliveirareis/26627586754/
www.flickr.com/photos/polen_li/26627628933/
www.flickr.com/photos/rtppt/26627729626/
www.flickr.com/photos/rtppt/26627732366/
www.flickr.com/photos/kurt-b/26627865412/
www.flickr.com/photos/malcolmslaney/26627885676/
www.flickr.com/photos/jcphotos/26627941276/
www.flickr.com/photos/midianinja/26627948174/
www.flickr.com/photos/bbic/26627985972/
www.flickr.com/photos/presidentadilma/26628014443/
www.flickr.com/photos/24717544@N02/26628214735/
www.flickr.com/photos/141907752@N06/26628279433/
www.flickr.com/photos/tallmonkeyproductions/26628283732/
www.flickr.com/photos/tallmonkeyproductions/26628283882/
www.flickr.com/photos/52019915@N05/26628298442/
www.flickr.com/photos/presidentadilma/26628315303/
www.flickr.com/photos/presidentadilma/26628353473/
www.flickr.com/photos/kimberlykappel/26628385380/
www.flickr.com/photos/sgep/26628460671/
www.flickr.com/photos/agenciasenado/26628592211/
www.flickr.com/photos/malcolmslaney/26628608466/
www.flickr.com/photos/roebot/26628701003/
www.flickr.com/photos/agenciasenado/26628721601/
www.flickr.com/photos/agenciasenado/26628722011/
www.flickr.com/photos/mazanto/26628724194/
www.flickr.com/photos/collisionconf/26628783326/
www.flickr.com/photos/folldark/26628820965/
www.flickr.com/photos/wsudoso/26628824731/
www.flickr.com/photos/kimberlykappel/26628852610/
www.flickr.com/photos/moosurreal/26628853842/
www.flickr.com/photos/imogenehuxham/26628958090/
www.flickr.com/photos/glendale2000/26629007985/
www.flickr.com/photos/41965090@N00/26629024540/
www.flickr.com/photos/ricephotos/26629036514/
www.flickr.com/photos/ricephotos/26629037664/
www.flickr.com/photos/ricephotos/26629038924/
www.flickr.com/photos/ricephotos/26629048484/
www.flickr.com/photos/stellahyc/26629080285/
www.flickr.com/photos/13484070@N06/26629163295/
www.flickr.com/photos/meow0623/26629254802/
www.flickr.com/photos/rolesena/26629260140/
www.flickr.com/photos/presidentadilma/26629290933/
www.flickr.com/photos/presidentadilma/26629290933/
www.flickr.com/photos/javcon117/26629299590/
www.flickr.com/photos/midianinja/26629477104/
www.flickr.com/photos/67961478@N04/26629794116/
www.flickr.com/photos/67961478@N04/26629797106/
www.flickr.com/photos/opoe/26629833015/
www.flickr.com/photos/opoe/26629833015/
www.flickr.com/photos/us_mission_uganda/26629884794/
www.flickr.com/photos/142132942@N07/26629929595/
www.flickr.com/photos/142132942@N07/26629931545/
www.flickr.com/photos/142132942@N07/26629931545/
www.flickr.com/photos/opoe/26629953116/
www.flickr.com/photos/faithchurchstlouis/26630030440/
www.flickr.com/photos/riasq/26630083796/
www.flickr.com/photos/riasq/26630099236/
www.flickr.com/photos/riasq/26630099296/
www.flickr.com/photos/ricephotos/26630164643/
www.flickr.com/photos/ricephotos/26630165123/
www.flickr.com/photos/ricephotos/26630166653/
www.flickr.com/photos/ricephotos/26630167863/
www.flickr.com/photos/ricephotos/26630169513/
www.flickr.com/photos/ricephotos/26630170233/
www.flickr.com/photos/ricephotos/26630170863/
www.flickr.com/photos/ricephotos/26630237643/
www.flickr.com/photos/ricephotos/26630239903/
www.flickr.com/photos/cinematerna/26630247601/
www.flickr.com/photos/ricephotos/26630251303/
www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/26630258370/
www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/26630258370/
www.flickr.com/photos/itupictures/26630264074/
www.flickr.com/photos/bogdan1514/26630432714/
www.flickr.com/photos/theredneckcc/26630495142/
www.flickr.com/photos/135626762@N02/26630515611/
www.flickr.com/photos/sabinemondestin/26630522095/
www.flickr.com/photos/nihonbunka/26630573362/
www.flickr.com/photos/photolaz/26630774190/
www.flickr.com/photos/pmrowla/26630809020/
www.flickr.com/photos/swissmeetings/26630854402/
www.flickr.com/photos/roebot/26630865470/
www.flickr.com/photos/swissmeetings/26630870082/
www.flickr.com/photos/photolaz/26630891760/
www.flickr.com/photos/chy283/26630903110/
www.flickr.com/photos/photolaz/26630933270/
www.flickr.com/photos/mdfriendofhillary/26630991520/
www.flickr.com/photos/getreddie/26631118656/
www.flickr.com/photos/getreddie/26631118656/
www.flickr.com/photos/glendale2000/26631121035/
www.flickr.com/photos/h5712180000/26631199975/
www.flickr.com/photos/142146350@N07/26631315473/
www.flickr.com/photos/142146350@N07/26631372513/
www.flickr.com/photos/mfranzini/26631469931/
www.flickr.com/photos/mmmdirt/26631632075/
www.flickr.com/photos/35594923/26631653552/
www.flickr.com/photos/peternguyenphotographer/26631803264/
www.flickr.com/photos/kiazami/26632169916/
www.flickr.com/photos/jeffreyputman/26632345711/
www.flickr.com/photos/girardatlarge/26632405174/
www.flickr.com/photos/dodnewsfeatures/26632409671/
www.flickr.com/photos/leo19981/26632540790/
www.flickr.com/photos/kk/26632655120/
www.flickr.com/photos/sohumr/26632737220/
www.flickr.com/photos/johnbogeman2/26632825852/
www.flickr.com/photos/132572351@N05/26632913402/
www.flickr.com/photos/carlitos/26632997950/
www.flickr.com/photos/kk/26632998620/
www.flickr.com/photos/agenciasenado/26633224806/
www.flickr.com/photos/thomasrdororg/26633388624/
www.flickr.com/photos/lan_026/26633434552/
www.flickr.com/photos/99847360@N07/26633882346/
www.flickr.com/photos/99847360@N07/26633902186/
www.flickr.com/photos/99847360@N07/26633929776/
www.flickr.com/photos/99847360@N07/26633948696/
www.flickr.com/photos/99847360@N07/26633948696/
www.flickr.com/photos/113058966@N08/26634063536/
www.flickr.com/photos/agenciasenado/26634091791/
www.flickr.com/photos/115319014@N04/26634103155/
www.flickr.com/photos/99847360@N07/26634144626/
www.flickr.com/photos/99847360@N07/26634144626/
www.flickr.com/photos/slovensko/26634202495/
www.flickr.com/photos/vanhoosear/26634236972/
www.flickr.com/photos/vanhoosear/26634236972/
www.flickr.com/photos/133567789@N03/26634448332/
www.flickr.com/photos/133567789@N03/26634448332/
www.flickr.com/photos/edinburghsustainability/26634467335/
www.flickr.com/photos/bcukraine/26634468215/
www.flickr.com/photos/edinburghsustainability/26634469865/
www.flickr.com/photos/gaellaleneveu/26634545155/
www.flickr.com/photos/katurah/26634654852/
www.flickr.com/photos/j_benson/26634660245/
www.flickr.com/photos/133567789@N03/26634671732/
www.flickr.com/photos/itupictures/26634687273/
www.flickr.com/photos/133567789@N03/26634725012/
www.flickr.com/photos/133567789@N03/26634725012/
www.flickr.com/photos/133567789@N03/26634752072/
www.flickr.com/photos/thomashawk/26634786602/
www.flickr.com/photos/133567789@N03/26634812602/
www.flickr.com/photos/totufin/26634880352/
www.flickr.com/photos/inmediahk/26634897425/
www.flickr.com/photos/24690780@N02/26634901230/
www.flickr.com/photos/24690780@N02/26634901230/
www.flickr.com/photos/girardatlarge/26634920783/
www.flickr.com/photos/110433537@N03/26634959160/
www.flickr.com/photos/133567789@N03/26634969102/
www.flickr.com/photos/133567789@N03/26634971382/
www.flickr.com/photos/24690780@N02/26634976760/
www.flickr.com/photos/133567789@N03/26634980512/
www.flickr.com/photos/133567789@N03/26634980512/
www.flickr.com/photos/49461826@N08/26635026562/
www.flickr.com/photos/49461826@N08/26635034602/
www.flickr.com/photos/126451851@N06/26635058842/
www.flickr.com/photos/danielevsilva/26635079531/
www.flickr.com/photos/115654536@N06/26635111640/
www.flickr.com/photos/clarital/26635141460/
www.flickr.com/photos/133567789@N03/26635171632/
www.flickr.com/photos/133567789@N03/26635174862/
www.flickr.com/photos/jeremyou/26635468180/
www.flickr.com/photos/jeremyou/26635469950/
www.flickr.com/photos/grimmeonlineaward/26635846201/
www.flickr.com/photos/rifkyedgar/26635862560/
www.flickr.com/photos/collisionconf/26635921366/
www.flickr.com/photos/sustainableuw/26635922316/
www.flickr.com/photos/grimmeonlineaward/26635970991/
www.flickr.com/photos/splashimages/26636106041/
www.flickr.com/photos/pandf/26636180551/
www.flickr.com/photos/asucronkite/26636508751/
www.flickr.com/photos/ckfotografia/26636757901/
www.flickr.com/photos/fotografiacvi/26636871271/
www.flickr.com/photos/stitchling/26636984150/
www.flickr.com/photos/47746894@N07/26637039940/
www.flickr.com/photos/47746894@N07/26637095470/
www.flickr.com/photos/jakintza_ikastola/26637312324/
www.flickr.com/photos/98182936@N08/26637638436/
www.flickr.com/photos/princessavampyra/26637681155/
www.flickr.com/photos/princessavampyra/26637681155/
www.flickr.com/photos/princessavampyra/26637681995/
www.flickr.com/photos/princessavampyra/26637683065/
www.flickr.com/photos/princessavampyra/26637683875/
www.flickr.com/photos/princessavampyra/26637684685/
www.flickr.com/photos/princessavampyra/26637686135/
www.flickr.com/photos/princessavampyra/26637686755/
www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/26637738222/
www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/26637740252/
www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/26637740252/
www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/26637743102/
www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/26637745792/
www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/26637761562/
www.flickr.com/photos/croixrougeparis15/26637763290/
www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/26637766892/
www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/26637774702/
www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/26637831572/
www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/26637831572/
www.flickr.com/photos/croixrougeparis15/26637832640/
www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/26637833052/
www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/26637839972/
www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/26637847732/
www.flickr.com/photos/camcomtorino/26637850100/
www.flickr.com/photos/ilri/26637994194/
www.flickr.com/photos/fosim/26638465216/
www.flickr.com/photos/108828634@N05/26638494904/
www.flickr.com/photos/agenciasenado/26638503546/
www.flickr.com/photos/agenciasenado/26638504196/
www.flickr.com/photos/28985262@N04/26638536214/
www.flickr.com/photos/28985262@N04/26638544314/
www.flickr.com/photos/28985262@N04/26638551524/
www.flickr.com/photos/28985262@N04/26638570004/
www.flickr.com/photos/28985262@N04/26638570004/
www.flickr.com/photos/142079102@N05/26638573205/
www.flickr.com/photos/elasindikatua/26638577050/
www.flickr.com/photos/98643633@N05/26638742705/
www.flickr.com/photos/eppofficial/26638807565/
www.flickr.com/photos/135626762@N02/26638866662/
www.flickr.com/photos/carolemage/26638909292/
www.flickr.com/photos/ethenelin/26638913524/
www.flickr.com/photos/gobiernocholula/26638916696/
www.flickr.com/photos/dariuspinkston/26638930961/
www.flickr.com/photos/szepinghiking/26639036234/
www.flickr.com/photos/elasindikatua/26639099556/
www.flickr.com/photos/elasindikatua/26639107276/
www.flickr.com/photos/bergantsct/26639140994/
www.flickr.com/photos/bergantsct/26639143964/
www.flickr.com/photos/bergantsct/26639148374/
www.flickr.com/photos/bergantsct/26639156724/
www.flickr.com/photos/bergantsct/26639156724/
www.flickr.com/photos/jystem_kuo/26639293726/
www.flickr.com/photos/ilri/26639308803/
www.flickr.com/photos/szepinghiking/26639387604/
www.flickr.com/photos/eventbranche/26639589290/
www.flickr.com/photos/eventbranche/26639590160/
www.flickr.com/photos/eventbranche/26639591240/
www.flickr.com/photos/eventbranche/26639591240/
www.flickr.com/photos/eventbranche/26639592750/
www.flickr.com/photos/eventbranche/26639592750/
www.flickr.com/photos/eventbranche/26639594660/
www.flickr.com/photos/eventbranche/26639594750/
www.flickr.com/photos/eventbranche/26639594750/
www.flickr.com/photos/eventbranche/26639594800/
www.flickr.com/photos/eventbranche/26639619740/
www.flickr.com/photos/eventbranche/26639621220/
www.flickr.com/photos/eventbranche/26639625770/
www.flickr.com/photos/gortz-ch/26639646370/
www.flickr.com/photos/danielsmrokowski/26639718906/
www.flickr.com/photos/gortz-ch/26639837910/
www.flickr.com/photos/ethenelin/26639845983/
www.flickr.com/photos/anolife/26639846792/
www.flickr.com/photos/28985262@N04/26639859393/
www.flickr.com/photos/93300265@N02/26639898276/
www.flickr.com/photos/73642077@N07/26639918040/
www.flickr.com/photos/73642077@N07/26639918980/
www.flickr.com/photos/73642077@N07/26639920970/
www.flickr.com/photos/michelmeusburger/26639944224/
www.flickr.com/photos/alainrouiller/26639964220/
www.flickr.com/photos/michelmeusburger/26640014164/
www.flickr.com/photos/coco_shot/26640048420/
www.flickr.com/photos/azuazu_303/26640085731/
www.flickr.com/photos/ethenelin/26640169023/
www.flickr.com/photos/ethenelin/26640250713/
www.flickr.com/photos/juliejordanscott/26640313951/
www.flickr.com/photos/jakintza_ikastola/26640422484/
www.flickr.com/photos/mitchell3417/26640533306/
www.flickr.com/photos/mitchell3417/26640533306/
www.flickr.com/photos/mlwaters/26640564734/
www.flickr.com/photos/mlwaters/26640572964/
www.flickr.com/photos/mlwaters/26640574854/
www.flickr.com/photos/mlwaters/26640574854/
www.flickr.com/photos/mauroguanandi/26640585630/
www.flickr.com/photos/134773008@N06/26640764645/
www.flickr.com/photos/healthgauge/26640831565/
www.flickr.com/photos/tedxbarcelona/26640859070/
www.flickr.com/photos/speedknight/26640900830/
www.flickr.com/photos/rtppt/26640929630/
www.flickr.com/photos/93300265@N02/26641029256/
www.flickr.com/photos/techcrunch/26641176270/
www.flickr.com/photos/142297344@N08/26641233461/
www.flickr.com/photos/umich-msis/26641295073/
www.flickr.com/photos/umich-msis/26641295453/
www.flickr.com/photos/mlwaters/26641322914/
www.flickr.com/photos/60452041@N02/26641339164/
www.flickr.com/photos/lab-sindikatua/26641554483/
www.flickr.com/photos/manicsquirrel/26641564052/
www.flickr.com/photos/ophilos/26641583881/
www.flickr.com/photos/forddrivingskillsforlife/26641586572/
www.flickr.com/photos/mlwaters/26641716333/
www.flickr.com/photos/118938544@N07/26641811581/
www.flickr.com/photos/124953100@N05/26641836865/
www.flickr.com/photos/124953100@N05/26641837535/
www.flickr.com/photos/124953100@N05/26641837535/
www.flickr.com/photos/gruene-bundestag/26641965101/
www.flickr.com/photos/130809077@N05/26641985076/
www.flickr.com/photos/130809077@N05/26641985206/
www.flickr.com/photos/kadath/26642253456/
www.flickr.com/photos/shadowsgalore1/26642405886/
www.flickr.com/photos/mlwaters/26642488723/
www.flickr.com/photos/131006978@N08/26642549243/
www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/26642564206/
www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/26642568456/
www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/26642569206/
www.flickr.com/photos/eunainternet/26642571846/
www.flickr.com/photos/mlwaters/26642575793/
www.flickr.com/photos/chlemaris/26642583715/
www.flickr.com/photos/mlwaters/26642594163/
www.flickr.com/photos/blogchef/26642628520/
www.flickr.com/photos/centrodeinnovacionuc/26642660615/
www.flickr.com/photos/tarascagranada/26642737974/
www.flickr.com/photos/collisionconf/26642824076/
www.flickr.com/photos/sewanee/26642942850/
www.flickr.com/photos/dungcy/26642980600/
www.flickr.com/photos/pforret/26643024001/
www.flickr.com/photos/photolaz/26643169520/
www.flickr.com/photos/photolaz/26643169520/
www.flickr.com/photos/141939107@N06/26643487912/
www.flickr.com/photos/141939107@N06/26643488442/
www.flickr.com/photos/141939107@N06/26643517372/
www.flickr.com/photos/141939107@N06/26643518802/
www.flickr.com/photos/141939107@N06/26643518802/
www.flickr.com/photos/txikita69/26643522936/
www.flickr.com/photos/ell-r-brown/26643533655/
www.flickr.com/photos/camaramunicipaldenovohamburgo/26643...
www.flickr.com/photos/ronliang/26643677996/
www.flickr.com/photos/ministeriodoesporte/26643891401/
www.flickr.com/photos/assembleialegislativaes/26644308905/
www.flickr.com/photos/assembleialegislativaes/26644309625/
www.flickr.com/photos/134667851@N06/26644462301/
www.flickr.com/photos/neapr/26644581394/
www.flickr.com/photos/neapr/26644581394/
www.flickr.com/photos/princetonpubliclibrary/26644590720/
www.flickr.com/photos/princetonpubliclibrary/26644591160/
www.flickr.com/photos/neapr/26644592634/
www.flickr.com/photos/128996465@N02/26644599841/
www.flickr.com/photos/86525452@N06/26644642001/
www.flickr.com/photos/lucaboldrini69/26644755852/
www.flickr.com/photos/134852063@N08/26644934346/
www.flickr.com/photos/agenciasenado/26644964550/
www.flickr.com/photos/mosaic36/26645203981/
www.flickr.com/photos/agenciasenado/26645227380/
www.flickr.com/photos/hypercreativity/26645269454/
www.flickr.com/photos/jonnyr1/26645278265/
www.flickr.com/photos/europeanmobilityweek/26645287485/
www.flickr.com/photos/132194633@N03/26645363152/
www.flickr.com/photos/132194633@N03/26645430582/
www.flickr.com/photos/126060350@N08/26645476366/
www.flickr.com/photos/10542402@N06/26645498272/
www.flickr.com/photos/10542402@N06/26645499012/
www.flickr.com/photos/sasdelaware/26645514231/
www.flickr.com/photos/sasdelaware/26645527691/
www.flickr.com/photos/sasdelaware/26645546111/
www.flickr.com/photos/sasdelaware/26645546111/
www.flickr.com/photos/susan402/26645565634/
www.flickr.com/photos/jill_carlson/26645611274/
www.flickr.com/photos/134934976@N07/26645705750/
www.flickr.com/photos/worldpokertour/26645768022/
www.flickr.com/photos/runneralan/26645866502/
www.flickr.com/photos/mdscomunicacao/26645887910/
www.flickr.com/photos/anders-h-foto/26645908172/
www.flickr.com/photos/10542402@N06/26645943473/
www.flickr.com/photos/kathmandu/26646199951/
www.flickr.com/photos/a-orblin/26646260970/
www.flickr.com/photos/138407784@N02/26646263896/
www.flickr.com/photos/utcvm/26646759980/
www.flickr.com/photos/utcvm/26646774550/
www.flickr.com/photos/140585495@N06/26646785050/
www.flickr.com/photos/7292738@N06/26646818231/
www.flickr.com/photos/diaz/26646915003/
www.flickr.com/photos/135444667@N06/26646931076/
www.flickr.com/photos/igorscalariev/26646968590/
www.flickr.com/photos/antoinelphotos/26647317030/
www.flickr.com/photos/redcrossggr/26647408445/
www.flickr.com/photos/mgifford/26647487514/
www.flickr.com/photos/wgsisummit/26647566095/
www.flickr.com/photos/trajanmax/26647575794/
www.flickr.com/photos/djangogirls/26647679145/
www.flickr.com/photos/djangogirls/26647737245/
www.flickr.com/photos/djangogirls/26647737245/
www.flickr.com/photos/worldpokertour/26647810782/
www.flickr.com/photos/lyoshab/26647896865/
www.flickr.com/photos/davidjlee/26647928684/
www.flickr.com/photos/bhujmandir/26647979213/
www.flickr.com/photos/124953100@N05/26648001741/
www.flickr.com/photos/124953100@N05/26648001741/
www.flickr.com/photos/124953100@N05/26648010651/
www.flickr.com/photos/asambleanacional/26648071040/
www.flickr.com/photos/65091855@N03/26648212110/
www.flickr.com/photos/65091855@N03/26648245900/
www.flickr.com/photos/jill_carlson/26648297983/
www.flickr.com/photos/madeline_zenfold/26648313246/
www.flickr.com/photos/madeline_zenfold/26648319776/
www.flickr.com/photos/hans905/26648400166/
www.flickr.com/photos/mi_ng/26648463821/
www.flickr.com/photos/scratchpost/26648485242/
www.flickr.com/photos/girardatlarge/26648549826/
www.flickr.com/photos/friendssfpl/26648650050/
www.flickr.com/photos/trajanmax/26648790153/
www.flickr.com/photos/trajanmax/26648790633/
www.flickr.com/photos/trajanmax/26648792613/
www.flickr.com/photos/asucronkite/26648807983/
www.flickr.com/photos/cinematerna/26648842973/
www.flickr.com/photos/crudmucosa/26648967325/
www.flickr.com/photos/11248189@N02/26649072684/
www.flickr.com/photos/ronliang/26649106392/
www.flickr.com/photos/associazione_didee/26649109492/
www.flickr.com/photos/ygktech/26649136345/
www.flickr.com/photos/141939107@N06/26649155761/
www.flickr.com/photos/141939107@N06/26649156151/
www.flickr.com/photos/141939107@N06/26649156621/
www.flickr.com/photos/141939107@N06/26649157901/
www.flickr.com/photos/141939107@N06/26649162431/
www.flickr.com/photos/141939107@N06/26649162591/
www.flickr.com/photos/141939107@N06/26649162701/
www.flickr.com/photos/141939107@N06/26649162901/
www.flickr.com/photos/141939107@N06/26649169911/
www.flickr.com/photos/43210263@N04/26649221714/
www.flickr.com/photos/kk/26649428062/
www.flickr.com/photos/mgifford/26649519473/
www.flickr.com/photos/kk/26649599362/
www.flickr.com/photos/141939107@N06/26649637381/
www.flickr.com/photos/phehall/26649666903/
www.flickr.com/photos/midianinja/26649723645/
www.flickr.com/photos/noppadon/26649853204/
www.flickr.com/photos/tokyoman0822/26649890812/
www.flickr.com/photos/noppadon/26649933574/
www.flickr.com/photos/wgsisummit/26649955366/
www.flickr.com/photos/wgsisummit/26649955616/
www.flickr.com/photos/130919638@N05/26650091752/
www.flickr.com/photos/wendelinjacober/26650165170/
www.flickr.com/photos/11248189@N02/26650243723/
www.flickr.com/photos/prescott_small/26650298325/
www.flickr.com/photos/prescott_small/26650304515/
www.flickr.com/photos/prescott_small/26650304515/
www.flickr.com/photos/141939107@N06/26650387461/
www.flickr.com/photos/agenciasenado/26650430736/
www.flickr.com/photos/malcolmslaney/26650447264/
www.flickr.com/photos/lge/26650449270/
www.flickr.com/photos/norkhat/26650471766/
www.flickr.com/photos/intangenta/26650520411/
www.flickr.com/photos/norkhat/26650593956/
www.flickr.com/photos/norkhat/26650593956/
www.flickr.com/photos/forddrivingskillsforlife/26650741516/
www.flickr.com/photos/usfperformingarts/26650906805/
www.flickr.com/photos/oie-photos/26651014724/
www.flickr.com/photos/141939107@N06/26651041291/
www.flickr.com/photos/141939107@N06/26651041471/
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an area of 105 square kilometres (41 square miles) and an official estimated population of 2,140,526 residents as of 1 January 2019. Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of Europe's major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts.
The City of Paris is the centre and seat of government of the Île-de-France, or Paris Region, which has an estimated official 2019 population of 12,213,364, or about 18 percent of the population of France. The Paris Region had a GDP of €681 billion (US$850 billion) in 2016, accounting for 31 percent of the GDP of France, and was the 5th largest region by GDP in the world. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey in 2018, Paris was the second-most expensive city in the world, behind Singapore and ahead of Zurich, Hong Kong, Oslo and Geneva.
The city is a major rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports: Paris-Charles de Gaulle (the second busiest airport in Europe) and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the city's subway system, the Paris Métro, serves 5.23 million passengers daily, and is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro. Gare du Nord is the 24th busiest railway station in the world, and the first located outside Japan, with 262 million passengers in 2015.
Paris is especially known for its museums and architectural landmarks: the Louvre was the most visited art museum in the world in 2018, with 10.2 million visitors. The Musée d'Orsay and Musée de l'Orangerie are noted for their collections of French Impressionist art, and the Pompidou Centre Musée National d'Art Moderne has the largest collection of modern and contemporary art in Europe. The historical district along the Seine in the city centre is classified as a UNESCO Heritage Site. Popular landmarks in the centre of the city include the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris and the Gothic royal chapel of Sainte-Chapelle, both on the Île de la Cité; the Eiffel Tower, constructed for the Paris Universal Exposition of 1889; the Grand Palais and Petit Palais, built for the Paris Universal Exposition of 1900; the Arc de Triomphe on the Champs-Élysées, and the Basilica of Sacré-Coeur on the hill of Montmartre. Paris received 23 million visitors in 2017, measured by hotel stays, with the largest numbers of foreign visitors coming from the United States, the UK, Germany and China. It was ranked as the third most visited travel destination in the world in 2017, after Bangkok and London.
The football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris. The 80,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros. Paris hosted the Olympic Games in 1900, 1924 and will host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The 1938 and 1998 FIFA World Cups, the 2007 Rugby World Cup, and the 1960, 1984, and 2016 UEFA European Championships were also held in the city and, every July, the Tour de France bicycle race finishes there.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine
The Seine is a 777-kilometre-long (483 mi) river and an important commercial waterway within the Paris Basin in the north of France. It rises at Source-Seine, 30 kilometres (19 mi) northwest of Dijon in northeastern France in the Langres plateau, flowing through Paris and into the English Channel at Le Havre (and Honfleur on the left bank). It is navigable by ocean-going vessels as far as Rouen, 120 kilometres (75 mi) from the sea. Over 60 percent of its length, as far as Burgundy, is negotiable by commercial riverboats, and nearly its whole length is available for recreational boating; excursion boats offer sightseeing tours of the river banks in Paris, lined with top monuments including Notre-Dame, the Eiffel Tower, the Louvre Museum and Musée d'Orsay.
There are 37 bridges within Paris and dozens more spanning the river outside the city. Examples in Paris include the Pont Alexandre III and Pont Neuf, the latter of which dates back to 1607. Outside the city, examples include the Pont de Normandie, one of the longest cable-stayed bridges in the world, which links Le Havre to Honfleur.
Ground-source and water-source heat pumps differ from air-source pumps by capturing heat from the ground or from bodies of water. This graphic shows how ground-source and water-source heat pumps work.
Read more in Knowable Magazine
How heat pumps of the 1800s are becoming the technology of the future
Innovative thinking has done away with problems that long dogged the electric devices — and both scientists and environmentalists are excited about the possibilities
knowablemagazine.org/article/technology/2023/heat-pumps-b...
===
Knowable Magazine from Annual Reviews is a digital publication that seeks to make scientific knowledge accessible to all. Through compelling articles, beautiful graphics, engaging videos and more, Knowable Magazine explores the real-world impact of research through a journalistic lens. All content is rooted in deep reporting and undergoes a thorough fact-checking before publication.
The Knowable Magazine Science Graphics Library is an initiative to create freely available, accurate and engaging graphics for teachers and students. All graphics are curated from Knowable Magazine articles and are free for classroom use.
Knowable Magazine is an editorially independent initiative produced by Annual Reviews, a nonprofit publisher dedicated to synthesizing and integrating knowledge for the progress of science and the benefit of society.
==
We love to hear how teachers are using our graphics. Contact us: knowablemagazine.org/contact-us