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Female Reproductive System_2016
Female Reproductive System
The matrix, or bowels, is a place where a baby grows when a woman become pregnant. If you have an ectopic pregnancy, the fertilized
egg grows in the wrong place, outside the venter, usually in the fallopian tubes. The result is generally a miscarriage.
Ectopic pregnancy can be a medical emergency if it ruptures. Symbols of ectopic pregnancy include
1. Vaginal bleeding
2. Abdominal pain
3. Shoulder pain
4. Feeling dizzy or timid
If you have these signs get medical care right away. Doctors use drugs or surgery to remove the ectopic tissue so it doesn't harm your
organs. Many women who have had ectopic pregnancies go on to have healthy pregnancies later.
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Keywords:
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fallopian tubes,miscarriage,emergency,ruptures,Vaginal bleeding,Abdominal pain,Shoulder pain,Feeling dizzy or timid,signs,medical
care,Doctors,drugs,surgery,tissue,harm,organs,
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"Female Reproductive System_2016"
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Cycas revoluta], sago palm, king sago, sago cycad, Japanese sago palm), is a species of gymnosperm in the family Cycadaceae, native to southern Japan including the Ryukyu Islands. It is one of several species used for the production of sago, as well as an ornamental plant.
Fohat is a term of unknown origin, although H. P. Blavatsky claims it comes from the Tibetan language. According to her it is "one of the most, if not the most important character in esoteric Cosmogony". Maybe because of this, it can be found in many forms. As Mme. Blavatsky said:
Fohat is a generic term and used in many senses. He is the light (Daiviprakriti) of all the three logoi—the personified symbols of the three spiritual stages of Evolution. Fohat is the aggregate of all the spiritual creative ideations above, and of all the electro-dynamic and creative forces below, in Heaven and on Earth.
Fohat is "the animating principle electrifying every atom into life." During the process of manifestation it is the cosmic energy which produces the differentiation of primordial cosmic matter to form the different planes. In the manifested Universe, Fohat is the link between spirit and matter, subject and object.A term and concept which appears throughout “The Secret Doctrine” by H.P. Blavatsky – and especially in the first volume titled “Cosmogenesis” – is FOHAT.
What is this mysterious yet vitally important thing called Fohat which happens to be “the key in Occultism which opens and unriddles the multiform symbols and respective allegories in the so-called mythology of every nation”?
The word itself has been identified as ’phro-wa (verb form) and spros-pa (noun form) in Tibetan transliteration. In the Eastern Esoteric Science taught in Theosophy, Fohat is always spoken of in terms of cosmic or universal electricity, vitality, energy, and life force. Just as every living human being is animated, vitalised, and held together by the principle of Prana within them, as explained further in the article The Sevenfold Nature of Man, so the universe itself is animated, vitalised, and powered from within by Prana on the macrocosmic level, i.e. Universal Prana…and this is Fohat.
HPB states that it is “the active force in Universal Life” and “the personified electric vital power, the transcendental binding Unity of all Cosmic Energies, on the unseen as on the manifested planes, the action of which resembles – on an immense scale – that of a living Force created by WILL, in those phenomena where the seemingly subjective acts on the seemingly objective and propels it to action.”
If we go to HPB’s “Theosophical Glossary” (a valuable book for all students of the Philosophy) and turn to the entry for “Fohat” we find it described and defined as –
“…the active (male) potency of the Shakti (female reproductive power) in nature. The essence of cosmic electricity. An occult Tibetan term for Daiviprakriti, primordial light: and in the universe of manifestation the ever-present electrical energy and ceaseless destructive and formative power. Esoterically, it is the same, Fohat being the universal propelling Vital Force, at once the propeller and the resultant.” (bold added for emphasis in this article)
If we then turn to the entry for “Daiviprakriti” we find this: “Primordial, homogeneous light, called by some Indian Occultists “the Light of the Logos”; when differentiated this light becomes FOHAT.”
One of the Indian occultists (i.e. esotericists) we know of who used the term “Daiviprakriti” in this way was T. Subba Row, Madame Blavatsky’s highly gifted and erudite friend and associate during the time she lived in India in the 1880s. He was known to have been an initiated disciple of the Master M., who was also the Guru of HPB herself, and the nature and content of many of his writings indicate a close acquaintance with the Secret Doctrine itself, the Esoteric Doctrine preserved, guarded, and taught by the Masters and Adepts.
A few so-called scholars and academic researchers in today’s Theosophical world have asserted in confident – if not perhaps conceited – tones that no such term as “Daiviprakriti” actually exists and that it therefore must have been either an invention of HPB and T. Subba Row or a mistaken term used by them in ignorance. One such scholar has also informed Theosophists that the Sanskrit term “Mulaprakriti,” which is used frequently by HPB and Subba Row and said by them to be a technical term used in the Vedanta philosophy of Hinduism, is in fact never used at all in Vedanta or by any Vedantins and that thus they are again mistaken.
It would not be out of place here to mention that these individuals are themselves mistaken on both grounds. There are plenty of Hindus who are familiar with the term “Daiviprakriti,” albeit generally spelling it as “Deviprakriti,” which is pronounced in exactly the same way.
In his article “Suddha Dharma Mandalam,” Raghavendra Raghu writes of “Bhagavan Narayana [i.e. the Universal Logos in Theosophical terminology], abiding in his own form, made up of brilliant material particles of what is known as “DeviPrakriti,” in the Uttara-Badari region of the Himalayas.”
The term is used particularly amongst certain sects and groups of Vaishnavas, devotees of Vishnu, just as the term “Mulaprakriti” is used freely by all types of Vedantins, followers of both the Advaita and Vishistadvaita philosophies included. It would certainly have been a surprise to the late Swami Sivananda – a famous Advaitee still revered today all across India as one of the greatest scholars, experts, and teachers of Vedanta – to be informed by our self-styled scholars that he had been mistaken and ignorant all his life in quite frequently speaking of Mulaprakriti in his writings.
But with that, and with Madame Blavatsky vindicated yet again of yet another false charge, we will let the matter drop and go back to Fohat.
Whenever a new universal life cycle, or Maha-Manvantara, begins, the ONE Absolute Infinite Divine Principle (most frequently referred to as Parabrahm or Parabrahman in Theosophy) radiates forth from Itself the Logos, which is the Living Universe itself. But the universe doesn’t just appear full and complete all at once. It is an extremely gradual and meticulous process of evolution, from universals to particulars, from the macrocosmic level down to the microcosmic level.
The way this all comes about is with the help and assistance of Fohat, which is the direct manifestation or emanation of the Universal Logos itself. (See Understanding the Logos) The Logos is the all-ensouling Light and Life of the Universe. The way the body of the universe – and everything in it – is brought into existence, enlivened, vitalised, and sustained, is by the work of Fohat, the nature and activity of which can only really be described as Universal Electricity.
“From the purely occult and Cosmical” perspective, writes HPB, Fohat is “the “Son of the Son,” the androgynous energy resulting from this “Light of the Logos,” and which manifests in the plane of the objective Universe as the hidden, as much as the revealed, Electricity – which is LIFE.”
Fohat is described as “the Son of the Son” because it is the direct offspring, so to speak, of the Logos, which is itself the direct radiation from the Absolute. In his “Notes on the Bhagavad Gita,” T. Subba Row speaks of Fohat as being “the one instrument with which the Logos works.”
This is further expanded upon throughout “The Secret Doctrine” with such explanations as, “Fohat, running along the Seven Principles of Akasha, acts upon manifested substance or the One Element … and by differentiating it into various centres of Energy, sets in motion the law of Cosmic Evolution, which, in obedience to the Ideation of the Universal Mind, brings into existence all the various states of being in the manifested Solar System” and the statement that in the objective or manifested universe Fohat “is that Occult, electric, vital power, which, under the Will of the Creative Logos, unites and brings together all forms, giving them the first impulse which becomes in time law.”
Also –
* “When the “Divine Son” breaks forth, then Fohat becomes the propelling force, the active Power which causes the ONE to become TWO and THREE – on the Cosmic plane of manifestation. The triple One differentiates into the many, and then Fohat is transformed into that force which brings together the elemental atoms and makes them aggregate and combine.”
* “In the manifested Universe, there is “that” which links spirit to matter, subject to object. This something, at present unknown to Western speculation, is called by the occultists Fohat.”
* “It is the “bridge” by which the “Ideas” existing in the “Divine Thought” are impressed on Cosmic substance as the “laws of Nature.” Fohat is thus the dynamic energy of Cosmic Ideation; or, regarded from the other side, it is the intelligent medium, the guiding power of all manifestation, the “Thought Divine” transmitted and made manifest through the Dhyan Chohans, the Architects of the visible World.”
* “Fohat, in its various manifestations, is the mysterious link between Mind and Matter, the animating principle electrifying every atom into life.”The attraction or charge between the sky and the earth intensifies towards an irresistible point of tension and the coils that develop upwards connect with those that descend: now Fohat breaks out and the violet is transformed into the flaming blue and white flash, to which we are accustomed and the voltage difference between the sky and the earth is neutralized.Fohat's invocation/evocation rite is well underway as well as the formation of an antahkarana between heaven and earth.
From a geographical perspective, it is interesting to learn from “The Secret Doctrine” that the work of Fohat as regards our own planet is closely linked – via “his four fiery (electro-positive) Sons” with the Equator, the Ecliptic, and the climates of the two Tropics, i.e. the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
Also, the North Pole and South Pole – “the two ends of the Egg of Matter” and also referred to esoterically as the head and the feet of Mother Earth – “are said to be the store-houses, the receptacles and liberators, at the same time, of Cosmic and terrestrial Vitality (Electricity); from the surplus of which the Earth, had it not been for these two natural “safety-valves,” would have been rent to pieces long ago.”
We are also told that the phenomenon of the Northern Lights, called Aurora Borealis, as well as the Aurora Australis or Southern Lights, are intimately connected with Fohat.
It would seem strange to think of or look upon something as presumably impersonal as Universal Electricity as a type of Entity, yet “Fohat is not only the living Symbol and Container of that Force, but is looked upon by the Occultists as an Entity – the forces he acts upon being cosmic, human and terrestrial, and exercising their influence on all those planes respectively … the primordial Electric Entity – for the Eastern Occultists insist that Electricity is an Entity – electrifies into life, and separates primordial stuff or pregenetic matter into atoms, themselves the source of all life and consciousness.”
The mystery deepens when we are reminded that “It is through Fohat that the ideas of the Universal Mind are impressed upon matter,” only to then read in the next sentence that “Some faint idea of the nature of Fohat may be gathered from the appellation “Cosmic Electricity” sometimes applied to it; but to the commonly known properties of electricity must, in this case, be added others, including intelligence. It is of interest to note that modern science has come to the conclusion, that all cerebration and brain-activity are attended by electrical phenomena.”
Then further on we discover that “Each world has its Fohat, who is omnipresent in his own sphere of action. But there are as many Fohats as there are worlds, each varying in power and degree of manifestations. The individual Fohats make one Universal, Collective Fohat – the aspect-Entity of the one absolute Non-Entity, which is absolute Be-Ness, “SAT.” Millions and billions of worlds are produced at every Manvantara – it is said. Therefore there must be many Fohats, whom we consider as conscious and intelligent Forces. This, no doubt, to the disgust of scientific minds.”
It must be remembered though that although being imbued with and expressing sufficient intelligence and power as to be considered an Entity, Fohat is most definitely not some type of anthropomorphic deity or personal spiritual being.
“While science speaks of its evolution through brute matter, blind force, and senseless motion, the Occultists point to intelligent LAW and sentient LIFE, and add that Fohat is the guiding Spirit of all this. Yet he is no personal god at all, but the emanation of those other Powers behind him whom the Christians call the “Messengers” of their God, and we, the “… primordial Sons of Life and Light”.”
We said earlier that Fohat is the direct manifestation or resultant emanation of the one Universal Logos. Then how can it also be said that Fohat is the emanation of Powers (plural) who are the “primordial Sons of Life and Light”?
The answer is this: the one Logos is in fact the unified and collective aggregate of Seven Primordial Rays, called “the Primordial Seven” in the Stanzas of Dzyan on which the teaching in “The Secret Doctrine” is based. This is symbolised as the Central Spiritual Sun being comprised of Seven Rays which radiate forth from it in order to make the universe what it is. The Primordial Seven are also called the seven Dhyani Buddhas or seven chief Dhyan Chohans. Admittedly such things are almost entirely beyond our proper comprehension but if we can at least grasp the basics of them at a simple level we may be able to eventually get somewhere with the help of our applied spiritual intuition and elevated thought.
This explains why in the second volume (“Anthropogenesis”) of “The Secret Doctrine” we read of the fact that the Logos “acts only mediately through FOHAT, or Dhyan-Chohanic energy” and of “the universal guiding FOHAT, rich with the Divine and Dhyan-Chohanic thought.”
The fifth Stanza from the Secret Book of Dzyan in the first volume of “The Secret Doctrine” is almost entirely about Fohat. Following on from the fourth Stanza which is titled “The Septenary Hierarchies” it is in its turn titled “Fohat: The Child of the Septenary Hierarchies.” We quote its first five shlokas or verses below. Some of it will now make sense in light of what we’ve already looked at in this article and the understanding of the rest of it can be gained from personally reading and studying the book, which is always the best way of acquiring knowledge and understanding, rather than depending on others.
1. THE PRIMORDIAL SEVEN, THE FIRST SEVEN BREATHS OF THE DRAGON OF WISDOM, PRODUCE IN THEIR TURN FROM THEIR HOLY CIRCUMGYRATING BREATHS THE FIERY WHIRLWIND.
2. THEY MAKE OF HIM THE MESSENGER OF THEIR WILL. THE DZYU BECOMES FOHAT, THE SWIFT SON OF THE DIVINE SONS WHOSE SONS ARE THE LIPIKA, RUNS CIRCULAR ERRANDS. FOHAT IS THE STEED AND THE THOUGHT IS THE RIDER. HE PASSES LIKE LIGHTNING THROUGH THE FIERY CLOUDS; TAKES THREE, AND FIVE, AND SEVEN STRIDES THROUGH THE SEVEN REGIONS ABOVE, AND THE SEVEN BELOW. HE LIFTS HIS VOICE, AND CALLS THE INNUMERABLE SPARKS, AND JOINS THEM.
3. HE IS THEIR GUIDING SPIRIT AND LEADER. WHEN HE COMMENCES WORK, HE SEPARATES THE SPARKS OF THE LOWER KINGDOM THAT FLOAT AND THRILL WITH JOY IN THEIR RADIANT DWELLNGS, AND FORMS THEREWITH THE GERMS OF WHEELS. HE PLACES THEM IN THE SIX DIRECTIONS OF SPACE, AND ONE IN THE MIDDLE – THE CENTRAL WHEEL.
4. FOHAT TRACES SPIRAL LINES TO UNITE THE SIXTH TO THE SEVENTH – THE CROWN; AN ARMY OF THE SONS OF LIGHT STANDS AT EACH ANGLE, AND THE LIPIKA IN THE MIDDLE WHEEL. THEY SAY: THIS IS GOOD, THE FIRST DIVINE WORLD IS READY, THE FIRST IS NOW THE SECOND. THEN THE “DIVINE ARUPA” REFLECTS ITSELF IN CHHAYA LOKA, THE FIRST GARMENT OF THE ANUPADAKA.
5. FOHAT TAKES FIVE STRIDES AND BUILDS A WINGED WHEEL AT EACH CORNER OF THE SQUARE, FOR THE FOUR HOLY ONES AND THEIR ARMIES.
One thing which is always important to bear in mind, especially for those of us who have grown up with or acquired the habit of interpreting spiritual texts and phrases literally is that Eastern spiritual teachings are abundant with symbolic, allegorical, and figurative terms and illustrations. HPB always emphasised that we should be careful not to mistake the word for the thing. Thus the “Dragon of Wisdom” in no way means any type of actual dragon but rather is a special symbolic term for the Universal Logos. Similarly, Fohat (whose initial activity is akin to a “fiery whirlwind”) “lifting his voice” does not refer to Fohat as some type of anthropomorphic entity shouting out a command but has reference to the metaphysical power of sound in the construction of the universe…and so on.
Further esoteric terminology in “The Secret Doctrine” speaks of the Seven Brothers of Fohat who are also at the same time the Seven Sons of Fohat.
“Fohat, the constructive Force of Cosmic Electricity, is said, metaphorically to have sprung like Rudra from Brahma “from the brain of the Father and the bosom of the Mother,” and then to have metamorphosed himself into a male and a female, i.e., polarity, into positive and negative electricity,” says HPB, continuing, “He has seven sons who are his brothers; and Fohat is forced to be born time after time whenever any two of his son-brothers indulge in too close contact – whether an embrace or a fight.”
She adds that “The Seven “Sons-brothers,” however, represent and personify the seven forms of Cosmic magnetism called in practical Occultism the “Seven Radicals,” whose co-operative and active progeny are, among other energies, Electricity, Magnetism, Sound, Light, Heat, Cohesion, etc.”
Just as the One Logos is actually the unified and collective aggregate of the Seven Primordial Rays, so Fohat is itself the unified and collective aggregate of the Seven Radicals. Thus in their noumenal state they are his Brothers and in their phenomenal state they are his Sons. The Seven Brothers are cosmic electricity as CAUSE; the Seven Sons are cosmic electricity as EFFECT.
Although the Tibetan term “Fohat” is the term used by the Masters and H.P. Blavatsky, nevertheless Fohat is seemingly nothing other than Kundalini.
HPB describes Kundalini as being “a fiery electro-spiritual force,” the “Fohatic power” which underlies everything visible and invisible. In “The Voice of the Silence” it is called “The World’s Mother,” the Mother of the World and Mother of the Universe. T. Subba Row says of Kundalini that it is “the power or Force which moves in a curved path. It is the Universal Life-Principle manifesting everywhere in nature. This force includes the two great forces of attraction and repulsion. Electricity and magnetism are but manifestations of it.”
HPB says of Fohat that “The ancients represented it by a serpent, for “Fohat hisses as he glides hither and thither” (in zigzags).” And by what illustrative symbol has Kundalini always been represented? A serpent.
Kundalini is the active power of the Universal Logos. It is the Mother of the manifested Universe. It is omnipresent universal Life, universal Fire, universal Electricity. Kundalini, it seems, is Fohat and Fohat is Kundalini.
It should be added here, however, that the practice known as Kundalini Yoga is potentially highly dangerous on all levels – physical, psychological, and spiritual – and that Theosophy always warns people against trying to do things to or with the power of the Kundalini within themselves. The Masters have stated emphatically that this Force can kill just as easily as it can create.
There is no need whatsoever for us to be messing about with our Kundalini and those who do so are almost always doing so with selfish motives such as attempting to acquire psychic or spiritual powers or to be able to have amazing spiritual experiences or sensations of bliss for themselves. Desire is the cause of all suffering, as the Lord Buddha always taught, and the desire for spiritual experiences is just as detrimental to the soul as the desire for sensual and carnal experiences. Even mainstream psychiatrists are now beginning to note the increasing number of people becoming seriously mentally ill, often with schizophrenia or similar conditions, as a result of trying to awaken their Kundalini.
It is almost impossible to adequately express in any way such lofty spiritual concepts in words and language which is no doubt one reason why many esoteric texts use symbols instead. “The Secret Doctrine” says far more about Fohat than can be expressed in an article like this but it is hoped that this attempt to provide a general overview of the topic has been interesting, inspiring, and thought provoking for you who have read it.
“Manvantaric impulse commences with the re-awakening of Cosmic Ideation (the “Universal Mind”) concurrently with, and parallel to the primary emergence of Cosmic Substance – the latter being the manvantaric vehicle of the former – from its undifferentiated pralayic state. Then, absolute wisdom mirrors itself in its Ideation; which, by a transcendental process, superior to and incomprehensible by human Consciousness, results in Cosmic Energy (Fohat). Thrilling through the bosom of inert Substance, Fohat impels it to activity, and guides its primary differentiations on all the Seven planes of Cosmic Consciousness … Aryan antiquity called them the Seven Prakriti, or Natures, serving, severally, as the relatively homogeneous basis, which in the course of the increasing heterogeneity (in the evolution of the Universe) differentiate into the marvellous complexity presented by phenomena on the planes of perception.” – H.P. Blavatsky, The Secret Doctrine
blavatskytheosophy.com/fohat-the-cosmic-electricity/
Fohat (Tib.) A term used to represent the active (male) potency of the Sakti (female reproductive power) in nature. The essence of cosmic electricity. An occult Tibetan term for Daiviprakriti, primordial light: and in the universe of manifestation the ever-present electrical energy and ceaseless destructive and formative power. Esoterically, it is the same, Fohat being the universal propelling Vital Force, at once the propeller and the resultant
At the beginning of a manvantara the Wisdom-aspect of the Absolute radiates the Pre-Cosmic Ideation, which manifests as the Cosmic Ideation. The latter eventually gives rise to Fohat. In Mme. Blavatsky's words:
Absolute wisdom mirrors itself in its Ideation; which, by a transcendental process, superior to and incomprehensible by human Consciousness, results in Cosmic Energy (Fohat).[6]
Fohat is the active power through which the plan for the new universe present in the Logos is manifested objectively, thus providing a bridge between the subjective spirit and the objective matter:
But just as the opposite poles of subject and object, spirit and matter, are but aspects of the One Unity in which they are synthesized, so, in the manifested Universe, there is “that” which links spirit to matter, subject to object.
This something, at present unknown to Western speculation, is called by the occultists Fohat. It is the “bridge” by which the “Ideas” existing in the “Divine Thought” are impressed on Cosmic substance as the “laws of Nature”. Fohat is thus the dynamic energy of Cosmic Ideation; or, regarded from the other side, it is the intelligent medium, the guiding power of all manifestation, the “Thought Divine” transmitted and made manifest through the Dhyan Chohans, the Architects of the visible World. . . . Fohat, in its various manifestations, is the mysterious link between Mind and Matter, the animating principle electrifying every atom into life.
It is also the cause for the differentiation of the primordial matter into the seven planes
Thrilling through the bosom of inert Substance, Fohat impels it to activity, and guides its primary differentiations on all the Seven planes of Cosmic Consciousness.
In the phenomenal and Cosmic World, he is that Occult, electric, vital power, which, under the Will of the Creative Logos, brings together the elemental atoms and makes them aggregate and combine. Fohat, running along the seven principles of AKASA, acts upon manifested substance or the One Element and by differentiating it into various centres of Energy, sets in motion the law of Cosmic Evolution, which, in obedience to the Ideation of the Universal Mind, brings into existence all the various states of being in the manifested Solar System.
Fohat manifests in different ways on each plane:
On the earthly plane his influence is felt in the magnetic and active force generated by the strong desire of the magnetizer. On the Cosmic, it is present in the constructive power that carries out, in the formation of things -- from the planetary system down to the glow-worm and simple daisy -- the plan in the mind of nature, or in the Divine Thought, with regard to the development and growth of that special thing. He is, metaphysically, the objectivised thought of the gods; the "Word made flesh," on a lower scale, and the messenger of Cosmic and human ideations: the active force in Universal Life. In his secondary aspect, Fohat is the Solar Energy, the electric vital fluid,* and the preserving fourth principle, the animal Soul of Nature, so to say, or -- Electricity.
Since Fohat acts as the power of attraction between atoms, it is seen as the Divine Love:
Fohat, in his capacity of DIVINE LOVE (Eros), the electric Power of affinity and sympathy, is shown allegorically as trying to bring the pure Spirit, the Ray inseparable from the ONE absolute, into union with the Soul, the two constituting in Man the MONAD, and in Nature the first link between the ever unconditioned and the manifested.
Interestingly, Fohat is seen as an entity (without implying anthropomorphism). Mme. Blavatsky wrote:
Fohat, then, is the personified electric vital power, the transcendental binding Unity of all Cosmic Energies, on the unseen as on the manifested planes, the action of which resembles --on an immense scale-- that of a living Force created by WILL, in those phenomena where the seemingly subjective acts on the seemingly objective and propels it to action. Fohat is not only the living Symbol and Container of that Force, but is looked upon by the Occultists as an Entity -- the forces he acts upon being cosmic, human and terrestrial, and exercising their influence on all those planes respectively.
According to Mme. Blavatsky the swastika is the symbol for the activity of Fohat:
The "secret formula" constituting free energy, the "Living Fire", was named under the code name of "Vril" (name probably derived from virile Latin) by the English novelist and philosopher Lord Edward Bulwer-Lytton (1803/1873) * in his novel The Coming Race ("The Coming Race") published in 1871.
Few world-symbols are more pregnant with real occult meaning than the Swastica. It is the emblem of the activity of Fohat, of the continual revolution of the “wheels”, and of the Four Elements, the “Sacred Four”. One initiated into the mysteries of the meaning of the Swastica, say the Commentaries, “can trace on it, with mathematical precision, the evolution of Kosmos and the whole period of Sandhya.” Also “the relation of the Seen to the Unseen”, and “the first procreation of man and species”
Reproductive (alates) Rough Harvester Ants (Pogonomyrmex rugosus) mating - it's a real pile-up everywhere you look; Agate House; Petrified Forest National Park, E of Holbrook, AZ
One of the stamen in a yellow day lily. Often thought of as the "male" part of the plant's reproductive system, the stamen produces pollen.
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A Titan from Attack on Titan, a Japanese manga series.
Titans are giant humanoid figures about 3 - 15 m tall and are masculine in body structure but lack reproductive organs.
Supanova Expo, Sydney Olympic Park, Sydney, Australia (Saturday 18 June 2016)
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Reproductive Advocate Health Education-Ghana (RAHE-GHANA)
P. O. Box KN 6026 Kaneshie
Accra Ghana West Africa
Tel: 00233303967387/233504593553
Email: rheghana@gmail.com
Website: www.rheghana.webs.com
" Two Members Of Merseyside Police Equine Division Monitoring & Advising Members Of The Public Of The Governments Guidelines That Need To Be Taken During The Corona Virus 'Lock Down'..."
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All Of My Photographic Images Are Subject To Copyright ! Each Of My Photographs Remain My Intellectual Property ! All Rights Are Reserved And As Such, Do Not Use, Modify, Copy, Edit, Distribute Or Publish Any Of My Photographs ! If You Wish To Use Any Of My Photographs For Any Reproductive Purposes, Or Other Uses, My Written Permission Is Specifically Required, Contact Me Via Flickr Mail !
© Brian E Kushner
Was out back shooting the Southern Flying Squirrels and this guy/gal wondered up next to where I was standing. Took a few seconds before it realized I was standing there and it took off. I get a lot of animals in the back but don't see the possums too often.
Didelphimoarphi (pronounced /daɪˌdɛlfɨˈmɔrfi.ə/) is the order of common opossums of the Western Hemisphere. They are commonly also called possums, though that term is also applied to Australian fauna of the suborder Phalangeriformes. The Virginia Opossum is the original animal named opossum. The word comes from Algonquian wapathemwa. Opossums probably diverged from the basic South American marsupials in the late Cretaceous or early Paleocene. A sister group is Paucituberculata (shrew opossums).
Their unspecialized biology, flexible diet and reproductive strategy make them successful colonizers and survivors in diverse locations and conditions. Originally native to the eastern United States, the Virginia Opossum was intentionally introduced into the West during the Great Depression, probably as a source of food.[2] Its range has been expanding steadily northwards, thanks in part to more plentiful, man-made sources of freshwater, increased shelter due to urban encroachment, and milder winters. Its range has extended into Ontario, Canada, and it has been found farther north than Toronto.
Characteristics
Didelphimorphs are small to medium-sized marsupials, with the largest about the size of a large house cat, and the smallest the size of a mouse. They tend to be semi-arboreal omnivores, although there are many exceptions. Most members of this taxon have long snouts, a narrow braincase, and a prominent sagittal crest. The dental formula is:
Dentition
5.1.3.4
4.1.3.4
By mammalian standards, this is a very full jaw. Opossums have more teeth than any other land mammal; only aquatic mammals have more.[citation needed] The incisors are very small, the canines large, and the molars are tricuspid.
Didelphimorphs have a plantigrade stance (feet flat on the ground) and the hind feet have an opposable digit with no claw. Like some New World monkeys, opossums have prehensile tails. The stomach is simple, with a small cecum.
Opossums have a remarkably robust immune system, and show partial or total immunity to the venom of rattlesnakes, cottonmouths, and other pit vipers.[3][4] Opossums are about eight times less likely to carry rabies than wild dogs, and about one in eight hundred opossums are infected with this virus.[5]
[edit] Reproduction and life cycle
Sleeping Virginia opossum with babies in her relaxed pouch
As a marsupial, the opossum has a reproductive system that is composed of a placenta and a marsupium, which is the pouch.[6] The young are born at a very early stage, although the gestation period is similar to many other small marsupials, at only 12 to 14 days.[7] Once born, the offspring must find their way into the marsupium to hold onto and nurse from a teat. The species are moderately sexually dimorphic with males usually being slightly larger, much heavier, and having larger canines than females.[8] The largest difference between the opossum and other mammals is the bifurcated penis of the male and bifurcated vagina of the female (the source of the Latin didelphis, meaning double-wombed). Male opossum spermatozoa exhibit cooperative methods of ensuring the survival of genotypically similar sperm by forming conjugate pairs before fertilization[9] . Such measures come into place particularly when females copulate with multiple males. These conjugate pairs increase motility and enhance the likelihood of fertilization. Conjugate pairs dissociate into separate spermatozoa before fertilization. The opossum is one of many species that employs sperm cooperation in its reproductive life cycle.
Female opossums often give birth to very large numbers of young, most of which fail to attach to a teat, although as many as thirteen young can attach[8], and therefore survive, depending on species. The young are weaned between 70 and 125 days, when they detach from the teat and leave the pouch. The opossum lifespan is unusually short for a mammal of its size, usually only two to four years. Senescence is rapid.[10]
[edit] Diet
Didelphimorphs are opportunistic omnivores with a very broad diet. Their diet mainly consists of carrion and many individual opossums are killed on the highway when scavenging for roadkill. They are also known to eat insects, frogs, birds, snakes, small mammals, and earthworms. Some of their favorite foods are fruits, and they are known to eat apples and persimmons. Their broad diet allows them to take advantage of many sources of food provided by human habitation such as unsecured food waste (garbage) and pet food.
Opossum fur is quite soft.
[edit] Behavior
Opossums are usually solitary and nomadic, staying in one area as long as food and water are easily available. Some families will group together in ready-made burrows or even under houses. Though they will temporarily occupy abandoned burrows, they do not dig or put much effort into building their own. As nocturnal animals, they favor dark, secure areas. These areas may be below ground or above.
Didelphis marsupialis: intrusion in human dwelling (French Guiana)
When threatened or harmed, they will play possum, mimicking the appearance and smell of a sick or dead animal. The lips are drawn back, teeth are bared, saliva foams around the mouth, and a foul-smelling fluid is secreted from the anal glands. The physiological response is involuntary, rather than a conscious act. Their stiff, curled form can be prodded, turned over, and even carried away. The animal will regain consciousness after a period of minutes or hours and escape.
Adult opossums do not hang from trees by their tails, though babies may dangle temporarily. Their semi-prehensile tails are not strong enough to support a mature adult's weight. Instead, the opossum uses its tail as a brace and a fifth limb when climbing. The tail is occasionally used as a grip to carry bunches of leaves or bedding materials to the nest. A mother will sometimes carry her young upon her back, where they will cling tightly even when she is climbing or running.
Threatened opossums (especially males) will growl deeply, raising their pitch as the threat becomes more urgent. Males make a clicking & smack; noise out of the side of their mouths as they wander in search of a mate, and females will sometimes repeat the sound in return. When separated or distressed, baby opossums will make a sneezing noise to signal their mother. If threatened, the baby will open its mouth and quietly hiss until the threat is gone.
The Virginia opposum is the only North American marsupial.
Historical references
An early description of the opossum comes from explorer John Smith, who wrote in Map of Virginia, with a Description of the Countrey, the Commodities, People, Government and Religion in 1608 that An Opassom hath an head like a Swine, and a taile like a Rat, and is of the bignes of a Cat. Under her belly she hath a bagge, wherein she lodgeth, carrieth, and sucketh her young.[11][12]. The Opossum was more formally described in 1698 in a published letter entitled Carigueya, Seu Marsupiale Americanum Masculum. Or, The Anatomy of a Male Opossum: In a Letter to Dr Edward Tyson, from Mr William Cowper, Chirurgeon, and Fellow of the Royal Society, London, by Edward Tyson, M. D. Fellow of the College of Physicians and of the Royal Society. The letter suggests even earlier descriptions.[13]
[edit] Hunting, food and foodways
The opossum was once a favorite game animal in the United States, and in particular the southern regions which have a large body of recipes and folklore relating to the opossum. Opossum was once widely consumed in the United States where available, as evidenced by recipes available online[14] and in books such as older editions of The Joy of Cooking. A traditional method of preparation is baking, sometimes in a pie or pasty[1], though at present possum pie & most often refers to a sweet confection containing no meat of any kind. In Dominica and Trinidad opossum or manicou is popular and can only be hunted during certain times of the year owing to over hunting; the meat is traditionally prepared by smoking then stewing. The meat is light and fine-grained, but the musk glands must be removed as part of preparation. The meat can be used in place of rabbit and chicken in recipes. The cousin of the opossum, the possum, found in Australia (and introduced to New Zealand ) is consumed in a similar manner. [15]
Historically, hunters in the Caribbean would place a barrel with fresh or rotten fruit to attract opossums who would feed on the fruit or insects. Cubans growing up in the mid-twentieth century tell of brushing the maggots out of the mouths of manicou caught in this manner to prepare them for consumption. It is said also that the gaminess of the meat causes gas.[citation needed]
In Mexico, opossums are known as tlacuache or &tlaquatzin. Their tails are eaten as a folk remedy to improve fertility.
Opossum oil (Possum grease) is high in essential fatty acids and has been used as a chest rub and a carrier for arthritis remedies given as topical salves.
Their reproductive organs are coming out of the side of their heads. They are hermaphroditic creatures, each fertilizes the other. They lay eggs to reproduce.
female is equipped with blood sucking proboscis to feed on human and animal. Its need the necessary protein component for their reproductive process.
Female have lot less hairy antennae and a little larger in size than the male
Hard to imagine a critter measuring a few mm in length is able to create so much shit for us. These mosquitoes(female) have a badass reputation of spreading a host of deadly diseases most noticeably, dengue fever. However, no matter how nasty they may seem, they are here for a very specific purpose. Nature has created this organism to play a vital role in the eco system which we are still trying to unravel comprehensively. What we do know ecologically is that they are a major food source for insect eating animals such as frogs, lizards, dragonflies etc. These animals are in turn inevitable members of the huge and complex eco system. On hindsight, they won't bother us so much if they do not carry deadly diseases though. Ironically, we might be the one carrying the diseases, they are the victims. Nature have no plans to reveal the answer just yet. She wants to make things intriguing for us humans so that we still have a job to do.
In evolution terms, we are late comers. Mosquitoes existed for more than 100 million years in the course of our earth's history. While we only came into the scene about 3.2 million years ago as fossil records suggested. Mosquitoes species have lived long enough to witness the emergence and disappearance of many living things including the dinosaurs. The logical reason for it to outlive the others lies on it perfect design right from the start of the evolutionary path. In contrary, the dinosaurs could not keep pace and eventually died out 65 million years ago largely attributed to its clumsy and inefficient design.
However, there are interesting studies that suggest at least some of the dinosaur species did not go extinct. Instead they switch lane, change their evolutionary habits and took to the air. After millions of years of transformation, they would become the birds that we see today.
No worries, these pics are taken under controlled condition, those nasty little critters are safely contained in a sealed plastic bottle for photography purpose.
This is the first time I've seen and examine a mosquito larva up close. The larvae as well as the later stage pupae wriggle and move up and down constantly to breath.
The larvae would feed on decaying plant material or any micro organism presence in the water for survival. The pupae stop feeding altogether while getting ready for its final metamorphosis journey.
2 hatched 12.4.22 followed by another 3 on 13.4.22. 2 on 14.4.22.
By 17.4.22 all the 7 mosquitoes that hatched died from starvation for science. RIP
taken at 1.5x magnification.
Total 7 pupae. Whole process from eggs to mosquito took about a week.
Some interesting take-away (NEA):
Under optimal conditions, the egg of an Aedes mosquito can hatch into a larva in less than a day. The larva then takes about four days to develop into a pupa, from which an adult mosquito will emerge after two days. Three days after the mosquito has bitten a person and taken in blood, it will lay eggs, and the cycle repeats.
Did you know?
1 Only the female Aedes mosquito bites, as it needs the protein in blood for its eggs to develop.
2 The mosquito becomes infective approximately seven days after it has bitten a person carrying the virus. This is the extrinsic incubation period, during which time the virus replicates in the mosquito and reaches the salivary glands.
3 Peak biting is at dawn and dusk
4 The average lifespan of an Aedes mosquito in nature is two weeks.
5 The mosquito can lay eggs about three times in its lifetime, and about 100 eggs are produced each time.
6 The eggs can lie dormant in dry conditions for up to about nine months, after which they can hatch if exposed to favourable conditions, such as water and food.
Behind the scene :
Discover these larva all by chance while conducting my frequent routine check on all my plotted plants for the very intention of combating larvae bleeding.
I'm fully aware of the notion of mosquito bleeding though, but never imagine it takes place in my house right on the 13th floor. A remote possibility that actually happens, what a chance.
The mosquito responsible must be a high flyer indeed. It did very very well in assuring the survival of its kind. Ironically, giving me a golden opportunity to study them up close in which otherwise their life cycle would have known to me at face value.
@bt panjang,sg
Nine out of ten countries with the worst sexual and reproductive health outcomes face an ongoing humanitarian crisis. Natual disasters and conflicts can roll back years of hard won development progress. This is the case for Côte d'Ivoire, whose pre-conflict MDG 5 indicators were as follows:
- Maternal Mortality Ratio (maternal deaths per 100,000 live births), UN estimate: 470
- Births attended by skilled health personnel (percent): 56.8
- Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (percent): 12.9
- Adolescent Fertility Rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15–19): 130
- Antenatal care with health personnel (percent): 84.8
- Unmet need for family planning (percent): 29.0
Source: World Bank, siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPRH/Resources/376374-13037...
The reproductive structure of some seed-bearing plants,like the violas (pansies) characteristically having either specialized male or female organs or both male and female organs, such as stamens and a pistil, enclosed in an outer envelope of petals and sepals. View On Black
The flowers of violets have 5 sepals (Sepals are one of the four basic parts of a flower. They are found below the petals), that are persistent (remaining attached beyond the usual time) after blooming, and in some species the sepals enlarge after blooming. The flowers have five free stamens with short filaments that are oppressed against the ovary, only the lower two stamens have nectary spurs that are inserted on the lowest petal into the spur or a pouch. The flower styles are thickened near the top and the stigmas are head-like, narrowed or often beaked. The flowers have a superior ovary with one cell, which has three placentae, containing many ovules.
Have a wonderful day, filled with love and beauty, M, (*_*)
Please do not COPY or use any of my images on websites, blogs or any other media without my explicit permission. © All rights reserved
Why not view the set as a slide-show?
Also I often upload more than one image at the same time, I see a tendency to only view the last uploaded...
Scenes from the GA 72 Side Event: The Role of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in the Economic Empowerment of Women
Co-hosted by the Governments of Costa Rica, Finland and Zambia, in collaboration with UNFPA and UN Women, this high-level breakfast event will review the critical links between sexual and reproductive health and rights and women’s full participation in economic development. The event will provide a platform for participants to share knowledge and experience, to strengthen awareness and to leverage commitment on realizing women’s and girls’ sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) and their economic empowerment. Expected event speakers include Vice President of Costa Rica Ana Helena Chacón Echeverría, Minister for Foreign Trade and Development, Finland, Kai Mykkänen, Minister of Gender, Zambia, Victoria Kalima, UNFPA Acting Executive Director Natalia Kanem, and UN Women Executive Director Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka, among others.
Photo: UN Women/Ryan Brown
The reproductive apothecia in these lichens were a particularly striking scarlet hue. Growing on the old wooden planks of a bridge over the River North Esk, near Eskbank Cottage.
the male reproductive system; penis, scrotum etc.
'The Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une Société de Gens de lettres.'
Contact us if you would like to share your Social Justice Art with others. We'll include your artist credit and a link to your online artist gallery - socialjusticeartshare.com
A doctor explains contraceptives to a young girl at the Sukhbaatar District Health Center.
08 September 2010
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Photo # 545022
Credit: UNFPA/Andrew Cullen
Bracken Ferns are some of the most widespread plants on the planet and have been around for at least 55 million years. They are found on every continent except Antarctica. In some places they are used for food but may contain carcinogens.
The brown clusters at the underside edges of this frond, known as sori, are sporangia that produce and contain the fern's reproductive spores. On other ferns in Glacier the sori are frequently grouped in circles rather than around the edges like this.
The Latin species name, aquilinum meaning eagle, was given by Carl Linnaeus because he says he saw the shape of an eagle in a cross section of the plant's root.
Opening Plenary Session - Students Taking Action Together
CGI University 2023
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
From climate injustice to the war in Ukraine to limitations on reproductive rights, it appears as if the world is literally and figuratively on fire. Yet for emerging leaders and entrepreneurs driven by the desire to build more inclusive and equitable communities, this moment teaches one of the greatest lessons in social innovation, advocacy and civic engagement – that times of crises spark the agency to act. Taking action in challenging times often requires a new mindset of seeing, thinking, and responding. In this session, panelists will share how challenges can serve as a catalyst for transformation, and how they have moved forward in the midst of setbacks and uncertainty.
SPEAKERS
PETE BUTTIGIEG U.S. Secretary of Transportation
SECRETARY HILLARY RODHAM CLINTON Former U.S. Secretary of State
CHELSEA CLINTON, DPHIL, MPH Vice Chair, Clinton Foundation
OLIVIA JULIANNA Director of Politics & Government Affairs, Gen-Z For Change
SUKHMEET SINGH SACHAL CGI U '21, Medical Student, Social Entrepreneur, Health Activist
GEORGINA PAZCOGUIN The Rogue Ballerina, Author, Disrupter, Soloist Ballerina with the New York City Ballet, co founder Final Bow For Yellowface / Gold Standard Arts
JORDAN REEVES Co-Founder, Design With Us
YUSRA MARDINI Olympian and Goodwill Ambassador, UNHCR
Photo Credit: Megan Maher / Clinton Foundation
Smoking reduces sperm production, sperm defects, decreased motility of sperm and more dangerous is smoking reduces blood flow to penis, some cases of impotence.
How Smoking affects the reproductive organs in men?
– Studies have shown that the primary metabolite of smoke (are substances...
simplystopsmokingnow.com/index.php/2016/01/29/smoking-and...
Reproductive energy! (Thanks Karen!)
The potato bug or Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) , Kartoffelkäfer, le doryphore, coloradokever
Macro Mondays theme: energy
The reproductive parts of a crocus see this website for a detailed run through a a crocus's makeup . Credit to Brian Johnstone www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artmay09/bj-crocus.html
Reproductive rights activist Shelby Knox.
Find out more about this case and the treatment of rape in the courts at Women's eNews
N.Y. Case Shows Lenient Treatment of Rapists
womensenews.org/story/rape/110121/ny-case-shows-lenient-t...
Scenes from the GA 72 Side Event: The Role of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in the Economic Empowerment of Women
Co-hosted by the Governments of Costa Rica, Finland and Zambia, in collaboration with UNFPA and UN Women, this high-level breakfast event will review the critical links between sexual and reproductive health and rights and women’s full participation in economic development. The event will provide a platform for participants to share knowledge and experience, to strengthen awareness and to leverage commitment on realizing women’s and girls’ sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) and their economic empowerment. Expected event speakers include Vice President of Costa Rica Ana Helena Chacón Echeverría, Minister for Foreign Trade and Development, Finland, Kai Mykkänen, Minister of Gender, Zambia, Victoria Kalima, UNFPA Acting Executive Director Natalia Kanem, and UN Women Executive Director Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka, among others.
Photo: UN Women/Ryan Brown
Harjeet Singh saw this one first...this kitten has giant paws, but was out alone... on the trail. I got home today, and found a very similar feral cat on my deck, hunting the local quail chicks. But, I will say that this one looks pretty unusual, with the giant feet.
Please attribute to Lorie Shaull if used elsewhere.
I took these photos on a 35mm film camera; images were scanned from printed photographs.
Pro-choice and anti-abortion demonstrators stage concurrent events outside the United States Supreme Court Building, Washington DC, April 26, 1989. The rallies were held on the day of the opening arguments in the Webster v Reproductive Health Services case at the Court.
A cone (in formal botanical usage: strobilus, plural strobili) is an organ on plants in the division Pinophyta (conifers) that contains the reproductive structures. The familiar woody cone is the female cone, which produces seeds. The male cones, which produce pollen, are usually herbaceous and much less conspicuous even at full maturity. The name "cone" derives from the fact that the shape in some species resembles a geometric cone. The individual plates of a cone are known as scales.
The male cone (microstrobilus or pollen cone) is structurally similar across all conifers, differing only in small ways (mostly in scale arrangement) from species to species. Extending out from a central axis are microsporophylls (modified leaves). Under each microsporophyll is one or several microsporangia (pollen sacs).
The female cone (megastrobilus, seed cone, or ovulate cone) contains ovules which, when fertilized by pollen, become seeds. The female cone structure varies more markedly between the different conifer families, and is often crucial for the identification of many species of conifers.
The Adolescent Sexual Reproductive Health & Rights (ASRH&R) campaign was held as a continuation to promote ASRH&R among the youth in Rwanda.
Having been launched in Collège de Butamwa in Nyarugenge on 23 August 2016, the continuation of the campaign was conducted in Gishambashayo Primary School also located in Rubaya sector, Gicumbi District on 23 September 2016.
The ASRH&R campaign is conducted in partnership with The David and Lucille Packard Foundation, to promote access to youth friendly services and advocates for the rights of young people to access quality reproductive health information.
The campaign empowers the youth with ASRH&R comprehensive knowledge and promotes positive attitudes, while advocating for the increased use of ASRH&R youth friendly services in health facilities, and in the community.
Students at the school attended the campaign, and used the free voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) services provided on the day.
Permanent Secretary at the Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion (MIGEPROF), Henriette Umulisa and the Vice Mayor of Gicumbi Charlotte Benihirwe delivered the key messages at the event.
When I looked out my back window this morning I noticed what appeared to be a big patch of black soot on my lawn. I went out for a closer look and found thousands of these winged reproductive ants climbing the blades of grass and flying off into the distance. The sky was thick with ants taking off (see last photo below). The ants appeared to be programmed to seek out the highest possible point before taking off. I did an experiment to see if this was indeed the case by allowing some of the ants to start crawling up my arm. Once they were halfway up my arm I raised my arm into the air and all the ants immediately switched direction. The ants then took off once they reached the tips of my fingers. I raised and lowered my arm a couple of times and each time the ants switched direction, always heading up towards the sky.<p><img src="http://www.pbase.com/reflectionsofnature/image/128271656/original.jpg" style="border: 3px solid #333333;"></p><p><img src="http://www.pbase.com/reflectionsofnature/image/128271659/original.jpg" style="border: 3px solid #333333;"></p><p><img src="http://www.pbase.com/reflectionsofnature/image/128271658/original.jpg" style="border: 3px solid #333333;"></p><p><img src="http://www.pbase.com/reflectionsofnature/image/128271657/original.jpg" style="border: 3px solid #333333;"></p>
The New Zealand pigeon (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae) is a bird endemic to New Zealand. Māori call this bird kererū in most of the country, but kūkupa and kūkū in some parts of the North Island, particularly in Northland. Although commonly called wood pigeon, they are distinct from the wood pigeon (Columba palumbus) of the Northern Hemisphere, which is a member of a different genus. The New Zealand pigeons make occasional soft coo sounds (hence the onomatopoeic names), and their wings make a very distinctive "whooshing" sound as they fly. Birds will often ascend slowly before making impressively steep parabolic dives.
DESCRIPTION
The New Zealand pigeon is a large (51 cm from tail to beak, 550 to 850 grams) arboreal fruit-pigeon found in forests from Northland to Stewart Island/ Rakiura, ranging in habitats from coastal to montane. The general morphology is that of a typical pigeon, in that it has a relatively small head, a straight soft-based bill and loosely attached feathers. The head, throat and wings are generally a shiny green-purple colour, but with a bronze tinge to the feathers. The breast is typically white and the bill red with an orange-ish tip. The feet and eyes are red. Juveniles have a similar colouration but are generally paler with dull colours for the beak, eyes and feet and a shorter tail. The species also displays typical pigeon behaviour, which includes drinking by suction, a wing-threat display, hitting with the wing when threatened, a diving display flight, a 'bowing' display, ritualised preening and 'billing' during courtship. New Zealand pigeons build flimsy, shallow, twiggy nests and feed crop milk to hatchlings.
DIET
The New Zealand pigeons are commonly regarded as frugivorous, primarily eating fruits from native trees. Since the extinction of the moa, the New Zealand and Chatham Islands pigeons are now the only seed dispersers with a bill big enough to swallow large (native) fruits and drupes, such as those of karaka, miro, tawa and taraire, and thus spreading the seeds intact. The disappearance of these birds could be a disaster for the regeneration of our native forests. While fruit comprises the major part of their diets, they also browse on leaves, flowers and buds, especially nitrogen rich foliage during breeding. The relative amounts varying seasonally and regionally.
BREEDING
These long-lived birds breed slowly. Key breeding signals are spectacular display flights performed mainly by territorial males. Breeding generally depends on the availability of ripe fruit, which varies seasonally, annually (good years and bad years), and by location. New Zealand pigeons nest in trees, laying only a single egg, in a flimsy nest constructed of a few twigs thrown together. The egg is incubated for 28 to 29 days and the fast growing chick takes another 30 to 45 days to fledge. It is fed "pigeon milk", a protein-rich milky secretion from the walls of the parents' crops, mixed with fruit pulp. When much fruit is available, some pigeon pairs will have a large chick in one nest and be incubating an egg in another nearby. In seasons of plentiful fruit the pigeons can successfully nest up to 4 times. Fledglings spend about two weeks with their parents before becoming fully independent, but have remained with their parents during autumn and winter in some cases.
POPULATION
Pigeons were very numerous until about the 1860s and large flocks used to congregate in fruiting trees to feed. The species’ population declined considerably after the arrival of humans in NZ, and this trend continues, especially in the North Island, but they are still relatively common in the west of the South Island and in coastal Otago. Although still quite widespread in areas with large tracts of forest, its numbers are in gradual decline through habitat loss, predation, competition, illegal hunting and poor reproductive success.
Next to stoats and cats, the introduced Australian common brushtail possum and introduced species of rats — mainly the ship or black rat, but also the kiore or Polynesian rat and brown rat — have significantly reduced the amount of fruit available for pigeons and other native birds and also prey on eggs and youngs.
Although the pigeons were traditionally hunted for tehir meat and feathers, hunting of the bird is now illegal. Restrictions on the shooting of pigeons were enacted as early as 1864, with total protection since 1921, although the enforcement against hunting was not consistent. Some Māori protested, claiming a traditional right to hunt the pigeon. The bird is protected under the Wildlife Act and there have been prosecutions for shooting it.
I think this is the first American-made model or picture I've seen that includes a foreskin on the penis. How...refreshing?
Frogs of the genera Stefania and Hemiphractus have an interesting reproductive strategy. the females carry the fertilized eggs on their back. the developing eggs go through "direct development' in which there is no free-swimming tadpole stage. The young frogs are carried by the mother until they disperse. In some species of these genera, there is anatomic evidence of an umbilical cord-like structure that may serve to nourish the developing larvae and neonatal frogs.