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The Fremont River bends around Caineville Reef on the bottom left, with the Red Desert on the far left. Ekker Butte is center bottom. Caineville is above South Caineville Mesa, North Caineville Mesa is above that, and Factory Butte is above that. The Muddy River is at the top of the shot. The tops of the mesas are remaining resistant upper Cretaceous Emery Sandstone member of Mancos Shale. Below those are Blue Gate members of the same shale. The bottom layer, gray mudstone, comprises the badlands around the mesas. They were deposited 95 to 80 million years ago in what was then the Western Interior Seaway. The surface of the mesas are what remains of the "roof" of a plain that has mostly eroded away, partly by water, but also by wind.