View allAll Photos Tagged SH2-162

Locations: Deep Sky West, Rowe, New Mexico, United States

ASTRO-PHYSICS

175 mm f/8 Starfire EDF (175EDF):

 

HOO + SII blend, just for a first review. RGB data will be added soon.

 

Integration: 28.5h

Ha: 27 x 1800

OIII: 9 x 1800

SII: 21 x 1800

 

PixelMath:

R= Ha*.76 + SII*.24

G= OIII

B= OIII*.85 + Ha*1.5

 

NGC 7635, also known as the Bubble Nebula, Sharpless 162, or Caldwell 11, is an H II region emission nebula in the constellation Cassiopeia.

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_7635

 

deepskywest.com/

Locations: Deep Sky West, Rowe, New Mexico, United States

ASTRO-PHYSICS

175 mm f/8 Starfire EDF (175EDF):

 

Gray scale picture, just for a first review:

Integration: None

Ha: 1x 1800 sec

 

NGC 7635, also known as the Bubble Nebula, Sharpless 162, or Caldwell 11, is an H II region[1] emission nebula in the constellation Cassiopeia.

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_7635

Object: NGC7635 (Bubble Nebula) (2024) (SHO Palette)

NGC 7635, also called the Bubble Nebula, is a H II region, emission nebula in the constellation Cassiopeia. The bubble structure is created by stellar winds moving at over 4 million miles per hour from a massive, hot, young central star called SAO 20575 which is 45x the size of our sun. The nebula is near a giant molecular cloud which contains the expansion of the bubble nebula while itself being excited by the hot central star, causing it to glow. It was discovered in 1787 by William Herschel.

 

- Radius of Bubble – 3 to 5 lightyears

- Other designations - Sharpless 162 (SH2-162), or Caldwell 11

- Distance: reported by Hubble Site - 7100 light years

 

Details:

- Acquisition Date: 10/12/2024 to 10/24/2024

- Location: Western Massachusetts, USA

- Imaging Camera: QHY600PH-M -10°C - Mode 1(High Gain) Offset:15 Gain:56

- Telescope: Celestron EdgeHD 11 Celestron 11" Edge HD @f/7

- Focal reducer: Celestron .7x Focal Reducer, for 11 HD

- Mount: Astro-Physics AP1100 w/GTO4

- Guide scope: Celestron Off Axis Guider

- Guide Camera: ASI174m mini

- Software: Adobe Photoshop CS5, Sequence Generator Pro, PixInsight 1.8 Ripley, Aries Astro Pixel Processor

 

Filters:

- Chroma Ha 3nm 50mm

- Chroma OIII 3nm 50mm

- Astrodon SII 3nm 50mm

 

Exposure Times:

- Hydrogen Alpha (Ha): 26 x 10min. (260min) bin 1x1

- Oxygen III (OIII):26 x 10min. (260min) bin 1x1

- Sulfur II (SII):26 x 10min. (260min) bin 1x1

 

Total Exposure:780min. (13.0hr)

 

Sky Quality:

-Magnitude: 19.71

-Bortle Class 5

-1.41 mcd/m^2 Brightness

-1234.6 ucd/m^2 Artificial Brightness

   

Captured over three nights in early October 2024 using the Celestron Edge HD 8 telescope, paired with the ASI2600MC Pro camera, ZWO AM5 mount, and 5 nm dual narrowband filters (Hydrogen Alpha, Oxygen III, and Sulphur II).

 

The subject of this imaging session was NGC 7635, also known as the Bubble Nebula. This stunning emission nebula is located approximately 7,100 to 11,000 light-years away in the northern constellation of Cassiopeia. With an apparent magnitude of 10, it is accessible for observation through medium to large telescopes. The Bubble Nebula resides near the bright open cluster Messier 52 in the night sky and is cataloged under multiple designations: NGC 7635 in the New General Catalog, Caldwell 11 in the Caldwell Catalogue, and Sharpless 162 (Sh2-162) in the Sharpless Catalog of H II regions.

 

NGC 7635 was nicknamed the Bubble Nebula because of its shape. It appears like a slightly elongated bubble suspended in space. The bubble was created by the strong stellar wind of a hot, massive star that is rapidly losing mass in the final stages of its life. As the stellar wind meets the interstellar material of the nearby giant molecular cloud at supersonic speeds, it produces a shock front, shaping the bubble. The giant molecular cloud contains the nebula’s expansion and is itself lit by the nebula’s luminous central star.

 

The Bubble Nebula has an estimated age of about 40,000 years. It expands at 36 km/s-1. The asymmetry in the nebula’s spherical shape is due to the inhomogeneous nature of the interstellar medium into which the nebula is expanding. The central bubble is about 6 – 10 light-years across.

 

The strong stellar wind comes from the gas in the outer atmosphere of the star, which gets so hot that it escapes into interstellar space. The wind moves at speeds of over 4 million miles per hour, sweeping up the gas it encounters and forming the outer edge of the Bubble Nebula.

 

The expansion of the Bubble Nebula is contained by the denser, higher-pressure regions on one side of the nebula. For this reason, the nebula’s central star appears off-center in the bubble. As the stellar wind collides with such variations in the interstellar gas, it creates the rippled appearance of the bubble.

 

The Bubble Nebula was discovered by the German-born British astronomer William Herschel on November 3, 1787. Herschel listed the nebula as IV 52 in his catalog and described it as “a star 9 magnitude with very faint nebulosity of small extent about it.”

 

His son John Herschel observed the nebula on September 30, 1829. The nebula was listed as GC 4947 in his General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars (GC).

 

Danish astronomer John Louis Emil Dreyer listed the nebula as NGC 7635 in the New General Catalogue.

 

Sh2-162 with a Rokinon 135

Camera: QSI 583 WSG5

Filter: Astrodon RGBH

Focuser: Robofocus

Focal Length: 135mm

Focal Ratio: f/2.0

Pixel Size: 5.4μm

Image Scale: 8”

Mount: Astro-Physics Mach1 GTO

Location: Deep Sky West, New Mexico

10,16h of RGBH data, integration in PixInsight done:

R: 26 x 300sec

G: 27 x 300sec

B: 29 x 300sec

Ha: 40 x 300sec

www.deepskywest.com/

nova.astrometry.net/user_images/4208322#annotated

La Constellation de Cassiopée est riche en objets célestes: Nébuleuses et Amas principalement.

 

Région de la Bullet dans Cassiopée / Bubble nebula region in Cassiopeia:

- Nébuleuse de la Bulle / Bubble Nebula (NGC7535, Caldwell11 or Sh2-162)

- Nébuleuse de la Lagune du Nord / Northern Lagoon Nebula (NGC7538 or Sh2-158)

- Nébuleuse de la Pince de homard / Lobster Claw Nebula (Sh2-157)

- Amas ouvert Sel-et-Poivre / Open cluster of stars Messier 52 (M52 or NGC7654)

- Amas de la Pointe de flèche / Open cluster of stars NGC7510

 

L'image contient également la Nova Cassiopeiae 2021 (V1405 Cas) qui est apparue en mars 2021.

 

Nikon D5300 Stock + Zenithstar 73

iOptron CEM26 + iPolar

SVBony CLSfilter

ZWO ASI224MC + WO Uniguide 120mm

 

3 nuits : 25, 26 et 30 juillet 2022

100 x 5min = Exp = 500min => Stack 90% = 450min (7h30min exp.)

ISO400 -- 31 flats No Offset No Dark

  

AstroM1

(rsi3x1.3)

From Wikipedia: “NGC 7635, also known as the Bubble Nebula, Sharpless 162, or Caldwell 11, is an H II region emission nebula in the constellation Cassiopeia. It lies close to the direction of the open cluster Messier 52. The "bubble" is created by the stellar wind from a massive hot, 8.7 magnitude young central star, SAO 20575. The nebula is near a giant molecular cloud which contains the expansion of the bubble nebula while itself being excited by the hot central star, causing it to glow.”

 

This is a 2 hour and 35 minute combined exposure and processed in PixInsight in the Hubble palette.

 

Observation data:J2000 epoch

Right ascension: 23h 20m 48.3s

Declination: +61° 12′ 06″

Distance: 7100 to 11000 ly

Apparent magnitude (V): ~10

Apparent dimensions (V): 15′ × 8′

Constellation: Cassiopeia

 

Tech Specs: Sky-Watcher Esprit 120ED Telescope, ZWO AS2600mc-Pro running at 0C, Sky-Watcher EQ6R-Pro mount, Optolong L-eXtreme filter (2”), 31 x 300 second exposures, guided using a ZWO 30mm f/4 mini guide scope and ZWO 120 Mini, focus with a ZWO EAF, controlled with a ZWO ASIAir Pro. Processed using PixInsight and DSS. Image Date: August 31, 2022. Location: The Dark Side Observatory, Weatherly, PA, USA (Bortle Class 4).

Sh2-157 and Sh2-162 are HII regions in the constellation Cassiopeia. The bubble is a shockwave created by an unstable star nearing it's death as a supernova. The shockwave collides with the nearby cold gas, sweeping it up and causing it to glow.

 

Image Details:

3-Panel Mosaic

Scope: A-P 130mm EDFS @ f/4.9 (reduced with 27TVPH)

Camera: QSI 6120

Mount: Takahashi EM-200

Guiding: QHY 5LII-M & Mini Guidescope (PHD2)

Image Capture: Sequence Generator Pro

 

Processing:

AstroPixelProcessor - Calibration, Mosaic Stitching, and HOO Pallete blending

PixInsight - Noise Reduction and Final Edits

 

Location: Central District, Seattle, WA

 

Each Panel

Ha: 12x10min

OIII: 18x10min

Total integration time = 900 min ~ 15 hours

This is 40 hours and 50 minutes integration split between Phoenix Bortle 9 and Borrego Springs which is probably a Bortle 4, during the Nightfall Star Party there in October, 2022. In the processing I did a SHO blend formula that I got from Ron Brecher.R= (O^~O)*S + ~(O^~O)*H

G= ((O*H)^~(O*H))*H + ~((O*H)^~(O*H))*O

B= O

I did shoot some RGB just for the stars and added them back to the SHO image using Bill Blanchand's script. I wanted to reduce the stars a bit, but I didn't want to diminish the M52 cluster, so I made a mask using the GAME script to protect the cluster, while reducing all the other stars, using Bill's star reduction script. Final touches in Lightroom.

 

The Bubble Nebula is 7 light-years across and resides 7,100 light-years from Earth in the constellation Cassiopeia. The bubble is surrounded by Sh2-162, a billowy, textured cloud of glowing hydrogen gas. The star SAO 20575 is the creator of the Bubble Nebula and is estimated to weigh 45 solar masses. Its peculiar spectral classification of O6.5 indicates its surface temperature is a whopping 67,000 degrees Fahrenheit (37,200 degrees Celsius). Astronomers also estimate this star is losing mass at a rate of 1 solar mass every million years. The Bubble Nebula itself marks the edge of a shock wave interacting with the hydrogen atoms in the interstellar medium.

 

The open cluster M52 in the lower right is located 5,000 light years away.

First attempt with TelescopeLive raw data from Spain, Oria of the Bubble nebula NGC7635.

WBPP, NoiseXterminator, Drizzle, StarXterminator, Combine with Pixelmath and final touch in LR

For the detailed mind this is a list of some of the other objects in the frame: LBN 533 · LBN 536 · LBN 537 · LBN 540 · LBN 542 · LBN 543 · LBN 544 · LBN 547 · LBN 548 · LBN 549 · LDN 1225 · LDN 1226 · LDN 1229 · LDN 1230 · LDN 1231 · M 52 · NGC 7510 · NGC 7538 · NGC 7654 · PK110-01.1 · PK112-00.1 · Sh2-157 · Sh2-158 · Sh2-159 · Sh2-161 · Sh2-162

Adrift in a cosmic sea of stars and glowing gas the delicate, floating apparition left of center in this widefield view is cataloged as NGC 7635, the Bubble Nebula. A mere 10 light-years wide, the tiny Bubble Nebula was blown by the winds of a massive star. It lies within a larger complex of interstellar gas and dust clouds found about 11,000 light-years distant, straddling the boundary between the parental constellations Cepheus and Cassiopeia. Included in the breathtaking vista is open star cluster M52 (lower left), some 5,000 light-years away. Above and right of the Bubble Nebula is an emission region identified as Sh2-157, also known as the Claw Nebula. Constructed from 47 hours of narrow-band and broad-band exposures, this image spans about 3 degrees on the sky. That corresponds to a width of 500 light-years at the estimated distance of the Bubble Nebula [text from APOD, 2017, oct 26]

 

Takahashi FSQ-106 f5

Mount Astro Physics 1100 GTO

Camera ASI 6200 MMpro

Filters: Antlia Ha 3nm 42x420s, OIII 3nm 26x480s, Astrodon GenII RGB 14x300s

Date: 2021 oct

Italy, Long 7°41'40"E, Lat 45°28'18"N. Sky 20,9-21,2

Automation software: Voyager (L. Orazi)

Processing: CCDStack, Photoshop, Pixinsight

The Lobster Claw Nebula is an emission nebula located around 11,000 light-years from Earth in the constellation of Cassiopeia. The deep red and yellow regions are formed of Hydrogen Alpha with the blue regions being composed of double ionised oxygen. It’s located very close to NGC 7635 or Sh2 162 the Bubble Nebula, an image I recently posted.

 

4 good nights in a row at the complex in Los Coloraos, Spain for this little gem.

 

I decided to have a little creative fun with colour mapping the L-Ultimate narrow band filter. Most of the processing was done in PixInsight including the calibration, stacking, combining, deconvolution etc before send over to Photoshop for some palette mixing and recombining of the stars.

 

Perhaps not to everyone’s taste, but I loved the way it turned out which I guess in the end is why we do this hobby.

 

A high resolution image with imaging details can be found on my Astrobin page at: astrob.in/4p9lk5/0/

 

Technical summary:

Captured: 4 Nights in August 2024

Location: Turismo Astronómico, Los Coloraos, Gorafe, Spain

Bortle Class: 3

 

Total Integration: 26 hours 30 mins

Filter: Optolong L-Ultimate

Takahashi FSQ106EDX4, ASI294MC, 11h exposure

2h25m integration

300s lightframes

Sh2-162 with a Rokinon 135

Camera: QSI 583 WSG5

Filter: Astrodon RGBH

Focuser: Robofocus

Focal Length: 135mm

Focal Ratio: f/2.0

Pixel Size: 5.4μm

Image Scale: 8”

Mount: Astro-Physics Mach1 GTO

Location: Deep Sky West, New Mexico

10,16h of RGBH data, integration in PixInsight done:

R: 26 x 300sec

G: 27 x 300sec

B: 29 x 300sec

Ha: 40 x 300sec

www.deepskywest.com/

nova.astrometry.net/user_images/4208322#annotated

Questa è una bellissima zona della Via lattea nella costellazione di Cassiopea ai confini con quella del Cefeo. L'immagine ritrae la famosa "Nebulosa Bolla", indicata con le sigle "NGC7635", C11, LBN548, Sh2-162. Nei suoi dintorni insieme al noto ammasso aperto "M52 (NGC7654)", con il suo vicino prospettico MWSC 3726 (da the Milky Way Star Cluster catalog), spiccano altre nebulose ad emissione Ha, come "NGC7538", Sh2-159, Sh2-161, e nebulose oscure come LDN1231, LDN1232, LDN1225.(vedi note sull'immagine)

Probabilmente il 5h e 45 min di integrazione in banda stretta non sono tante (meglio sarebbe stato integrare 12-15h), ma in questo periodo dell'anno ci vorrebbero anche mesi.

Ciò malgrado, il rapporto focale f/4 mi ha dato la possibilità di estrapolare dicreto segnale debole senza portarmi dietro troppo rumore.

 

_____________________

 

This is a beautiful area of ​​the Milky Way in the constellation of Cassiopeia on the border with Cepheus. The image depicts the famous "Bubble Nebula", indicated with the acronyms "NGC7635", C11, LBN548, Sh2-162. In its surroundings together with the well-known open cluster "M52 (NGC7654)", with its prospective neighbor MWSC 3726 (from the Milky Way Star Cluster catalog), other Ha emission nebulae stand out, such as "NGC7538", Sh2-159, Sh2-161, and dark nebulae such as LDN1231, LDN1232, LDN1225. (see notes on the image)

Probably the 5h and 45 min of narrow band integration is not much (it would have been better to integrate 12-15h), but in this period of the year (winter) it would take even months.

Nevertheless, the f/4 focal ratio gave me the ability to extract a decent amount of weak signal without carrying too much noise.

 

Google translator

 

______________

 

Optic: APO Refractor Askar 103APO + 0.6X

Camera: ZWO ASI533MC-Pro

Mount: Sky Watcher HEQ5 Synscan

Seeing: 4 (scala Antoniadi)

Filter: Narrowband Optolong L-eNhance 2"

-69x300s 121gain / 26 dark /21 flat / 18 darkflat /100 bias

t° sensor: -10°C

Date: 18/12/2024, 02+05/01/2025

Integration: 5h 45min

Temperature: 5°C (media)

location for : Biancavilla -Catania-(Italy) 515m slm

Acquisition: NINA, PHDGuiding

Processing: DSS, SIRIL, PS, GraXpert.

 

Locations: Deep Sky West, Rowe, New Mexico, United States

ASTRO-PHYSICS

175 mm f/8 Starfire EDF (175EDF):

 

Integration: 28.5h

Ha: 27 x 1800

OIII: 9 x 1800

SII: 21 x 1800

 

nova.astrometry.net/user_images/3978969#annotated

 

deepskywest.com/

The Bubble Nebula NGC7632 (Sh2-162) and the Scorpion Cluster NGC7654 (M52) in the constellation Cassiopeia.

 

Equipment:

main scope: GSO 200mm reflector f=800mm/4.0

mount: Celestron AVX with Starsense

coma corrector: GPU Newton Coma Corrector

guiding: off axis guider

main camera: QHY294PRO Mono

guide camera: Starlight Xpress Lodestar

mount: Celestron Advanced VX with StarSense

guiding/control software: kstars/Ekos

filters: Baader LRGB, Baader neodymium filter, Atronomik Halpha 12nm

 

Total exposure time:

4200s luminance, 3000s for each RGB color, 3600s Halpha

 

Exposures:

35 x 120s luminance

25 x 120s each for R,G,B

10 x 360s Halpha

 

TEC cooling setpoint: -15°C

 

Processing:

Data reduction and stacking: Siril

Background subtraction and noise reduction: GraXpert

post processing: Aftershot Pro

 

SH2 162 Bubble Nebula Ha Oiii RGB

 

The Bubble Nebula, or Sharpless 162, is an H II region emission nebula in the constellation of Cassiopeia. It lies close to the open cluster Messier 52. The "bubble" is created by the stellar wind from a massive hot, young central star. The nebula is near to a giant molecular cloud which contains the expansion of the bubble nebula while itself being excited by the hot central star, causing it to glow. It was discovered in November 1787 by William Herschel. [WIKI]

 

A nebula I have tried to capture and make something interesting of for a few years now. This time I collected over 46 hours of data to bring out the faint Oiii region of the bubble.

 

Imaged using the Celestron C14 Edge HD telescope in dome 4 at Turismo Astronómico, Los Coloraos observatory in Gorafe, Spain.

 

A higher resolution image with imaging details can be found on my Astrobin page at: astrob.in/ca0s5x/0/

 

Technical summary:

Captured: 10 Nights in August 2024

Location: Turismo Astronómico, Los Coloraos, Gorafe, Spain

Bortle Class: 3

 

Total Integration: 46 hours 50 mins

Filters: Red 70x 60s, Green 70x 60s, Blue 72x 160, Ha 434x 180, Oiii 432 x 180s

Pixel Scale: 0.4 arcsec/pixel

 

Telescope: Celestron C14 Edge HD

Image Camera: ZWO ASI6200MM Pro

Filters: Astronomik R, G, B, Ha, Oiii

Mount: Skywatcher EQ 8

Computer: Minix NUC

 

Capture software: NINA, PHD2

Editing software: PixInsight, Adobe Lightroom

Sharpless 162 (NGC 7635, LBN 548, Caldwell 11 and others) is bright emission nebula located in Cassiopeia.

 

Ha – 26x1800s – 780 minutes – binned 1x1

OIII – 24x1800s – 720 minutes – binned 1x1

SII – 27x1800s – 810 minutes – binned 1x1

RGB – 8x300s – 40 minutes each – binned 2x2

 

2430 minutes total exposure – 40 hours 30 minutes

 

Imaged over 10 nights in September, October and November, 2016 from Dark Sky New Mexico at Rancho Hidalgo (Animas, New Mexico) with a SBIG STF-8300M on an Astro-Tech AT12RCT at f/8 2432mm.

 

Ngc 7635, 60 minutes of exposure in SHO with Officina Stellare 700 RC 700/5600 f 8/0 telescope, QHY 600M Pro camera, processing with Pixinsight and Photoshop. All data and shots were captured with Telescope Live. NGC 7635 (sometimes known as the Bubble Nebula or C 11) is a diffuse nebula in the constellation Cassiopeia, towards the border with Cepheus. It can be identified very close to the open cluster M52, to the point that at low magnification it appears in the same field of view; Its main feature is a void "bubble" surrounded by a nebula, visible with powerful instruments in the southern part of the object, caused by the stellar wind of the young central star, of magnitude 8.7. In an amateur telescope, however, the nebula is well revealed, which seems to end in the south with an arc shape. It is an H II region, at the southern vertex of which there is a hollow structure, caused by the pressure of the radiation of a central blue star (spectral class O), SAO 20575, of ninth magnitude, whose stellar wind reaches 2000 km/s; it is a Blue Giant, which is also responsible for the ionization of the nebula, which emits its own light. Its distance from the Sun is estimated at 11 000 light-years.

Open Cluster M52 and the Bubble Nebula.

 

"To the eye, this cosmic composition nicely balances the Bubble Nebula at the upper right with open star cluster M52. The pair would be lopsided on other scales, though. Embedded in a complex of interstellar dust and gas and blown by the winds from a single, massive O-type star, the Bubble Nebula (aka NGC 7635) is a mere 10 light-years wide. On the other hand, M52 is a rich open cluster of around a thousand stars. The cluster is about 25 light-years across. Seen toward the northern boundary of Cassiopeia, distance estimates for the Bubble Nebula and associated cloud complex are around 11,000 light-years, while star cluster M52 lies nearly 5,000 light-years away."

 

- apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap091030.html

 

#M52 #SH2-162 #NGC7635

#astrophotography #astroeverywhere #astrobackyard #losmandy #losmandygm8 #zwo #asi533mcpro

 

Technical Info:

Optics: SGO 6" f/4 Imaging Newtonian @ 610mm FL

Explore Scientific 2" HR Coma Corrector

Camera: ZWO ASI533MC Pro

Filter: 2" Optolong L-Pro

Mount: Losmandy GM8

Guiding: QHY Mini Guide Scope + PHD2 Software

Acquisition: Sequence Generator Pro

Exposure: Light (Gain 100) - 130 subs @ 120 Seconds

Calibration: 50 Bias, 30 Darks, 50 Flats

​Processing: Deep Sky Stacker, Adobe Photoshop, Topax Denoise AI, Astronomy Action Set plug in for PS, Astro Flat Pro plug in for PS

Prints, cards and more are available via the website: shiny.photo/photo/Lobster-Claw-and-Bubble-Nebulae-020c146...

 

For the first time I can remember, we had an entire week of consecutive clear nights. No option but to make the most of it. So despite it being low on the northern horizon, I pointed my smaller refractor telescope at a well-known part of Cassiopeia.

 

There's a lot happening in this region of space. All the rusty orange-red is Hydrogen-alpha emission nebulosity; the bright blue is Oxygen-III emission nebula. At the bottom is the well-known Lobster-Claw nebula (Sh2-157); upper left is the Bubble Nebula (Sh2-162 or NGC 7635) - a giant molecular cloud being excited and pushed away by its central star; toward the upper right is a small bright emission nebula NGC7538 in neighbouring Cepheus surrounded by the Ha haze of Sh2-161.

 

I accumulated a total integration of 19 hours using a mixture of Optolong L-eNhance and IDAS NBZ dual-narrowband filters for the nebulae and Neodymium for the stars (so the colours are very realistic). In the process, the image became not just about the obvious bright glowing bits but also about the subtle veins of dark nebulae running through the Bubble and the large Y-shaped expanse in the upper third.

 

Whilst exploring in great detail, I stumbled across a rather fuzzy looking star just above the centre of the image, left of the top "claw" - with some research, it transpires this is HH-170, the first time I've spotted a HerbigâHaro object (a tiny reflection nebula, jets of partially ionized gas interacting with more gas and dust surrounding newly formed stars).

 

It was sufficiently low on the northern horizon that I had to abandon shooting for an hour each night while the neighbours' house got out the way. Shooting at near-full moon through the thickest part of the atmosphere made for a lot of light pollution which took some work removing in post. I look forward to reshooting throughout the season.

 

Much of the work with stacking and extracting Ha and OIII channels and fixing the star shapes and colours happened in PixInsight, but the final combination was performed in Affinity Photo for a dynamic precise control of how far the OIII intersected overlapping the Ha signal, most notable in the Lobster Claw.

Target:Bubble Nebula SH2-162, Lobster Claw SH2-157, SH2-158, Open Clusters NGC7654, NGC7510 and Nova Cassiopeia 2021 V1405. SH2-162 is a shell sculpted by the stellar wind of its central star in the surrounding molecular cloud. Nova V1405, discovered in March 2021, is an explosive nuclear fusion caused by a white dwarf accreting material from a close companion star and heating it to 10 million Kelvin. Ejected material has been measured to be moving at 3.6 million miles per hour. SH2-158 is home to the largest protoplanetary disc yet discovered at 300 times the size of our Solar System.

 

Location:17/07/21 St Helens UK Bortle 7 56% Moon.

 

Aquisition:52x 120s iso800. Total integration 104min.

 

Equipment:Altair 60EDF, 1x Flat60, Skywatcher AZ-GTi, modified Canon 1200d, Skytech CLS-CCD filter.

 

Guiding:Altair MG32mini with GPCAMAR0130M.

 

Software:Astroberry Ekos, PHD2 on RPi4.

 

Processing:Affinity Photo, Siril, Starnet++.

Wide field on M 52 ( salt and pepper cluster ) and NGC 7635 ( Bubble Nebula ) are only 3 shots of 6 minutes each, for 18 minutes of integration with Celestron Rasa 11 279/620 f 2/2 telescope, ZWO ASI2600 Color camera, processing with Pixinsight and Photoshop. M52 is located in an area of the sky rich in objects, thanks to the presence of the trail of the Milky Way, at the western end of the constellation Cassiopeia and on the border with that of Cepheus; it is identified by continuing the alignment between the stars α Cassiopeiae and β Cassiopeiae for the same distance from the two stars. It can also be observed with binoculars such as an 8x30 or a 10x50, although only a few of its member stars are identifiable, dominated by a yellowish star of magnitude 8.26, much brighter than the others, located on the western side; A telescope with a 150mm aperture shows up to fifty very small and close components, while in a 250mm they become over 150.

 

Its declination is very northern: in fact, this cluster is circumpolar from most of the northern hemisphere, like all of Europe and North America, beyond the Tropic of Cancer; from the southern hemisphere, on the other hand, it is possible to observe it only near the equator. The best time for observing it in the evening sky is between August and January; from the northern regions it is one of the best known and most observed galactic objects in the autumn sky. NGC 7635 (sometimes known as the Bubble Nebula or C 11) is a diffuse nebula in the constellation Cassiopeia, towards the border with Cepheus. It can be identified very close to the open cluster M52, to the point that at low magnification it appears in the same field of view; Its main feature is a void "bubble" surrounded by a nebula, visible with powerful instruments in the southern part of the object, caused by the stellar wind of the young central star, of magnitude 8.7. In an amateur telescope, however, the nebula is well revealed, which seems to end in the south with an arc shape.

Also known as :

* LBN 549

* Sh 2-162

* IC 11

 

From Wikipedia :

The Bubble nebula is a H II region emission nebula in the constellation Cassiopeia. It lies close to the direction of the open cluster Messier 52. The "bubble" is created by the stellar wind from a massive hot, 8.7 magnitude young central star, SAO 20575. The nebula is near a giant molecular cloud which contains the expansion of the bubble nebula while itself being excited by the hot central star, causing it to glow. The radius of the bubble is estimated between 3 and 5 lightyears.

 

SHO-combined

R : SII

G : Ha

B : OIII

 

Shooting Location :

* 51° N 3° E

* bortle class 5 backyard

 

Object Information

* Type : Emission Nebula

* Magnitude : 11.0

* Location (J2000.0): RA 23h 20m 45s / DEC +61° 12' 42"

* Approximate distance : 2.175 to 3.400 parsecs / 7.100 to 11.000 lightyears

 

Hardware

* Mount : Celestron CGX

* Imaging Scope : Sky-Watcher Explorer 150PDS

* Imaging Camera : ZWO ASI 183MM

* Filter Wheel : ZWO EFW 7*36mm + Baader Ha 7nm, Baader OIII 8.5nm + Baader SII 8.5nm + Baader LRGB

* Coma Corrector : Baader MPCC III

* Guide Scope : Sky-Watcher StarTravel 80

* Guide Camera : ZWO ASI 120MM

 

Exposures

* Single Exposure Length : 300s

* Sensor Temperature : -20°C

* Gain : 111

* Offset : 10

* Light Frames :

> Baader Ha : 72

> Baader OIII : 75

> Baaser SII : 51

* Bias Frames : 500

* Dark Frames : 100

* Flat Frames : 100/channel

* Flat Dark Frames : 50/channel

* Total Integration Time : 16h30m

* Capture Dates :

> 2018-09-13 : Ha

> 2018-09-26 : SII

> 2018-10-05 : OIII

 

Capture Software

* Sequence Generator Pro

* PHD2 Guiding

 

Processing Software

* PixInsight

* Adobe Photoshop

* Noiseless

www.starkeeper.it/CassioCefeo.htm

 

Optics:

Takahashi FSQ-106EDXIII F/3.6 383mm. - APO Refractor

 

Mount:

AP Mach1 GTO

 

Camera:

Canon 5D MkII - Baader Mod

 

Filters:

OSC

 

Guiding Systems:

Tecnosky 60/228 Guide Scope- SX Lodestar

 

Dates/Times:

13 September 2013

 

Location:

Pragelato - Turin - Italy

 

Exposure Details:

OSC => 215 = > (43x5) ISO 1600 [num x minutes]

 

Cooling Details:

Ambient 11°C

 

Acquisition:

BackyardEOS, TheSkyX

 

Processing:

PixInsight, PS CS5

 

Mean FWHM:

2.76

 

SQM-L:

21.12

Sharpless 162 (NGC 7635, LBN 548, Caldwell 11 and others) is bright emission nebula located in Cassiopeia.

 

Ha – 26x1800s – 780 minutes – binned 1x1

RGB – 8x300s – 40 minutes each – binned 2x2

 

900 minutes total exposure – 15 hours

 

Imaged over 8 nights in September and October, 2016 from Dark Sky New Mexico at Rancho Hidalgo (Animas, New Mexico) with a SBIG STF-8300M on an Astro-Tech AT12RCT at f/8 2432mm.

 

135 of 158 sub-exposures of 50, 55, and 75 seconds were stacked to bring out the Bubble Nebula on 6-23, 6-28, 7-1, and 7-5-25. Integration time of 2 hours 4 minutes.

 

Link to full image

www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/0uuy5nijoop51eyj060d8/ngc7635.jpg?...

 

Equipment

Astrotech AT8IN, Televue Paracorr 2, Orion Atlas Pro Az-Eq G, Orion 50mm Guide Scope, QHY5III678M guide camera, Ogma AP26CC cooled camera

 

Software

Astro Photography Tool, PHD2, Stellarium, EQMOD, Siril, GraXpert

This is an emission complex on the border of Cepheus and Cassiopeia that resembles a New England rock lobster claw. NGC7635, also called the Bubble Nebula, Sharpless 162 is visible in the upper right. The small start cluster NGC7510 is visible lower right beneath the claw.

Taken: Dec. 24, 2011

Telescope: AT80LE

Mount: G11 w/ Gemini II

Camera: SBIG ST8300M

Filter(s):

Luminance: 3 x 5min

Ha: 2 x 30min.+ 2 x 15min.

Red: 3 x 5min.

Green: 3x 5 min.

Blue: 3x 5 min

Exposure Time: 2.5 hours

Entre Cassiopée et Céphée (une région très riche avec beaucoup de monde)

Sh2-157, la nébuleuse de la Pince de Homard

Sh2-162, la nébuleuse de la Bulle

Sh2-159 et NGC 7538, petite nébuleuse en émission

NGC 7654 ou M52, petit amas ouvert

 

Tube: FSQ 85 EDX + réducteur 0.73 (4,12° x 2,74°)

Caméra: ASI 071 à -10°

Filtre: Optolong L-Ultimate

Monture: Tak EM-200 Temma 2Z

Guidage: Askar FMA 180 et ASI 174

51 DOF

54x300 (4h30 )

Echelle de Bortle: 6-7

Optique: TSAPO 125-975 Photoline

Monture: HEQ-5

Imageur: Zwo ASI-2600MC-Pro

Guidage: Zwo ASI 120 MC

Filtre: Lxtrem

 

60 Brutes de 300s Gain:100

60 DOF

 

Traitement: PixInsight

Also called NGC 7635, Sh2-162, or Caldwell 11. The Bubble Nebula, 7100-ly from earth, is thought to be formed by the solar wind of a central star. Also seen in this image is the Lobster Claw Nebula (Sh2-157), Open Cluster M52, NGC 7538, Sh2-159, and Sh2-161.

 

Takahashi FSQ-106

Software Bisque MyT

QSI 683WSG-8

H 21x30min

S 18x30min

O 18x30min

Total Integration Time = 38.5h

Data from Deepskywest Remote Observatory

When I image I often choose a primary target for the evening and have a secondary target in mind just in case I have a bit of time left over after imaging the primary. This was the case for the attached. After shooting various objects this fall (e.g. The Heart Nebula which I have yet to complete and process, or The Veil Nebula, a link to a composite of which is attached here:

www.flickr.com/photos/homcavobservatory/51551231638/ ) and finding I had a bit more time left some of those evenings, I used the Cave Nebula as my secondary target.

 

Object Details: The attached composite shows a variety of nebulae that reside along the border between the constellations of Cassiopeia and Cepheus. Most are relatively faint and are included in the catalog of 313 H II regions (i.e. emission nebulae) compiled by Stewart Sharpless and thus carry the designation Sh2-XXX.

 

In the case of those shown here, three also carry 'common' names reflective of their appearance. At center of this wide-field image is 'The Cave Nebula' (Sh2-155), at center left 'The Bubble Nebula' (Sh2-162) and at lower left can be seen 'The Lobster Claw Nebula' (Sh2-157). As noted in the annotated text, a few other Sh2 objects are also visible in this field-of-view (e.g. Sh2-161, 158, 159 & 154).

 

Being regions of ionized hydrogen, they glow in the red portion of the visible spectrum and are best represented in 'true color' by the upper left image (HOO) which utilizes the Hydrogen-alpha filter for the red channel, and the Oxygen III filter as both green and blue channels (since the H-alpha wavelength lies in the red, while the O III wavelength lies between green and blue wavelengths in the visible spectrum). At lower right is a version using the famous SHO (Sulfur II, Hydrogen-alpha, Oxygen III) 'Hubble palette'. The field-of-view of the attached frames span approximately 6 1/2 degrees horizonally by x 4 1/2 degrees vertically in our sky (as a comparison your fist held at arm's length spans approximately 10 degrees horizontally).

 

The Cave Nebula itself spans about 1 degree by 1/2 degree in our sky, and lying about 2400 light-years from Earth, is actually about 35 light-years in diameter. The Lobster Claw Nebula is about 400 light-years across and is just over 11,000 light-years distant while The Bubble Nebula is also just over 11,000 light-years away, with the spherical bubble itself being about 7 light-years in diameter (a couple images of The Bubble Nebula I took back in 2013 can be found at the link attached here -

www.flickr.com/photos/homcavobservatory/10619807955/in/al... ).

 

Image Details: Being probably the longest total integration time I have yet to shoot for a single FOV, the attached is a stack of eighty-eight five-minute exposures totaling 7 hours & 20 minutes (excluding the dark & flat calibration times of course).

As stated in the annotations on the composite, they were taken using a very old 55mm focal length SLR (i.e. film-based) camera lens stopped down to f/4 and attached to a monochrome Starlight Xpress MX-716 CCD utilizing H-alpha, OII and SII narrowband filters.

 

The optics were tracked on a Losmandy G-11 running a Gemini 2 control system and guided by PHD2 using a ZWO ASI290MC auto-guider / planetary camera in an 80MM, f/5 Celestron 'short-tube' refractor. Processed using a combination of PixInsight, Maxim/DL & PaintShopPro, as shown here the color images have been resized down to 75 percent of their original size. The monochrome (H-alpha) image at center was processed using PixInsight & PaintShopPro and since humans tend to see detail in an image via the brightness and contrast (as opposed to the color), I have left it at it's full (albeit limited) resolution. After compositing and annotation, the entire composite's bit depth has been reduced to 8 bits per channel and is presented here in an HD format.

 

As is often the case these days, I was also shooting the attached simultaneously using twin unmodded Canon 700D DSLRs on an 80mm, f/6 apo. and an 8-inch, f/7 Criterion newt. with the apo & the camera lens / CCD both piggybacked on the 8-inch.

 

Given the optics & camera used for the attached, and the inherent under-sampling from such a combination, I was fairly pleased with the results. Although shot with uncooled cameras I'm looking forward to seeing how The Cave Nebula images taken with the DSLRs through the 80MM apo. & 8-inch newt. turn out.

 

Wishing clear, dark & calm skies to all !

Oct 5th 2024

Taken from Edinburgh

Celestron RASA 8"

ZWO183mc pro

ZWO EAF

Optolong l_pro

ZWO air pro

ZWO AM5 mount

40 x 300s Lights, Flats , Darks and Bias.

 

Gain 122 at -10C

Processed in Pixinsight and photoshop

M52 + NGC7635 (Sh2-162, Bubble) + ...

 

Taken Sep 20, 21, 23 Sep 2009 at the south of Russia, near Astrakhan.

 

QSI-583ws + "new" Baader LRGB filters

Nikon Nikkor 180ED f/2.8 lens @ f2.8

Astrotrac TT320X

 

LRGB = (50,20,20,20) x 3min = 5.5 hours total

Processing: Maxim DL 5.06, FitStacker 8.0, PixInsight 1.5.6, PS CS2

100%, Crop ~90% of the full frame

 

La debole bolla che circonda una giovane stella calda massiccia, dà il nome a questo affascinante oggetto, conosciuto appunto come Nebulosa Bolla (o NGC7635. C 11, Sh2-162).

Si tratta di una regione HII, una nebulosa ad emission nella costellazione di Cassiopeia, situate ad una distanza di circa 11.000 anni luce dal Sistema Solare.

La “bolla” è provocata del vento stellare della stella centrale, una Gigante blu con magnitudine apparente 8.7. Anche se la stella ha un’età di circa 2 milioni di anni, la nebuloosa circostante si stima ne abbia circa 40.000. Probabilmente la bolla si è formata a causa dell’impatto del vento stellare con la materia interstellare. L’impatto avviene a velocità supersoniche; il vento viaggia infatti a circa 1.800-2.500 km/s.

 

L'immagine è stata acquisita tra il 6 e il 10 luglio 2023, come di consueto dal mio giardino, con una camera monocromatica ASI2600MM-PRO e un telescopio Vixen VC200L VISAC.

È la somma di 80 scatti da 10’ in banda stretta e 95 scatti da 3’ in RGB (per le sole stelle).

 

The faint bubble around a massive hot young star gives the name to this amazing object, known just as the Bubble Nebula (or NGC 7635, C 11, Sh2-162).

It is an H II region emission nebula in the constellation Cassiopeia, lying about 11.000 light years away from the Solar System.

The “bubble” is created by the stellar wind of the central star, a blue giant, 8.7 magnitude. Although the star is around 2 million years old, the surrounding nebula is estimated only about 40.000 years old. The bubble is probably formed as a shock front where the stellar wind meets interstellar material. This impact occurs at supersonic speed; the wind is traveling outwards at 1.800.2.500 km/s.

 

The picture was taken from July 6th to July 10th, 2023, from my home garden in Cordenons using my ASI2600MM on a Vixen VC200L VISAC.

It’s the sum of 80 600” shots using Narrowband filters for the Nebula and 95 180” shots using RGB filters for the stars.

 

Ulteriori informazioni tecniche su/More technical data on:

Originale HD su/HD original on: astrob.in/a7p53z/0/

  

Also includes Sh2-159 and NGC7510

21/22 Oct 2023

Celestron RASA 8"

ZWO183mc pro

ZWO EAF

IDAS NBZ

ZWO air pro

Sky-Watcher HEQ5 Pro

115*120s Lights, Flats , Darks and Bias.

Gain 122 at -10C

Processed in Pixinsight

Bubble Nebula at Calstar 2013

This data set was taken on Oct 4 & 5 and consists of just 4 subexposures. The sky was very dark as I got these frames early in the evening's run (10 pm). The reason why the data set is so limited is because I was shooting film and the exposures used were 40 minutes - just enough time to get two digital subexposures in the same area.

Taken with the modified and cooled Pentax K10D camera on the Stellarvue SV4 scope. No light pollution filter used, just the B+W 486 UV/IR filter.

Guided and Calibrated with Maxim.

Stacked in DSS.

Processed in Pix Insight for DBE, SCNR, Masked Stretch, Histogram Stretch to reset black point, TGVDenoise to smooth the background noise, Mt and Unsharp Mask to tighten star images slightly, Masked Curves to drop the background noise and control saturation.

Here's the platesolve:

========================================

Referentiation Matrix (Gnomonic projection = Matrix * Coords[x,y]):

+2.60289e-006 -0.000530902 +0.68036

+0.000530654 +2.66918e-006 -1.03079

+0 +0 +1

Projection origin.. [1935.995245 1291.010697]pix -> [RA:+23 18 21.49 Dec:+61 26 45.99]

Resolution ........ 1.911 arcsec/pix

Rotation .......... 90.271 deg

Focal ............. 653.07 mm

Pixel size ........ 6.05 um

Field of view ..... 2d 3' 18.7" x 1d 22' 13.7"

Image center ...... RA: 23 18 21.489 Dec: +61 26 46.00

Image bounds:

top-left ....... RA: 23 23 52.104 Dec: +60 24 29.95

top-right ...... RA: 23 24 19.851 Dec: +62 27 42.93

bottom-left .... RA: 23 12 45.906 Dec: +60 24 53.98

bottom-right ... RA: 23 12 28.275 Dec: +62 28 08.56

=========================================

 

M52 (NGC 7652) is an open cluster located approximately 5,000 light-years away in Cassiopeia.

 

Sh2-158 (NGC 7538, Ced 209, LBN 542) is the small, bright nebula on the right side of the image. It is approximately 9,100 light-years away.

 

Sh2-159 (LBN 543) is the small, dimmer nebula to at the bottom right of the image. It is approximately 20,650 light-years away.

 

Sh2-161 (actually Sh2-161A and B) is the faint red nebula in the top right quadrant of the image.

 

Sh2-162 (NGC 7635, LBN 548, the Bubble Nebula) is the bubble and surrounding area at the bottom center of the image. It is approximately 12,400 light-years away.

 

There are also various dark nebula including LDN 1229, 1230, 1231 and TGU H699.

 

Ha – 11x1800s – 330 minutes – binned 1x1

RGB – 8x300s – 40 minutes each – binned 2x2

 

450 minutes total exposure – 7 hours 30 minutes

 

Imaged from Dardenne Prairie, Missouri (a red zone) July 13th and 24th, 2013 with a SBIG ST-8300M on an Astro-Tech AT90DT at f/6.7 603mm.

 

NGC 7635 ou Sh2-162 ou LBN 549 ou Caldwell 11 ou nébuleuse de la Bulle est une nébuleuse en émission (région HII) et une bulle de vent stellaire d'environ 8 000 années-lumière (al) de diamètre, située à environ 7 000 al de la Terre, dans la constellation de Cassiopée du bras de Persée de la Voie lactée .

La Pince de Homard (Sh2-157, ou LBN 537) est une nébuleuse en émission faible mais de taille considérable visible dans la constellation de Cassiopée. L'aspect diffus du nuage en forme de pince de homard lui a valu son nom.

 

Instrument Optique D'Imagerie

Askar FRA500

Caméras D'Imagerie

Altair Hypercam 26M

Montures

Gemini G53F

Filtres

Antlia 3nm Narrowband H-alpha 36 mm · Antlia 3nm Narrowband Oxygen III 36 mm · Antlia 3nm Narrowband Sulfur II 36 mm · Antlia Blue 36 mm · Antlia Green 36 mm · Antlia Red 36 mm

Logiciel

Adobe Photoshop · Pleiades Astrophoto PixInsight · Stefan Berg Nighttime Imaging 'N' Astronomy (N.I.N.A. / NINA)

 

Images:

Antlia 3nm Narrowband H-alpha 36 mm: 179×300,″(14h 55′)

Antlia 3nm Narrowband Oxygen III 36 mm: 129×300,″(10h 45′)

Antlia 3nm Narrowband Sulfur II 36 mm: 138×300,″(11h 30′)

Antlia Blue 36 mm: 45×60,″(45′)

Antlia Green 36 mm: 45×60,″(45′)

Antlia Red 36 mm: 45×60,″(45′)

Acquisition:

Total 39h 25

  

Bubble Nebula at Calstar 2013

 

This data set was taken on Oct 4 & 5 and consists of just 4 subexposures. The sky was very dark as I got these frames early in the evening's run (10 pm). The reason why the data set is so limited is because I was shooting film and the exposures used were 40 minutes - just enough time to get two digital subexposures in the same area.

 

Taken with the modified and cooled Pentax K10D camera on the Stellarvue SV4 scope. No light pollution filter used, just the B+W 486 UV/IR filter.

 

Guided and Calibrated with Maxim.

Stacked in DSS.

Processed in Pix Insight for DBE, SCNR, Masked Stretch, Histogram Stretch to reset black point, TGVDenoise to smooth the background noise, Mt and Unsharp Mask to tighten star images slightly, Masked Curves to drop the background noise and control saturation.

 

Here's the platesolve:

========================================

Referentiation Matrix (Gnomonic projection = Matrix * Coords[x,y]):

+2.60289e-006 -0.000530902 +0.68036

+0.000530654 +2.66918e-006 -1.03079

+0 +0 +1

Projection origin.. [1935.995245 1291.010697]pix -> [RA:+23 18 21.49 Dec:+61 26 45.99]

Resolution ........ 1.911 arcsec/pix

Rotation .......... 90.271 deg

Focal ............. 653.07 mm

Pixel size ........ 6.05 um

Field of view ..... 2d 3' 18.7" x 1d 22' 13.7"

Image center ...... RA: 23 18 21.489 Dec: +61 26 46.00

Image bounds:

top-left ....... RA: 23 23 52.104 Dec: +60 24 29.95

top-right ...... RA: 23 24 19.851 Dec: +62 27 42.93

bottom-left .... RA: 23 12 45.906 Dec: +60 24 53.98

bottom-right ... RA: 23 12 28.275 Dec: +62 28 08.56

=========================================

LOBSTER CLAW (SH2-157) & BUBBLE NEBULA (SH2-162), ou Sharpless 157 (Sh2-157), est une nébuleuse d'émission, à environ 12 000 années-lumière de la Terre entre les constellations de Cassiopée et de Céphée. Il y a plusieurs caractéristiques intéressantes dans cette région riche en nébuleuses, y compris la nébuleuse de la bulle, NGC 7635 (ou Sh2-162), une nébuleuse d'émission de la région HII qui se trouve dans une coquille environnante et excitée par l'étoile SAO 20575. Également dans le cadre sont l'étoile massive Wolf-Rayet WR 157, deux grands amas ouverts d'étoiles NGC 7510 et NGC 7654, et la nébuleuse NGC 7538, qui abrite la plus grande protoétoile jamais découverte, 300 fois la taille de notre système solaire !

Sternbild Kassiopeia

NEWTON 380/1750 mm, SXV-H9 Kamera

Ha-OIII-OIII 100/80/80 min

Gesamtbelichtung 180 min

Aufnahme: Franz Klauser, Sternwarte Puchenstuben

Bildbearbeitung: Manfred Wasshuber

 

Three objects in one! The large nebula in the top right is Lobster Claw Nebula, Sh2-157. In the lower left is the Bubble Nebula, Sh2-162, and in the upper left is the Northern Lagoon Nebula, Sh2-158. These three emission nebulae are on the border between the Cassiopeia and Cepheus constellations, and this image is a narrowband one in the SHO/Hubble palette, and is made up of 20 hours and 15 minutes of exposures, taken over 5 nights in September 2021.

Nébuleuse de la bulle

Version 2023

 

Matériel :

Newton sw 150/750 pds

Heq5 pro

Asi533mc pro

Filtre Optolong L-eXtrem

Correcteur/réducteur 0.95x

Guidage diviseur optique + asi290mm mini

Focuseur Eaf v2

Asiair pro

 

Exifs :

Lights 58 x 300s, gain 200, 0'C

Darks 100

Darksflats 400

Flats 15

 

Prétraitement/traitement : pixinsight

Posttraitement : photoshp

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