Typeface design by myself, this is some supporting media.

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The Roman Empire

Jovinus, 411 – 413

d=22 mm

Solidus, Arles 411-413, AV 4.50 g. DN IOVIN – VS P F AVG Pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. RESTITV – TOR REIP Emperor standing r., holding standard and Victory on globe, spurning captive with his l. foot; in field, A – R. In exergue, COMOB. RIC 1708. C 1. LRC –. Depeyrot 23/2.

Extremely rare. Two minor edge nick, otherwise extremely fine

Ex Triton sale II, 1998, 1091.

When the Gallic nobleman Jovinus was proclaimed emperor in Germania Secunda in 411, his timing was ideal; the luckless Honorius had only just emerged from the horrors of 407-411, during which many crises had struck the Western empire, including the sack of Rome by the Visigoths. Jovinus already had agreements with kings of the Alans and Burgundians, and he immediately set about making alliances with other barbarian leaders, including Athaulf, king of the Visigoths. All was proceeding according to plan until Jovinus courted the Gothic dissident Sarus, and hailed his own brother Sebastianus co-emperor, for both of these actions alienated Athaulf, who instead began to co-operate with Honorius. The alliance of Athaulf and Honorius was effective, and the rebels Sebastianus and Jovinus were, in turn, captured and executed.

NAC38, 291

Justinian II. First reign, 685-695. AV Solidus (12mm, 4.31 g, 6h). Carthage (or branch) mint. Dated RY 10 (late 695). IЧSTIOI AτOC P P (Ч retrograde), crowned and draped bust facing, bearded, holding globus cruciger / CICTORI-A AЧT (Ч retrograde), cross potent set on three steps; I to right; CONB. For another specimen with slightly different legends, see Goldberg 53 (24 May 2009), lot 2178; otherwise unpublished in the standard references. Near EF, minor deposits around the devices. Extremely rare, probably only the second known.

From the collection of Dr. Lawrence A. Adams. Ex Leu/Numismatica Ars Classica (26 May 1993), lot 435.

The “I” on the reverse can only be interpreted as a date, which is supported by the light beard worn by Justinian on this final issue. If struck at Carthage, this solidus would have to predate the Umayyad capture of the city in late 695, and there is a good chance it was struck between Justinian’s deposition and the arrival of the news of his overthrow at Carthage. As suggested in the Leu/NAC sale, however, it may have been struck at a “branch mint” set up by officials fleeing Carthage with bullion in advance of the Arab invasion, possibly at the outpost of Ceuta, which did not fall until 709. In any case, it seems likely that this was the last Byzantine solidus to be struck in Africa (postdating the dually dated year 10/9 solidi [MIB 18b; SB 1265B]), or at the very least, to be the last solidus struck by former workers of the Carthaginian mint.

The Goldberg/Christov Family specimen, slightly inferior to the current piece, hammered at $4750. That sale mistakenly claimed the Leu/NAC provenance of our coin.

CNG100, 311

Heraclius. 610-641. AV Solidus (21mm, 4.54 g, 6h). Uncertain eastern mint (Jerusalem or a mint in Syria?). Struck circa late 610-611. [∂ N ҺЄRAC]LI-ЧS P P AVG, crowned and cuirassed bust facing, holding globus cruciger / VICTORI AVςЧ, angel standing facing, holding staff surmounted by staurogram and globus cruciger; ΙΠ//CONOB. DOC 186 (Alexandria); MIB 76 (Cyprus?); Bendall, Jerusalem 3 (Jerusalem?); SB 850 (Jerusalem). EF, stars scratched in field to either side of Angel’s head. Extremely rare.

This enigmatic issue, which employs a Phocas-style portrait, must have been struck early in Heraclius reign prior to the arrival of the new, official imago. It is clearly the product of a subsidiary mint in the East, which also produced some solidi with facing busts of Heraclius and a young Heraclius Constantine. The traditional attribution to Jerusalem has been called into question, but a satisfactory alternative has not been put forth.

CNG100, 2012

Constantine VI and Irene, 780 – 797

Solidus circa 797-802, AV 4.38 g. EIRINH – bASILISSH Crowned bust of Irene facing, wearing loros, holding globus cruciger and cruciform sceptre. Rev. EIRINH – bASILISSHQ Crowned bust of Irene facing, wearing loros, holding globus cruciger and cruciform sceptre. DO 1a.2. Sear 1599.

Rare and possibly the finest specimen know. A perfect Fdc

The legacy of Irene on Byzantine coinage began in 780, when she assumed the regency for her son, Constantine VI, and ended with her removal from the throne in 802. The entire series has been studied by Franz Füeg, who presents a convincing arrangement in his Corpus of the Nomismata from Anastasius II to John I in Constantinople, 713-976.

Füeg suggests she did not appear on the initial type of 780-787, which shows on its obverse her son seated beside his deceased father, Leo IV, and on its reverse the young emperor’s deceased grandfather and great-grandfather. The type makes sense for such a young emperor, who still had not reached the age of majority, for it stresses his dynastic qualifications.

What followed from 787 to 793 is a series that demonstrates a significant rise in the profile of Irene, for she is portrayed beside her son. The other side is dedicated to Constantine VI’s deceased father, grandfather and great-grandfather, all three of whom are shown seated.

In the next series, which Füeg places from 793 to 797, the ancestors are shed and the coins are devoted wholly to mother and son. While Constantine VI is portrayed on the reverse, Irene occupies the obverse. Her facing bust is topped with a crown that chroniclers of the 10th Century call a ‘modiolos’; the iconic spikes that radiate from her diadem may, in fact, be stylized flowers or palm fronds.

The last phase of Irene’s coinage was struck from 797 to 802, after the poor character of Constantine VI had made it possible for his mother to have him deposed and blinded. With that remarkable event, the throne of Constantinople was now occupied solely by Irene, making her the first woman to rule in her own right. Her reign did not long endure, though. After manifold problems she fell victim to a palace coup and was sent into exile, dying not long afterward.

These final solidi are extraordinary in that Irene’s portrait appears twice. It is hard to imagine what prompted the idea of occupying both sides with the same design. Both portraits and inscriptions are absolutely identical except for the inconsequential detail that the reverse inscription is followed by a control mark.

Memories of the rebellion remained strong with Constantine V, presumably because it was conceived by his brother-in-law and elder sister. We are told by Theophanes that three decades later a resentful Constantine V forced Anna to exhume the bones of her late husband and toss them into charnel pits reserved for executed criminals.

NAC59, 1237

son of Big Boss

MEROVINGIANS, Marseille. Circa 600-620. AV Solidus of 21 siliquae (3.86 g, 6h). Fourth phase, group 8 (pseudo-imperial coinage). Struck in the name of Phocas. C II FOCL’’ S CR F LVC (some letters retrograde), pearl-diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust right / VICORI (wreath) L LVCCV, cross potent set on globe; M L flanking cross, X XI flanking globe; all within wreath; CONOB. NM Type 8-1A, 30; Rigold 72 corr. (same obv. die); Belfort 2457; MEC -. Superb EF, tiny die break on reverse. Extremely rare, only four examples recorded in NM.

Struck from the same dies as the following lot (but at earlier die state). This type has never appeared at auction.

By the end of the sixth century AD, diplomatic ties between the Byzantine Empire and southern Gaul were reestablished after having lapsed a century earlier. The resumption of ties was marked by the introduction of Merovingian pseudo-imperial coinage during the final years of the reign of Justin II (574-578). As first these coins were struck on a limited scale and under strict control of a centralized minting authority, which supervised all the mints, legalized the reduced local standard, and possibly supplied the dies. By 580, however, this control broke down, and soon some mints began striking issues of clearly inferior style and often with illiterate legends. Elsewhere, while mints such as Arles might conform briefly to centralized standards, they too soon lapsed into striking more “localized” types.

During this period, only Marseille, by far the most active of the Gallic mints, as well as the only one to continue proclaiming loyalty to the Byzantine emperor, continued to remain under strict control, while it increased its output sharply by coining the heavy imperial subsidies flowing into the area in return for Frankish military assistance.

In the final years of the reign of Maurice Tiberius, and certainly by 596, Marseille, now the chief regional mint, reintroduced a small, more tightly controlled pseudo-imperial issue in the name of Maurice Tiberius, which the mint continued to strike after the emperor’s death. Like those coins issued under Justin II, this new issue was more than likely a resurgence of the Byzantine contact with the area that had been allowed to lapse during the preceding years. Although, as before, the other regional mints, such as Uzès, Viviers, and Arles also briefly participated, they soon fell into obscurity, and Marseilles became the main southern Gallic mint.

Upon the death of Maurice Tiberius, Marseilles half-heartedly accepted the rule of Phocas. Although a very small and extremely rare issue was struck in the name of the new emperor, the mint preferred to continue striking the Maurice Tiberius type until the succession of Heraclius in 610, when it briefly struck coins commemorating his new rule. Subsequently, the Merovingian kings, at last able to exert their authority over southern Gaul, took over control of Marseilles and its mint and began striking issues in their own names.

Only two examples of the Maurice Tiberius type have appeared at auction in the past century (A. Cahn 79 (14 December 1932), lot 1061, and Crédit de la Bourse (12 June 1997), lot 275), and no example of the Phocas type has ever appeared at auction.

CNGTritonX, 893

Romulus Augustus, 475-476

d=22 mm

Solidus, Arles 475-476, AV 4.23 g. D N ROMVLVS AVGVSTVS P F AVG Helmeted, pearl-diademed and cuirassed bust three-quarters facing, holding spear and shield with horseman and enemy motif. Rev. VICTORI – A AVGGG Victory standing l., supporting long jewelled cross; in field l and r., A – R. In exergue, COMOB. C 6 (this coin). Mazzini 6 (this coin). RIC 3421. Depeyrot 30/1. Lacam 23 (this coin).

Excessively rare, a fascinating and important issue. One nick at twelve o’clock on

obverse and one in reverse field at two o’clock, light filing on edge,

otherwise about extremely fine

Ex Mazzini collection. The last legitimate ruler of the Western Roman Empire was Julius Nepos, who remained the constitutional emperor in absentia from his base in Dalmatia. However, traditionally that honour has been incorrectly given to Romulus Augustus (sometimes surnamed Augustulus, "the little emperor"), who, after Nepos fled Italy, was hailed emperor as a figurehead of his father’s army. His reign lasted just ten months before Germans under Odovacar withdrew their support and deposed both the young emperor and his father. The Germans allowed the former boy-emperor to live, and provided him with an ample pension so he could engage in an early retirement to an estate on the Gulf of Naples in Campania, where he is said to have lived for at least thirty more years.

NAC33, 634

Eugenius, 392 – 394

Solidus, Lugdunum 392–394, AV 4.44 g. D N EVGENI – VS P F AVG Pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. VICTOR – IA AVGG Two emperors, nimbate, seated facing on throne; the emperor on r. holding mappa and the two together holding globe. Above, Victory facing with spread wings; below, palm-branch. In outer field l. and r., L – D; in exergue, COM. C 6. RIC 45. Depeyrot 18/1. Bastien, Lyon, 229.

Extremely rare and in exceptional condition for the issue. A superb portrait and

good extremely fine

History records little of Eugenius, a professor of Latin and rhetoric who gave up teaching to occupy the throne of the Western Roman Empire for two years and a few days. The very fact that he was not qualified to be emperor made him the perfect candidate, for the Frankish general Arbogast wanted him as a puppet. It was a perfect follow-up to his murder of Valentinian II – the young Western emperor whom Theodosius had entrusted to Arbogast’s regency. Afterwards the throne remained vacant for three months as Arbogast sought a replacement. Although only Theodosius I, the senior reigning emperor in the East, had the constitutional right to appoint the next emperor in the west, this did not deter Arbogast, who was firmly in control of the West. The elevation of Eugenius was of value to Arbogast on some level, for the old professor was not prone to religious fanaticism, and (as his bearded effigy attests) he was tolerant of pagans. When the army backing Eugenius seized Italy in 393, Theodosius responded with a campaign of his own, and routed them in September, 394. In the aftermath Eugenius was executed and the former Master of Infantry, Arbogast, was driven to flight and soon took his own life. During the six months between the defeat of Eugenius and Theodosius’ natural death in January of 395, he remained in Milan and from there ruled over a united empire. Unity occured on only two occasions after the empire had been divided by Valentinian I and Valens in 364, both of which were equally as brief and transient. With the death of Theodosius the temporary unity of east and west ceased, and the empires entered a period of great unrest under his two incompetent sons, Arcadius and Honorius, who promptly divided the empire between themselves.

NAC46, 737

Flavius Victor, 387-388

Solidus, Treveri 387, AV 4.48 g. DN FL VIC – TOR P F AVG Pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. BONO REI PV – BLICE NATI Two emperors seated facing, the one on the r. smaller, holding globe together; above, Victory facing with spread wings. Between them, below, palm-branch; in exergue, TROB. Kent-Hirmer pl. 181, 714 (this obverse die). C 1. RIC 75. Depeyrot 52/3.

Extremely rare and in exceptional condition for the issue. Minor marks,

otherwise extremely fine

Ex Leu sale 22, 1979, 404 and Sotheby’s 4 December 1990, Hunt part III, 115 sales.

This rare solidus is rich with Late Antique imagery and touts a naively bright future for this young prince, who held the empty title of Augustus for about one year before he was executed. Magnus Maximus proclaimed his son Flavius Victor co-emperor sometime in the middle of 387 when he was seizing Italy from the legitimate emperor of the West, Valentinian II (who, at age sixteen, was probably significantly older than his own son).

The coinage reflects Flavius Victor’s small stature, indicating not only that he was young, but through a standard iconographic technique demonstrating that he was subordinate to his father. His father was able to oust Valentinian II, nevertheless the eastern emperor Theodosius I recruited Alans, Arabs, Goths, Huns, Iberians and Isaurians to join his own standing army on a counter-offensive that brought immediate victory. It is not certain whether Flavius Victor was executed along with his father in Italy, or if he had remained behind in Trier and his fate was postponed.

For a rebel in this day and age, Magnus Maximus was remarkably durable. In the first four years of his reign, before he invaded Italy, Magnus Maximus gained some concessions from Theodosius I: his praetorian prefect in Gaul, Evodius, was one of the consuls recognized empire-wide in 386, and some coins struck by Theodosius I acknowledged him.

Thus, at the outset of his invasion Magnus Maximus had every reason to be optimistic about the longevity of his regime, hence this spectacular reverse type. The inscription BONO REIPVBLICE NATI, meaning “born for the good of the state,” is among the most charming in five centuries of Imperial coinage. The design is most attractive: a Victory with spread wings stands behind the two emperors seated in jewelled opulence, jointly holding a globe symbolising the world they ruled

NAC46, 736

Alexander. 912-913 AD. Solidus, 4.35g. Constantinople, c. 912-913 AD. Obv: +IhS XRS REX - REGnAnTIUM Christ seated facing, bearded, on wide lyre-backed throne, wearing tunic and himation, right hand raised outwards in blessing, book resting on left knee. Rx: +ALEXAnd - ROS AUGUSTOS ROM Alexander at left standing facing, bearded, wearing crown with cross and loros with fringed end passing over right arm and ornamented by +, in right hand globus cruciger; left hand extended; to right, St. Alexander standing three-quarters facing, bearded, bareheaded, and barefooted, wearing tunic and himation, placing crown on head of Alexander with right hand and holding cross in left. DO 2. Berk 272. Sear 1737. Well struck and EF.

Probably less than 20 solidi of this reign are recorded, making it one of the great rarities of the Byzantine series.

Gemini6, 603

The text promises a reward of one solidus (gold coin) to anyone returning the fugitive to his/her master Zonino. Most likely a slave collar, but some have suggested that it could also be an animal collar. Between 4th and 6th centuries CE. From the epigraphic collection of the Museo Nazionale Romano at the baths of Diocletian.

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Constantine IV Pogonatus, with Heraclius and Tiberius, 668-685. Solidus (Gold, 20mm, 4.42 g 6), Uncertain Italian mint, 674-681. dN CONTANTIN Helmeted and cuirassed bust of Constantine IV facing, holding spear with his right hand and with a shield over his left shoulder. Rev. VICTORIA AV I / CONOB Cross potent on base and three steps between standing figures of Heraclius on left and Tiberius on right. Both crowned, wearing chlamys and holding globe cruciger in right hand. DOC -. MIB 54 (Ravenna). S. 1221 var. Very rare and exceptionally nice. Good extremely fine.

Ex Triton IV, 5 December 2000, 771.

NOMOSFPL2015, 132

Basiliscus & Marcus. AD 475-476. AV Solidus (20mm, 4.50 g, 6h). Constantinople mint, 4th officina. D N bASILISCI Eτ MARC P AVC, pearl-diademed, helmeted, and cuirassed facing bust, holding spear in right hand, on left arm a shield decorated with horseman spearing an enemy below / SALVS REI PVBLICAE, Basiliscus and Marcus seated facing on double throne, each nimbate, holding mappa in right hand and globus in left; in field between, star above cross; Δ//CONOB. RIC X 1022; Depeyrot 104/1; DOCLR 621; Biaggi –. EF. Rare.

CNGTritonXVIII, 1278

Glycerius, 473 – 474

Solidus, Ravenna or possibly a Visigothic mint in Gaul 473-474, AV 4.39 g. D N GLVCER – IVS P F AVG Rosette-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. VICTORI – A AVGG Emperor standing facing, holding long cross in r. hand and Victory on globe in l.; foot on a step; in field, R – V. In exergue, COMOB. C 3. RIC 3106 var. (…IVS F P) = Depeyrot 33/1 = Lacam 6 = Ranieri 179.

An apparently unrecorded variety of an extremely rare type. Minor nick at two

o’clock on reverse, otherwise extremely fine

In 472 two emperors and the emperor-making general Ricimer all died, threatening to plunge the Western Roman Empire into a state of crisis. But Ricimer was seamlessly replaced by his nephew Gundobad, who kept the Western throne vacant for four months, until he appointed Glycerius, a man of no particular distinction who had been the last emperor’s comes domesticorum. The Eastern emperor Leo I was enraged by this usurpation and sent an army to Italy to remove Glycerius. The expedition was led by Julius Nepos, the magister militum of Dalmatia, who captured Glycerius without a fight on June 19, 474. However, Nepos made the fatal error of sparing Glycerius’ life and appointing him bishop of Salona, within his own family’s fiefdom.

During the course of Nepos’ expedition, however, Leo I had died, and a struggle for power had erupted in the East. Lacking any direction from Constantinople, Nepos thus claimed the western throne, only to be overthrown himself about fourteen months later by his magister militum Orestes, who replaced him with his own son Romulus Augustus. Nepos fled to his native Dalmatia, where he continued to rule autonomously until 480, when he was murdered, seemingly at the instigation of Glycerius, who apparently held no gratitude for his life having been spared six years before.

The coinage of Glycerius is quite rare: virtually no silver coins survive, and his gold coins seldom come to market. He struck solidi at Ravenna and Milan, and tremisses – the most popular gold denomination in the West – at Rome, Ravenna, Milan. All of his solidi seem to have been struck in his own name, whereas he appears to have struck tremisses in his own name and in the name of the eastern emperor Leo.

This particular solidus bears the mint signature of Ravenna, though it is engraved in a style that is somewhat barbarous, and which does not match anything plated in Lacam or RIC. No ‘barbarous’ or Gallic issues are listed for Glycerius in RIC or Metcalf, and it is difficult to determine whether this is a Pseudo-Imperial issue of the Visigoths in Gaul, or if it is a hasty product of Ravenna from the last days of Glycerius’ troubled reign.

NAC46, 751

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Magnus Maximus. AD 383-388. AV Solidus (21mm, 4.58 g, 6h). Londinium (London) mint. Struck AD 384. D N MAG MA-XIMVS P F AVG, rosette-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust right / VICTOR-IA AVGG, Maximus and Theodosius enthroned facing, holding globe between them; behind and between, Victory standing front with outspread wings, palm below; AVGOB. RIC IX 2; Depeyrot 2/1; Biaggi 2312 (this coin); Cohen 9. Near EF. Very rare.

Maximus was a Spaniard who rose to the command of the troops in Britain, and he fought successfully against Picts ad Scots. Elevated by the British army, he crossed to Gaul where he overthrew Gratian. As evidenced by this reverse type, Maximus was initially recognized by Theodosius, but this only lasted until Theodosius was able to divert his forces from the east. Maximus eventually attempted to expand his base into Italy, but he was ultimately defeated there by Theodosius. Soon after this period, events on the Continent forced Rome to withdraw its armies from Britain, which also marked the end of the Roman mint at Londinium. This particular issue was the final gold struck there.

CNG783710

Revolt of the Heraclii. 608-610. AV Solidus (21mm, 4.40 g, 8h). Uncertain military mint in the East. Dated fixed IY 11 (summer 608). DN ЄRACLIO CONSVLI BA, facing busts of Heraclius and the Exarch Heraclius, each wearing slight beard and consular robes; cross between / VICTORIA CONSAB, cross potent set upon four steps; IA (date)//COИOB. DOC 11 (Alexandria); MIBE 3¹ (same obv. die as illustration); SB 719 (Alexandria). EF, a lustrous and well centered and struck example. Extremely rare.

Ex Müller Collection; Berk BBS (16 September 1998), lot 27.

Having survived several real and imagined plots to overthrow him, the brutal Phocas was finally brought down by the governor of Carthage and his son, who led a methodical campaign to strip Phocas of all his remaining support. It is likely that fewer people died during the course of the revolt than did during a comparable period under the rule of Phocas. All the revolt coins are dated by indictional or interregnal years, the reign of Heraclius not beginning until the capture of Constantinople and his official proclamation as emperor.

Sear lists revolt solidi for two mints, Carthage and Alexandria. The stylistic differences, however, between SB 718-9 and 720 are so radical that it is extremely unlikely they could be from the same mint. SB 718-9 were probably struck at a temporary mint in Cyprus or Syria, both of which were staging areas for the final assault on Constantinople.

CNG926263

RoboCup 2016 am 03.07.2016 auf dem Leipziger Messegelände

Foto: Stefan Hoyer

stefanhoyer.de

THEODOSIUS III of Adramytium. 715-717 AD. AR Hexagram (3.05 g, 7h). Constantinople mint. dN thEO[dO SIUS] MUL A, crowned facing bust, with short beard, holding patriarchal globus and akakia / VICTORI AVSU, cross potent on three steps; B/CONOB. DOC II 2 note (referring to Tolstoi 13); Yannopoulos pp. 53 and 84; MIB III 12; SB 1491. EF, toned, a few insignificant flan flaws. Struck from solidus dies. Extremely rare.

As pointed out by Yannopoulos, the extremely rare silver coins dating from the second reign of Justinian II to Theodosius are called "hexagrams" only as a matter of convenience; they do not adhere to the hexagram weight standard, and are almost always struck from solidus dies. They are a late "ceremonial" silver coinage with a very small mintage.

CNGTritonIX, 1656

UNCERTAIN GERMANIC TRIBES. Pseudo-Imperial coinage. AV Solidus (19mm, 4.29 g, 6h). In the name of Byzantine emperor Constantine IV (668-685). ∂ N-T-NЧP, diademed, helmeted, and cuirassed bust facing, holding spear and shield / VITCRA • NVIV+, cross potent with pellet on shaft set on three steps; standing figures (Heraclius and Tiberius) flanking, each holding globus cruciger; CONOB. Cf. MIB X4. Good VF, slightly wavy flan, a few light marks. Rare and interesting.

From the collection of Dr. Lawrence A. Adams. Ex John Work Garrett Collection (Part II, Leu/Numismatic Fine Arts, 16 October 1984), lot 563 (purchased from Wayte Raymond, 23 October 1923).

Presumably struck in Italy and thus likely Lombardic. In the Garrett sale, where a south Italian origin was suggested, it is noted that: “This coin appears to imitate issues from Rome but seems to have no certain relations. Hahn’s coins are rather similar: see especially X4 with the very much abbreviated legends and the peculiar treatment of the globi held by the figures on the rev. (which have the appearance of the pommels of long swords).”

CNG100, 453

The Postcard

A postcard bearing no publisher's name that was printed in Great Britain. The card was posted in Tenby using stamps to the value of 3p. The postmark urges people to send off for the Tenby Visitor Guide which cost 10p (2/-).

The card was posted on Wednesday the 25th. August 1971. It was sent to:

Mrs. Whitehead & Wilson,

24, Clitherow Road,

Brentford,

Middlesex.

The message on the divided back of the card was as follows:

"Having a good time in

finding our way & having

a good laugh getting

lost. Also very hilly.

We went to Caldey Island

by boat on Monday.

Tuesday Pendine and

Laugharne - not much

there.

Hoping all are well,

From Mrs. Humphreys."

Tenby

Tenby is a harbour town and resort in southwest Wales. It is known for its 13th.-century town walls and its stretches of sandy shoreline, including Castle Beach.

The ruins of Tenby Castle are on a headland overlooking the harbour. Exhibits at Tenby Museum and Art Gallery include a 16th.-century wrought-iron cannon. The Tudor Merchant’s House recreates domestic life in 1500, with a merchant's shop and working kitchen.

Pre-Decimal Currency

The cost of the Tenby Guide was quoted on the postmark in decimal currency (10p) and pre-decimal currency (2/- or 2 shillings).

The double pricing is because the UK had recently 'gone decimal' on the 15th. February 1971. (1971 is often called the 'Year of the Con' because manufacturers and retailers used the changeover to increase their prices).

Pre-decimalisation money (L S D) was divided into pounds (£/L), shillings (s.) and pennies (d.).

'L S D' also stands for the hallucinogenic drug Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, but in this context it stands for the Latin words 'Libra', 'Solidus' and 'Denarius'. The coinage was as follows:

- 20 shillings (s.) in £1 (L)

- 12 pennies (d.) in 1 shilling (s.)

- 240 pennies in £1

- 480 halfpennies in £1

- 960 farthings in £1

The £ was represented by a printed note, and there was also a 10-shilling note.

A 'Guinea' (beloved of private medical consultants and solicitors) was 21 shillings - a way of extracting an additional 5% from the patient or client.

-- The British Pound and Inflation

The British pound has lost 94% its value since 1971, such that £100 in 1971 is equivalent in purchasing power to about £1,806 today. The pound has had an average inflation rate of 5.51% per year between 1971 and today.

This means that today's prices are 18 times as high as average prices in 1971, according to the Office for National Statistics. A pound today only buys 5.54% of what it could buy back then.

A Body at the Conference Center

So what else happened on the day that the card was posted?

Well, on the 25th. August 1971, border clashes occurred between Tanzania and Uganda.

Tanzanian officials at Dar Es Salaam reported that four Tanzanians had been killed, including border police commander Hans Poppe, whose body was taken across the border.

The day before, Ugandan leader Idi Amin said that Tanzanian troops had seized four unarmed members of the Ugandan Army, and that Ugandan forces then captured heavy artillery, ammunition and vehicles from the Tanzanian army in a clash near the Ugandan village of Mutukula.

Amin said the body of Poppe, whom he called a Communist Chinese officer in a Tanzanian uniform, was displayed in Kampala at the International Conference Center.

Flooding in Bangladesh and Eastern Bengal

Also on that day, floods in Bangladesh and eastern Bengal caused thousands to flee the region.

Crash Holly

The 25th. August 1971 walso marked the birth in San Francisco of Crash Holly (ring name for Michael J. Lockwood).

Crash was an American professional wrestler who worked for the World Wrestling Federation from 1999 until his death at the age of 32 from a drug overdose.

On the 6th. November 2003, Lockwood passed away at the residence of his friend and fellow wrestler, Stevie Richards, in Santa Rosa County, Florida. Crash had recently received divorce papers from his wife.

He was discovered partially clothed with vomit surrounding his face. Nearby, empty bottles of the prescription drug Carisoprodol and a partially-consumed bottle of alcohol were found.

The official cause of his death was determined to be suicide, as he had choked on his own vomit.

Crash was laid to rest at West Lawn Memorial Park, China Grove, Rowan County, North Carolina.

Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus. 913-959. Solidus (Gold, 19mm, 4.36 g 6), 27 January - 6 April 945. +IhS XPS REX REႺ NANTIႷ M✳ Facing bust of Christ Pantocrator, wearing tunic, himation and a cross nimbus with three pellets in the arms, raising right hand in benediction and holding Gospel book in his left. Rev. +COnSTAnT AVTCRAT b’ R’ Bust of Constantine VII facing, with long beard, wearing crown with pendilia and chlamys with tablion, and holding a globus with a patriarchal cross in his right hand. DOC 13b. SB 1747. Extremely rare. With an excellent portrait of the by now 40 year old emperor. Nearly extremely fine.

Ex Bank Leu 45, 26 May 1988, 423.

Finally freed from the tutelage of Romanus I, this solidus was issued during the short period when Constantine VII ruled alone. The portrait is one of the finest to appear on any coin of the middle Byzantine period.

NOMOSFPL2012, 75

Betriebsprogramm

Abschleppen mit Zugstange bis 16t

Abschleppen mit Abschleppseil bis 5t

Aufsatteln mittels Drehschemel bis 2,4t

Aufsatteln mittels Drehschemel und PKW-Gabel bis 1t

Abschleppen am Haken mittels Hubwerkswinde und Abschleppdreieck

Heben und Umsetzen von PKW mittels Solidus-Gummibändern und PKW-Hebegeschirr

Antrieb wassergekühlter 4-Zylinder-Viertakt-Reihen-Diesel-Motor 4VD14,5/12-2SRW mit Kraftstoff-Direkt-Einspritzung von VEB Motorenwerk Nordhausen

Bohrung 120mm

Hub 145mm

Hubraum V = 4x((rxrxπ)xh) = 4x((6cmx6cmx3,14)x14,5cm) = 4x((36x3,14)x14,5ccm) = 4x(113,04x14,5ccm) = 4x1.639ccm = 6.556ccm ≈ 6.560ccm (400cui)

Zylinderhubraum 1.639ccm (100cui)

Leistung 125PS (92kW) bei 2.300U/min

Drehmoment 392Nm bei 1.350U/min

Lichtmaschine 12V/500W

Getriebe teilsynchronisiertes 5-Gang-Schaltgetriebe

Radformel 4x4 (Allradantrieb mit 2xDiff.-Sperre)

Länge 7.450mm

Breite 2.500mm

Höhe 3.450mm

Radstand 3.700mm

Lenkung Servolenkung

Rahmen Leiterrahmen

Bremsen hydraulisch-pneumatische Allrad-Bremse und Feststellbremse

Vorderachse Starrachse mit Blattfedern und Telskopstoßdämpfern

Hinterachse Starrachse mit Blattfedern und Gummiszusatzfedern

Zugkraft Seilwinde 4,5kN

Zulässiges Gesamtgewicht 9.800kg

Höchstgeschwindigkeit 90km/h

Produktionszeitraum 1965-1990

Produzierte Stückzahl ca. 570.000 (alle Varianten W50)

Betreiber Gerhard Malkowsky

Louis le Pieux, 814-840. Solidus, imitation frisonne ou anglo-saxonne non datée (vers 830-850). Légende altérée : M. H :. A – VITI PIP. Buste drapé et lauré à droite, coupant la légende / Légende altérée : L(?)AII TM(?)VI LIAL Croix dans une couronne de laurier stylisée. 4,22g. Fr. - ; Prou Car. – (cf. 1074-1077 pour ce type d’imitation) ; Grierson – (cf. 752 pour le portrait) ; Grierson Ph. , The Gold Solidus of Louis the Pious and its Imitations in « Dark Age Numismatics », London, 1979, pp. 1-41 – (cf. pl. III B pour un buste coupant la légende). Une monnaie d’une grande importance. Superbe.

NGSA6, 417

Constantius III, 8th February – 2nd September 421

Solidus, Ravenna 421, AV 4.46 g. D N CONSTAN – TIVS P F AVG Rosette-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. VICTORI – A AVGGG Emperor standing facing, head r., holding standard and Victory on globe, spurning captive with his l. foot; in field, R – V. In exergue, COMOB. C 1. RIC 1325. Depeyrot 7/4. Ranieri 48.

Extremely rare and among the finest specimens known. Well struck

and centred on a full flan and extremely fine

Ex NFA XXX, 1992, 315 and NAC 38, 2007, 290 sales.

The Danubian commander Constantius III had enjoyed a stellar career by the time he undertook a naval blockade of Spain and Gaul in 415, which caused the murder of the Visigothic king Athaulf. In achieving this victory Constantius secured the return of the emperor Honorius’ half-sister Galla Placidia, who had been captured by the Visigoths when they sacked Rome in 410, and who in the meantime had been forced to marry king Athaulf. Riding the tide of his triumph, Constantius pressed for a royal marriage with the rescued empress, which occurred on January 1, 417, when he also assumed his second consulship. Slightly more than four years passed before Constantius gained enough prestige at court that Honorius reluctantly declared him co-emperor. This elevation was well-received in the West, where the soldiers were relieved to have a proven soldier sharing the throne, but it was not acknowledged by the Eastern emperor Theodosius II. The specter of civil war loomed for seven months until the stalemate was finally resolved by Constantius’ death, seemingly of natural causes, on September 2, 421. Due in part to the brevity of his reign, only gold solidi and tremisses from Ravenna were struck in Constantius’ name. Beyond coinage, his other lasting legacy was his son Valentinian III, by Galla Placidia, who eventually ruled the Western Roman Empire, albeit impotently, for thirty years.

NAC52, 654

Solidus, Costantinopolis 365-366, AV 4.42 g. D N PROCO – PIVS Pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust. r. Rev. SECVRITAS – REIPVB Emperor standing l., In military attire, holding globe in r. hand and sceptre in l.; in exergue, CONS. RIC –. C –. Depeyrot 14/1 (this coin).

Apparently unique. An attractive portrait, minor marks on reverse,

otherwise good extremely fine

Ex Leu 18, 1977, 401 and NAC 18, 2000, 755 sales.

In Procopius we have one of the more legitimate rebels in Roman history. When Julian II was killed in battle against the Persians in the summer of 363, it was Procopius, a relative of Julian II and one of his campaign commanders, who bore his body back to Cilicia for burial. Futhermore, it was rumoured that he had been named successor. Despite all this, the divided army did not recognize Procopiusí claim and selected Jovian, who seems to have been neutral in the east-west divide within the ranks. Another reason Procopius might have been denied was his probable sympathy toward paganism, which we might presume from his close association with Julian and his choice to wear a beard. Because of his prominence, Procopius was in grave danger and so went into hiding, emerging only when the new eastern emperor Valens was travelling to Syria. Much was working in favour of Procopius: not only was Valens far away, but the locals in Constantinople were desperate for relief from Petronius, the corrupt father-in-law of Valens who had been left behind in command. Procopiusí revolt was easily sparked, but proved impossible to maintain. The contemporary historian Ammianus reports that Procopius tried to extend his rule into the strategically important Illyricum through the offer of an ëaccession donativeí, but apparently even this failed. With the passage of time Procopiusí support in the army eroded until he left the capital with what remained of his army to confront Valens. The pitched battle Procopius no doubt considered his only chance for survival never materialized, as he was handed over to Valens after the ëbattle of Nacoliaí in the summer of 366 and was executed.

NAC46, 730

Voor meer informatie over Brekelmans herenschoenen of de aanbiedingen die deze winkel voert klik hier...

Sinds 1982 zijn wij gevestigd in ons karakteristieke pand aan de Wolfstraat 23 te Maastricht, en nog steeds mogen wij met trots zeggen dat wij de oudste herenschoenzaak zijn van Maastricht. Sinds de oprichting zijn wij een herenspeciaalzaak en hebben betaalbare kwalitatieve schoenen, sandalen en pantoffels in ons assortiment.

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Er is in onze winkel steeds meer vraag naar breedte leesten en zachte materialen. Daarom hebben wij een aantal merken in ons assortiment die verschillende breedtematen toepassen: E,F,G,H en K. Ook hebben we semi-orthopedische schoenen en schoenen met losse suplimenten waar u uw eigen steunzolen in kunt leggen.

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Wij hebben altijd schoenen in kleine en grote maten in het assortiment. Daarnaast kunnen we op aanvraag schoenen leveren tot maat 50.

JUSTINIAN I. 527-565 AD. AV Solidus (3.84 gm, 6h). Rome mint. Struck 537-542 AD. D N IVSTINIANVS P P AVG, diademed, helmeted, and cuirassed facing bust, holding globus cruciger and shield / VICTORIA AVGGG, angel standing facing, holding long cross and globus cruciger; star in right field; A/ROMOB. DOC I 319; MIB I 28 (this coin noted); SB 290. VF, clipped, a few dents and scratches. Extremely rare, less than ten specimens known.

From the Malcolm W. Heckman Collection. Ex Classical Numismatic Group XXXI (9-10 September 1994), lot 1463; aus dem Monetarium (May, 1991), lot 60; Schweizerische Kreditanstalt Münzenliste 52 (January 1988), lot 702; Schweizerische Kreditanstalt I (22-23 April 1983), lot 534; Auctiones 11 (30 September -1 October 1980), lot 566.

In 527 AD Justinian was crowned emperor in Constantinople. Dreaming of restoring the Roman Empire, he invaded the west in order to recover those territories now under Germanic control, including Italy. The death of Theoderic in 526 AD and ensuing instability the factional violence of his successors created opened the way for a Byzantine advance. In 536 AD Belisarius, Justinian’s brilliant general, retook Rome and, by 540 AD, the rest of Italy.

To commemorate the retaking of Rome, solidi like this example briefly included ROMOB rather than the standard CONOB in the exergue as a proclamation of the reunification of the Empire under Justinian. The new edition of MIB lists four examples, including this piece, and at least two other specimens have appeared, in Numismatica Ars Classica (26-27 October 1995), lot 772, and Triton III (30 November -1 December 1999), lot 1300.

CNGTritonVIII, 1319

Heraclius (610-641)

AV Solidus

Constantinople, ca AD 651-652 AD.

obv. dd NN hЄRACLIVS ЄƮ hЄRA CONSƮ PP AVG, facing busts of Heraclius, with long beard and whiskers, and Heraclius Constantine, with short beard and moustache, each wearing chalmys and crown with cross on circlet; cross above

rev. VICTORIA AVGU I,

cross potent on three steps, K in right field,

CONOB in exergue.

Diam. 20 mm; 4,4 g.

Ref.: MIB 21; DOC -; BMC 24; Sear 751.

RoboCup 2016 am 03.07.2016 auf dem Leipziger Messegelände

Foto: Stefan Hoyer

stefanhoyer.de

Justa Gratia Honoria, sister of Valentinian III Augusta 426 (?)

d=21 mm

Solidus, Ravenna circa 430-435, AV 4.46 g. D N IVST GRAT HO – NORIA P F AVG Pearl-diademed and draped bust r., cross on shoulder, crowned above by the Hand of God. Rev. BONO – REIPVBLICAE R – V Victory standing l., supporting long jewelled cross; in upper field, star. In exergue, COMOB. C 1. RIC 2022. LRC 866. Depeyrot 15/1.

Very rare and among the finest specimens known. Good extremely fine

NAC29, 664

Heraclius, with Heraclius Constantine. 610-641. AV Solidus (20.5mm, 4.38 g, 6h). Uncertain eastern military mint, 5th officina. Struck circa 613-616/8. ∂ NN ҺЄRACLIVC Єτ ҺЄRA CONSτ P P, crowned facing busts of Heraclius and Heraclius Constantine, each wearing chlamys; cross above / VICTORIA AVςЧ, cross potent set on three steps; Є•//CONOB. Bendall, Jerusalem, pl. XLI, 18 (this coin); DOC –; MIB 107a (Rome or Alexandria?); SB 928. EF. Extremely rare.

Regarding this and the two following lots, Bendall (p. 317) notes: “There also exist other extremely rare solidi of Heraclius and Heraclius Constantine struck at this time, all in the east in the experience of the writer, which are illustrated here (figs. 18-21), which can surely only indicate that in the troubled times between 613 and 616/8 there may have been a number of ephemeral mints connected with Heraclius’ campaigns in the east.”

CNGTritonXVIII, 1302

Philippicus (Bardanes). 711-713. AV Solidus (20mm, 4.44 g, 6h). Constantinople mint, 6th officina. ∂ N FILЄPICЧS MЧL–TЧS AN, crowned bust facing, wearing loros, holding globus cruciger in right hand, eagle-tipped scepter surmounted by cross in left / VICTORIA AVςЧ, cross potent set on three steps; ς//CONOB. DOC 1f; MIB 1; SB 1447. Superb EF, a few hairlines.

From the Collection of the MoneyMuseum, Zurich. Ex William Herbert Hunt Collection (Sotheby’s New York, 5 December 1998), lot 524.

CNGTritonXVIII, 1324

Revolt of the Heraclii. 608-610. AV Solidus (16mm, 4.48 g, 6h). Carthage mint. Dated IY 13 (609/10). D N HЄRACΛI CONSVΛI IΓ, bareheaded busts of Heraclius the younger, beardless, and the exarch Heraclius, bearded, each wearing consular robes; cross above / VICTORIA CONSVΛI, cross potent set on three steps; IΓ//CONOB. DOC 3; MIBE 1; Lacam, Civilisation, pl. XXXI-A, 2 (this coin); SB 710. Near EF, struck from worn dies, short scratch on reverse. Extremely rare and interesting issue.

From the collection of Dr. Lawrence A. Adams. Ex Dr. Anton Dreesman Collection (Part II, Spink 144, 13 July 2000), lot 464; Numismatic Fine Arts XVIII (Part II, 1 April 1987), lot 749.

Beginning in 608, the exarch of Africa and his son, both named Heraclius, began issuing coinage in opposition to that of the unpopular Byzantine emperor Phocas. This coinage named and depicted the Heraclii as consuls (though neither held the title at that time) rather than as emperors, a political move that promoted the Heraclii as champions of the people, not merely rivals to the throne. The revolt culminated with Heraclius the younger’s coup at Constantinople in 610, where he was welcomed by the population, crowned, and saw to the execution of his predecessor. The solidi dated to indictional year 13 constitute the final gold issue of the revolt.

CNG100, 287

Petronius Maximus. Usurper, AD 455. AV Solidus (4.50 g, 6h). Rome mint. D N PETRONIVS MA-XIMVS P F AVC, pearl-diademed, draped, and cuirassed bust right / VICTORI-A AVCC, Petronius standing facing, holding long cross in right hand and Victory set on globe in left, right foot on human-headed serpent; R-M//COMOB. RIC X 2201; Depeyrot 48/1; Lacam pl. 18, 2 (same dies); DOCLR -. EF, attractively toned, area of flat strike on head on reverse, trace of die rust in obverse legend.

Ex Sternberg XXXV (28 October 2000), lot 935; Numismatica Ars Classica 2 (21 February 1990), lot 909.

Following the assassination of Valentinian III in AD 455, Petronius Maximus seized the throne and immediately married Valentinian’s wife, Licinia Eudoxia. Licinia, believing that Petronius was responsible for her late husband’s death, was not happy with the new arrangement, and she appealed to the Vandal king of Carthage, Gaiseric, for help. Gaiseric responded to Licinia’s plea and quickly sailed for Italy. Fearing for his life, Petronius decided to flee, but was abandoned by his bodyguard. While riding out of Rome on 31 May, he was stoned and killed. His reign lasted for only seventy days.

CNGTriton12, 795

Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, with Zoe. 913-959. AV Solidus (4.40 g, 6h). Constantinople mint. Struck 914-919. +IhS XPS REX REGNANTIM*, Christ, nimbate, seated facing on wide lyre-backed throne, raising right hand in blessing; book of the Gospels resting on left knee / COnStAnt’ CE ZWH En Xw b’ R’, crowned half-length facing busts of Constantine VII, wearing chlamys, and Zoe, wearing loros, Zoe’s crown with pendilia, holding between them a long patriarchal cross. DOC III 2; SB 1740. EF. Extremely rare.

Constantine VII, author of the "Book of Ceremonies" and renowned artist, died at age 54 of suspected poisoning. Though well regarded for his learning and benevolence, he is not noted for any political achievements. His reign was dominated by regents until he was finally able to seize control for himself in 945. This coin was struck during the short period while his mother, the powerful Zoë, was acting as regent.

CNGTritonX, 856

Sol Invictus of Antioch of Pisidia at Archaeology Museum of Yalvac near Konya, Turkey.

Sol Invictus ("Unconquered Sun") was the Roman state-supported sun god created by the emperor Aurelian in 274 and continued, overshadowing other Eastern cults in importance, until the abolition of paganism under Theodosius I. By far the earliest appearance of an inscription linking the unconquered emperor with the sun is the legend on a bronze phalera dated by its style to the second century, in the Vatican collections: INVENTORI LUCIS SOLI INVICTO AUGUSTO.

The Romans held a festival on December 25 of Dies Natalis Solis Invicti, "the birthday of the unconquered sun." December 25 was the date after the winter solstice, with the first detectable lengthening of daylight hours. There was also a festival on December 19.

The title Sol Invictus had also been applied to a number of other solar deities before and during this period. The type of Sol Invictus, though not the name, appears on imperial coinage from the time of Septimius Severus onwards. A solidus of Constantine as well as a gold medallion from his reign depict the Emperor's bust in profile twinned ("jugate") with Sol Invictus, with the legend INVICTUS CONSTANTINUS

Though many Oriental cults were practiced informally among the Roman legions from the mid-second century, only that of Sol Invictus was officially accepted and prescribed for the army.

ancient-anatolia.blogspot.com

Artavasdus. 741/2-743. AV Solidus (20mm, 4.46 g, 6h). Constantinople mint. Struck 741/2. 6 APτAЧA-SDOS MЧLτ, crowned facing bust, holding patriarchal cross / IhSЧS XRIS τЧS ҺICA, cross potent set on three steps; CONOB. DOC (1) = A. A. Boyce, “A Solidus of Artavasdus,” MN V, pp. 89-90, pl. XV, 1 = Füeg 1 (same dies); SB 1541. EF, scattered light marks. Extremely rare, perhaps the fourth known. The only example in CoinArchives (CNG 78 [14 May 2008], lot 1885) hammered for $42,000.

Artavasdus was an able general who rose to prominence under Leo III and earned the hand of the emperor’s daughter Anna. A year after the death of Leo, he usurped the throne from his brother-in-law Constantine V. Artavasdus quickly raised his son Nicephorus to the rank of co-emperor, and most of the scant surviving coins from his reign feature a portrait of Nicephorus on the reverse. This exceptionally rare coin is from the usurper’s first issue, before the elevation of Nicephorus, and features the canonical cross potent on steps reverse.

Artavasdus was an iconodule whose decision to restore the icons was well received by the populace. The reverse legend on this rare issue, IhSЧS XRISτЧS nICA, replacing the usual VICTORIA AVGЧ legend found on previous solidi of this type, achieves a different religious tone than had appeared on the gold issues of Leo and Constantine, and may have been chosen to appease a frustrated church and citizenry.

CNG100, 2041