View allAll Photos Tagged Retinopathy
for the Clearview ANU eye test development
Many images on Flickr..
and here..
www.flickr.com/photos/drshivam/with/4394556532/
Some of the tests...
Eye Exam
mfPOP - ANU new eye test
Matrix texture perimeter
Fundus photo
Spectralis OCT
HFA-White perimeter
GDx
with Juliet.. I was one of the many normal eye-sighted participants used as controls..
see jcsmr.anu.edu.au/research/groups/maddess-group-diagnostic...
jcsmr.anu.edu.au/research/facilities/clinical-suites
Professor Ted Maddess from The John Curtin School of Medical Research studies a range of eye diseases. He and his group have invented a machine that accurately maps the visual field of the retina, and also tests the nerve connections between the eye and brain.
Could this invention help diabetes patients? The two researchers got together to find out.
They are exploring whether Professor Maddess’s invention can do these jobs: early detection of diabetes for people at risk, and effective management of the disease by closely tracking its effects.
The technology can find two complications of diabetes related to eyesight: retinal neuropathy, or damage to the retina (which is a neural tissue, an outgrowth of the brain); and retinopathy, where abnormal blood vessels of the retina cause a loss of vision.
Retinal neuropathy seems to precede retinopathy, and finding it could inform treatment decisions and patient behaviours – to prevent more serious damage.*
This test may not only help diabetes patients by preserving eyesight through early detection and treatment, but also by serving as an indicator to whether a patient’s individual treatment is preventing damage to the rest of their body. Other diabetes complications include cardiovascular disease – which kills over 60 per cent of people with type 1 diabetes, kidney failure, foot ulcers and lower limb amputations.
The collaboration between this vision researcher and diabetes clinician became even more exciting when the project was folded into the winning Grand Challenges Scheme, Your Health in Your Hands: Future Personalised Medical Technologies for a Sustainable and Effective Healthcare.
This project seeks to deliver better care for chronic diseases, regardless of a person’s location or access to a major hospital.
The first aspect is early detection of chronic diseases, followed by better management of a disease through precision therapies. With further innovation in miniaturised or wearable sensors, patients in any location would be able to record timely information about their health as they undergo daily activities. Both the cost and outcomes of disease management could improve by less episodic intervention, and by targeting treatments to an individual’s specific condition.
Your Health in Your Hands will focus first on two chronic diseases: diabetes and multiple sclerosis (MS).
Diabetes alone affects seven per cent of Australia’s adult population (rising to 14 per cent among indigenous adults). Its death rate is twice as high in rural areas where detection and management services are less available. The disease is underdiagnosed; a quarter of sufferers are diagnosed only after the disease presents serious health consequences.
The project brings together innovations from several corners of the University. These include:
Genomics, to figure out which patients are at risk and help devise effective, personalized therapies
Engineering, to create tools that measure key aspects of an individual’s health
Public health experts, to improve the patient experience and ensure delivery across the population; and
Big data, to process the avalanche of data to discover how genetics, symptoms and diseases are related, and to find which therapies work best for which patient.
The team involves 52 researchers at ANU, across six Colleges. The University’s depth and breadth provide a unique environment for the success of this wide-reaching effort.
Eye health for diabetes sufferers is just one piece of the puzzle.
“You need to ask a bunch of independent questions. Medical knowledge is multidimensional. Maybe we measure 10 things about each patient – if they all tell you the same thing, you might as well have asked the same question 10 times” explains Professor Ted Maddess. “You want to have multiple tests that each give you different information.”
This way you can find out what makes one diabetes patient (or MS patient) different from another, and which treatments will be most effective for that individual person.
When experts from different fields get together, possibilities expand.
Professor Maddess described a meeting of the Grand Challenges team where Professor Nolan posed a question.
“Chris was saying ‘This is what diabetes is. It would be great if we could measure this.’ And then the chemist and the engineer in the room said, ‘I measure that!’”
*Almost all patients with type 1 diabetes, and 60% of those with type 2 diabetes, currently develop vision-threatening eye damage within 20 years of diagnosis.
Mr Mahi Muqit PhD FRCOphth is a Consultant Ophthalmologist, Cataract and Vitreoretinal Surgeon at the world famous Moorfields Eye Hospital in London. He runs a private practice at both Moorfields Private and at 119 Harley Street in London.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=3FxpjEGvAoE&t=374s
www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdbXjfWtp28
Jason B.
the sun gazer who looks directly into the sun 5 hours a day
FYI: staring at the sun can cause Solar retinopathy
burning the retina that can lead to serious ocular issues.
It will never stop
Mr B
in
Washington Square park
ManHattan
Photography’s new conscience
Photo Title: For #HopeInsight# Early detection of diabetic Retinopathy is Important.
Submitted by: Prem Dixit
Category: Amateur
Country: Nepal
Organisation: Swiss Red Cross (Schweizerisches Rotes Kreuz)
COVID-19 Photo: No
Photo Caption: This photo was taken during RAAB Survey in Karnali province of Nepal. Dr. Shakti Prasad Subedi (Medical Director of NRCS-Surkhet Eye Hospita) is examining retina of a Diabetic patient in the community for early detection of diabetic Retinopathy with the support of direct ophthalmoscope.
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Photo uploaded from the #HopeInSight Photo Competition on photocomp.iapb.org held for World Sight Day 2020.
Photo Title: Screening for Retinopathy of Prematurity
Submitted by: Terry Cooper
Category: Professional
Country: United Kingdom
Organisation: Aravind Eye Care System
COVID-19 Photo: No
Photo Caption: Nurses from the Aravind Eye Care System in Madurai, India screen a premature baby for retinopathy of prematurity. Aravind runs an effective programme where a nursing team visits NICU\'s in rural hospitals to screen newborns for this potentially blinding condition. Retinal images are transmitted to a base hospital where an ophthalmologist will view and diagnose any sign of the disease.
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Photo uploaded from the #HopeInSight Photo Competition on photocomp.iapb.org held for World Sight Day 2020.
Stem cell therapy is an advanced and beneficial treatment for diabetes, numerous patients with diabetes have shown noticeable improvement, long-time remission and were able to enjoy a high quality of life after the therapy in SQ1 stem cell medical center.
The Beneficial Effects Of Stem Cell Therapy On Diabetes
Stem cell therapy can improve pancreatic islets function, hepatic glucose, and lipid metabolism while lowering blood sugar.
Clinical research and applications have shown that through stem cell therapy, about 65% of the patients are no longer dependent on insulin or oral drug to treat diabetes, and over 90% of patients reported reduced a dosage of insulin or oral drug or changed from insulin injection to oral drug. Collectively, stem cell therapy greatly diminished the onset and development of diabetes complications.
The era of clinical stem cell therapy for diabetes has come!
Reduction of diabetes medication intake
Maintenance of normal blood sugar levels
Restoration of the sensitivity of peripheral tissue to insulin and increase of insulin levels
Prevention and improvement of related diabetic foot symptoms
Reduction of hepatocyte lipid-related lesions
Improvement in the condition of the arterial walls and reduction of hyperinsulinemia and atherosclerosis
Prevention or reversion of certain complications of diabetes, such as erectile dysfunction and vision loss
Diabetes-Related Diseases That Stem Cell Therapy Can Treat
Type 1 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
Stem cell therapy also can treat complications of diabetes including:
Diabetic foot: foot infections, ulcers, and deep layer tissue damage.
Diabetic retinopathy: it can cause blurred vision, decreased vision, and even blindness.
Diabetic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases: it can cause a cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, vascular dementia, etc.
Diabetic neuropathy: it can cause numbness and tingle in hands and feet, orthostatic hypotension, vomiting, urinary, and fecal incontinence, etc.
Diabetic nephropathy(chronic renal failure): it can cause foamy urine, edema, and renal failure.
Capillary and macrovascular complications: diabetes can lead to narrowing of lower extremity arteries, coronary heart disease, stroke, etc.
In 2019, the famous US news magazine “TIME” listed diabetes treatment with stem cell therapy as one of the top 10 innovative medical inventions that will change the future. In the year 2021, Mass General Brigham selected the ground-breaking “stem cell therapies for Diabetes” as one of the Top 12 “Disruptive gene and cell therapy technologies”.
Learn More About Diabetes
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder disease characterized by hyperglycemia(high blood sugar), it is also the third-largest non-infectious chronic disease following cancer and cardiovascular disease. There are approximately 537 million diabetes patients in the world by the year 2021.
Clinically, there are three main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes (diabetes while pregnant). The major incidence populations of type 1 diabetes are adolescents and children, it is recognized by the destruction of pancreatic β-cells which leads to insufficient insulin secretion and hyperglycemia. Type 2 diabetes is caused by genetic, and environmental factors and their interactions. Usually, it is characterized by malfunction of pancreatic β-cell and insulin resistance in cells. Gestational diabetes develops in pregnant women who have never had diabetes before. If you have gestational diabetes, your baby could be at higher risk for health problems. Your baby is more likely to have obesity as a child or teen, and more likely to develop type 2 diabetes later in life too.
Risk Factors For Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes is believed to have a strong genetic link, meaning that it tends to run in families. If you have a parent, brother, or sister who has it, your chances rise.
You should ask your doctor about a diabetes test when you have any of the following risk factors:
High blood pressure.
High blood triglyceride (fat) levels. It's too high if it's over 150 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL).
Low "good" cholesterol level. It's too low if it's less than 40 mg/dL.
Gestational diabetes or giving birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds.
Prediabetes. That means your blood sugar level is above normal, but you don't have the disease yet.
Heart disease.
High-fat and carbohydrate diet. This can sometimes be the result of food insecurity when you don’t have access to enough healthy food.
High alcohol intake.
Sedentary lifestyle.
Obesity or being overweight.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
Being of ethnicity that’s at higher risk: African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans are more likely to get type 2 diabetes than non-Hispanic whites.
You're over 45 years of age. Older age is a significant risk factor for type 2 diabetes. The risk of type 2 diabetes begins to rise significantly around age 45 and rises considerably after age 65.
You’ve had an organ transplant. After an organ transplant, you need to take drugs for the rest of your life so your body doesn’t reject the donor. organ. These drugs help organ transplants succeed, but many of them, such as tacrolimus (Astagraf, Prograf) or steroids, can cause diabetes or make it worse.
Clinical Symptoms Of Diabetes
Polyuia
Dry mouth and increased thirst
Strong appetite
Unexplained Weight loss
Fatigue
Obesity
Presence of glucose in urine
Presence of ketones in urine
Abnormal high amount of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in serum
Glycated serum protein abnormality
Abnormal amount of insulin and c-peptide in serum
Dyslipidemia(unhealthy level of blood fat)
Stem Cell Therapy For Diabetes At SQ1
Stem cells used in the treatment of diabetes
SQ1 provides access to treatment that utilizes mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from the cord blood, placenta, and/or peripheral blood of patients and embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), into pancreatic endocrine lineages.
A combination MSCs and hESCs delivered via the intravenous route for 30 minutes at a delivery rate of 40 mL/hour to a final dose of 1 × 106 cells/kg of the patient's body weight.
The combination of cells and other treatment details are individual to the patient and is determined by genetically-programmed factors, individual to every human.
The therapeutic scope and efficacy of stem cell therapy for diabetes
A double infusion of hESCs+MSCs through either the intravenous route or the dorsal pancreatic artery route is performed for patients with type 2 Diabetes. The therapy exhibited term efficacy (7-9 months) in patients with type 2 diabetes for less than 10 years (the longest period of remission registered to date is 10 years and the shortest – 2 years) and a BMI <23 kg/m2 and improvement in hyperglycemia, reported blood glucose levels within the normal range.
Our results revealed reductions in the HbA1c and FBG levels during the first 3 months after administration in patients with type 2 Diabetes, deemed clinically significant because the reduction was maintained in a normal range at 12 months after administration.
Factors determining the efficacy of the treatment and remission term are individual and genetically driven.
Advantages Of Stem Cell Treatment For Diabetes
Traditional therapeutic methods, such as daily medication or injections of exogenous insulin, are the most common diabetes treatment, but their use is frequently associated with failure of glucose metabolism control, which leads to hyperglycemia episodes.
Stem cell therapy is a promising strategy for avoiding the problems associated with daily insulin injections. To maintain glucose homeostasis, this therapeutic method is expected to produce, store, and supply insulin. To completely cure diabetes, cell-based therapies aim to produce functional insulin-secreting cells.
Stem cell therapy
Conventional treatment
Curative Treatment or diseases management
The stem cell is a curative treatment for diabetes. Stem cell therapy is designed to rejuvenate the pancreas which helps the body to produce insulin naturally.
If given in the early stages, the dependency on medication and insulin can be reversed.
Insulin and medicine are used to control the amount of glucose in your blood. It is not a cure treatment it is used to control diabetes.
Slowly and gradually, people on medication move to insulin dependency.
Dosage
Stem cell therapy reduces the dosages of medication and insulin as the body starts producing insulin naturally.
If given in the early stages, the dependency on medication and insulin can be reversed.
Stem cell experts based on your current level of disease and other comorbidities will design a customized protocol and decide, the number of stem cells, source of stem cells, and cycles of stem cell therapy.
Patients who are on medication will observe a slow and gradual increase in dosages of medication.
At a certain point in time when medication is not able to manage the sugar levels, external insulin support will be required.
Patients who are on insulin support need to take insulin daily before consumption of food. The doses of insulin also increase with time.
Side-effects
No Side-effects as stem cells are our cells that are used to treat the disease and regenerate the pancreas to regain proper functioning.
Some of the common side-effects that medication and insulin can develop are upset stomach, skin rash or itching, weight gain, tiredness, and if not taken properly can even low blood sugar extremely.
Convenience
Stem cell therapy is performed by stem cell specialists which requires a special laboratory to process the stem cells and the medical set up to extract and inject the stem cell.
The therapy is going to be injection-based and needs to be performed in a hospital.
Medication that can be easily consumed.
Repeated and multiple small pricks for insulin injection for the patients who are currently on insulin.
The strict discipline to take medication or insulin on time as prescribed.
Longevity
Long-term effect and possibly curative treatment which removes the dependency on insulin and medication if taken in the early stage.
If taken in the later stages it reduces your dependency on medication and insulin. In a few cases, a repeat cycle may also be required.
Short-term effects.
Need to take insulin and medication daily as prescribed and the medication and effectiveness are for a few hours or a day.
The patient needs to take the medication and insulin lifetime.
End-stage
Stem cells are the basic building block of our body. The main functionality of stem cells is to regenerate the damaged cells and make copies of their own cells to repair the damaged cells.
Your own body is healing you and deferring the need for a transplant.
A pancreas transplant is the only treatment in the end stage.
There is a high probability that the kidney might also be damaged due to diabetes so in some cases both kidney and pancreas transplants would be required.
The availability of the donor and the waiting period can be a big reason for worry.
How Can Stem Cell Therapy For Diabetes Work
Stem cells were able to lower blood sugar levels and restore islet function in the following three ways:
Improvement of insulin resistance: stem cells will secret a variety of cytokines to improve the insulin resistance conditions in peripheral tissues and promote sugar intake by cells, thus reversing the hyperglycemia status in the body.
Promotion of regeneration of pancreatic islet β cells: Stem cells can reduce the progressive lesion to pancreatic islets from metabolic disorders in diabetes, at the same time can regenerate pancreatic β cells. In addition, stem cells can secret various cytokines to improve the microenvironment and induce the transformation of islet α cells to β cells. This process enables the in-situ regeneration of β cells and leads to the stabilization of blood sugar level.
Immunomodulation effect: stem cells can inhibit the T cell-mediated immune response against newly generated β cells and promote the repair and regeneration of pancreatic islets.
SQ1 Stem Cell Services
During the whole treatment process, we’ll provide complete and first-class medical services to you. And to ensure your treatment effect, you can consult your doctor any time after the treatment.
Sadly Dave couldn't be at Glastonbury cause he was actually off fighting Foo's ... Close up from UR collab.
Photo Title: With Slitp most of eye structure and abnormalities are identified.. Ophthalmoscope help retinal stateexamin
Submitted by: Abba kura Bulama
Category: ♥ HEALTH FOR ALL
Country: Nigeria
Organization: Students optometrist
Photo Caption: Let join hands to eradicate blindness
Professional or Amateur Photographer: Professional
Country where the photo was taken: India
Photo uploaded for the #LoveYourEyes Photo Competition on iapb.org held for World Sight Day 2022.
Photographer: Adam Garba
Making Eyes in the City
The Eye City-Iloilo was primarily the brainchild of Dr. Nathaniel H. Chan. When he returned to Iloilo City after completing his fellowship training in the United States, he had already wanted to put an ophthalmic group practice in the city; however, there were none willing as he to “Boldly go…” where no Ilonggo Ophthalmologist had gone before. In the years that followed, several subspecialists arrived in Iloilo City and soon there was enough to form a group.
Informal meetings at various venues were held first to test the waters and soon after, the core incorporators of Iloilo City Eye Consultants, Inc (the corporation behind the group) was finalized. All individual clinics were dissolved and combined into what is now The Eye City – Iloilo.
The vision of The Eye City – Iloilo is to be a center of excellence dedicated to providing efficient, dynamic and quality ophthalmic eye care managed by dedicated, competent and well-trained eye specialists. The Group’s mission is to develop a caring, compassionate and professional environment that will attend to patients’ needs through affordable, high quality eye care.
At the heart of the group’s mission-vision statement is our patients. High quality eye care need not be unavailable or unaffordable in Iloilo City or in the Western Visayas Region. No longer do Ilonggos need to go to Manila for Ophthalmic Sub-specialist care. Providing quality eye care parallel to what is available in Manila and the world is our long-term goal. Meet the men and the lady medics behind The Eye City- Iloilo.
DR. NATHANIEL HINGUILLO CHAN
To say that Dr. Nathaniel “Pol” Hinguillo Chan is a well-accomplished academician, physician and ophthalmologist is an understatement. Though he was born to this world in the same location and manner as most people in Iloilo City, the similarity ends there, since there is nothing ordinary about this doctor.
Dr. Chan was born to Jose D. Chan, an accountant, and Milagros Hinguillo-Chan, a businesswoman. At the onset, Dr. Chan seemed built for achievement and recognition. He graduated as class valedictorian in primary school and fourth honorable mention in high school from Iloilo Sun Yat Sen School. He then graduated magna cum laude as a BS Biological Sciences Major from West Visayas State University in 1993. He completed his medical degree also at the same university, again graduating as class valedictorian in 1997. Dr. Pol then transferred to Manila for his Medical Internship at the Philippine General Hospital and his ophthalmic residency training at St. Luke’s Medical Center, Institute of Ophthalmology, where he served as Chief Resident during his final year of training. After passing all the United States Medical Licensure Examination (USMLE) steps, he served as a Clinical Fellow in Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus at the Children’s National Medical Center at George Washington University, Washington DC, USA from 2003 to 2004. Through all of these accomplishments, Dr. Pol has remained humble and easy to relate to.
What comes next is what makes Dr. Pol truly extra-ordinary. Contrary to the common Filipino sentiment of wanting to live and work in the United States, Dr. Chan chose to come home to Iloilo City, as its first and only Pediatric Ophthalmologist (in Iloilo and the whole Western Visayas Region). His desire to be of service to his fellow Ilonggos/Filpinos was greater than his desire to earn in US dollars. He is the primary visionary for The Eye City – Iloilo. It was his desire to provide world-class ophthalmic care parallel to what he had experienced overseas that drove him to move towards Ophthalmic Group Practice. He is also the President of Iloilo City Eye Consultants Inc., the corporation behind the group clinic.
Dr. Pol is married to Marie Rose “Princess” Chan, who is currently finishing her second degree in accountancy at University of Philippines in the Visayas. They have three children, Sofia Ysabella, Jose Enrico and Joanna Mikaela.
DR. EMILIANO MEDINA BERNARDO III
Dr. Emiliano “Totoy” Medina Bernardo III is not from this island, but is actually from another island, further north. He was born in Quezon City (in the same hospital that eventually trained him as a physician) to Dr. Edgardo D. Bernardo and Nenita Medina-Bernardo. Dr. Totoy is a true blue Atenean; all of his formative years were spent at Loyola Heights, Ateneo de Manila University (GS ‘88, HS ‘92 and BS ‘96). In spite of his currently hefty built, Dr. Totoy was actually part of the track and field team, swimming team and sweep rowing team in college. On top of these activities, he graduated with honors with his BS Psychology degree in 1996. For the next ten years, he would complete his medical degree, internship, residency training in ophthalmology and subspecialty training in Neuro-Ophthalmology at the University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center (UERMMMC). Between obtaining his medical license and the start of his residency training (2002), he took a year off from medicine to teach at the Department of Psychology, Ateneo de Manila University.
Dr. Bernardo is the only ophthalmologist sub-specializing in Neuro-Visual Disorders in the whole Western Visayas Region. He was fortunate to be mentored by the Filipino pioneers and experts in the field of Neuro-Ophthalmology: Dr. Jesus Tamesis, Jr. (Clinica Tamesis Eye Center), Dr. Raul Cruz (PGH, SLMC), Dr. Rich Kho (PGH, American Eye Center), Dr. Sidney Cheng (UERMMMC, TMC), and Dr. Analyn Suntay (UERMMMC, EAMC), to name a few. Though he was primarily a fellow of UERMMMC, through the help of the Neuro-Ophthalmology Club of the Philippines (NOCP), Dr. Bernardo also rotated at PGH, American Eye Hospital and Cardinal Santos MRI Center. He is currently a member of the NOCP and the Asian Neuro-Ophthalmology Society (ASNOS).
If there is one thing that Dr. Totoy did perfectly right, it was getting married to Dr. Jennifer Grendel R. Ganzon-Bernardo, one of the eleven board-certified dermatologists of the Philippine Dermatological Society in Iloilo City. They have two children, Jaime Rodolfo and Hannah Maria Ines. When people ask him, why a tagalog would uproot himself from Manila, he would usually jokingly answer, “Namit kag barato ang pagkaon diri sa Iloilo.” But the truth of it is, he feels home wherever his beloved Jenjen, Jaime and Hannah are.
DR. CHRISTOPHER SEBASTIAN JARANILLA UY
Dr. Christopher Sebastian Jaranilla Uy’s quiet demeanor and unassuming behavior belies the rich heritage that this well trained ophthalmologist hails from. Chris was born in Iloilo City and studied at Assumption, Ateneo de Iloilo (Sta. Maria Catholic School at that time) and UP Visayas, Miag-ao (Biological Science Degree). He completed his medical training at the University of Sto. Tomas and went on to train at UP-PGH for his residency in ophthalmology. He is the eldest son of one of Iloilo City’s pioneer ophthalmologists, Dr. Cezar Uy and the former Delfa Jaranilla and the grandson of Dr. Delfin Jaranilla. Due to his father’s untimely passing, Chris took over his father’s clinic at the Iloilo Medical Arts Condominium at the Iloilo Doctor’s Hospital Complex (now a satellite clinic of The Eye City-Iloilo), immediately after graduating from residency. He subsequently passed the Diplomate Examination of the Philippine Board of Ophthalmology.
Though Dr Chris is the youngest in the group, he is already quite happily married to Dr. Melita Jesusa T. Uy, an Ear, Nose and Throat, Head & Neck Surgery Specialist with a subspecialty in Rhinoplasty (Nose lift and reconstruction) and they have a son, Christian Marcus. It is fortunate that his love of eating chocolate and anything sweet is counter balanced with a healthy interest in sports (basketball, volleyball, table tennis and golf), televised and otherwise. … and his favorite color is blue.
Dr. Uy is scheduled to train overseas for his subspecialty in Vitreo-Retinal Diseases in 2010. When he returns in 2011, The Eye City – Iloilo and the Western Visayas Area will have another Vitreo-Retina Specialist who can share the significant volume of vitreo-retinal cases with Dr. Anne Marie Gertrude G. Caseñas, currently the only Vitreo-Retinal sub-specialist in the Western Visayas Region.
DR. ANNE MARIE GERTRUDE GRINO CASENAS
Dr. Anne Marie Gertrude Gringo Casinos is as petite and fair-skinned as her name is long. She was born in Iloilo City to the late General Buenaventura Caseñas and to Iloilo City’s pioneer pediatrician, Dr. Marie Grino-Caseñas. She went to Sta. Maria Catholic School (now Ateneo de Iloilo) for her primary schooling and spent the rest of her formative years at the University of the Philippines in the Visayas. She was a scholar through high school and college. She went to medical school at the University of the Philippines College of Medicine in Manila, graduating in 1998. She then completed her residency training in Ophthalmology, fellowship training in Cornea and External Disease and fellowship training in Vitreo-Retinal Diseases at the Philippine General Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences from 1999 to 2004. Dr. Caseñas is the only ophthalmologist sub-specializing in both Cornea and External Disease and Vitreo-Retinal Diseases in the whole Western Visayas Region. Among the common cases that she manages as a subspecialist are: diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, and age-related macular degeneration. She is not only a consummate clinician, Dr. Caseñas has done research on age related macular degeneration, central retinal vein occlusion and retinal vasculitis. It if were not for her presence in Iloilo City and her choice to remain here, all vireo-retinal disease patients would have to go to Metro Manila for treatment.
Despite of her accomplishments she remains to be a simple and down-to-earth person. She accompanies her mother at their family residence and spends her free time dabbling in interior design and pampering her two beautiful dogs, Simba and Denise. Dr. Caseñas is also an Animal Rights Activist and is a member of the Philippine Animal Welfare Society and of the Iloilo Kennel Club.
APPENDIX 1. LIST OF ADVERSE EVENTS OF SPECIAL INTEREST Goodpasture's syndrome, Shock, Vasculitis gastrointestinal, Lymphocytic hypophysitis, COVID-19 treatment, Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy with burst-suppression, SARS-CoV-2 carrier, Microembolism, Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta, SARS-CoV-2 test false positive, Cerebral artery embolism, Ophthalmic herpes zoster, Complement factor C1 decreased, VIth nerve paralysis, Vocal cord paresis, Neutropenia neonatal, Periportal oedema, Bile output abnormal, Swelling face, Cystitis interstitial, Polyarteritis nodosa, Interstitial granulomatous dermatitis, Pharyngeal swelling, Ophthalmic herpes simplex, Anti-epithelial antibody positive, Thrombosis corpora cavernosa, Lichen planus, Double stranded DNA antibody positive, Immune-mediated hypothyroidism, Herpes dermatitis, Varicella, Truncus coeliacus thrombosis, ChildPugh-Turcotte score abnormal, Young's syndrome, Autoimmune dermatitis, Death neonatal, Pharyngeal oedema, Terminal ileitis, Anti-neuronal antibody positive, Autoimmune retinopathy, Cardiac arrest, Granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Aura, Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Autoimmune colitis, Pseudovasculitis, Hantavirus pulmonary infection, Evans syndrome, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, Peritonitis lupus, Immune-mediated myocarditis, Pruritus allergic, Cryoglobulinaemia, SARS-CoV-1 test, Tachycardia, Anti-aquaporin-4 antibody positive, Hepatic vascular resistance increased, Autoimmune neutropenia, Type 1 diabetes mellitus, Hyperbilirubinaemia, Toxic epidermal necrolysis, Multifocal motor neuropathy, Renal vasculitis, Noninfective encephalitis, Spinal artery thrombosis, Convulsion in childhood, Circulatory collapse, Hypergammaglobulinaemia benign monoclonal, Anaphylactoid shock, Herpes simplex meningitis, Systemic scleroderma, Clinically isolated syndrome, Thrombotic stroke, Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome, Thrombosis, Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, Peripheral ischaemia, Birdshot chorioretinopathy, Embolism venous, Gastrointestinal amyloidosis, Anti-GAD antibody positive, Marchiafava-Bignami disease, Eczema herpeticum, Ulcerative keratitis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Dermatitis herpetiformis, Perihepatic discomfort, Demyelination, SARS-CoV-2 test negative, Thrombophlebitis neonatal, Portal pyaemia, Anti-SRP antibody positive, Glomerulonephritis rapidly progressive, AST/ALT ratio abnormal, Benign familial neonatal convulsions, Pneumonia necrotising, Pneumonia, Benign rolandic epilepsy, Pre-eclampsia, Thromboplastin antibody positive, Retinal vascular thrombosis, Rheumatoid nodule, Allergic oedema, Respiratory failure, Glomerulonephritis membranoproliferative, Inflammation, CSF oligoclonal band present, Complement factor abnormal, Hypoalbuminaemia, Pulmonary amyloidosis, Urobilinogen urine increased, Chronic respiratory failure, Autoimmune neuropathy, Retinopathy, Herpes simplex visceral, Autoimmune aplastic anaemia, Immune-mediated pneumonitis, Anti-ganglioside antibody positive, Post viral fatigue syndrome, Spondylitis, VIth nerve paresis, Leukopenia, Change in seizure presentation, Arterial bypass thrombosis, Total bile acids increased, Retinal artery occlusion, Anti-actin antibody positive, Arteriovenous fistula thrombosis, Penile vein thrombosis, Lambl's excrescences, Meningitis herpes, Endocrine ophthalmopathy, Antigliadin antibody positive, Administration site vasculitis, Morvan syndrome, Endotracheal intubation, De novo purine synthesis inhibitors associated acute inflammatory syndrome, Oesophageal achalasia, Tonic posturing, Renal artery thrombosis, Lung abscess, Cranial nerve paralysis, Pneumonia respiratory syncytial viral, Autoimmune disorder, Panencephalitis, Gastritis herpes, Urticarial vasculitis, Autoimmune pericarditis, Acute encephalitis with refractory, repetitive partial seizures, Splenic embolism, Mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase increased, Embolic cerebellar infarction, Schizencephaly, Peritoneal fluid protein decreased, Tongue amyloidosis, Immune-mediated myositis, Haemorrhagic vasculitis, Corpus callosotomy, Chillblains, Cerebral arteritis, Meningoencephalitis herpetic, Stillbirth, Infected vasculitis, Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody positive, Subclavian artery thrombosis, Cerebral amyloid angiopathy, SARS-CoV-2 antibody test, Lichen sclerosus, Pruritus, Amyloid arthropathy, Varicella zoster virus infection, XIth nerve paralysis, Mouth swelling, Herpes zoster, SARS-CoV-1 test negative, Trigeminal neuralgia, Hepatosplenomegaly, SARS-CoV-2 test, Lower respiratory tract herpes infection, Lupus pneumonitis, Catheter site vasculitis, Hepatic mass, Moyamoya disease, Palindromic rheumatism, SARS-CoV-2 viraemia, Aortic thrombosis, Herpes simplex otitis externa, Neutropenic sepsis, Anti-vimentin antibody positive, Paracancerous pneumonia, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Acoustic neuritis, Oedema, Double cortex syndrome, Metapneumovirus infection, Respiratory paralysis, Rheumatoid factor quantitative increased, Application site vasculitis, Migraine-triggered seizure, Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fibres, Pemphigus, Herpes simplex encephalitis, Oral herpes, Respiratory arrest, Suspected COVID19, Bickerstaff's encephalitis, Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, Anti-NMDA antibody positive, Alanine aminotransferase increased, Hoigne's syndrome, Acute haemorrhagic oedema of infancy, Immune-mediated hepatitis, Rheumatic brain disease, Neonatal lupus erythematosus, Lhermitte's sign, Myocardial infarction, Myasthenia gravis neonatal, Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis, Enterocolitis, Congenital varicella infection, Drug withdrawal convulsions, Renal amyloidosis, Guanase increased, Myocarditis, Molybdenum cofactor deficiency, Scleroderma-like reaction, Autoimmune blistering disease, Pyostomatitis vegetans, Anti-insulin antibody increased, Chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids, Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy, Kayser-Fleischer ring, Peripheral vein thrombus extension, Coronary artery thrombosis, Type I hypersensitivity, Neonatal mucocutaneous herpes simplex, Aspartate-glutamate-transporter deficiency, Medical device site vasculitis, Periorbital swelling, Nodular vasculitis, Cerebrovascular accident, Vascular purpura, Hypogammaglobulinaemia, Varicella post vaccine, Tonic clonic movements, Generalised tonic-clonic seizure, Arterial thrombosis, Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody positive, Parietal cell antibody positive, Vessel puncture site thrombosis, Portosplenomesenteric venous thrombosis, Glutamate dehydrogenase increased, Acute myocardial infarction, Pulmonary artery thrombosis, Thrombophlebitis superficial, Irregular breathing, Tumefactive multiple sclerosis, Liver function test abnormal, Embolic pneumonia, Autoimmune cholangitis, Polymyalgia rheumatica, Product availability issue, Tracheobronchitis, Chronic fatigue syndrome, Leukoencephalopathy, Herpes zoster meningomyelitis, Acute respiratory failure, Shock symptom, Facial paresis, Rash erythematous, Venous recanalisation, Miliary pneumonia, Cardio-respiratory arrest, Parainfluenzae viral laryngotracheobronchitis, Hepatic vein embolism, Ophthalmic artery thrombosis, Injection site thrombosis, Spontaneous heparin-induced thrombocytopenia syndrome, SARS-CoV-2 antibody test positive, Scleroderma renal crisis, Ketosisprone diabetes mellitus, Autoimmune demyelinating disease, Splenic vein thrombosis, Neutropenic colitis, Aspartate aminotransferase increased, Pneumonia mycoplasmal, Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis, Antiphospholipid antibodies positive, Human herpesvirus 6 encephalitis, Antisynthetase syndrome, Intracardiac thrombus, Basilar artery thrombosis, Anti-sperm antibody positive, Mesenteric vein thrombosis, Herpes simplex reactivation, Infusion site vasculitis, Haemolytic anaemia, Mononeuropathy multiplex, Cardiopulmonary failure, Autoimmune arthritis, Device embolisation, Laryngeal rheumatoid arthritis, Ageusia, Acute flaccid myelitis, Colitis, Aortitis, Oedema blister, Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Lupoid hepatic cirrhosis, Tuberous sclerosis complex, Multiple subpial transection, Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, Congenital anomaly, Ataxia, Dyspnoea, Myelitis, MERS-CoV test, Administration site thrombosis, Psoriasis, Cardiolipin antibody positive, Herpes gestationis, Polymicrogyria, Chronic autoimmune glomerulonephritis, Antiviral prophylaxis, Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, Thrombophlebitis, Lupus pancreatitis, Ammonia increased, Aseptic cavernous sinus thrombosis, Focal cortical resection, Blood pressure decreased, Vasculitic rash, Haemorrhagic pneumonia, Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, Infantile genetic agranulocytosis, Disseminated neonatal herpes simplex, Collagen disorder, Deep vein thrombosis postoperative, Foaming at mouth, Coronary bypass thrombosis, Ankylosing spondylitis, COVID-19 immunisation, Aspartate aminotransferase abnormal, IPEX syndrome, Foreign body embolism, Encephalopathy, Lupus endocarditis, Palpable purpura, Haemorrhagic disorder, Galactose elimination capacity test abnormal, Alveolar proteinosis, Vascular graft thrombosis, Choking sensation, Herpes virus infection, Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type I, Ammonia abnormal, Carotid arterial embolus, Benign ethnic neutropenia, Amyloidosis, Myocarditis post infection, Acquired epidermolysis bullosa, Meningoencephalitis herpes simplex neonatal, Neuritis, Post thrombotic retinopathy, Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, Herpetic radiculopathy, Dermatitis, Implant site thrombosis, Immune-mediated neuropathy, Anaphylactoid syndrome of pregnancy, Urticaria, Polyglandular disorder, Cranial nerve palsies multiple, Immune-mediated thyroiditis, Still's disease, Pneumonia influenzal, Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Eye swelling, Cardiogenic shock, Herpes zoster pharyngitis, Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positive vasculitis, Lupus hepatitis, Intrinsic factor antibody positive, Autoimmune hyperlipidaemia, Embolic stroke, Bronchitis, Hypertransaminasaemia, Meningitis aseptic, Alloimmune hepatitis, Encephalitis haemorrhagic, Bronchitis viral, Post thrombotic syndrome, Anaphylactic transfusion reaction, Antinuclear antibody positive, Retinal vein occlusion, Eye pruritus, Myositis, SARS-CoV-2 sepsis, Wheezing, Glomerulonephritis membranous, SARSCoV-2 test positive, Arteritis coronary, Occupational exposure to communicable disease, Patient isolation, Autoimmune lung disease, Hepatic fibrosis marker increased, Noninfectious myelitis, Paraneoplastic dermatomyositis, Thrombophlebitis migrans, Myasthenia gravis crisis, Brain stem embolism, Susac's syndrome, Galactose elimination capacity test decreased, Periorbital oedema, Insulin autoimmune syndrome, Drop attacks, Eosinopenia, Computerised tomogram liver abnormal, Varicella zoster gastritis, Disseminated varicella zoster virus infection, Respiratory syncytial virus bronchitis, Immune-mediated nephritis, Pulmonary sepsis, Hepatic function abnormal, Cardiac failure acute, Warm type haemolytic anaemia, Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, Polyneuropathy idiopathic progressive, Linear IgA disease, Oedema mouth, Grey matter heterotopia, Rheumatoid factor positive, SARS-CoV-2 antibody test negative, Systemic sclerosis pulmonary, Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease, Anti-interferon antibody positive, Encephalitis allergic, Rheumatoid vasculitis, Hypersensitivity, Varicella zoster pneumonia, Epilepsy surgery, Idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia, COVID-19 pneumonia, Antiinsulin receptor antibody positive, Papillophlebitis, SLE arthritis, Aortic embolus, Acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy, Rasmussen encephalitis, Stoma site vasculitis, Autoimmune thyroiditis, Juvenile psoriatic arthritis, Neuromyelitis optica pseudo relapse, Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, CDKL5 deficiency disorder, Undifferentiated connective tissue disease, IVth nerve paralysis, Progressive facial hemiatrophy, Postpericardiotomy syndrome, MERS-CoV test positive, Nasal herpes, Microscopic polyangiitis, Hypersensitivity vasculitis, Paradoxical embolism, Lower respiratory tract infection viral, Saccadic eye movement, AST to platelet ratio index increased, Post procedural pneumonia, Renal vein embolism, Laryngospasm, Acute respiratory distress syndrome, HenochSchonlein purpura nephritis, Acute macular outer retinopathy, Necrotising herpetic retinopathy, Blood cholinesterase abnormal, Postictal state, Lupus cystitis, Pneumonia parainfluenzae viral, Proctitis ulcerative, Thrombocytopenia, Alopecia areata, Immune-mediated enterocolitis, Autoimmune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Ocular vasculitis, Status epilepticus, AntiVGKC antibody positive, Postictal headache, Alanine aminotransferase abnormal, Pelvic venous thrombosis, Ophthalmic vein thrombosis, Retinal artery embolism, Multiple sclerosis relapse prophylaxis, Renal vein thrombosis, Marine Lenhart syndrome, Coronavirus infection, Liver iron concentration increased, Coronary artery embolism, Anti-thyroid antibody positive, Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus, Hypotensive crisis, Post stroke seizure, Neuralgic amyotrophy, Optic perineuritis, Paget-Schroetter syndrome, Muscular sarcoidosis, CEC syndrome, Upper airway obstruction, Lymphocytopenia neonatal, White nipple sign, Granulocytopenia neonatal, Liver sarcoidosis, IgA nephropathy, Tongue biting, Vitiligo, Autoimmune uveitis, Complement factor C3 decreased, Psoriatic arthropathy, Crohn's disease, Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, Herpes zoster reactivation, Blood pressure diastolic decreased, Microangiopathy, Anti-exosome complex antibody positive, Lupus vasculitis, Neuropathy, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa syndrome, Hypoglossal nerve paresis, Transient epileptic amnesia, Immunemediated adverse reaction, Renal failure, Enteropathic spondylitis, Hypotension, Thyroiditis, Jugular vein embolism, Hypoglossal nerve paralysis, IgM nephropathy, Complement factor decreased, Band sensation, Keratoderma blenorrhagica, Preictal state, Digital pitting scar, Pneumobilia, Acquired C1 inhibitor deficiency, Ovarian vein thrombosis, Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis, Immunemediated gastritis, Immune-mediated hepatic disorder, Transaminases abnormal, Glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome, Device related thrombosis, Pneumonia measles, Rheumatic disorder, Febrile convulsion, Herpes oesophagitis, Autoimmune myocarditis, Idiopathic neutropenia, Radiation leukopenia, Metastatic pulmonary embolism, Nasal obstruction, Anti-muscle specific kinase antibody positive, Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, Liver scan abnormal, Hereditary angioedema with C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency, Neuritis cranial, Post procedural pulmonary embolism, Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, SARS-CoV-1 test positive, Magnetic resonance imaging liver abnormal, Tumour embolism, Postictal psychosis, Swelling, Herpes simplex virus conjunctivitis neonatal, Eosinophilic fasciitis, Pneumonia adenoviral, Lupus nephritis, Eclampsia, Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, Tongue oedema, Pulmonary sarcoidosis, Lip swelling, Hepatic enzyme decreased, JC polyomavirus test positive, Facial paralysis, Renal embolism, Optic neuritis, Herpes simplex colitis, Reactive capillary endothelial proliferation, Cerebral septic infarct, Seizure anoxic, Maternal exposure during pregnancy, Magnetic resonance proton density fat fraction measurement, Human herpesvirus 7 infection, Hyperglycaemic seizure, Myasthenia gravis, Hepatic enzyme increased, Manufacturing production issue, Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome, Herpes zoster meningoradiculitis, BuddChiari syndrome, Lymphopenia, Blood alkaline phosphatase increased, Venous thrombosis neonatal, Alcoholic seizure, Cataplexy, Anti-interferon antibody negative, Oral lichen planus, Child-Pugh-Turcotte score increased, Primary progressive multiple sclerosis, Pulmonary haemorrhage, Postoperative respiratory failure, Smooth muscle antibody positive, Myelitis transverse, Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, Temporal lobe epilepsy, Noninfective oophoritis, Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Antiribosomal P antibody positive, Herpes zoster meningoencephalitis, Colitis microscopic, Acute haemorrhagic leukoencephalitis, Pulmonary embolism, Liver iron concentration abnormal, Immune-mediated encephalopathy, Meningomyelitis herpes, Anti-prothrombin antibody positive, SAPHO syndrome, Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type II, Human herpesvirus 6 infection, Quarantine, Neonatal pneumonia, Acute motor axonal neuropathy, Chronic gastritis, Meningitis, Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, Thrombotic cerebral infarction, Hepatic lymphocytic infiltration, Erythema nodosum, Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Application site thrombosis, Vascular pseudoaneurysm thrombosis, Basedow's disease, Axonal neuropathy, Bilirubin conjugated increased, Blood cholinesterase decreased, Lupus myositis, Vena cava thrombosis, Autoimmune inner ear disease, Choking, Hepatomegaly, H ypocalcaemic seizure, IIIrd nerve paresis, Cogan's syndrome, Eosinophilic oesophagitis, Transaminases increased, Acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, Complement factor C4 decreased, Immune-mediated cholangitis, Proctitis herpes, Thrombosis mesenteric vessel, Liver injury, Diffuse vasculitis, Anti-saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody test positive, Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, Cavernous sinus thrombosis, IIIrd nerve paralysis, Cutaneous vasculitis, Clonic convulsion, Genital herpes simplex, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, Laryngeal oedema, Autoimmune enteropathy, Generalised onset non-motor seizure, Epileptic psychosis, Immunoglobulins abnormal, CREST syndrome, Visceral venous thrombosis, Ocular myasthenia, Face oedema, Eye oedema, Erythema, Cardio-respiratory distress, Aplastic anaemia, Coronavirus test positive, Immune-mediated cholestasis, Cardiac sarcoidosis, Femoral artery embolism, Dermatitis bullous, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Anti-glycyl-tRNA synthetase antibody positive, Paraneoplastic pemphigus, Scleroderma associated digital ulcer, Portal vein flow decreased, Atypical pneumonia, Pneumonia cytomegaloviral, Pulmonary thrombosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, Enterobacter pneumonia, Throat tightness, Respiratory disorder, Alpers disease, Antimitochondrial antibody positive, Scleritis, Partial seizures, Anti-VGCC antibody positive, Cardiac amyloidosis, Chest discomfort, Circumoral oedema, Arthritis enteropathic, Limbic encephalitis, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, Blood bilirubin abnormal, Caesarean section, Asthma, Polymyositis, Atrophic thyroiditis, Stridor, Liver induration, Swollen tongue, Pericarditis lupus, Herpes simplex pharyngitis, Lupus enteritis, Instillation site thrombosis, Juvenile spondyloarthritis, Amygdalohippocampectomy, Subacute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, Umbilical cord thrombosis, Cutaneous amyloidosis, Cerebral microembolism, Thromboangiitis obliterans, Hemimegalencephaly, Hepatic artery embolism, Coombs positive haemolytic anaemia, Hepatitis, Embolism arterial, Deja vu, Cyclic neutropenia, Postoperative thrombosis, LE cells present, Biliary ascites, Anti-IA2 antibody positive, Polyneuropathy, Middle East respiratory syndrome, Pulmonary renal syndrome, Pulmonary microemboli, Hyperammonaemia, Radiologically isolated syndrome, Transverse sinus thrombosis, Multiple sclerosis, Procedural shock, Oculofacial paralysis, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Concentric sclerosis, Precerebral artery thrombosis, Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis, Anaphylactic reaction, Rash, Encephalomyelitis, POEMS syndrome, Enteritis, Urine bilirubin increased, Reversible airways obstruction, Severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy, Hypercholia, Bile output decreased, Arrhythmia, Axonal and demyelinating polyneuropathy, Venous thrombosis limb, Immune thrombocytopenia, Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody increased, Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin increased, Beta-2 glycoprotein antibody positive, Encephalitis autoimmune, Systemic lupus erythematosus rash, Myokymia, Inflammatory bowel disease, Hepatic artery thrombosis, Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, Herpes zoster meningitis, Aplasia pure red cell, Cold agglutinins positive, Stiff person syndrome, Brachiocephalic vein thrombosis, Cerebral venous thrombosis, Injection site vasculitis, Arteriovenous graft site stenosis, Mixed connective tissue disease, Cardiac ventricular thrombosis, Disseminated varicella, Hepatic enzyme abnormal, Hepatic vascular thrombosis, Interstitial lung disease, Cardiovascular insufficiency, Diabetic mastopathy, Injection site urticaria, Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis, Genital herpes, Embolic cerebral infarction, Sensation of foreign body, Anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein associated polyneuropathy, Sarcoidosis, Immune-mediated uveitis, MAGIC syndrome, Varicella zoster oesophagitis, Autoimmune hepatitis, Autoimmune nephritis, Sjogren's syndrome, Calcium embolism, Rash pruritic, Hepatic artery flow decreased, Pulmonary tumour thrombotic microangiopathy, Polyarthritis, Endocrine disorder, Retinol binding protein decreased, Faciobrachial dystonic seizure, Mesenteric artery thrombosis, Uveitis, Intrapericardial thrombosis, Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, Toxic leukoencephalopathy, Paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection, Dialysis membrane reaction, Overlap syndrome, Herpes sepsis, Blue toe syndrome, Addison's disease, CSWS syndrome, Encephalitis post immunisation, Hepatobiliary scan abnormal, Rheumatoid scleritis, Shunt thrombosis, Arteritis, Cytokine release syndrome, Cranial nerve disorder, Rheumatoid nodule removal, 1p36 deletion syndrome, Disseminated intravascular coagulation, Vasculitic ulcer, Partial seizures with secondary generalisation, Product supply issue, Ultrasound liver abnormal, Cerebellar embolism, Occupational exposure to SARS-CoV-2, Immune-mediated cytopenia, Chronic spontaneous urticaria, Varicella zoster sepsis, Herpes simplex necrotising retinopathy, Lichen planopilaris, Swelling of eyelid, Spinal artery embolism, Uhthoff's phenomenon, Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis, Anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein antibodies positive, Blood bilirubin unconjugated increased, Transfusion-related alloimmune neutropenia, Seizure like phenomena, Lewis-Sumner syndrome, Laryngeal dyspnoea, Renal arteritis, Frontal lobe epilepsy, IRVAN syndrome, Catheter site thrombosis, Felty's syndrome, Haemorrhagic varicella syndrome, Arthritis, Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, Anti-platelet antibody positive, Human herpesvirus 8 infection, Segmented hyalinising vasculitis, Osmotic demyelination syndrome, Liver function test decreased, Blood pressure systolic decreased, Leukopenia neonatal, X-ray hepatobiliary abnormal, Adverse event following immunisation, Portal vein thrombosis, Renal vascular thrombosis, Epileptic aura, Dreamy state, Primary amyloidosis, Intracardiac mass, Venous thrombosis, Molar ratio of total branched-chain amino acid to tyrosine, Placenta praevia, Tracheal obstruction, Bronchial oedema, Cyanosis, Retrograde portal vein flow, Collagen-vascular disease, Ocular hyperaemia, Benign familial pemphigus, Postoperative respiratory distress, Autoinflammation with infantile enterocolitis, Giant cell arteritis, Vena cava embolism, Cerebellar artery thrombosis, Rheumatoid lung, Foetal placental thrombosis, Product distribution issue, Herpes simplex meningoencephalitis, Liver function test increased, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Vasculitis necrotising, Cutaneous sarcoidosis, Anti-HLA antibody test positive, Gelastic seizure, Erythema multiforme, Scleroderma, Circumoral swelling, Glomerulonephritis, Infective thrombosis, Neuronal neuropathy, Pulmonary oil microembolism, Anti-basal ganglia antibody positive, Herpes zoster necrotising retinopathy, Eyelid oedema, Expanded disability status scale score decreased, Vertebral artery thrombosis, Mononeuritis, Axillary vein thrombosis, Atrial thrombosis, Herpes simplex oesophagitis, Exposure to SARS-CoV-2, Multiple sclerosis relapse, Radiculitis brachial, Venous thrombosis in pregnancy, Convulsive threshold lowered, Lupus pleurisy, Hashitoxicosis, Mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis, Amniotic cavity infection, Anti-insulin receptor antibody increased, COVID-19 prophylaxis, Hepatic hydrothorax, Nephritis, Satoyoshi syndrome, Oedema due to hepatic disease, Granulocytopenia, Convulsions local, Pernicious anaemia, Thrombosis in device, Subclavian artery embolism, Seizure cluster, Hepatic sequestration, Disseminated intravascular coagulation in newborn, Pemphigoid, Cutaneous lupus erythematosus, Kaposi sarcoma inflammatory cytokine syndrome, Neuropathy peripheral, Embolia cutis medicamentosa, Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type III, Polychondritis, Lafora's myoclonic epilepsy, Skin swelling, Dressler's syndrome, Deep vein thrombosis, Retinal vein thrombosis, Epidermolysis, Tumour thrombosis, Lupus myocarditis, Immune-mediated endocrinopathy, Encephalitis brain stem, Herpes simplex sepsis, MERS-CoV test negative, Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, Autoimmune eye disorder, Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index decreased, Fibromyalgia, Autoimmune endocrine disorder, Simple partial seizures, Herpes simplex cervicitis, Haemorrhagic ascites, Colitis erosive, Peritoneal fluid protein abnormal, Adrenal thrombosis, Hepatic venous pressure gradient increased, Tonic convulsion, Neonatal Crohn's disease, Pyrexia, Behcet's syndrome, Liver palpable, Autoimmune encephalopathy, Stress cardiomyopathy, Anosmia, Rheumatoid factor increased, Antiviral treatment, Lupus-like syndrome, Anaphylactoid reaction, Arteriovenous graft thrombosis, Seizure, Vasculitis, C1q nephropathy, JC virus CSF test positive, Complement factor C2 decreased, Monocytopenia, Anti-zinc transporter 8 antibody positive, Thrombocytopenic purpura, Focal dyscognitive seizures, Hypoglycaemic seizure, Tachypnoea, Marburg's variant multiple sclerosis, Coronavirus test, Amyloidosis senile, Trigeminal nerve paresis, Toxic oil syndrome, Petit mal epilepsy, Blood alkaline phosphatase abnormal, DNA antibody positive, Herpes simplex meningomyelitis, Coronary artery disease, Cerebrospinal thrombotic tamponade, Peripheral embolism, Neonatal seizure, Rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatosis, Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, Cold type haemolytic anaemia, Portal vein embolism, Asymptomatic COVID19, Encephalitis periaxialis diffusa, Immunemediated hyperthyroidism, Histone antibody positive, Exanthema subitum, Herpes simplex gastritis, Agranulocytosis, Febrile neutropenia, Oropharyngeal spasm, Erythema induratum, Lupus encephalitis, Hyperventilation, Uncinate fits, Exposure to communicable disease, Manufacturing laboratory analytical testing issue, Hyponatraemic seizure, Premature menopause, Dermatomyositis, Shrinking lung syndrome, Cement embolism, Liver opacity, Tracheobronchitis viral, Fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus, B-cell aplasia, Postictal paralysis, Cholangitis sclerosing, Herpes ophthalmic, Hepatic pain, Neonatal epileptic seizure, Progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis, Infusion site thrombosis, Model for end stage liver disease score increased, Septic pulmonary embolism, Neutropenia, Jeavons syndrome, Biopsy liver abnormal, Portal vein pressure increased, Pneumonia viral, Thrombotic microangiopathy, Prosthetic cardiac valve thrombosis, Pyoderma gangrenosum, Seizure prophylaxis, Varicella keratitis, Primary biliary cholangitis, Pulmonary venous thrombosis, Brain stem thrombosis, Infantile spasms, Leucine aminopeptidase increased, Granulomatous dermatitis, Hepatic amyloidosis, Human herpesvirus 6 infection reactivation, Oropharyngeal oedema, Anti-transglutaminase antibody increased, Hypoxia, 5'nucleotidase increased, Urobilinogen urine decreased, Central nervous system lupus, Anti-islet cell antibody positive, Angioedema, Herpes zoster cutaneous disseminated, Retinal artery thrombosis, Uterine rupture, Palisaded neutrophilic granulomatous dermatitis, Obstetrical pulmonary embolism, Medical device site thrombosis, Herpes simplex viraemia, Subclavian vein thrombosis, Liver tenderness, Herpes simplex, Autoantibody positive, Postpartum venous thrombosis, Immune-mediated pancreatitis, Enteritis leukopenic, Gamma-glutamyltransferase increased, Neuropsychiatric lupus, Automatism epileptic, Stoma site thrombosis, Venous intravasation, MELAS syndrome, GuillainBarre syndrome, Herpes zoster infection neurological, Dialysis amyloidosis, Autoimmune thyroid disorder, Tracheobronchitis mycoplasmal, Acquired epileptic aphasia, Neutropenic infection, Atypical benign partial epilepsy, Septic embolus, Coeliac disease, Fibrillary glomerulonephritis, Post stroke epilepsy, Capillaritis, Ocular pemphigoid, Demyelinating polyneuropathy, Lip oedema, Immune-mediated encephalitis, Acute kidney injury, Mesenteric artery embolism, Secondary cerebellar degeneration, SARSCoV-2 test false negative, Genital herpes zoster, Cerebral thrombosis, Immunoglobulin G4 related disease, Foetal distress syndrome, Diastolic hypotension, Testicular autoimmunity, Angiopathic neuropathy, Air embolism, Bromosulphthalein test abnormal, Gamma-glutamyltransferase abnormal, Atonic seizures, Palmoplantar keratoderma, Noninfective encephalomyelitis, Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis allergic, Post-traumatic epilepsy, Bronchospasm, Topectomy, Expanded disability status scale score increased, Blood bilirubin increased, Anti-RNA polymerase III antibody positive, Arterial bypass occlusion, Coronavirus test negative, Secondary amyloidosis, Caplan's syndrome, Diabetes mellitus, Peritoneal fluid protein increased, Biotinidase deficiency, Graft thrombosis, Foetor hepaticus, Vasa praevia, Autoimmune anaemia, Silent thyroiditis, Colitis ulcerative, Vagus nerve paralysis, Iliac artery embolism, Ocular sarcoidosis, Bacterascites, Herpes pharyngitis, Postpartum thrombosis, Juvenile polymyositis, Autoimmune pancreatitis, Relapsing multiple sclerosis, Atheroembolism, Laryngotracheal oedema, Trigeminal palsy, Hepaplastin decreased, Autoimmune myositis, Cerebral artery thrombosis, Bilirubin conjugated abnormal, Antimyocardial antibody positive, Autonomic seizure, Antiphospholipid syndrome, Bulbar palsy, IVth nerve paresis, Basophilopenia, Sympathetic ophthalmia, Hepatic hypertrophy, Thyroid disorder, Herpes zoster oticus, Epilepsy with myoclonic-atonic seizures, Subacute endocarditis, Congestive hepatopathy, GM2 gangliosidosis, Retinal vasculitis, Zika virus associated Guillain Barre syndrome. Low birth weight baby, Post procedural hypotension, Vascular stent thrombosis, Congenital myasthenic syndrome, Thrombophlebitis septic, Autoimmune hypothyroidism, Anti-erythrocyte antibody positive, Stiff leg syndrome, Lemierre syndrome, Splenic thrombosis, Inclusion body myositis, Cytokine storm, Autonomic nervous system imbalance, Central nervous system vasculitis, Kawasaki's disease, Metastatic cutaneous Crohn's disease, Autoinflammatory disease, Fat embolism, Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index increased, Hepatic vein thrombosis, Pneumonia herpes viral, Takayasu's arteritis, Arthralgia, Idiopathic generalised epilepsy, AntiGAD antibody negative, Epilepsy, Cough, Neurosarcoidosis, Congenital bilateral perisylvian syndrome, Bilirubin urine present, Autoimmune pancytopenia, Hepatic venous pressure gradient abnormal, Congenital herpes simplex infection, Ascites, Mahler sign, Paresis cranial nerve, Intracranial pressure increased, Immune-mediated renal disorder, Vaccination site thrombosis, Pulmonary vasculitis, Hypothyroidism, Mastocytic enterocolitis, Butterfly rash, Tracheal oedema, Anaphylactic shock, Oropharyngeal swelling, Pulmonary fibrosis, Reynold's syndrome, Cryofibrinogenaemia, Cardiac failure, Pancreatitis, Jugular vein thrombosis, Miller Fisher syndrome, Kounis syndrome, Morphoea, Manufacturing materials issue, Cerebral gas embolism, Sclerodactylia, Hepatic fibrosis marker abnormal, Pericarditis, Baltic myoclonic epilepsy, Paraneoplastic thrombosis, Myasthenic syndrome, Type III immune complex mediated reaction, Leukoencephalomyelitis, Urticaria papular, Hashimoto's encephalopathy, Progressive multiple sclerosis, Neuromyotonia, Disseminated varicella zoster vaccine virus infection, 2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria, Optic neuropathy, Lower respiratory tract infection, Nodular rash, Encephalitis, Hepatic hypoperfusion, Hyperthyroidism, Hypothenar hammer syndrome, COVID-19, Vaccination site vasculitis, Splenic artery thrombosis, Cough variant asthma, Herpes simplex hepatitis, Respiratory distress, Spondyloarthropathy, Vocal cord paralysis, Embolism, Glossopharyngeal nerve paralysis, Model for end stage liver disease score abnormal, Peripheral artery thrombosis, Narcolepsy, Bronchitis mycoplasmal, Antinuclear antibody increased, Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, Glycocholic acid increased, Premature labour, Herpes simplex pneumonia, Haemorrhage, Antiacetylcholine receptor antibody positive, Colitis herpes, Flushing, Carotid artery thrombosis, Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index abnormal, Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positive, Hepaplastin abnormal, Sneezing, Axial spondyloarthritis, Intrinsic factor antibody abnormal, Myoclonic epilepsy, Deficiency of bile secretion, Anti-insulin antibody positive,
Dr. Emily Chew of the National Eye Institute examines a patient’s eyes.
An NIH funded study underscores the benefits to eye health of controlling diabetes.
More information: www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/eye-study-underscor...
Credit: National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health
How can a product with 9 pages of adverse side effects be advertised as SAFE FOR KIDS 5+
?
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APPENDIX 1. LIST OF ADVERSE EVENTS OF SPECIAL INTEREST 1p36 deletion syndrome;2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria;5'nucleotidase increased;Acoustic neuritis;Acquired C1 inhibitor deficiency;Acquired epidermolysis bullosa;Acquired epileptic aphasia;Acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus;Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis;Acute encephalitis with refractory, repetitive partial seizures;Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis;Acute flaccid myelitis;Acute haemorrhagic leukoencephalitis;Acute haemorrhagic oedema of infancy;Acute kidney injury;Acute macular outer retinopathy;Acute motor axonal neuropathy;Acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy;Acute myocardial infarction;Acute respiratory distress syndrome;Acute respiratory failure;Addison's disease;Administration site thrombosis;Administration site vasculitis;Adrenal thrombosis;Adverse event following immunisation;Ageusia;Agranulocytosis;Air embolism;Alanine aminotransferase abnormal;Alanine aminotransferase increased;Alcoholic seizure;Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis;Allergic oedema;Alloimmune hepatitis;Alopecia areata;Alpers disease;Alveolar proteinosis;Ammonia abnormal;Ammonia increased;Amniotic cavity infection;Amygdalohippocampectomy;Amyloid arthropathy;Amyloidosis;Amyloidosis senile;Anaphylactic reaction;Anaphylactic shock;Anaphylactic transfusion reaction;Anaphylactoid reaction;Anaphylactoid shock;Anaphylactoid syndrome of pregnancy;Angioedema;Angiopathic neuropathy;Ankylosing spondylitis;Anosmia;Antiacetylcholine receptor antibody positive;Anti-actin antibody positive;Anti-aquaporin-4 antibody positive;Anti-basal ganglia antibody positive;Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody positive;Anti-epithelial antibody positive;Anti-erythrocyte antibody positive;Anti-exosome complex antibody positive;AntiGAD antibody negative;Anti-GAD antibody positive;Anti-ganglioside antibody positive;Antigliadin antibody positive;Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody positive;Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease;Anti-glycyl-tRNA synthetase antibody positive;Anti-HLA antibody test positive;Anti-IA2 antibody positive;Anti-insulin antibody increased;Anti-insulin antibody positive;Anti-insulin receptor antibody increased;Antiinsulin receptor antibody positive;Anti-interferon antibody negative;Anti-interferon antibody positive;Anti-islet cell antibody positive;Antimitochondrial antibody positive;Anti-muscle specific kinase antibody positive;Anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein antibodies positive;Anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein associated polyneuropathy;Antimyocardial antibody positive;Anti-neuronal antibody positive;Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody increased;Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positive;Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positive vasculitis;Anti-NMDA antibody positive;Antinuclear antibody increased;Antinuclear antibody positive;Antiphospholipid antibodies positive;Antiphospholipid syndrome;Anti-platelet antibody positive;Anti-prothrombin antibody positive;Antiribosomal P antibody positive;Anti-RNA polymerase III antibody positive;Anti-saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody test positive;Anti-sperm antibody positive;Anti-SRP antibody positive;Antisynthetase syndrome;Anti-thyroid antibody positive;Anti-transglutaminase antibody increased;Anti-VGCC antibody positive;AntiVGKC antibody positive;Anti-vimentin antibody positive;Antiviral prophylaxis;Antiviral treatment;Anti-zinc transporter 8 antibody positive;Aortic embolus;Aortic thrombosis;Aortitis;Aplasia pure red cell;Aplastic anaemia;Application site thrombosis;Application site vasculitis;Arrhythmia;Arterial bypass occlusion;Arterial bypass thrombosis;Arterial thrombosis;Arteriovenous fistula thrombosis;Arteriovenous graft site stenosis;Arteriovenous graft thrombosis;Arteritis;Arteritis
coronary;Arthralgia;Arthritis;Arthritis enteropathic;Ascites;Aseptic cavernous sinus thrombosis;Aspartate aminotransferase abnormal;Aspartate aminotransferase increased;Aspartate-glutamate-transporter deficiency;AST to platelet ratio index increased;AST/ALT ratio abnormal;Asthma;Asymptomatic COVID19;Ataxia;Atheroembolism;Atonic seizures;Atrial thrombosis;Atrophic thyroiditis;Atypical benign partial epilepsy;Atypical pneumonia;Aura;Autoantibody positive;Autoimmune anaemia;Autoimmune aplastic anaemia;Autoimmune arthritis;Autoimmune blistering disease;Autoimmune cholangitis;Autoimmune colitis;Autoimmune demyelinating disease;Autoimmune dermatitis;Autoimmune disorder;Autoimmune encephalopathy;Autoimmune endocrine disorder;Autoimmune enteropathy;Autoimmune eye disorder;Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia;Autoimmune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia;Autoimmune hepatitis;Autoimmune hyperlipidaemia;Autoimmune hypothyroidism;Autoimmune inner ear disease;Autoimmune lung disease;Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome;Autoimmune myocarditis;Autoimmune myositis;Autoimmune nephritis;Autoimmune neuropathy;Autoimmune neutropenia;Autoimmune pancreatitis;Autoimmune pancytopenia;Autoimmune pericarditis;Autoimmune retinopathy;Autoimmune thyroid disorder;Autoimmune thyroiditis;Autoimmune uveitis;Autoinflammation with infantile enterocolitis;Autoinflammatory disease;Automatism epileptic;Autonomic nervous system imbalance;Autonomic seizure;Axial spondyloarthritis;Axillary vein thrombosis;Axonal and demyelinating polyneuropathy;Axonal neuropathy;Bacterascites;Baltic myoclonic epilepsy;Band sensation;Basedow's disease;Basilar artery thrombosis;Basophilopenia;B-cell aplasia;Behcet's syndrome;Benign ethnic neutropenia;Benign familial neonatal convulsions;Benign familial pemphigus;Benign rolandic epilepsy;Beta-2 glycoprotein antibody positive;Bickerstaff's encephalitis;Bile output abnormal;Bile output decreased;Biliary ascites;Bilirubin conjugated abnormal;Bilirubin conjugated increased;Bilirubin urine present;Biopsy liver abnormal;Biotinidase deficiency;Birdshot chorioretinopathy;Blood alkaline phosphatase abnormal;Blood alkaline phosphatase increased;Blood bilirubin abnormal;Blood bilirubin increased;Blood bilirubin unconjugated increased;Blood cholinesterase abnormal;Blood cholinesterase decreased;Blood pressure decreased;Blood pressure diastolic decreased;Blood pressure systolic decreased;Blue toe syndrome;Brachiocephalic vein thrombosis;Brain stem embolism;Brain stem thrombosis;Bromosulphthalein test abnormal;Bronchial oedema;Bronchitis;Bronchitis mycoplasmal;Bronchitis viral;Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis allergic;Bronchospasm;BuddChiari syndrome;Bulbar palsy;Butterfly rash;C1q nephropathy;Caesarean section;Calcium embolism;Capillaritis;Caplan's syndrome;Cardiac amyloidosis;Cardiac arrest;Cardiac failure;Cardiac failure acute;Cardiac sarcoidosis;Cardiac ventricular thrombosis;Cardiogenic shock;Cardiolipin antibody positive;Cardiopulmonary failure;Cardio-respiratory arrest;Cardio-respiratory distress;Cardiovascular insufficiency;Carotid arterial embolus;Carotid artery thrombosis;Cataplexy;Catheter site thrombosis;Catheter site vasculitis;Cavernous sinus thrombosis;CDKL5 deficiency disorder;CEC syndrome;Cement embolism;Central nervous system lupus;Central nervous system vasculitis;Cerebellar artery thrombosis;Cerebellar embolism;Cerebral amyloid angiopathy;Cerebral arteritis;Cerebral artery embolism;Cerebral artery thrombosis;Cerebral gas embolism;Cerebral microembolism;Cerebral septic infarct;Cerebral thrombosis;Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis;Cerebral venous thrombosis;Cerebrospinal thrombotic
tamponade;Cerebrovascular accident;Change in seizure presentation;Chest discomfort;ChildPugh-Turcotte score abnormal;Child-Pugh-Turcotte score increased;Chillblains;Choking;Choking sensation;Cholangitis sclerosing;Chronic autoimmune glomerulonephritis;Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus;Chronic fatigue syndrome;Chronic gastritis;Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy;Chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids;Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis;Chronic respiratory failure;Chronic spontaneous urticaria;Circulatory collapse;Circumoral oedema;Circumoral swelling;Clinically isolated syndrome;Clonic convulsion;Coeliac disease;Cogan's syndrome;Cold agglutinins positive;Cold type haemolytic anaemia;Colitis;Colitis erosive;Colitis herpes;Colitis microscopic;Colitis ulcerative;Collagen disorder;Collagen-vascular disease;Complement factor abnormal;Complement factor C1 decreased;Complement factor C2 decreased;Complement factor C3 decreased;Complement factor C4 decreased;Complement factor decreased;Computerised tomogram liver abnormal;Concentric sclerosis;Congenital anomaly;Congenital bilateral perisylvian syndrome;Congenital herpes simplex infection;Congenital myasthenic syndrome;Congenital varicella infection;Congestive hepatopathy;Convulsion in childhood;Convulsions local;Convulsive threshold lowered;Coombs positive haemolytic anaemia;Coronary artery disease;Coronary artery embolism;Coronary artery thrombosis;Coronary bypass thrombosis;Coronavirus infection;Coronavirus test;Coronavirus test negative;Coronavirus test positive;Corpus callosotomy;Cough;Cough variant asthma;COVID-19;COVID-19 immunisation;COVID-19 pneumonia;COVID-19 prophylaxis;COVID-19 treatment;Cranial nerve disorder;Cranial nerve palsies multiple;Cranial nerve paralysis;CREST syndrome;Crohn's disease;Cryofibrinogenaemia;Cryoglobulinaemia;CSF oligoclonal band present;CSWS syndrome;Cutaneous amyloidosis;Cutaneous lupus erythematosus;Cutaneous sarcoidosis;Cutaneous vasculitis;Cyanosis;Cyclic neutropenia;Cystitis interstitial;Cytokine release syndrome;Cytokine storm;De novo purine synthesis inhibitors associated acute inflammatory syndrome;Death neonatal;Deep vein thrombosis;Deep vein thrombosis postoperative;Deficiency of bile secretion;Deja vu;Demyelinating polyneuropathy;Demyelination;Dermatitis;Dermatitis bullous;Dermatitis herpetiformis;Dermatomyositis;Device embolisation;Device related thrombosis;Diabetes mellitus;Diabetic ketoacidosis;Diabetic mastopathy;Dialysis amyloidosis;Dialysis membrane reaction;Diastolic hypotension;Diffuse vasculitis;Digital pitting scar;Disseminated intravascular coagulation;Disseminated intravascular coagulation in newborn;Disseminated neonatal herpes simplex;Disseminated varicella;Disseminated varicella zoster vaccine virus infection;Disseminated varicella zoster virus infection;DNA antibody positive;Double cortex syndrome;Double stranded DNA antibody positive;Dreamy state;Dressler's syndrome;Drop attacks;Drug withdrawal convulsions;Dyspnoea;Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy with burst-suppression;Eclampsia;Eczema herpeticum;Embolia cutis medicamentosa;Embolic cerebellar infarction;Embolic cerebral infarction;Embolic pneumonia;Embolic stroke;Embolism;Embolism arterial;Embolism venous;Encephalitis;Encephalitis allergic;Encephalitis autoimmune;Encephalitis brain stem;Encephalitis haemorrhagic;Encephalitis periaxialis diffusa;Encephalitis post immunisation;Encephalomyelitis;Encephalopathy;Endocrine disorder;Endocrine ophthalmopathy;Endotracheal intubation;Enteritis;Enteritis leukopenic;Enterobacter pneumonia;Enterocolitis;Enteropathic spondylitis;Eosinopenia;Eosinophilic
fasciitis;Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis;Eosinophilic oesophagitis;Epidermolysis;Epilepsy;Epilepsy surgery;Epilepsy with myoclonic-atonic seizures;Epileptic aura;Epileptic psychosis;Erythema;Erythema induratum;Erythema multiforme;Erythema nodosum;Evans syndrome;Exanthema subitum;Expanded disability status scale score decreased;Expanded disability status scale score increased;Exposure to communicable disease;Exposure to SARS-CoV-2;Eye oedema;Eye pruritus;Eye swelling;Eyelid oedema;Face oedema;Facial paralysis;Facial paresis;Faciobrachial dystonic seizure;Fat embolism;Febrile convulsion;Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome;Febrile neutropenia;Felty's syndrome;Femoral artery embolism;Fibrillary glomerulonephritis;Fibromyalgia;Flushing;Foaming at mouth;Focal cortical resection;Focal dyscognitive seizures;Foetal distress syndrome;Foetal placental thrombosis;Foetor hepaticus;Foreign body embolism;Frontal lobe epilepsy;Fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus;Galactose elimination capacity test abnormal;Galactose elimination capacity test decreased;Gamma-glutamyltransferase abnormal;Gamma-glutamyltransferase increased;Gastritis herpes;Gastrointestinal amyloidosis;Gelastic seizure;Generalised onset non-motor seizure;Generalised tonic-clonic seizure;Genital herpes;Genital herpes simplex;Genital herpes zoster;Giant cell arteritis;Glomerulonephritis;Glomerulonephritis membranoproliferative;Glomerulonephritis membranous;Glomerulonephritis rapidly progressive;Glossopharyngeal nerve paralysis;Glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome;Glutamate dehydrogenase increased;Glycocholic acid increased;GM2 gangliosidosis;Goodpasture's syndrome;Graft thrombosis;Granulocytopenia;Granulocytopenia neonatal;Granulomatosis with polyangiitis;Granulomatous dermatitis;Grey matter heterotopia;Guanase increased;GuillainBarre syndrome;Haemolytic anaemia;Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis;Haemorrhage;Haemorrhagic ascites;Haemorrhagic disorder;Haemorrhagic pneumonia;Haemorrhagic varicella syndrome;Haemorrhagic vasculitis;Hantavirus pulmonary infection;Hashimoto's encephalopathy;Hashitoxicosis;Hemimegalencephaly;Henoch-Schonlein purpura;HenochSchonlein purpura nephritis;Hepaplastin abnormal;Hepaplastin decreased;Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia;Hepatic amyloidosis;Hepatic artery embolism;Hepatic artery flow decreased;Hepatic artery thrombosis;Hepatic enzyme abnormal;Hepatic enzyme decreased;Hepatic enzyme increased;Hepatic fibrosis marker abnormal;Hepatic fibrosis marker increased;Hepatic function abnormal;Hepatic hydrothorax;Hepatic hypertrophy;Hepatic hypoperfusion;Hepatic lymphocytic infiltration;Hepatic mass;Hepatic pain;Hepatic sequestration;Hepatic vascular resistance increased;Hepatic vascular thrombosis;Hepatic vein embolism;Hepatic vein thrombosis;Hepatic venous pressure gradient abnormal;Hepatic venous pressure gradient increased;Hepatitis;Hepatobiliary scan abnormal;Hepatomegaly;Hepatosplenomegaly;Hereditary angioedema with C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency;Herpes dermatitis;Herpes gestationis;Herpes oesophagitis;Herpes ophthalmic;Herpes pharyngitis;Herpes sepsis;Herpes simplex;Herpes simplex cervicitis;Herpes simplex colitis;Herpes simplex encephalitis;Herpes simplex gastritis;Herpes simplex hepatitis;Herpes simplex meningitis;Herpes simplex meningoencephalitis;Herpes simplex meningomyelitis;Herpes simplex necrotising retinopathy;Herpes simplex oesophagitis;Herpes simplex otitis externa;Herpes simplex pharyngitis;Herpes simplex pneumonia;Herpes simplex reactivation;Herpes simplex sepsis;Herpes simplex viraemia;Herpes simplex virus conjunctivitis neonatal;Herpes simplex visceral;Herpes virus
infection;Herpes zoster;Herpes zoster cutaneous disseminated;Herpes zoster infection neurological;Herpes zoster meningitis;Herpes zoster meningoencephalitis;Herpes zoster meningomyelitis;Herpes zoster meningoradiculitis;Herpes zoster necrotising retinopathy;Herpes zoster oticus;Herpes zoster pharyngitis;Herpes zoster reactivation;Herpetic radiculopathy;Histone antibody positive;Hoigne's syndrome;Human herpesvirus 6 encephalitis;Human herpesvirus 6 infection;Human herpesvirus 6 infection reactivation;Human herpesvirus 7 infection;Human herpesvirus 8 infection;Hyperammonaemia;Hyperbilirubinaemia;Hypercholia;Hypergammaglobulinaemia benign monoclonal;Hyperglycaemic seizure;Hypersensitivity;Hypersensitivity vasculitis;Hyperthyroidism;Hypertransaminasaemia;Hyperventilation;Hypoalbuminaemia;H ypocalcaemic seizure;Hypogammaglobulinaemia;Hypoglossal nerve paralysis;Hypoglossal nerve paresis;Hypoglycaemic seizure;Hyponatraemic seizure;Hypotension;Hypotensive crisis;Hypothenar hammer syndrome;Hypothyroidism;Hypoxia;Idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia;Idiopathic generalised epilepsy;Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia;Idiopathic neutropenia;Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis;IgA nephropathy;IgM nephropathy;IIIrd nerve paralysis;IIIrd nerve paresis;Iliac artery embolism;Immune thrombocytopenia;Immunemediated adverse reaction;Immune-mediated cholangitis;Immune-mediated cholestasis;Immune-mediated cytopenia;Immune-mediated encephalitis;Immune-mediated encephalopathy;Immune-mediated endocrinopathy;Immune-mediated enterocolitis;Immunemediated gastritis;Immune-mediated hepatic disorder;Immune-mediated hepatitis;Immunemediated hyperthyroidism;Immune-mediated hypothyroidism;Immune-mediated myocarditis;Immune-mediated myositis;Immune-mediated nephritis;Immune-mediated neuropathy;Immune-mediated pancreatitis;Immune-mediated pneumonitis;Immune-mediated renal disorder;Immune-mediated thyroiditis;Immune-mediated uveitis;Immunoglobulin G4 related disease;Immunoglobulins abnormal;Implant site thrombosis;Inclusion body myositis;Infantile genetic agranulocytosis;Infantile spasms;Infected vasculitis;Infective thrombosis;Inflammation;Inflammatory bowel disease;Infusion site thrombosis;Infusion site vasculitis;Injection site thrombosis;Injection site urticaria;Injection site vasculitis;Instillation site thrombosis;Insulin autoimmune syndrome;Interstitial granulomatous dermatitis;Interstitial lung disease;Intracardiac mass;Intracardiac thrombus;Intracranial pressure increased;Intrapericardial thrombosis;Intrinsic factor antibody abnormal;Intrinsic factor antibody positive;IPEX syndrome;Irregular breathing;IRVAN syndrome;IVth nerve paralysis;IVth nerve paresis;JC polyomavirus test positive;JC virus CSF test positive;Jeavons syndrome;Jugular vein embolism;Jugular vein thrombosis;Juvenile idiopathic arthritis;Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy;Juvenile polymyositis;Juvenile psoriatic arthritis;Juvenile spondyloarthritis;Kaposi sarcoma inflammatory cytokine syndrome;Kawasaki's disease;Kayser-Fleischer ring;Keratoderma blenorrhagica;Ketosisprone diabetes mellitus;Kounis syndrome;Lafora's myoclonic epilepsy;Lambl's excrescences;Laryngeal dyspnoea;Laryngeal oedema;Laryngeal rheumatoid arthritis;Laryngospasm;Laryngotracheal oedema;Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults;LE cells present;Lemierre syndrome;Lennox-Gastaut syndrome;Leucine aminopeptidase increased;Leukoencephalomyelitis;Leukoencephalopathy;Leukopenia;Leukopenia neonatal;Lewis-Sumner syndrome;Lhermitte's sign;Lichen planopilaris;Lichen planus;Lichen sclerosus;Limbic encephalitis;Linear IgA disease;Lip oedema;Lip swelling;Liver function test abnormal;Liver function test decreased;Liver function test increased;Liver induration;Liver injury;Liver iron concentration abnormal;Liver iron concentration
increased;Liver opacity;Liver palpable;Liver sarcoidosis;Liver scan abnormal;Liver tenderness;Low birth weight baby;Lower respiratory tract herpes infection;Lower respiratory tract infection;Lower respiratory tract infection viral;Lung abscess;Lupoid hepatic cirrhosis;Lupus cystitis;Lupus encephalitis;Lupus endocarditis;Lupus enteritis;Lupus hepatitis;Lupus myocarditis;Lupus myositis;Lupus nephritis;Lupus pancreatitis;Lupus pleurisy;Lupus pneumonitis;Lupus vasculitis;Lupus-like syndrome;Lymphocytic hypophysitis;Lymphocytopenia neonatal;Lymphopenia;MAGIC syndrome;Magnetic resonance imaging liver abnormal;Magnetic resonance proton density fat fraction measurement;Mahler sign;Manufacturing laboratory analytical testing issue;Manufacturing materials issue;Manufacturing production issue;Marburg's variant multiple sclerosis;Marchiafava-Bignami disease;Marine Lenhart syndrome;Mastocytic enterocolitis;Maternal exposure during pregnancy;Medical device site thrombosis;Medical device site vasculitis;MELAS syndrome;Meningitis;Meningitis aseptic;Meningitis herpes;Meningoencephalitis herpes simplex neonatal;Meningoencephalitis herpetic;Meningomyelitis herpes;MERS-CoV test;MERS-CoV test negative;MERS-CoV test positive;Mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis;Mesenteric artery embolism;Mesenteric artery thrombosis;Mesenteric vein thrombosis;Metapneumovirus infection;Metastatic cutaneous Crohn's disease;Metastatic pulmonary embolism;Microangiopathy;Microembolism;Microscopic polyangiitis;Middle East respiratory syndrome;Migraine-triggered seizure;Miliary pneumonia;Miller Fisher syndrome;Mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase increased;Mixed connective tissue disease;Model for end stage liver disease score abnormal;Model for end stage liver disease score increased;Molar ratio of total branched-chain amino acid to tyrosine;Molybdenum cofactor deficiency;Monocytopenia;Mononeuritis;Mononeuropathy multiplex;Morphoea;Morvan syndrome;Mouth swelling;Moyamoya disease;Multifocal motor neuropathy;Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome;Multiple sclerosis;Multiple sclerosis relapse;Multiple sclerosis relapse prophylaxis;Multiple subpial transection;Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children;Muscular sarcoidosis;Myasthenia gravis;Myasthenia gravis crisis;Myasthenia gravis neonatal;Myasthenic syndrome;Myelitis;Myelitis transverse;Myocardial infarction;Myocarditis;Myocarditis post infection;Myoclonic epilepsy;Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fibres;Myokymia;Myositis;Narcolepsy;Nasal herpes;Nasal obstruction;Necrotising herpetic retinopathy;Neonatal Crohn's disease;Neonatal epileptic seizure;Neonatal lupus erythematosus;Neonatal mucocutaneous herpes simplex;Neonatal pneumonia;Neonatal seizure;Nephritis;Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis;Neuralgic amyotrophy;Neuritis;Neuritis cranial;Neuromyelitis optica pseudo relapse;Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder;Neuromyotonia;Neuronal neuropathy;Neuropathy peripheral;Neuropathy, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa syndrome;Neuropsychiatric lupus;Neurosarcoidosis;Neutropenia;Neutropenia neonatal;Neutropenic colitis;Neutropenic infection;Neutropenic sepsis;Nodular rash;Nodular vasculitis;Noninfectious myelitis;Noninfective encephalitis;Noninfective encephalomyelitis;Noninfective oophoritis;Obstetrical pulmonary embolism;Occupational exposure to communicable disease;Occupational exposure to SARS-CoV-2;Ocular hyperaemia;Ocular myasthenia;Ocular pemphigoid;Ocular sarcoidosis;Ocular vasculitis;Oculofacial paralysis;Oedema;Oedema blister;Oedema due to hepatic disease;Oedema mouth;Oesophageal achalasia;Ophthalmic artery thrombosis;Ophthalmic herpes simplex;Ophthalmic herpes zoster;Ophthalmic vein thrombosis;Optic neuritis;Optic
neuropathy;Optic perineuritis;Oral herpes;Oral lichen planus;Oropharyngeal oedema;Oropharyngeal spasm;Oropharyngeal swelling;Osmotic demyelination syndrome;Ovarian vein thrombosis;Overlap syndrome;Paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection;Paget-Schroetter syndrome;Palindromic rheumatism;Palisaded neutrophilic granulomatous dermatitis;Palmoplantar keratoderma;Palpable purpura;Pancreatitis;Panencephalitis;Papillophlebitis;Paracancerous pneumonia;Paradoxical embolism;Parainfluenzae viral laryngotracheobronchitis;Paraneoplastic dermatomyositis;Paraneoplastic pemphigus;Paraneoplastic thrombosis;Paresis cranial nerve;Parietal cell antibody positive;Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria;Partial seizures;Partial seizures with secondary generalisation;Patient isolation;Pelvic venous thrombosis;Pemphigoid;Pemphigus;Penile vein thrombosis;Pericarditis;Pericarditis lupus;Perihepatic discomfort;Periorbital oedema;Periorbital swelling;Peripheral artery thrombosis;Peripheral embolism;Peripheral ischaemia;Peripheral vein thrombus extension;Periportal oedema;Peritoneal fluid protein abnormal;Peritoneal fluid protein decreased;Peritoneal fluid protein increased;Peritonitis lupus;Pernicious anaemia;Petit mal epilepsy;Pharyngeal oedema;Pharyngeal swelling;Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta;Placenta praevia;Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis;Pneumobilia;Pneumonia;Pneumonia adenoviral;Pneumonia cytomegaloviral;Pneumonia herpes viral;Pneumonia influenzal;Pneumonia measles;Pneumonia mycoplasmal;Pneumonia necrotising;Pneumonia parainfluenzae viral;Pneumonia respiratory syncytial viral;Pneumonia viral;POEMS syndrome;Polyarteritis nodosa;Polyarthritis;Polychondritis;Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type I;Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type II;Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type III;Polyglandular disorder;Polymicrogyria;Polymyalgia rheumatica;Polymyositis;Polyneuropathy;Polyneuropathy idiopathic progressive;Portal pyaemia;Portal vein embolism;Portal vein flow decreased;Portal vein pressure increased;Portal vein thrombosis;Portosplenomesenteric venous thrombosis;Post procedural hypotension;Post procedural pneumonia;Post procedural pulmonary embolism;Post stroke epilepsy;Post stroke seizure;Post thrombotic retinopathy;Post thrombotic syndrome;Post viral fatigue syndrome;Postictal headache;Postictal paralysis;Postictal psychosis;Postictal state;Postoperative respiratory distress;Postoperative respiratory failure;Postoperative thrombosis;Postpartum thrombosis;Postpartum venous thrombosis;Postpericardiotomy syndrome;Post-traumatic epilepsy;Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome;Precerebral artery thrombosis;Pre-eclampsia;Preictal state;Premature labour;Premature menopause;Primary amyloidosis;Primary biliary cholangitis;Primary progressive multiple sclerosis;Procedural shock;Proctitis herpes;Proctitis ulcerative;Product availability issue;Product distribution issue;Product supply issue;Progressive facial hemiatrophy;Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy;Progressive multiple sclerosis;Progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis;Prosthetic cardiac valve thrombosis;Pruritus;Pruritus allergic;Pseudovasculitis;Psoriasis;Psoriatic arthropathy;Pulmonary amyloidosis;Pulmonary artery thrombosis;Pulmonary embolism;Pulmonary fibrosis;Pulmonary haemorrhage;Pulmonary microemboli;Pulmonary oil microembolism;Pulmonary renal syndrome;Pulmonary sarcoidosis;Pulmonary sepsis;Pulmonary thrombosis;Pulmonary tumour thrombotic microangiopathy;Pulmonary vasculitis;Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease;Pulmonary venous thrombosis;Pyoderma gangrenosum;Pyostomatitis vegetans;Pyrexia;Quarantine;Radiation leukopenia;Radiculitis
brachial;Radiologically isolated syndrome;Rash;Rash erythematous;Rash pruritic;Rasmussen encephalitis;Raynaud's phenomenon;Reactive capillary endothelial proliferation;Relapsing multiple sclerosis;Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis;Renal amyloidosis;Renal arteritis;Renal artery thrombosis;Renal embolism;Renal failure;Renal vascular thrombosis;Renal vasculitis;Renal vein embolism;Renal vein thrombosis;Respiratory arrest;Respiratory disorder;Respiratory distress;Respiratory failure;Respiratory paralysis;Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis;Respiratory syncytial virus bronchitis;Retinal artery embolism;Retinal artery occlusion;Retinal artery thrombosis;Retinal vascular thrombosis;Retinal vasculitis;Retinal vein occlusion;Retinal vein thrombosis;Retinol binding protein decreased;Retinopathy;Retrograde portal vein flow;Retroperitoneal fibrosis;Reversible airways obstruction;Reynold's syndrome;Rheumatic brain disease;Rheumatic disorder;Rheumatoid arthritis;Rheumatoid factor increased;Rheumatoid factor positive;Rheumatoid factor quantitative increased;Rheumatoid lung;Rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatosis;Rheumatoid nodule;Rheumatoid nodule removal;Rheumatoid scleritis;Rheumatoid vasculitis;Saccadic eye movement;SAPHO syndrome;Sarcoidosis;SARS-CoV-1 test;SARS-CoV-1 test negative;SARS-CoV-1 test positive;SARS-CoV-2 antibody test;SARS-CoV-2 antibody test negative;SARS-CoV-2 antibody test positive;SARS-CoV-2 carrier;SARS-CoV-2 sepsis;SARS-CoV-2 test;SARSCoV-2 test false negative;SARS-CoV-2 test false positive;SARS-CoV-2 test negative;SARSCoV-2 test positive;SARS-CoV-2 viraemia;Satoyoshi syndrome;Schizencephaly;Scleritis;Sclerodactylia;Scleroderma;Scleroderma associated digital ulcer;Scleroderma renal crisis;Scleroderma-like reaction;Secondary amyloidosis;Secondary cerebellar degeneration;Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis;Segmented hyalinising vasculitis;Seizure;Seizure anoxic;Seizure cluster;Seizure like phenomena;Seizure prophylaxis;Sensation of foreign body;Septic embolus;Septic pulmonary embolism;Severe acute respiratory syndrome;Severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy;Shock;Shock symptom;Shrinking lung syndrome;Shunt thrombosis;Silent thyroiditis;Simple partial seizures;Sjogren's syndrome;Skin swelling;SLE arthritis;Smooth muscle antibody positive;Sneezing;Spinal artery embolism;Spinal artery thrombosis;Splenic artery thrombosis;Splenic embolism;Splenic thrombosis;Splenic vein thrombosis;Spondylitis;Spondyloarthropathy;Spontaneous heparin-induced thrombocytopenia syndrome;Status epilepticus;Stevens-Johnson syndrome;Stiff leg syndrome;Stiff person syndrome;Stillbirth;Still's disease;Stoma site thrombosis;Stoma site vasculitis;Stress cardiomyopathy;Stridor;Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus;Subacute endocarditis;Subacute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy;Subclavian artery embolism;Subclavian artery thrombosis;Subclavian vein thrombosis;Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy;Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis;Susac's syndrome;Suspected COVID19;Swelling;Swelling face;Swelling of eyelid;Swollen tongue;Sympathetic ophthalmia;Systemic lupus erythematosus;Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index abnormal;Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index decreased;Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index increased;Systemic lupus erythematosus rash;Systemic scleroderma;Systemic sclerosis pulmonary;Tachycardia;Tachypnoea;Takayasu's arteritis;Temporal lobe epilepsy;Terminal ileitis;Testicular autoimmunity;Throat tightness;Thromboangiitis obliterans;Thrombocytopenia;Thrombocytopenic purpura;Thrombophlebitis;Thrombophlebitis migrans;Thrombophlebitis
neonatal;Thrombophlebitis septic;Thrombophlebitis superficial;Thromboplastin antibody positive;Thrombosis;Thrombosis corpora cavernosa;Thrombosis in device;Thrombosis mesenteric vessel;Thrombotic cerebral infarction;Thrombotic microangiopathy;Thrombotic stroke;Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura;Thyroid disorder;Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin increased;Thyroiditis;Tongue amyloidosis;Tongue biting;Tongue oedema;Tonic clonic movements;Tonic convulsion;Tonic posturing;Topectomy;Total bile acids increased;Toxic epidermal necrolysis;Toxic leukoencephalopathy;Toxic oil syndrome;Tracheal obstruction;Tracheal oedema;Tracheobronchitis;Tracheobronchitis mycoplasmal;Tracheobronchitis viral;Transaminases abnormal;Transaminases increased;Transfusion-related alloimmune neutropenia;Transient epileptic amnesia;Transverse sinus thrombosis;Trigeminal nerve paresis;Trigeminal neuralgia;Trigeminal palsy;Truncus coeliacus thrombosis;Tuberous sclerosis complex;Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome;Tumefactive multiple sclerosis;Tumour embolism;Tumour thrombosis;Type 1 diabetes mellitus;Type I hypersensitivity;Type III immune complex mediated reaction;Uhthoff's phenomenon;Ulcerative keratitis;Ultrasound liver abnormal;Umbilical cord thrombosis;Uncinate fits;Undifferentiated connective tissue disease;Upper airway obstruction;Urine bilirubin increased;Urobilinogen urine decreased;Urobilinogen urine increased;Urticaria;Urticaria papular;Urticarial vasculitis;Uterine rupture;Uveitis;Vaccination site thrombosis;Vaccination site vasculitis;Vagus nerve paralysis;Varicella;Varicella keratitis;Varicella post vaccine;Varicella zoster gastritis;Varicella zoster oesophagitis;Varicella zoster pneumonia;Varicella zoster sepsis;Varicella zoster virus infection;Vasa praevia;Vascular graft thrombosis;Vascular pseudoaneurysm thrombosis;Vascular purpura;Vascular stent thrombosis;Vasculitic rash;Vasculitic ulcer;Vasculitis;Vasculitis gastrointestinal;Vasculitis necrotising;Vena cava embolism;Vena cava thrombosis;Venous intravasation;Venous recanalisation;Venous thrombosis;Venous thrombosis in pregnancy;Venous thrombosis limb;Venous thrombosis neonatal;Vertebral artery thrombosis;Vessel puncture site thrombosis;Visceral venous thrombosis;VIth nerve paralysis;VIth nerve paresis;Vitiligo;Vocal cord paralysis;Vocal cord paresis;Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease;Warm type haemolytic anaemia;Wheezing;White nipple sign;XIth nerve paralysis;X-ray hepatobiliary abnormal;Young's syndrome;Zika virus associated Guillain Barre syndrome.
Fat Caps & Skinny Nozzles...
"Today I will live in the moment, unless it's unpleasant, in which I case I will eat a cookie" - Cookie Monster
Between 2010 and 2050 the estimated number of people affected by the most common eye diseases will double.
Credit: National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health
Homer / Helen Keller / Stevie Wonder / Harriet Tubman / Louis Braille / Alec Templeton / Galileo / Andrea Bocelli / John Milton / James Thurber / Claude Monet / James Joyce / Horatio Nelson / Brian McKeever / Sabriye Tenberken / Dr. Jacob Bolotin / Jacobus Ten Broeck / Jorge Luis Borges / Peter Falk / Joseph Plateau / Marla Runyan / Ray Charles / Sidney Bradford / Thomas Gore / William Prescott / Arnolt Schlick / Esref Armagan / Frederick Delius / Didymus The Blind / John Stanley / Kelvin Tan Weilian / Omar Abdel-Rahman / Thomas Rhodes Armitage / Joseph Pulitzer / Leonhard Euler Rahsaa / Roland Kirk / Tilly Aston / Doc Watson / Francesco Landini / Sue Townsend / Sammy Davis Jr. / Bernard Morin / Erik Weihenmayer / Maria Theresa Paradis / Jacques Lusseyran / David Alexander Paterson / Tony Max / Jeff Healey / Peter White / Johanna "Anne" Mansfield Sullivan Macy / Abdurrahman Wahid / Al Hibbler / Audre Lorde / Blind Lemon Jefferson / Blind Willie McTell / Brandon Jardine / Clarence Carter / David Blunkett / Denise Leigh / Dorothea Lange / Dr. William Moon / Eamon de Valera / Eduoard Degas / Ella Fitzgerald / Enrico Dandolo / Esmond Knight / Fritz Lang / Francisco Goya / Frankie Armstrong / Frida Kahlo / George Shearing / Gilbert Montagne / Ginny Owens / Henry Fawcett / Honore Daumier / Isaac the Blind / Isaac / Jessica Callahan / Jhamak Ghimire / Joaquin Rodrigo / Johann Sebastian Bach / John II of Aragon / John Wesley Powell / Jose Feliciano / Joshua Reynolds / King John the Blind of Bohemia / Mike May / Ronnie Milsap / Samson / St. Paul / Surdas / Tim Cordes / W.C. Handy / Edmund Booth / Beverly Butler / Hume Croyn / Sandy Duncan / John Ford / John Langston Gwaltney / Sir Rex Harrison / Alan Lerner / Ved Mehta / George Bernard Shaw / Norma Shearer / Raoul Walsh / Jules Verne
These Power, Passion, and Pride panels depict the achievements made by people with disabilities. They are part of a scroll that when completed will consist of over 1,000 panels measuring 3.75 inches wide and 8.5 inches long. When linked together they will provide over 700 feet of visual history to inspire current and future generations of people with disabilities to reach for the stars as their predecessors have proven are attainable. More resources available at itsourstory.org
WORLD DIABETES DAY – 14 NOVEMBER 2018
A CANDID ASSESSMENT OF WHERE WE STAND AND WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE VIS-À-VIS DIABETES CONTROL AND PREVENTION
by
Dr. Ghulam Nabi Kazi
Introduction
World Diabetes Day is an official United Nations Day coinciding with the birthday of Sir Frederick Banting, who co-discovered insulin along with Charles Best in 1922. Nearly a century later, however, there is very little to celebrate concerning diabetes in the world we know, and the day is observed amidst growing concerns about the escalating and diverse threats to health posed by the disease. The World Diabetes Day also constitutes the world’s largest diabetes awareness campaign reaching a global audience of over 1 billion people in more than 160 countries in an effort to keep the disease firmly in the public and political spotlight. Th succeeding paragraphs will endeavor to underline the serious ramifications of diabetes and its public health significance, particularly in the context of Pakistan.
Diabetes and its Sordid Effects
The World Health Organization (WHO) describes diabetes as a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose, which leads over time to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Currently, it is a major public health problem that is fast emerging into a pandemic, which at least doubles a person's risk of early death and contributes to a higher risk for ischemic heart disease, strokes, blindness, kidney failure, extremity amputations, and other chronic conditions. Furthermore, it can lead to retinopathy, nephropathy or neuropathy, and peripheral vascular diseases. Excess adiposity is the most important risk factor for diabetes. The role of diabetes in exacerbating infectious diseases has been well documented. These significantly include lower respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, skin and mucous membrane infections, post-surgical infections, tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency (HIV) syndrome, hepatitis C virus, sepsis, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, dengue hemorrhagic fever, severe acute respiratory syndrome, herpes zoster, herpes simplex, enterovirus and hospital-acquired infections.
Prevalence and the Cost of Diabetes
In terms of numbers, the situation is no less disparaging. As of 2015, an estimated 415 million people or 8.3% of the adult population had diabetes worldwide with highly visible increasing trends, with an estimated 193 million people having undiagnosed diabetes. The global economic cost of diabetes in 2014 was estimated at US$612 billion including expenditure incurred on diabetes care, management of its chronic complications and excess prevalence of general medical conditions attributable to diabetes.
Pakistan’s Diabetes Survey 2016-2017
The second National Diabetes Survey of Pakistan was conducted for 18 months from February 2016 to August 2017 in all provinces of Pakistan, involving citizens aged 20 years or more. With a sample size of 10,834 volunteers selected from 27 clusters and 46 sub-clusters, with 44% males and 56 females from rural and urban areas, the survey was highly representative. More than half of the participants had at least primary level education, while around 30% had positive family history of diabetes, and 14.5% were tobacco users. The overall age-adjusted weighted prevalence of diabetes was found to be over 26%, of which 19% had known diabetes while 7% were newly diagnosed. An additional 14.4% were found to be asymptomatic pre-diabetes at a high risk for developing diabetes. The significant risk factors for diabetes were age (≥43 years), family history of diabetes, hypertension, obesity and dyslipidemia. The survey findings clearly demonstrated that diabetes has reached epidemic proportions underlining the need for urgent primary preventive and control strategies to ensure early diagnosis and effective management.
The Nutrition Fiasco and other Risk Factors in Pakistan
There is a high prevalence of nutritional disorders in Pakistan, with huge and unacceptable proportions of wasting and stunting. Yet these figures also mask and divert attention from the flip side of the coin that is childhood overweight and obesity, which usually continues on to haunt us in other stages of the lifespan, particularly in case of females. The other risk factors for diabetes In Pakistan, mainly include rapid urbanization with unhealthy lifestyle changes, genetic factors and a singular lack of awareness leading to erroneous lifestyles.
What Diabetes is Doing to Us
The large and rapidly growing disease burden of diabetes alone is sufficient to impede efforts for raising the life expectancy in Pakistan. In addition to a huge prevalence, Pakistan has a large burden of sub optimally controlled diabetics having to contend with an ill equipped primary health care system. Mental health symptoms such as depression are also commonly encountered in diabetics in Pakistan. Problems are usually compounded with inadequate health literacy that is often associated with poor management of diabetes particularly its complications such as retinopathy, warranting educational and training programs for diabetics that would result in better treatment adherence as well. Furthermore, substandard diabetes care, heavy burden of undiagnosed diabetes, virtual lack of screening for prediabetics and insufficient clinical monitoring of the complications of diabetes in Pakistan often proves to be very costly both in human and financial terms.
Diabetes and other Noncommunicable Diseases in our health system
This brings us to the larger picture of the health sector in Pakistan. For the greater part of our history, policymakers have focused on maternal, neonatal and child health (MNCH) and communicable diseases control (CDC) as constituting the main agenda of our primary health care system, with few tangible steps taken to address the fearsome burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and mainstreaming them in primary health care in the country, despite the presence of a well-defined strategy and national action plan to control all noncommunicable diseases approved at the highest level in the country years ago. NCDs control has also remained a part of every health policy or strategy drafted or approved at federal or provincial level in the last two decades, yet there appears to be a major unexplained gap between policy and implementation in this regard.
Despite the alarming prevalence of noncommunicable diseases therefore, provincial and district governments seem ill-prepared to cope with the major epidemics of diabetes, cancers, cardiovascular diseases and chronic respiratory illnesses. I understand Punjab is the only province to initiate the process in this direction with an approved allocation of modest resources through a PC-I proforma. The other provinces will also need to simply move beyond their existing agenda and take on greater challenges, within their mandate, to truly improve the health status of their respective population. Taking on the additional challenge relating to diabetes and other NCDs is not likely to strain or overwhelm the health system, which is otherwise well structured though lacking in efficiency due to certain failings.
Imperatives for Action at the Policy level
The World Health Organization has come up with several recommendations to address obesity and diabetes, however, the feasibility of each must be weighed and adapted in the country context. Pakistan needs to facilitate the development of provincial and district food policies, eliminating any subsidies for dietary fats/oils and sugar, taxing sugar-sweetened beverages and high fat foods, implementing mandatory nutritional standards and guidelines for quality assurance and procurement of healthy food alone, effectively limiting oils, sugar and salt while reducing the use of frying and sweetening of foods. At the community level, we need to promote healthy physical activity and environmental action, particularly in schools, extend availability of sports facilities and informal recreational and sporting activities, with less reliance on personal vehicles. Engaging with the private sector food providers and outlets to eliminate trans fats and progressively reduce total and saturated fat, salt and sugars is likely to be beneficial and constitutes the way forward. Promoting exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life by empowering women and implementing the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes are some other imperatives for action.
Role of Mass Media
The role of the mass media is particularly crucial in diabetes control as it needs to implement appropriate social marketing campaigns on healthy diet and physical activity in order to foster a dialogue and build the necessary consensus, complementing the other interventions in the package and encourage behavior change.
Programmatic level interventions
The health sector needs to ensure provision of dietary counselling on nutrition, physical activity and healthy weight gain, particularly for expectant mothers and other high-risk individuals, while a high-level multisectoral mechanism needs to define and oversee the implementation of food and physical activity policies for the prevention of obesity and diabetes. Health managers also need to have user-friendly services for diabetics, while ensuring the availability of all essential medicines at the designated facilities, with meaningful counseling allowing persons to take charge of their own lives and make their food choices given the necessary guidance. By profession, pharmacists are best suited to assume this training and counseling role. The high prevalence of smokers amongst diabetics in Pakistan is another trend that needs to be addressed through robust awareness creation and smoking cessation programs.
At the cost of some repetition, operationally such programs may incorporate capacity building and training of primary care physicians, paramedics and outreach workers, surveillance of diabetes trends, behavior modification encompassing awareness regarding healthy diet, nutrition education with increased access to fruits and vegetables, regular physical activity, maintenance of a healthy weight, avoiding smoking, early detection through screening to identify diabetics and high risk pre-diabetics and ensuring access to effective therapies to prevent life threatening complications, nutritional surveillance, focusing on overweight or obese children, and encouraging a healthy lifestyle through community involvement.
Pakistan vis-à-vis its International Commitments
It is pertinent to add that Pakistan has participated in a globally agreed commitment to halt the rise in diabetes and obesity by 2025, through effective measures for surveillance, prevention and control of diabetes and its complications. Suffice it to say, however, that the task in neither simplistic nor easy, yet it is an absolute imperative both in the national and international perspectives for good reasons. With less than seven years left for Pakistan to fulfil its international obligations vis-à-vis diabetes control, efforts are required on a war footing particularly at the provincial and district levels through appropriately devised programs and interventions. With the Government of Pakistan currently headed by a person known for his services for Cancer over the past three decades, there is every reason to hope and believe that diabetes and other major noncommunicable diseases will secure the priority they deserve within the Health Sector and will be mainstreamed in primary health care, to the immense benefit of the country’s entire population.
Copyright: Dr Ghulam Nabi Kazi
HRH The Countess of Wessex is on a five day visit to India from 29 April to 3 May 2019.
HRH The Countess attended a reception in New Delhi to celebrate the achievements of the The Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust’s Retinopathy of Prematurity Initiative in India.
The reception recognised plans underway to create a Vision Catalyst Fund - supporting governments in scaling up eye health programmes.
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How Many Americans Over 40 Have An Age-Related Eye Disease?
For more information:
nei.nih.gov/photo/infographics
Credit: National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health
One of the many complications in people with diabetes is eye problems. This is my son at his yearly exam to check for any damages to his eyes as a result from high blood sugars.
934 days after first learning that odin was affected by a condition known as retinopathy of prematurity ( the curse of the nicu strikes! ), 930 days after his emergency eye surgery and 511 days after we first learned that his eyesight could be significantly diminshed as a result of the rop, odin put on his very own glasses for the very first time!
as many of you know he's been going to follow-up eye exams about every six months to track his eyesight and despite some indications that his eyesight may have been improving, it never was really clear if the variation in exam results was due to improving eye sight per se or, alternatively, due to the fact that it's difficult to get an accurate exam from an uncooperative toddler.
lately he's been telling us more frequently when he can't see things that we point out to him and perhaps not coincidentally ( he very much understands that he can't see things that we can see and knows that glasses will help him see better and in order to get glasses he needs to help the doctor ) a few weeks ago he had his best exam yet. he was patient and still and the doctor was able to get a very thorough assessment of his vision which he deemed to be -6.0 (20/420) in his right eye and -6.75 (20/470) in his left.
to put that in perspective, what someone could see at about 450 feet away, he could only see standing 20 feet away. it's also worth noting that 20/200 or worse is colloquially known as the definition of legal blindness ( although, technically, one is only legally blind at 20/200 if the visual acuity can't be corrected ). that you'd never know his eyesight was so diminished is a remarkable testament to just how good at compensating for "deficits" growing brains can be.
some eye doctors prefer to "stage" the prescription strength of the glasses so that the toddler can gradually adjust to clearly seeing the world, but after consulting with other pediatric opthamologists around the region, our doctor decided it was best to start off with full strength lenses and today they finally arrived. if you've ever worn glasses, you can imagine how different the world looked to odin today! he spent time walking around slowly raising and lowering his feet as he got comfortable learning to get around and immediately figured out that it was a lot easier to read some of his favorite books.
we've heard from many professionals that toddlers will wear glasses without too much trouble when they see a real benefit to doing so and i think from that perspective the timing is perfect for odin. but i wonder if we'll measure in days the time it takes for him to lose or break his first pair. and yes, we do have a second pair :-)
“PERINATAL PHARMACOLOGY: INDIVIDUALIZED NEONATAL THERAPY”
Systems Medicine series
Hygeia Press
1st edition: October 2012
The origin of this book lies on the awareness that we have to do more for identifying unmet needs and improving a tailor-made treatment for each newborn.
After a large introduction on developmental pharmacology, this book analyses in detail new advances on antibiotics (aminoglycosides), antifungals, antivirals (CMV, RSV, HIV), analgosedatives, steroids, caffeine, and cardiovascular drugs. An updated pharmacologic treatment of respiratory diseases (respiratory distress syndrome, meconium aspiration syndrome, chronic lung disease, persistent pulmonary hypertension) is presented, as well as for persistent patent ductus arteriosus and retinopathy of prematurity. Finally, neuroprotection is considered, with special emphasis on antioxidants and melatonin.
A special part is devoted to drug-induced renal toxicity and liver toxicity and completes the volume, also quoting the so-called ‘-omics’ sciences such as genomics and metabolomics.
The topics are covered by international experts in the field and the subtle red line that links all the chapters together is the perspective of individualized treatments to reach our ultimate goal: the right therapy for each newborn without any side effects.
EDITORS
Jacob V. Aranda
Vassilios Fanos
John N. van den Anker
AUTHORS
Massimo Agosti
Karel Allegaert
Jacob V. Aranda
Salvatore Aversa
Caterina Silvia Barbàra
Ignazio Barberi
Pier Paolo Bassareo
Kay Beharry
Paolo Biban
Giuseppe Buonocore
Daniel Canal-Tristancho
Maria Grazia Capretti
Virgilio P. Carnielli
Elio Castagnola
Massimo Castagnola
Carla Cerasaro
Francesca Ciuffini
Paola E. Cogo
Mariarosa Colnaghi
Giovanni Corsello
Laura Cuzzolin
Roosmarijn De Cock
Sahera Dirajlal-Fargo
Gavino Faa
Daniela Fanni
Vassilios Fanos
Daniele Farina
Monica Fumagalli
Bruna Gabriele
Clara Gerosa
Yukio Gibo
Eloisa Gitto
Mario Giuffrè
Maria Beatriz Guedes
Hercília Guimarães
Nicoletta Iacovidou
Eveline Jacqz-Aigrain
Spyros Kloudas
Catherijne Knibbe
Amir Lahav
Marcello Lanari
Douglas R. Lazarro
Tiziana Lazzarotto
Paolo Manzoni
Lucia Marseglia
Giuseppe Mercuro
Fabio Midulla
Corrado Moretti
Fabio Mosca
Sonia Nemolato
Stefano Nobile
Eren Özek
Paola Papoff
Serafina Perrone
Valentina Polimeni
Natella Y. Rakhmanina
Gustavo Rocha
Serena Salvadei
Davide Silvagni
Henrique Soares
Paulo Soares
Paola Sogno Valin
Gemma Stazzoni
Mauro Stronati
Aggeliki Syggelou
Maria Luisa Tataranno
Gloria B. Valencia
John N. van den Anker
Bart Van Overmeire
Theodoros Xanthos
Murat Yurdakök
Emily Zimmerman
Cover pictures: a case of drug-induced liver disease (DILI). On the front cover: macrovesicular steatosis; on the back cover: microvesicular steatosis (Prof. Gavino Faa, with permission).
For more information: www.hygeiapress.com/individualizedmedicine/?p=155
Photo Title: Screening for retinopathy of prematurity
Submitted by: Terry Cooper
Category: Professional
Country: United Kingdom
Organisation: Aravind Eye Care System
COVID-19 Photo: No
Photo Caption: A pre-term baby is screened as part of an outreach programme for retinopathy of prematurity, a potentially sight threatening condition that can be treated if detected early enough. Doctors and nurses from the Aravind Eye Care System in India work together to screen thousands of babies every year to give parents hope that their child will not become avoidably blind.
----
Photo uploaded from the #HopeInSight Photo Competition on photocomp.iapb.org held for World Sight Day 2020.
28 year old woman. Type 1 diabetic for 13 years. VA right eye 6/12. Photo: ICEH.
Published in: Community Eye Health Journal Vol. 16 No. 46 2003 www.cehjournal.org
The Countess of Wessex is on a five day visit to India from 29 April to 3 May 2019.
She is in Hyderabad to see how programmes supported by The Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust are tackling avoidable blindness in premature babies in the country.
The Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust are working with the Ministry of Health and the Public Health Foundation of India to deliver vital care to detect and treat ROP in premature babies across the country.
The Countess also interacted with the Paediatric and the retinopathy of prematurity team of L V Prasad Eye Institute and discussed the way forward.
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Image Credit: © GMB Akash/Panos Pictures
Should be referred for treatment of maculopathy and watched closely for development of new vessels.
Photo: Clare Gilbert.
Published in: Community Eye Health Journal Vol. 24 No. 75 SEPTEMBER 2011 www.cehjournal.org
about 1% of kids with odin's history of retinopathy of prematurity have a "late" vitreous hemorrhage and the vast majority of those 1% have associated retinal detachment or retinal tears or whatnot that require surgery to repair. certainly the eye doesn't fill up with blood without something significant bursting or tearing, right?
that's the conventional wisdom and it's usually correct. except when it's not.
that's right, after a long drive to have odin see one of the world's experts, we were very suprised and pleased to learn after he performed the exam under anesthesia that odin is the one of the very rare 1 percent of 1 percenters who have a hemorrhage with no associated retinal damage!
in fact, dr. capone said that odin's eye's looked remarkably healthy and while he couldn't guarantee that odin would never have another hemorrhage, he really thought we should continue to treat him like any other boy and not curtail any activities he might enjoy - even hockey.
so, how did his eye fill with blood? when odin had his rop surgery he had over 1,500 blood vessels "burned" or ablated in each retina. "normally", each one of those burned blood vessels leaves residual scar tissue, sort-of like a dead bush hanging off the retina and those "dead bushes" get pulled by the eye's jelly, or vitreous, as the retina grows. eventually, the torsion caused by the "bushes" getting pulled by the vitreous causes a tear or detachment.
in odin's case, he's very lucky because for whatever reason, he doesn't have very fibrous scar tissue - meaning the dead bushes aren't very large and don't provide much surface area for the vitrous to pull against. but even though they aren't very "bushy" each one of the 3,000 dead bushes on his retinas does have a live artery behind it, and in all likelihood one of those arteries simply popped off the scar tissue causing the hemorrhage.
as an aside, odin continued to amaze us and everyone around him with his grace and good humor under difficult circumstances. we sat in a pre-op room for 5 hours(!) while the doctor was delayed in surgery, which meant that odin didn't eat or drink anything for almost 24 hours. he sat through the 4 rounds of stinging dilation drops on an empty stomach and didn't complain a bit other than to tell us matter-of-factly that he was quite hungry. and when we practiced breathing through the face mask that was going to help him take a nap, he didn't express a bit of fear or apprehension. when dr. capone came out to talk with us, he commented on how remarkable a young boy he was - so observant and verbal and serene.
he paused and said simply, "he gets it."
indeed.
Consider intravitreal triamcinolone or anti-VEGF at the end of surgery to reduce macular oedema.
Photo: Courtesy of K Suttle.
Published in: Community Eye Health Journal Vol. 24 No. 75 SEPTEMBER 2011 www.cehjournal.org
MAYPORT, Fla. (Oct. 27, 2021) - Lt. Joseph Jeskie, an optometrist at Naval Branch Health Clinic Mayport, performs an eye screening with Chief Petty Officer Sam Housey. Jeskie, a native of Bowling Green, Kentucky, holds a doctor of optometry degree from University of Houston College of Optometry. He says, “As part of our overall health, everyone (not just those who require glasses or contact lenses) needs a comprehensive eye exam from an optometrist or ophthalmologist on a regular basis. In the early stages, many eye diseases like glaucoma, macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy have virtually no symptoms." (U.S. Navy photo by Deidre Smith, Naval Hospital Jacksonville/Released).
Photo Title: Food for thought
Submitted by: SadiaSethi
Category: Amateur
Country: Pakistan
Organisation: Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar Pakistan
COVID-19 Photo: No
Photo Caption: Premature babies admitted in Nursery of Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar at risk of developing Retinopathy of Prematurity. A comprehensive management program for ROP is needed in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan
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Photo uploaded from the #HopeInSight Photo Competition on photocomp.iapb.org held for World Sight Day 2020.
Uno de los helicópteros de la Presidencia de la República Argentina. En este caso el "Virgen de Loreto", un Sikorsky S-76B.
Esta foto es para demostrar la utilidad del algoritmo Retinex disponible en el Gimp, el software de código abierto de retoque fotográfico que utilizo.
La foto la tomé con una Canon 400d, objetivo Sigma 18-250 en 250mm, OS on, 1/50s, F6.3, ISO 400, al anochecer. Estaba fotografiando barcos a los lejos y no esperaba el paso del helicóptero, ni siquiera sabía que había logrado captarlo ya que paso rápidamente y disparé sin tener la cámara preparada para ello, de ahí que haya salido oscura.
Luego probé este filtro en la imagen y la verdad es que me sorprendió lo que ví. Hay mas retoques posteriores para disimular el ruido pero esencialmente todo el trabajo lo hizo Retinex.
Este algoritmo es de suma utilidad y desde su desarrollo se le han encontrado múltiples aplicaciones.
Es utilizado por la NASA para mejorar las fotografías provenientes tanto de actividades espaciales como aeronáuticas.
Con este filtro puede verse a través de niebla, humo, nieve y lluvia y su uso es prometedor para permitir a los pilotos ver mejor en condiciones climatológicas adversas.
Se utiliza para mejorar las imágenes provenientes equipos médicos. Por ejemplo: mamografías, mejor detección de retinopatía diabética al proporcionar mejor iluminación para el procesamiento de imágenes, radiografías, etc.
Tengo entendido que este filtro no está disponible en Photoshop y que para lograr algo similar hay que usar de manera compleja repetidas veces la utilidad "Shadow/Highlight", con el consiguiente agregado de ruido.
Retinex trabaja aumentando el contraste, brillo y nitidez de la imagen pero trabaja en cada pixel, mejorando no sólo el pixel sino también aquellos que lo rodean.
One of the helicopters from the Presidency of Argentina. In this case the "Virgen de Loreto", a Sikorsky S-76.
This picture is to demonstrate how useful the Retinex algorithm available in the Gimp is. Gimp is the open source photo editor software I use.
I took the picture with a Canon 400d, Sigma 18-250 at 250mm, OS on, 1/50s, F6.3, ISO 400. I was photographing ships in the distance and did not expect the passage of the helicopter. I did not even know that I captured it because it quickly passed by. I took the pic without having my camera prepared for it, hence I got a dark one.
Then I tried this filter and what I saw surprised me. There are more tweaks to the image to hide noise but essentially all the work was done by Retinex.
This algorithm is very useful and since its discovery it has found numerous applications.
It is used by NASA to improve the pictures from both aeronautical and space activities.
With this filter it can be seen through fog, smoke, snow and rain. Its use may allow pilots to watch better in bad weather conditions.
It is used to enhance images from medical equipment. For example: mammograms, improved detection of diabetic retinopathy by providing better lighting for image processing, x-rays, etc..
I think this filter is not available in Photoshop and if you want to achieve something similar you must repeatedly use, as part of a complex proccess, the utility "Shadow /Highlight", with its consequent increasing in noise.
Retinex works by increasing the contrast, brightness and sharpness of the image but works on each pixel, improving not only the pixel itself but also the ones that surround it.
LogMAR chart after floaters. Several thin and blurry black threads obscuring the chart.
stubot.me/when-your-good-eye-goes-bad/
Copyright © Stewart Lamb Cromar 2021 CC BY.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Diabetes Roshani 2016 conducted in Jaipur Rajasthan India on world Diabetes day event started with Walk to stop diabetes, yoga,welcome and what is going in my body, free blood pressure, blood glucose test, early detection of diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. Diabetes exhibition,poster's, fun with ball question and answer session,candle march in evening.
Microaneurysms (small, round 'dots') and haemorrhages (larger, uneven 'blots'). An example of moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
Photo: ICEH.
Published in: Community Eye Health Journal Vol. 24 No. 75 SEPTEMBER 2011 www.cehjournal.org
Submitted by: Siddharth Khandelwal
Country: India
Organisation: Drashti Netralaya Dahod
Category: Professional
Caption: Diabetic Retinopathy
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Photo uploaded from the #VisionFirst Photo Competition (photocomp.iapb.org) held for World Sight Day 2019