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Safeway located at 2849 East Ledbetter Dr. in Dallas,TX. The building is currently sub-divided between an Auto Zone and a vacant space formerly occupied by Family Dollar.
Note Safeway opened this 18,540 square foot store on March 10th 1970. After six years in operation Safeway sold this location to Minyard Food Stores which held their grand opening on July 28th 1976.
In the Summer of 1996 Minyard closed this location and the building sat vacant until the late 1990's when Auto Zone and Family Dollar opened in the former grocery store.
Note Family Dollar vacated their 9,539 square foot portion of the building in the Fall of 2024.
*Screenshot from a WFAA news report aired on February 1st 1972
Mingle Media TV and Red Carpet Report were at the premiere for "Ralph Breaks The Internet” at The El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood. Check out our photos from the red carpet.
“Ralph Breaks the Internet” opens Nov. 21, 2018
For video interviews and other Red Carpet Report coverage, please visit www.redcarpetreporttv.com and follow us on Twitter and Facebook at:
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About Ralph Breaks The Internet
In “Ralph Breaks the Internet,” video-game bad guy Ralph (voice of John C. Reilly) and best friend Vanellope von Schweetz (voice of Sarah Silverman) leave the comforts of Litwak’s arcade in an attempt to save her game, Sugar Rush. Their quest takes them to the vast, uncharted world of the internet where they rely on the citizens of the internet—the Netizens—to help navigate their way. Lending a virtual hand are Yesss (voice of Taraji P. Henson), the head algorithm and the heart and soul of the trend-making site “BuzzzTube,” and Shank (voice of Gal Gadot), a tough-as-nails driver from a gritty online auto-racing game called Slaughter Race, a place Vanellope wholeheartedly embraces—so much so that Ralph worries he may lose the only friend he’s ever had. Directed by Rich Moore (“Zootopia,” “Wreck-It Ralph”) and Phil Johnston (co-writer “Wreck-It Ralph,” “Zootopia,” writer, “Cedar Rapids”), and produced by Clark Spencer (“Zootopia,” “Wreck-It Ralph,” “Bolt,” “Lilo & Stitch”), “Ralph Breaks the Internet” hits theaters on Nov. 21, 2018.
disney.com/ralphbreakstheinternet
www.youtube.com/user/disneyanimation
www.facebook.com/WreckItRalph/
www.instagram.com/wreckitralph
www.youtube.com/watch?v=T73h5bmD8Dc
Watch Wreck-It Ralph
www.youtube.com/watch?v=lNRN4ysIo4w
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New Mexico reports six of the seven Grosbeak species that are seen in the US. Only the Crimson-collared is missing from our list. It is a neotropic species spotted only in extreme southern Texas. Several othern Grosbeak species are found mostly in the southern half of the US. This species and the Pine Grosbeak are grouped separately from the rest in several field guides... they are of like size, but are more northern birds and thus grouped near the Buntings and Sparrows. Our rarest NM Grosbeak visitor is the neotropic Yellow Grosbeak...I have photographed it as far north as Albuquerque.
IMG_5941; Evening Grosbeak
A First TransPennine train manager heads up the travelator towards platform 14 at Manchester Piccadilly station on 8th January 2017.
Mingle Media TV and Red Carpet Report reporter, Denise Salcedo were at the Television Academy in North Hollywood for the first WWE hosted EMMY “For Your Consideration” Event with a red carpet, panel and screening event.
Following the red carpet, WWE showcased three of its programs including “Raw 25,” “Mixed Match Challenge,” and “WWE 24: Empowered” for EMMY consideration.
Get the Story from the Red Carpet Report Team, follow us on Twitter and Facebook at:
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About WWE
WWE, a publicly traded company (NYSE: WWE), is an integrated media organization and recognized leader in global entertainment. The company consists of a portfolio of businesses that create and deliver original content 52 weeks a year to a global audience. WWE is committed to family friendly entertainment on its television programming, pay-per-view, digital media and publishing platforms. WWE’s TV-PG, family-friendly programming can be seen in more than 800 million homes worldwide in 25 languages. WWE Network, the first-ever 24/7 over-the-top premium network that includes all live pay-per-views, scheduled programming and a massive video-on-demand library, is currently available in more than 180 countries. The company is headquartered in Stamford, Conn., with offices in New York, Los Angeles, London, Mexico City, Mumbai, Shanghai, Singapore, Dubai, Munich and Tokyo.
For more of Mingle Media TV’s Red Carpet Report coverage, please visit our website and follow us on Twitter and Facebook here:
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Follow Denise on Twitter at @_DeniseSalcedo
I have seen many display team drawing hearts in the sky with 2 (or more!) planes... And I thought it was impossible to do so with a single glider! Italian Aerobatic Gliders Championship 2017. Read the complete report here: www.golfvictorspotting.it/wp/?p=395&lang=en
G. t' Hooft (Nobel prize winner in Physics 1999) prepares his report about the act. state at Cern's LHC about Higgs & Co., ..
event: CFW autumn lectures at HH Univ., ESA HS B, .., Nov. 28. - Dec. 01., 2011
Church of the Mortal Agony of Christ.
Many first-time visitors to the former Dachau concentration camp are shocked to find that the most prominent spot in the present-day Memorial Site is occupied by a Catholic Church.
Since the first news reports about Dachau at the end of April 1945, the concentration camp has always been associated, in the minds of most people, with the death of 6 million Jews in the Holocaust.
Many who visit the Dachau Memorial Site comment they didn't think it was appropriate to have Christian memorials at the site where so many Jews had suffered and died. Actually, the majority of the prisoners at Dachau were Catholic, including many Polish, Italian and French inmates. They were not sent to Dachau because of their religious beliefs, but because they were anti-Nazi resistance fighters.
When the American liberators arrived at Dachau on April 29, 1945, the majority of the prisoners in the camp were Polish Catholics. According to the US Army census, there were 2,539 Jews in the camp, most of them having arrived in the last days and weeks of the war, after being evacuated from other camps.
After 1940, all the Catholic priests, who had been imprisoned by the Nazis for resistance activities, were consolidated at the Dachau camp. A total of 2,579 Catholic clergymen were among the inmates at Dachau, including many anti-Nazi priests brought from Poland. Although the Catholic Church itself was not officially opposed to Hitler, himself a non-practicing Catholic, the majority of the prisoners who died in the Dachau camp were Roman Catholic.
The name of the Catholic chapel is Todeangst Christi. It is usually translated as Mortal Agony of Christ in English, although the literal translation of the German title would be Christ's Mortal Fear or Anxiety. The church was built in 1960 at the instigation of Dr. Johannes Neuhäusler, a former inmate of the camp who became a Bishop in Munich after the war.
Neuhäusler was arrested in 1941 for breaking one of the laws of the Nazi government by publicly reading the critical writings of Cardinal Faulhaber, who opposed the Nazi regime. He was first taken to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp near Berlin and then transferred to Dachau a few months later.
The Church of the Mortal Agony of Christ, designed by German architect Josef Wiedemann, stands on a circular island of grass surrounded by a ring of oak trees. It is 14 meters high and the base is 14 meters in diameter.
The interior is exposed to the elements through a front opening that is the same height as the interior of the building. The circular wall was constructed of reinforced concrete and then covered on both sides with a veneer of river rocks, taken from the nearby river. Construction required only four months to complete.
After the Catholic memorial was completed, Dr. Neuhäusler generously suggested that a Protestant Memorial and a Jewish Memorial should be built on either side of the Catholic one. He proposed a Memorial Site layout with trees planted in between the old barracks and lush green landscaping surrounding all the religious memorials, but the architects of the Jewish and Protestant memorials preferred to have their buildings isolated in a sea of coarse gravel.
An estimated 60,000 persons attended the dedication of the Catholic church on August 5, 1960 on the occasion of a meeting of the Eucharistic World Congress. At that time, the Dachau camp had not yet been totally converted into a Memorial Site and the 34 wooden barracks buildings on either side of the main camp road in front of the church were still standing.
The barracks were occupied by German refugees, who had been expelled from their homes in the Sudetenland in what is now the Czech Republic after the war. At the opening ceremony, the crowd filled the wide camp road, which is a quarter of a mile long and extends to the roll-call square at the south end of the camp, where the International Monument was dedicated 8 years later.
The outside of the church does not have the usual Christian cross on top, but instead is adorned with a Crown of Thorns, made of twisted iron bars, as shown in the first photograph below. There is, however, a Christian cross on top of the bell tower donated by the Austrian survivors of Dachau, which stands on the west side of the church, shown in the second photograph below. Professor Josef Wiedemann, who designed the church, also designed the bell tower, which was consecrated on July 22, 1961. The inscription reads "In faithful memory of our dead comrades of all nations, dedicated by the Dachau priests and laymen from Austria."
The story of the Elibank Castle reads like a ripping yarn. She was one of the earliest vessels built in the Great Lakes Area of NSW.
This image, obtained from recent satellite imagery, shows the location of Banyetta Point where the massacre of crew members on the first voyage of the Elibank Castle to the Solomon Islands in 1884/5.
To fully present the astounding events surrounding this vessel a report is presented for each of three periods in her short life:
- grounding in New Zealand in 1875
- first trip to the Pacific Islands in 1884
- final trip to the Islands in 1885
Section 1 deals specifically with her movement to New Zealand and subsequent grounding. Section 1
Section 2 deals with her first visit to the Pacific Islands in late 1884 and the murder of 5 crew members, including the captain.
Section 3 deals with her second and final visit to the Pacific Islands in 1885 when all but two of the crew were murdered - the survivors sailed the ship to New Guinea and were forced to abandon her and take to the long boat. Only one man survived and he turned up in Cooktown; seven months after the massacre in the Solomon Islands. Section 3
Details
Name: Elibank Castle
Type: Topsail Schooner – two masts
Official Number: ON 71811
Registered Sydney 3/1875
Length: 80 ft
Breadth: 18.5 ft
Depth: 6.85 ft
Registered net tonnage: 69.62 tons
Builders: William Peat and Donald Cameron
Location: Coolongolook, NSW.
Launched: September 1874 (no specific record)
Owners:
1875 – 1877 James Mathew Banks (NZ)
Registered in Wellington, New Zealand (2/1875)
Stranded Ninety Mile Beach; Recovered
Registered in Wellington New Zealand (10/1875)
1877 – 1879 George Parkman Austing (NZ)
Registered Dunedin, New Zealand (17/1877)
1879 – 1880 James Anderson (NZ)
1880 – 1884 Keith Ramsay, John Graham & James Anderson (NZ)
1884 - Capt. Augustus Otto Wilhelm Routch
Registered in Sydney 114/1884
Early Life
The Elibank Castle was built by William Peat and Donald Cameron on the banks of the Coolongolook River at Coolongolook. No details of her launch have been found but a report from 7th September 1874 indicated that launching was imminent.
"Peat and Cameron's vessel now building at the Coolongolook is nearly ready for launching. She is a pretty model and right well put together with well seasoned timber, and bids fair to prove a first class little craft to brave the dangers of the coast. September 7, 1874." The Maitland Mercury - 19 September 1874.
SECTION 2 - FIRST TRIP TO PACIFIC ISLANDS - 1884/5
Events on Bentley Island - 1884
Following the purchase of the Elibank Castle in October 1884 she was registered (Sydney 114/1884) and set sail from Brisbane for the Pacific Islands on 6th November under the control of Captain Howie. Her first port of call was the Louisiade Group of Islands off the Eastern tip of the mainland of what was then British East New Guinea (now part of the Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea). She reached Teste Island (also known as Wari Island) and then travelled on to Bentley Island (also known as Anagusa or Angusa Island) where the ship’s owner (Otto Routch) planned to establish a copra station. Two members of the crew William Reid and John McCord were left on Bentley island while the Eilbank Castle continued to Goodwin Island and then on the Bayetta on Rendova Island.
While on Bentley, William Reid was murdered on 23rd December 1884. John McCord wrote from Teste Island as follows “I regret to state that my mate William Reid was killed on 23rd December by natives on one of the Engineer Group. I have every reason to believe from the statements of the natives that a Chinaman named Ah Sing, camped on that island beche-de-mer fishing, either instigated the murder or is chargeable with complicity in the crime. Reid was, at any rate, shot with his (the Chinaman's) rifle. Being ill with fever I did not consider it safe to stop at Bentley Island by myself, therefore went to Teste Island, where I am at present stopping with the missionary”. The note was written to Mr. J.C. Baird and delivered by the master of the ketch Wild Duck when she docked at Cooktown on a voyage from New Guinea. The Queenslander - 31 January 1885
Events on Renova Island in the Solomons - 1885
Despite the death of Reid, the Elibank Castle continued her journey to Banyetta on Rendova Island in the British Solomon Islands. On Tuesday February 3rd, just a few days after the news of Reid’s death was received, the Elibank Castle arrived at Double Island flying distress flags that were reported by the steamer Port of Melbourne. The customs authorities at Port Douglas dispatched the tug Dingo and escorted her into port. Henry Charles Banks, the chief mate, brought the news of terrible events at Point Banyetta. He reported that the Captain - James Howie; Able Seaman - Carl Johann; and three kanakas (Ki-haah, Pine-ee, and My-le-Sah) were brutally murdered on the 15th January by the natives off Point Banyetta, of the Solomon group, while attempting to land. “On the boat getting towards the beach they were attacked by a number of the savages; there were probably over 60 in number. The murder was witnessed by those on board the vessel at anchor, and was committed with tomahawks, spears, and other weapons. Some of the natives, upon the boat nearing the shore, rushed suddenly into the water up to their waists and made for the boat. The captain had no suspicions that the natives were hostile, as he gave instructions before leaving the schooner that he would return during half an hour. The natives pulled the bodies out of the water and carried them ashore, together with the boat with the oars and articles of trading. The natives were accompanied by a large number of dogs, who were licking the blood of the victims. The boat was carried inland and ultimately disappeared. The mate says he fired two shots from the schooner with a rifle, to which no response was made. At about 10 a.m., however, there were rifle shots fired at the vessel, which passed over our heads and around the men on board. At about 11 a.m. George Palmer, the cook, went aft with a rifle and ammunition to keep up a continual fire until we got the canvas set.
We knocked out the shackle of the 45th fathom of the anchor cable, so as to be all ready for slipping. Whilst the hands were loosing the topsail a bullet severed the starboard clew, while another passed through the bunt of the sail. The shots were fired by the natives under cover of the bush. A consultation was held to consider the best means of saving the lives of the men and property on the schooner, and it was decided to slip the cable, but the vessel twice canted towards the shore. A squall fortunately came up, which favoured our getting away from the shore, when we slipped the cable and got away in the mist. It was thought to be the most prudent to proceed to Sydney direct. Being without anchor cables we put into Cairns Roads [Double Island], but the winds being exceedingly boisterous and heading, and our canvas being very dilapidated we were compelled to come on to Port Douglas".
LATEST BY WIRE - PORT DOUGLAS, February 3. - Cairns Post 5 February 1885
Inquiry into events on Rendova Island
An inquiry was subsequently held on the events at Banyetta Point (current name) and reported as follows:
"MURDERS AT THE SOLOMON ISLANDS.
On the 4th instant we published a telegram from Port Douglas announcing the arrival at that place of the schooner Elibank Castle, in charge of the mate, Henry C. Banks, who reported the murder of the captain and four hands at Point Benyetta, Solomon Islands. Pursuant to instructions from the Colonial Secretary, the police-magistrate at Port Douglas (Major Fanning) has since held an inquiry into the matter, and has forwarded to the Under Colonial Secretary the depositions, which have been kindly placed at our disposal.
Henry Charles Banks, the chief mate of the Elibank Castle, which was on a trading voyage to the South Seas when the outrage was committed, deposed: We left Brisbane on Thursday, the 6th November, 1884, the Solomon Group being the last islands we touched at; the name of the last island, at which the murders occurred, is Benyetta; on the morning of 15th January the captain, James Howie, Carl Johann, able seaman, and three kanakas went on shore to trade for copra and tortoise shell; immediately on boat getting towards the beach she was attacked by a multitude of savages numbering, as far as we could guess from the vessel, over sixty, witnessed from vessel with glasses by me and the crew, the attacking party of natives using tomahawks, spears &c., some of them being up to their middle in the water; the captain, when going on shore, said that he would be back in half-an-hour, and we saw two natives; I did not see, myself, the two natives pulling a dead body out of the water; l and the rest of the crew saw natives carrying the boats, oars, lengths of calico, &c., along the beach; the boat disappeared, and I never saw it again; I fired two shots towards shore with a Snider rifle to see if any of the crew were alive, that is those that went ashore; about 10 o'clock a.m. the natives kept firing at us from the bush, the bullets coming in all directions among us, over our heads and between us; at about 11 o'clock a.m. I sent the cook, George Palmer, aft with rifle and ammunition, to keep up a continual fire, which he did, whilst we got canvas on the vessel and pulled up chain from below, and knocked out forty-five fathom shackle-pin, all ready for shipping; whilst a kanaka was loosening topsails one bullet severed starboard clew, another went through bunt alongside of him; at noon we looked everywhere from the vessel with glasses, and could see no-one, the natives being all concealed in the bush; after due deliberation and consultation to save our lives, the vessel and property, we unanimously decided to slip our cable, the last shift for our lives; the vessel canted in shore twice; at last a heavy squall coming away, favoured us; we slipped our anchor and cable, and got away in the mist; after the mist cleared away, I took glasses, but could see no one; we then held a consultation - by we, I mean myself and the crew - and decided that it would be most prudent to proceed to Sydney and do our best to get the vessel there; set all canvas, and proceeded; the following are the names of the murdered boat's crew which left the ship for the island - Captain James Howie, Carl Johann, able seaman; and three kanakas, named Ki-haah, Pine-ee, and My-le-Sah; all the names appear on the ship's articles; I saw the boat attacked immediately it arrived on shore; the ship was about 600 yards from the beach, and from what I saw I have every reason to believe that the persons enumerated previously were foully murdered; I have nothing more to say with regard to this matter, excepting that the reason I could not arrive at Sydney was because I was so very short-handed; there being only one man upon whom I could depend, I had to make for the first port - namely, Cairns. I arrived at Double Island, and anchored there. When at that place the harbour-master rescued me, and brought the ship to this port ; Double Island is about half- way between this port and Cairns; the captain and Carl Johann were both armed with revolvers when they started for shore, but from the sudden attack were unable to use them, as I did not hear any shots; to my knowledge the captain and other members were perfectly sober; the trade was solely confined to copra, beche-de-mer, tortoiseshell, and anything of that kind, there was no recruiting for labour; I can form no opinion as to the reason why the natives made this wanton attack, as I never visited any of these islands before ; I believe the captain had been at this island before; at the other islands in the Solomon Group which we visited we were received well by the natives ; when the captain left the vessel he did not ex- press any fear of danger; we remained at anchor exactly four hours after the boat was attacked ; the ship was well provided with arms, ammunition, and every other department; we had no arms for traffic; there were six Snider rifles and six revolvers only on board; I saw the captain and boat's crew land ; there were about sixty or seventy natives close by with spears, tomahawks, and shields; the captain had no time to trade, as directly the boat touched the beach they were attacked by the natives; as far as I know, the captain gave no provocation to the natives.
David Brown, boatswain, gave corroborative evidence, and added that the captain had bought some ground while at Bentley Island, that the captain and crew who were murdered had previously been ashore on the morning on which the outrage was committed, and that natives had been off to the vessel to trade, but that nothing had occurred likely to lead to any disturbance.
George Palmer, cook, in the course of his evidence, deposed; I saw the natives with their spears and axes, up to their waists in the water, chopping at what I look to be the kanaka making for the ship; I then went for'ard and told David Brown that the boat was attacked, when he came up all we could see was the natives running away with the calico and other trade; I looked through the glasses again and saw the natives dragging the dead body of a white man out of the water on to the beach; I could see the man was dead from the appearance of the body, which was only about 250 yards away; David Brown called the mate, who, on coming up, saw at once what was wrong, and the only thing that could be seen on the beach was the dogs tearing away at something which we could not distinguish; I then called Thomas Hogan, who was in his bunk asleep; he came up; the mate, Mr. Banks, fired two shots towards the shore, but got no reply ; we then decided to wait till 12 o'clock, to see if any of the men would turn up; we were all standing aft, and the natives commenced firing; none of us were armed; they continued firing for about three-quarters of an hour; two bullets went through the topsails, and one was found on the deck; I then got a rifle, and fired in the direction from which the natives were firing; I was standing on the starboard quarter; from what I saw I have no doubt whatever that the captain, Charlie [Carl], and three kanakas were murdered; I did not hear any firing from the captain and his party when they reached the shore; the cable was slipped at 12 o'clock, and we reached Double Island Point about the beginning of this month; the natives' object, I believe, in attacking the boat was to take the trade, and afterwards the vessel; we were not engaged in the labour traffic; the three natives who brought the copra off to the vessel were quite contented with the trade given in exchange; I gave the captain and Charlie the revolvers on the second trip; the captain did not express that there was likely to be any difficulty on shore.
Augustus O. W. Routch, owner of the schooner Elibank Castle, stated that the vessel had been licensed by the Governor of New South Wales to trade in the South Sea Islands, and was registered in that colony.
While the accounts vary slightly, it is quite clear that the stated intent of the voyage was not to recruit for the labour trade and the vessel was not licensed to engage in the labour trade. There is little doubt, however, that the hostile response at Banyetta was a reaction against previous labour recruiters and their actions. This first voyage of the Elibank Castle to the Pacific Islands resulted in the murder of a total of six people and it was a great surprise to many that a second voyage was undertaken in 1885.
Image Source
iTouch Map -Banyetta Point on Rendova island, Solomon Islands
Acknowledgements: The assistance of Mori Flapan (Mori Flapan boatregister) by providing access to his extensive database is greatly appreciated.
All Images in this photostream are Copyright - Great Lakes Manning River Shipping and/or their individual owners as may be stated above and may not be downloaded, reproduced, or used in any way without prior written approval.
GREAT LAKES MANNING RIVER SHIPPING, NSW - Flick Group --> Alphabetical Boat Index --> Boat builders Index --> Tags List
The vehicle's unusual shape and proportions made this a more interesting build than some of the others I've built recently, which to some extent were variations on a theme. In terms of construction the Kill Bill pickup truck, for instance, wasn't all that different from other pickup trucks I;e built over the years and similarly, the Lincoln Continental was very similar to other full-size American cars. I;ve never built a car quite like this one, however.
this guy seems like a douche! I see nothing wrong with these dolls and mga needs to stop cuz these dolls may look similar, but very different. what do you think?
Mingle Media TV's Red Carpet Report team came out once again to cover the inspiring 2013 Angel Awards honoring philanthropic community leaders who help community-based charities like Project Angel Food. This year Jane Lynch of Glee and chef Giada De Laurentiis of the Food Network will receive recognition for their support. Founder Marianne Williamson presented Jane her award while Bryce Dallas Howard presented Giada her award.
About Project Angel Food
Founded in 1989 by Marianne Williamson, next year will mark Project Angel Food’s 25thanniversary. The first Angel Awards was held in 1995 in Project Angel Food’s kitchen at its former Sunset Boulevard location. Since then Project Angel Food has become known for hosting Angel Awards al fresco in its “backyard.”
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Project Angel Food's mission is to nourish the body and spirit of men, women and children affected by HIV/AIDS, Cancer and other life-threatening illnesses. Volunteers and staff cook and deliver free and nutritious meals prepared with love throughout Los Angeles County, acting out of a sense of urgency because hunger and illness do not wait. www.angelfood.org
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The signalman looks on through an open window as 7X10 Banbury - Derby passing Coalville; the 20s were expected to be tailing but an extra turn around at Burton meant they were leading. At least that meant the train could be heard coming some way off. The red brick building just to the right of the line is the old shed, now converted into industrial units.
Wildlife report, small heath butterfly in the adventure park.
Richard Hames Younghusband was born on 12th. August 1908.
In 1938 he was a Flight Lieutenant in the Royal Air Force Reserve supposedly attached to 501 Squadron at RAF Filton flying Hawker Hinds but he is not recorded in the squadrons ORB for that time.
Throughout its existence, RAF Filton shared the airfield with the Bristol Aeroplane Company and it appears that Richard was flying for Bristol.
On 25th. August 1938 at 0900 hr Richard took off from Filton flying an aircraft that was very likely a Hawker PV. 4 to test a Bristol engine. The aircraft was reported by eyewitnesses to be suffering engine trouble and it crashed shortly after into a small wood at Dursley, Gloucestershire. The aircraft had hit a tree and was totally wrecked. Richard was removed from the aircraft and carried on piece of farm fencing as a makeshift stretcher to an ambulance. In Gloucester hospital it was found that he had a fractured skull and thigh and internal injuries. He would also lose a leg. He left hospital in March 1939, seven months after his accident.
During the 2nd. World War Richard was flying for the Air Transport Auxiliary (ATA) ferrying aircraft from factories and maintenance units to RAF airfields.
By 1953 Richard was flying from RAF Langham, near Holt, Norfolk, an airfield that was administered by Marshalls of Cambridge as part of their Flying School.
On the 32rd. July 1953 fly as a civilian pilot in Spitfire LF. XVI, TB 747 for No.2 Civil Anti-aircraft Cooperation Unit, Richard died, he never recovered from a drive and hit the ground. He was 45 years old.
The Langham Dome museum on the former grounds of RAF Langham was gifted a replica Spitfire, made by GB Replicas, that was surplus to the requirements of the RAF Museum at Hendon in London.
The Spitfire was installed at Langham on 20th. August 2020.
It stands in commemoration of Flt. Lt. Richard Hames Younghusband.
I don't remember ever seeing this at Cannon Beach in all my years visiting. They had reconfigured the dunes and then replanted them with grass. The dunes here are not large but in some areas they'd really carved them out. In this area they'd created little bunkers in some spots and then planted the grass in rows. In quiring minds want to know....
The Kruger National Park is a living memorial to President Paul Kruger and those who have upheld his vision of a protected wilderness reserve which will forever remind us of that which we are so dangerously close to loosing.
Located in the Southern Hemisphere, the Kruger Park has its share of rain and hot weather. During the summer months (September-April), the Park experiences sporadic rainfall in the form of quick thunder showers. April through August represent the winter months in Southern Africa which in turn means very little rain.
As far as rainfall is concerned, the southern region receives the largest amount of rainfall while the central plains receive the least.
The temperatures average from 30 C (86 F) in January (summer) to 23 C (73 F) in July (winter). Please be aware that the maximum temperature can reach 47 C (117 F) (January) and 35 C (95 F) (July).
PÉTITION pour l'ouverture d'une enquête internationale sur les ATTENTATS DU 11 SEPTEMBRE 2001
Le Mythe et la Réalité VO st Fr - Pr David Ray Griffin VIDEO
LIENS
Pentagone le 11/9/2001 : la fraude !
GUERRE ET TERRORISME - Du World Trade Center au Liban et au-delà
Médias Mensonges Désinformation
Un autre regard sur le 11 septembre
11 Septembre 2001 - Que s'est-il réellement passé?
Le 11 Septembre était-il une opération secrète étasunienne ?
...
"Le rapport de la « commission d’enquête » présidentielle passé au crible
115 mensonges sur les attentats du 11 septembre
par David Ray Griffin*
Il n’existe toujours pas de version officielle des attentats du 11 septembre 2001. Aucune enquête judiciaire n’a été ouverte sur les attentats eux-mêmes, ni d’enquête parlementaire d’ailleurs. Tout au plus dispose-t-on d’une version gouvernementale explicitée par un rapport rendu par une commission présidentielle. Le professeur David Ray Griffin, qui a consacré un ouvrage de référence à l’étude de ce rapport, y a relevé 115 mensonges dont il dresse ici la liste.
Pour chaque mensonge, on se réfèrera aux analyses du professeur David Ray Griffin dans son ouvrage Omissions et manipulations de la Commission d’enquête. Les chiffres entre parenthèse renvoient aux pages du livre dans son édition originale états-unienne.
1. L’omission de la preuve qu’au moins six des pirates de l’air présumés (dont Waleed al- Shehri, que la Commission accuse d’avoir poignardé une hôtesse de l’air du vol UA11 avant que celui-ci s’écrase sur la tour Nord du World Trade Center) sont toujours vivants (19-20).
2. L’omission des preuves concernant Mohamed Atta (comme son penchant signalé pour l’alcool, le porc et les danses érotiques privées – lap dances – ) sont en contradiction avec les affirmations de la Commission selon lesquelles il était devenu un fanatique religieux (20-21).
3. La confusion volontairement créée autour des preuves que Hani Hanjour était un pilote trop incompétent pour amener un avion de ligne à s’écraser sur le Pentagone (21-22).
4. L’omission du fait que les listes des passagers (flight manifests) rendues publiques ne contenaient aucun nom d’Arabe (23).
5. L’omission du fait qu’un incendie n’a jamais causé l’effondrement total d’un bâtiment à structure d’acier, ni avant ni après le 11 Septembre (25).
6. L’omission du fait que les incendies des Tours Jumelles n’étaient ni extrêmement étendus, ni particulièrement intenses, ni même très longs en comparaison avec d’autres incendies dans des gratte-ciels (de structures) similaires, qui eux ne se sont jamais écroulés (25-26).
7. L’omission du fait qu’étant donné l’hypothèse que les effondrements aurait été provoqués par l’incendie, la Tour Sud, touchée plus tard que la Tour Nord et en proie à des flammes de moindre intensité, n’aurait pas dû s’effondrer la première (26).
8. L’omission du fait que le bâtiment n°7 du WTC (qui n’a pas été touché par un avion et qui ne fut le théâtre que de petits incendies localisés) s’est aussi écroulé, un événement que l’Agence Fédérale pour le Traitement des Situations d’Urgence (FEMA) a reconnu ne pouvoir expliquer (26).
9. L’omission du fait que l’effondrement des Tours Jumelles (et du bâtiment n°7) présente au moins 10 caractéristiques d’une démolition contrôlée (26-27).
10. L’assertion que le coeur de la structure de chacune des Tours Jumelles était « un puits d’acier vide », une affirmation qui nie la présence de 47 massives colonnes d’acier qui constituaient en réalité le coeur de chaque tour et qui, selon la théorie de « l’empilement des étages » (the « pancake theory ») explicative des effondrements, aurait dû restées dressées vers le ciel sur de nombreuses dizaines de mètres (27-28).
11. L’omission de la déclaration de Larry Silverstein [le propriétaire du WTC] selon laquelle il décida, en accord avec les pompiers, de « démolir » (to « pull », argot technique) le bâtiment n°7 (28).
12. L’omission du fait que l’acier des bâtiments du WTC fut rapidement déblayé de la scène du crime et embarqué sur des navires à destination de l’étranger AVANT qu’il puisse être analysé pour y déceler des traces d’explosifs (30).
13. L’omission du fait que le bâtiment n°7 ayant été évacué avant son effondrement, la raison officielle invoquée pour le déblaiement rapide de l’acier [sur ce site] (que certaines personnes puissent être encore vivantes sous les décombres) ne faisait aucun sens dans ce cas précis (30).
14. L’omission de la déclaration du maire R. Giuliani selon laquelle il avait été prévenu que le WTC allait s’effondrer (30-31).
15. L’omission du fait que Marvin Bush, le frère du Président, et son cousin Wirt Walker III étaient tous les deux directeurs de la société chargée de la sécurité du WTC (31-32).
16. L’omission du fait que l’aile Ouest du Pentagone [celle effectivement touchée] était la moins susceptible d’être prise pour cible par des terroristes de al-Qaida, pour plusieurs raisons (33- 34).
17. L’omission de toute discussion pour établir si les dommages sur le Pentagone étaient compatibles avec l’impact d’un Boeing 757 se déplaçant à plusieurs centaines de kilomètres/heure (34).
18. L’omission du fait qu’il existe des photos montrant que la façade de l’aile Ouest ne s’est effondrée que 30 minutes après la frappe, et aussi que le trou d’entrée apparaît bien trop petit pour un Boeing 757 (34).
19. L’omission de tout témoignage contradictoire au sujet de la présence ou de l’absence de débris visibles d’un Boeing 757 que ce soit à l’intérieur ou à l’extérieur du Pentagone (34-36).
20. L’absence de toute discussion pour établir si le Pentagone disposait d’un système de défense anti-missile capable d’abattre un avion de ligne commercial, bien que la Commission suggéra que les terroristes d’al-Qaida n’attaquèrent pas une centrale nucléaire parce qu’ils assumaient qu’elle serait ainsi défendue (36).
21. L’omission du fait que les images de différentes caméras de surveillance (y compris celles de la station service en face du Pentagone, dont le film fut confisqué par le FBI immédiatement après la frappe) pourraient sans doute donner une réponse à ce qui a réellement percuté le Pentagone (37-38).
22. L’omission de la référence du Ministre de la Défense D. Rumsfeld à « un missile [utilisé] pour endommager [le Pentagone] » (39).
23. L’approbation apparente de la réponse totalement insatisfaisante à la question de savoir pourquoi les agents des Services Secrets permirent au Président Bush de rester dans l’école de Sarasota à un moment où, selon la version officielle, ils auraient dû assumer qu’un avion détourné aurait pu prendre l’école pour cible (41-44).
24. L’échec à expliciter pourquoi les Services Secrets n’ont pas demandé la protection de chasseurs pour [l’avion présidentiel] Air Force One (43-46).
25. Les affirmations selon lesquelles lorsque le cortège présidentiel arriva à l’école [de Sarasota], personne dans l’assistance ne savait que plusieurs avions avaient été détournés (47-48).
26. L’omission du rapport selon lequel le Ministre de la Justice John Ashcroft fut averti d’arrêter de prendre des lignes aériennes commerciales avant le 11 Septembre (50).
27. L’omission de l’affirmation de David Schippers qu’il avait, sur la base d’informations fournies par des agents du FBI à propos d’attaques prévues dans le Sud de Manhattan, tenté en vain de transmettre cette information au Ministre de la Justice John Ashcroft pendant les 6 semaines précédant le 11 Septembre (51).
28. L’omission de toute mention que des agents du FBI auraient affirmé avoir eu connaissance des cibles et des dates des attaques [terroristes] longtemps à l’avance (51-52).
29. L’affirmation, par une réfutation circulaire qui présume la question résolue, que le volume inhabituel des achats d’options à la baisse avant le 11 Septembre n’impliquait pas que les acheteurs savaient à l’avance que les attaques se produiraient. (52-57)
30. L’omission des rapports selon lesquels le maire [de San Francisco] Willie Brown et certains responsables du Pentagone reçurent des mises en garde sur le fait de prendre l’avion le 11 Septembre (57).
31. L’omission du rapport selon lequel Oussama ben Laden, qui était déjà le criminel le plus recherché des États-Unis, fut traité en juillet 2001 par un docteur américain à l’hôpital américain de Dubai et y reçu la visite de l’agent local de la CIA (59).
32. L’omission des articles suggérant qu’après le 11 Septembre, l’armée américaine laissa délibérément Oussama ben Laden s’échapper (60).
33. L’omission de rapports, incluant celui sur la
visite par le chef des services de renseignements saoudiens à Oussama ben Laden à l’hôpital de Dubai, qui sont en contradiction avec la version officielle selon laquelle Oussama fut renié par sa famille et son pays (60-61).
34. L’omission du compte-rendu de Gerald Posner sur le témoignage de Abu Zubaydah, selon lequel trois membres de la famille royale saoudienne (qui périrent tous mystérieusement à huit jours d’intervalle) finançaient al-Qaida et avaient une connaissance anticipée des attaques du 11 Septembre (61-65).
35. Le démenti par la Commission d’avoir trouvé une preuve du financement d’al-Qaida par les Saoudiens (65-68).
36. Le démenti par la Commission d’avoir trouvé une preuve que de l’argent de la femme du Prince Bandar, la Princesse Haifa, alla à des agents d’al-Qaida (69-70).
37. Le démenti, en ignorant tout simplement la distinction entre vols privés et vols commerciaux, que le vol privé transportant des Saoudiens de Tampa à Lexington le 13 Septembre violait les règlements de l’espace aérien en vigueur à cette date (71-76).
38. Le démenti que des Saoudiens furent autorisés à quitter le territoire des États-Unis peu de temps après le 11 Septembre sans avoir été l’objet d’une enquête appropriée (76-82).
39. L’omission de la preuve que le Prince Bandar obtint une autorisation spéciale de la Maison-Blanche pour les vols des Saoudiens (82-86).
40. L’omission de l’affirmation de Coleen Rowley que des responsables au Q.-G. du FBI avait vu le mémo de Phoenix de l’agent Kenneth Williams (89-90).
41. L’omission du fait que l’agent du FBI à Chicago Robert Wright affirme que le Q.-G. du FBI referma son enquête sur une cellule terroriste, puis tenta de l’intimider pour l’empêcher de publier un livre relatant expériences (91).
42. L’omission de la preuve que le Q.-G. du FBI sabota la tentative de Coleen Rowley et d’autres agents [du FBI] de Minneapolis pour obtenir un mandat pour rechercher l’ordinateur de Zacarias Moussaoui (91-94).
43. L’omission des trois heures trente de déposition devant la Commission par Sibel Edmonds, ancienne traductrice au FBI, déposition qui selon une lettre rendue publique par elle et adressée au Président [de la Commission] Kean, révélait de sérieuses dissimulations de la part de responsables du FBI, en relation avec le 11 Septembre, et ce au Quartier Général même du FBI (94-101).
44. L’omission du fait que le Général Mahmoud Ahmad, le Chef de l’ISI [les Services de Renseignement Pakistanais], se trouvait à Washington une semaine avant le 11 Septembre, et rencontra le Directeur de la CIA George Tenet ainsi que d’autres haut-responsables étasuniens (103-04).
45. L’omission de la preuve que Ahmad, le Chef de l’ISI [les Services de Renseignement Pakistanais] avait ordonné l’envoi de $100,000 à Mohamed Atta avant le 11 Septembre (104- 07).
46. L’affirmation de la Commission qu’elle ne trouva aucune preuve qu’un seul gouvernement étranger, y compris le Pakistan, avait financé des agents d’al-Qaida (106).
47. L’omission du rapport selon lequel l’Administration Bush fit pression sur le Pakistan pour limoger Ahmad de son poste de Chef de l’ISI après la divulgation de l’information selon laquelle il avait ordonné l’envoi d’argent de l’ISI à Mohamed Atta (107-09).
48. L’omission de la preuve que l’ISI (et pas seulement al-Qaida) était derrière l’assassinat de Ahmad Shah Massoud (le commandant de l’Alliance du Nord en Afghanistan), qui se produisit juste après une rencontre qui dura une semaine entre des responsables de la CIA et de l’ISI (110-112).
49. L’omission de la preuve que l’ISI est impliqué dans l’enlèvement et le meurtre de Daniel Pearl, journaliste au Wall Street Journal (113).
50. L’omission du rapport de Gerald Posner selon lequel Abu Zubaydah affirma qu’un officier militaire pakistanais, Mushaf Ali Mir, ayant des liens étroits avec l’ISI et al-Qaida avait une connaissance anticipée des attaques du 11 Septembre (114).
51. L’omission de la prédiction faite en 1999 par Rajaa Gulum Abbas, un agent de l’ISI, que les Tours Jumelles « s’effondreraient » (114).
52. L’omission du fait que le Président Bush et d’autres membres de son Administration évoquèrent à plusieurs reprises les attaques du
11 Septembre comme des « opportunités » (116-17).
53. L’omission du fait que le Projet pour le Nouveau Siècle Américain (« The Project for the New American Century »), dont de nombreux membres devinrent des figures clés de l’Administration Bush, publia un document en 2000 disant qu’un « nouveau Pearl Harbour » aiderait à l’obtention de fonds pour une transformation technologique rapide de l’appareil militaire américain (117-18).
54. L’omission du fait que Donald Rumsfeld, qui était le président de la commission de l’US Space Command et avait recommandé l’accroissement du budget alloué, utilisa les attaques du 11 Septembre le soir même pour s’assurer de tels crédits (119-22).
55. Le fait de ne pas mentionner que les trois hommes responsables de l’échec à prévenir les attaques du 11 Septembre (le Ministre Rumsfeld, le Général Richard Myers, et le Général Ralph Eberhart) étaient également les trois principaux promoteurs de l’US Space Command (122).
56. L’omission du fait que Unocal avait déclaré que les Talibans ne pouvaient pas garantir une sécurité adéquate pour commencer la construction de ses pipelines (de pétrole et de gaz) depuis le bassin Caspien au travers de l’Afghanistan et du Pakistan (122-25).
57. L’omission du rapport selon lequel des représentants des États-Unis dirent à l’occasion d’une rencontre en juillet 2001 que, parce que les Talibans refusaient leur proposition de développer la construction d’un oléoduc, une guerre contre eux commenceraient en octobre (125-26).
58. L’omission du fait que dans son livre publié en 1997 Zbigniew Brzezinski avait écrit que pour que les États-Unis maintiennent leur primauté globale, ils avaient besoin du contrôle de l’Asie Centrale, avec ses vastes réserves de pétrole, et qu’un nouveau Pearl Harbour serait utile pour obtenir l’adhésion de l’opinion publique américaine à ces visées impériales (127-28).
59. L’omission du fait que des membres clés de l’Administration Bush, dont Donald Rumsfeld et son délégué Paul Wolfowitz, s’étaient démenés en faveur d’une nouvelle guerre contre l’Irak pendant de nombreuses années (129-33).
60. L’omission des notes des conversations de Donald Rumsfeld le 11 Septembre qui montrent qu’il était déterminé à utiliser les attaques comme un prétexte pour une guerre contre l’Irak (131-32).
61. L’omission de la déclaration contenue dans le Projet pour un Nouveau Siècle Américain que « le besoin pour une présence américaine forte dans le Golfe dépasse le sujet du régime de Saddam Hussein » (133-34).
62. L’affirmation que le protocole de la FAA (Federal Aviation Agency) au sujet du 11 Septembre requérait le long processus de passer par plusieurs étapes dans la chaîne de commandement, même si le Rapport Officiel [de la Commission] cite des preuves du contraire (158).
63. L’affirmation que ces jours-là, seules deux bases de l’US Air Force dans le secteur Nord- Est du NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense Command pour Centre de Commandement de la Défense de l’Aérospatial de l’Amérique du Nord) conservaient des chasseurs en alerte et qu’en particulier il n’y avait pas d’avions de combat en alerte à McGuire ou à Andrews (159-162).
64. L’omission du fait que la base Andrews de l’US Air Force convervait plusieurs avions de chasse en alerte de façon permanente (162-64).
65. L’acceptation de la double affirmation que le Colonel Marr du NEADS (North East Air Defense Sector) devait téléphoner à un supérieur pour obtenir la permission d’envoyer des chasseurs depuis [la base] d’Otis et que cet appel nécessita huit minutes (165-66).
66. L’approbation de l’affirmation que la perte du signal du transpondeur d’un avion rend virtuellement impossible sa localisation par for par les radars de l’armée américaine (166- 67).
67. L’affirmation que l’interception de Stewart Payne n’a pas montré que le temps de réponse du NORAD au vol AA11 fut extraordinairement lent (167-69).
68. L’affirmation que les chasseurs de la base d’Otis restèrent cloués au sol sept minutes après qu’ils en eurent reçu l’ordre parce qu’ils ne savaient pas où aller (174-75).
69. L’affirmation que l’armée américaine n’était pas informée du détournement du vol UA175 avant 9h03, moment exact où il percutait la tour Sud du WTC (181-82).
70. L’omission de toute explication sur (a) la raison pour laquelle un rapport antérieur du NORAD, selon lequel la FAA avait notifiée les militaires du détournement du vol UA175 à 8h43, était maintenant considéré comme faux et (b) comment ce rapport, s’il était faux, a pu être publié et ensuite laissé non corrigé pendant près de trois ans (182).
71. L’affirmation que la FAA n’a installé de téléconférence qu’à partir de 9h20 ce matin-là (183).
72. L’omission du fait qu’un mémo de Laura Brown de la FAA affirme que la téléconférence fut établie à environ 8h50 et qu’elle porta notamment sur le détournement du vol UA175 (183-84, 186).
73. L’affirmation que la téléconférence de la NMCC, (le Centre National de Commandement Militaire ou National Military Command Center) ne débuta pas avant 9h29 (186-88).
74. L’omission, dans l’affirmation de la Commission que le vol AA77 n’a pas dévié de sa course avant 8h54, du fait que des rapports précédents avaient annoncé 8h46 (189-90). 75. L’échec à mentionner que l’annonce du crash d’un jet dans le Kentucky, à peu près au moment où le vol AA77 disparaissait du radar de la FAA, fut prise suffisamment au sérieux par les responsables de la FAA et de l’unité du contre-terrorisme du FBI pour être relayée à la Maison-Blanche (190).
76. L’affirmation que le vol AA77 vola près de 40 minutes dans l’espace aérien américain en direction de Washington sans être détecté par les radars des militaires (191-92).
77. L’échec à expliquer, si le précédent rapport du NORAD selon lequel il fut notifié du vol AA77 à 9h24 était « incorrect », comment ce rapport erroné a pu voir le jour, c’est-à-dire, de savoir si les responsables du NORAD ont menti ou furent « embrouillés » pendant près de trois ans (192-93).
78. L’affirmation que les avions de combats de Langley, dont le NORAD avait tout d’abord dit qu’ils furent dépêchés pour intercepter le vol AA77, furent réellement déployés en réponse à un rapport erroné de la part d’un contrôleur (non-identifié) de la FAA à 9h21 que le vol AA11 était toujours en l’air et se dirigeait vers Washington (193-99).
79. L’affirmation que les militaires ne furent pas
contactés par la FAA à propos du probable détournement du vol AA77 avant que le Pentagone soit touché (204-12).
80. L’affirmation que Jane Garvey ne s’est pas jointe à la vidéoconférence de Richard Clarke avant 9h40, c’est-à-dire après que le Pentagone soit percuté (210).
81. L’affirmation qu’aucune des téléconférences ne parvint à coordonner la FAA et les réponses des militaires aux détournements parce « qu’aucune [d’elles] incluait les bons responsables au sein de la FAA et du Ministère de la Défense », bien que Richard Clarke dise que sa vidéoconférence incluait la Directrice de la FAA Jane Garvey comme le Ministre de la Défense Rumsfeld et le Général Richard Myers, le Chef des Forces Armées par intérim (211).
82. L’affirmation de la Commission qu’elle ne savait pas qui, au sein du Ministère de la Défense, participa à la vidéoconférence avec Richard Clarke alors que Clarke affirme dans son livre qu’il s’agissait de Donald Rumsfeld et du Général Myers (211-212). 83. L’approbation de l’affirmation du Général Myers qu’il se trouvait sur Capitol Hill pendant les attaques, sans mentionner le compte-rendu contradictoire de Richard Clarke, selon lequel Myers était au Pentagone et participait à la vidéoconférence avec Clarke (213-17).
84. L’échec à mentionner la contradiction entre le témoignage de Clarke au sujet de l’emploi du temps de Rumsfeld ce matin-là et les propres déclarations de Rumsfeld (217-19).
85. L’omission du témoignage du Ministre des Transports Norman Mineta, donné à la Commission elle-même, que le Vice-Président Cheney et les autres [personnes présentes] dans l’abri souterrain étaient avertis à 9h26 qu’un avion s’approchait du Pentagone (220).
86. L’affirmation que les responsables du
Pentagone ne savaient rien d’un avion s’approchant d’eux avant 9h32, 9h34, ou 9h36, et dans tous les cas seulement quelques minutes avant que le bâtiment soit touché (223).
87. L’acceptation de deux versions contradictoires au sujet de l’appareil qui percuta le Pentagone : une qui relate l’exécution d’une spirale à 330 degrés vers le bas (un « piqué à grande vitesse ») et une autre dans laquelle il n’est pas fait mention de cette manoeuvre (222-23).
88. L’affirmation que les avions de chasse de Langley, qui reçurent soit-disant l’ordre de décoller rapidement pour protéger Washington contre le « vol fantôme AA11 » n’étaient nulle part près de Washington parce qu’ils furent envoyés vers l’océan par erreur (223-24).
89. L’omission de toutes les preuves suggérant que ce qui frappa le Pentagone n’était pas le vol AA77 (224-25).
90. L’affirmation que les militaires ne furent pas informés par la FAA du détournement du vol UA93 avant qu’il ne s’écrase (227-29, 232, 253).
91. La double affirmation que le NMCC n’a pas contrôlé la conférence initiée par la FAA et donc fut incapable de connecter la FAA à la téléconférence initiée par le NMCC (230-31).
92. L’omission du fait que les Services Secrets sont capables de savoir tout ce que sait la FAA (233).
93. L’omission de toute enquête sur les raisons pour lesquelles le NMCC lança sa propre téléconférence, si, comme Laura Brown de la FAA l’a dit, cela n’est pas le protocole standard (234).
94. L’omission de toute enquête sur les raisons pour lesquelles le Général Montague Winfield fut non seulement remplacé par un « bleu » (a rookie), le Capitaine Leidig, en tant que Directeur des Opérations du NMCC mais encore l’a laissé au commandement quand il fut clair que le Pentagone était confronté à une crise sans précédent (235-36).
95. L’affirmation que la FAA notifia (de façon erronée) les Services Secrets entre 10h10 et 10h15 que le vol UA93 était encore dans le ciel et se dirigeait vers Washington (237).
96. L’affirmation que le Vice-Président Cheney ne donna l’autorisation de tir qu’après 10h10 (plusieurs minutes après que le vol UA93 se fut écrasé) et que cette autorisation ne fut pas transmise à l’armée US avant 10h31 (237-41).
97. L’omission de toutes les preuves indiquant que le vol UA93 fut abattu par un avion militaire (238-39, 252-53).
98. L’affirmation que [le Tsar du Contre-Terrorisme] Richard Clarke ne reçut la demande d’autorisation de tir qu’à 10h25 (240).
99. L’omission du propre témoignage de Clarke, qui suggère qu’il reçut cette demande d’autorisation de tir vers 9h50 (240).
100. L’affirmation que Cheney ne gagna l’abri souterrain du PEOC [ou CPOU pour Centre Présidentiel d’Opérations d’Urgence]) qu’à 9h58 (241-44).
101. L’omission de multiples témoignages, dont celui de Norman Mineta [le Ministre des Transports] à la Commission elle-même, que [le Vice-Président] Cheney se trouvait dans le CPOU avant 9h20 (241-44).
102. L’affirmation que l’autorisation d’abattre un avion civil devait être donnée par le Président (245).
103. L’omission de rapports que le Colonel Marr donna l’ordre d’abattre le vol UA93 et que le Général Winfield indiqua que lui et d’autres [officiers] au NMCC s’attendaient à ce qu’un chasseur atteigne le vol UA93 (252).
104. L’omission de rapports indiquant qu’il y avait deux avions de chasse dans le ciel à quelques kilomètres de New York et trois à seulement 320 kilomètres de Washington (251).
105. L’omission du fait qu’il existait au moins six bases militaires avec des chasseurs en état d’alerte dans la région Nord-Est des États-Unis (257-58).
106. L’approbation de l’affirmation du Général Myers que le NORAD avait défini sa mission en termes de défense seulement contre des menaces dirigées [vers les Etats-Unis] depuis l’étranger (258-62).
107. L’approbation de l’affirmation du Général Myers que le NORAD n’avait pas envisagé la possibilité que des terroristes pourraient utiliser des avions de ligne détournés comme des missiles (262-63).
108. L’échec de mettre en perspective la signification du fait, présenté dans le Rapport lui-même, ou de mentionner d’autres faits prouvant que le NORAD avait effectivement envisagé la menace posée par des avions de ligne détournés d’être utilisés comme des missiles (264- 67).
109. L’échec de sonder les implications de la question de savoir comment les manoeuvres militaires (« war games ») programmées ce jour-là purent influer sur l’échec des militaires à intercepter les avions de ligne détournés (268-69).
110. L’échec de discuter la pertinence possible de l’Opération Northwoods avec les attaques du 11 Septembre (269-71).
111. L’affirmation (présentée pour expliquer pourquoi les militaires n’obtinrent pas l’information au sujet des avions détournés à temps pour les intercepter) que le personnel de la FAA inexplicablement faillit à suivre les procédures standards quelques 16 fois (155-56, 157, 179, 180, 181, 190, 191, 193, 194, 200, 202-03, 227, 237, 272-75).
112. L’échec de mentionner que l’indépendance proclamée de la Commission fut fatalement compromise par le fait que Philip Zelikow, son directeur exécutif, était virtuellement un membre de l’Administration Bush (7-9, 11-12, 282-84). (ndt : un proche collaborateur de Mme. Condoleeza Rice)
113. L’échec de mentionner que la Maison-Blanche chercha d’abord à empêcher la création de la Commission [Officielle d’Enquête sur les Attaques Terroristes du 11 Septembre], puis plaça de nombreux obstacles sur sa route, comme le fait de lui accorder un budget extrêmement restreint (283-85). (ndt : estimé à environ 15 millions de dollars, quand le film de fiction « Vol 93 » de Paul Greengrass en a coûté 18, et « World Trade Centre » d’Oliver Stone 4 FOIS PLUS soit 60 millions de dollars ; concernant le premier point, il a fallu attendre 441 jours pour que cette Commission soit créée et M. Bush proposa que M. Kissinger en soit le président…avant de se rétracter sous les critiques virulentes de l’opinion publique.)
114. L’échec de mentionner que le Président de la Commission, la plupart des autres Commissionnaires, et qu’au moins la moitié du personnel avait de sérieux conflits d’intérêt (285-90, 292-95).
115. L’échec de la Commission, qui se vantait que la présentation de son rapport final s’était faite « sans dissension », de mentionner que cela n’avait été possible que parce que Max Cleland, le Commissionnaire le plus critique à l’encontre de la Maison-Blanche qui jura « qu’il ne serait pas complice d’un traitement partial des informations » dut démissionner pour accepter un poste à la Banque Export-Import, et que la Maison-Blanche transmit sa nomination seulement après qu’il soit devenu très direct dans ses critiques (290-291).
Je terminerai en précisant que j’ai conclu mon étude de ce que je suis venu à appeler « le rapport de Kean-Zelikow » en écrivant ceci : Au final, le Rapport de la Commission d’enquête sur le 11 septembre, loin de chasser mes soupçons sur une complicité officielle ne servit qu’à les confirmer. Pourquoi les responsables chargés de la rédaction de ce rapport final s’engageraient dans une telle entreprise de supercherie, si ce n’était pour tenter de couvrir de très grands crimes ? (291).
« Omissions et manipulations de la commision d’enquête sur le 11 septembre »
Le livre de D. Ray Griffin, en version française, est disponible à la vente sur le site des Éditions Demi-lune.
David Ray Griffin
Дэвид Рэй Гриффин (David Ray Griffin, США), бывший преподаватель теологии, автор « The new Pearl Harbor » (2004) и « The 9/11 commission report : omissions and distortions » (2004)
Les articles de cet auteur
Deux ouvrages du professeur David Ray Griffin sont disponibles en français : Le Nouveau Pearl Harbor et Omissions et manipulations de la commission d’enquête sur le 11 Septembre. Tous deux ont été traduits par le commandant Pierre-Henri Bunel et publiés en 2006 par les éditions Demi-lune."
Reported elsewhere as originally RTO 1R,
so
Ailsa Volvo B55-20 75170
Alexander AV/3074/1 H43/34F
New Feb 1977 to Derby (71)
Showbus 2016 entry 102,
entered by Richard Huxham
This lone female must have walked from the foothills all the way into the mountains.
CTV News from 21 July 2024:
calgary.ctvnews.ca/surprise-wild-turkey-spotted-in-albert...
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Cougar Warning - West End Of Fish Creek Provincial Park, Calgary.
Effective Date: September 24, 2024 until further notice.
Where: west end of Fish Creek Provincial Park. Affecting areas of Votier’s Flats, Bebo Grove, Shannon Terrace and Marshall Springs day use
Why: Several reports of a juvenile cougar in the west end of Fish Creek Provincial Park.
Be careful, everyone!
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On 24 September 2024, my daughter had a free day, so we set out on a drive to Kananaskis. The weather was beautiful, with a spectacular Chinook Arch that we just had to try and photograph. My photo doesn't come close to showing how stunning it was.
As usual, we travelled south to follow the back way to the mountains. We stopped at a few favourite places to capture the scenery.
Eventually, we reached the home of the cute little Pikas, hoping to see one, even though both of us had seen them on many previous occasions. After three or four rapid shots, we knew we had to continue our drive, as the light starts to fade so much earlier now. I'm never sure how long any drive to the mountains is going to take and I have to make sure I never end up driving anywhere in the dark. Night-driving has been a thing of the past for a number of years now, which is really frustrating.
I hadn't been to Upper Kananaskis Lake for years, so my daughter gave directions. Always a beautiful view.
We certainly got a surprise at one area, when we suddenly spotted a female Wild Turkey walking in the grass along the edge of the road. Neither of us had ever seen this species in Kananaskis. A car travelling in the opposite direction stopped and they asked us if we had ever seen one in K-Country before. Like us, it was a first time for them, too. The bird's behaviour made us think that maybe people have been feeding it, as it approached my car.
Travelling north, we passed a couple of Bighorn Sheep on the highway. Eventually reached Wedge Pond where we stopped to photograph the fall colours. Also watched a tiny Chipmunk there, racing all over the place and trying to catch and eat Thistle seeds.
A quick stop at Barrier Lake brought our Kananaskis drive to an end. Instead of returning the long way we had come, we drove on the main highway #1, then took the road down to Bragg Creek and home from there, to save time. I never drive on the main highway #1 by myself, but it is a much shorter route back home, so it was good that I did it with my daughter to help with directions.
All together, a very enjoyable day out in lovely weather and amazing scenery. Not a lot of fall colour yet, though the Larches are beginning to show their yellows in some places. There were two sad sightings, though - roadkill Red Fox and a Skunk.
Weather Report: Wind, showers, and a chance of rainbows.
Processing note: slight saturation on the rainbow. The dark area behind the 'bow is natural.
Goal:
Annual Report Cover
Direction:
Our Spring Issue of our quarterly magazine is the church's annual report. We design 18 pages of info graphics and statistics to show the church our status with church growth, giving, outreach, campus life, expansion and media. The remaining 30 pages follow the same format of our normal magazine which covers life change, outreach partners and initiatives, staff spotlight and other events of the past quarter. We used a silver metallic ink for the background grey, with a matte light grey and white on the map and the white text respectively. It gave the cover a nice 'pop' without feeling too gaudy.
Other Important Information:
We worked with our web team to develop an interactive version of the Annual Report, along with a downloadable PDF. You can find it here.
"Astronaut Glenn's orbital launch preparations at Cape Canaveral, Florida."
Apparently this was U.S. News & World Report photographer Thomas J. O'Halloran's third prize winning photo, in the "PICTORIAL" category. I'm assuming for 1962. Possibly something internal to USN&WR? Maybe even something larger, like an Associated Press competition?! Pretty cool.
MA-6 launch, from a similar perspective:
kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/50471/OCA_GlennArchives_...
Credit: OSU Knowledge Bank website
See also:
www.siloworld.net/MISSILE%20%20LAUNCHES/CAPE/cape__canave...
Credit: SiloWorld website
Washington Post obituary, November 22, 2000. A full life, rest in peace Sir:
“Thomas J. O'Halloran, 78, who worked for U.S. News & World Report for 35 years before retiring in 1986 as chief photographer, died of congestive heart failure Nov. 18 at his home in College Park.
Mr. O'Halloran was a native Washingtonian and a graduate of Gonzaga College High School. During World War II, he served in the Army Air Forces in Europe, where he helped set up photographic equipment in bombers.
He joined Harris & Ewing portrait studio in Washington after the war, then began his career at U.S. News & World Report as a staff photographer in 1951.
He was a member of the White House News Photographers Association and the National Press Photographers Association. He also was a longtime member of St. Mark the Evangelist Church in Hyattsville and was a supporter of the building of its new church, which was dedicated last year.
Survivors include his wife of 57 years, Alice M. O'Halloran of College Park, and four children, Michael P. O'Halloran of Dayton, Sean P. O'Halloran of Baltimore, Brendan J. O'Halloran of Rockville and Mary Alice O'Halloran of Arlington.”
The following is must see. “Right Stuff” epitomized. Look at his face & eyes. Listen to the intonation of his voice. There was a pretty damned good chance he was going to die during reentry, which he was well aware of. Amazing, a GENUINE HERO:
scvtv.com/2016/03/30/documentary-friendship-7-john-glenn-...
Credit: SCVTV website
THE HAZZARD RANGE HERALD
2:50 PM Monday 11/22/2021
Hazzard Range county Sheriff’s office Deputy Amanda Wisey took a report of found property in the 300 block of Main st / NM 168 in Sparta .
Yellowstone National Park (Arapaho: Henihco'oo or Héetíhco'oo) is a national park located primarily in the U.S. state of Wyoming, although it also extends into Montana and Idaho. It was established by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1872. Yellowstone, widely held to be the first national park in the world, is known for its wildlife and its many geothermal features, especially Old Faithful Geyser, one of the most popular features in the park. It has many types of ecosystems, but the subalpine forest is most abundant. It is part of the South Central Rockies forests ecoregion.
Yellowstone National Park spans an area of 3,468.4 square miles (8,983 km2), comprising lakes, canyons, rivers and mountain ranges. Yellowstone Lake is one of the largest high-altitude lakes in North America and is centered over the Yellowstone Caldera, the largest supervolcano on the continent. The caldera is considered an active volcano. It has erupted with tremendous force several times in the last two million years. Half of the world's geothermal features are in Yellowstone, fueled by this ongoing volcanism. Lava flows and rocks from volcanic eruptions cover most of the land area of Yellowstone. The park is the centerpiece of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, the largest remaining nearly-intact ecosystem in the Earth's northern temperate zone.
Hundreds of species of mammals, birds, fish and reptiles have been documented, including several that are either endangered or threatened. The vast forests and grasslands also include unique species of plants. Yellowstone Park is the largest and most famous megafauna location in the Continental United States. Grizzly bears, wolves, and free-ranging herds of bison and elk live in the park. The Yellowstone Park bison herd is the oldest and largest public bison herd in the United States. Forest fires occur in the park each year; in the large forest fires of 1988, nearly one third of the park was burnt. Yellowstone has numerous recreational opportunities, including hiking, camping, boating, fishing and sightseeing. Paved roads provide close access to the major geothermal areas as well as some of the lakes and waterfalls. During the winter, visitors often access the park by way of guided tours that use either snow coaches or snowmobiles.
The park is located at the headwaters of the Yellowstone River, from which it takes its historical name. Near the end of the 18th century, French trappers named the river "Roche Jaune", which is probably a translation of the Hidatsa name "Mi tsi a-da-zi" (Rock Yellow River). Later, American trappers rendered the French name in English as "Yellow Stone". Although it is commonly believed that the river was named for the yellow rocks seen in the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, the Native American name source is not clear.
The first detailed expedition to the Yellowstone area was the Cook–Folsom–Peterson Expedition of 1869, which consisted of three privately funded explorers. The Folsom party followed the Yellowstone River to Yellowstone Lake. The members of the Folsom party kept a journal and based on the information it reported, a party of Montana residents organized the Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition in 1870. It was headed by the surveyor-general of Montana Henry Washburn, and included Nathaniel P. Langford (who later became known as "National Park" Langford) and a U.S. Army detachment commanded by Lt. Gustavus Doane.
The expedition spent about a month exploring the region, collecting specimens and naming sites of interest. A Montana writer and lawyer named Cornelius Hedges, who had been a member of the Washburn expedition, proposed that the region should be set aside and protected as a national park; he wrote a number of detailed articles about his observations for the Helena Herald newspaper between 1870 and 1871. Hedges essentially restated comments made in October 1865 by acting Montana Territorial Governor Thomas Francis Meagher, who had previously commented that the region should be protected. Others made similar suggestions. In an 1871 letter from Jay Cooke to Ferdinand V. Hayden, Cooke wrote that his friend, Congressman William D. Kelley had also suggested "Congress pass a bill reserving the Great Geyser Basin as a public park forever".
By 1915, 1,000 automobiles per year were entering the park, resulting in conflicts with horses and horse-drawn transportation. Horse travel on roads was eventually prohibited.
The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), a New Deal relief agency for young men, played a major role between 1933 and 1942 in developing Yellowstone facilities. CCC projects included reforestation, campground development of many of the park's trails and campgrounds, trail construction, fire hazard reduction, and fire-fighting work. The CCC built the majority of the early visitor centers, campgrounds and the current system of park roads.
During World War II, tourist travel fell sharply, staffing was cut, and many facilities fell into disrepair. By the 1950s, visitation increased tremendously in Yellowstone and other national parks. To accommodate the increased visitation, park officials implemented Mission 66, an effort to modernize and expand park service facilities. Planned to be completed by 1966, in honor of the 50th anniversary of the founding of the National Park Service, Mission 66 construction diverged from the traditional log cabin style with design features of a modern style. During the late 1980s, most construction styles in Yellowstone reverted to the more traditional designs. After the enormous forest fires of 1988 damaged much of Grant Village, structures there were rebuilt in the traditional style. The visitor center at Canyon Village, which opened in 2006, incorporates a more traditional design as well.
A large arch made of irregular-shaped natural stone over a road
The 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake just west of Yellowstone at Hebgen Lake damaged roads and some structures in the park. In the northwest section of the park, new geysers were found, and many existing hot springs became turbid. It was the most powerful earthquake to hit the region in recorded history.
In 1963, after several years of public controversy regarding the forced reduction of the elk population in Yellowstone, United States Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall appointed an advisory board to collect scientific data to inform future wildlife management of the national parks. In a paper known as the Leopold Report, the committee observed that culling programs at other national parks had been ineffective, and recommended management of Yellowstone's elk population.
The wildfires during the summer of 1988 were the largest in the history of the park. Approximately 793,880 acres (321,272 ha; 1,240 sq mi) or 36% of the parkland was impacted by the fires, leading to a systematic re-evaluation of fire management policies. The fire season of 1988 was considered normal until a combination of drought and heat by mid-July contributed to an extreme fire danger. On "Black Saturday", August 20, 1988, strong winds expanded the fires rapidly, and more than 150,000 acres (61,000 ha; 230 sq mi) burned.
The expansive cultural history of the park has been documented by the 1,000 archeological sites that have been discovered. The park has 1,106 historic structures and features, and of these Obsidian Cliff and five buildings have been designated National Historic Landmarks. Yellowstone was designated an International Biosphere Reserve on October 26, 1976, and a UN World Heritage Site on September 8, 1978. The park was placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger from 1995 to 2003 due to the effects of tourism, infection of wildlife, and issues with invasive species. In 2010, Yellowstone National Park was honored with its own quarter under the America the Beautiful Quarters Program.
Heritage and Research Center
The Heritage and Research Center is located at Gardiner, Montana, near the north entrance to the park. The center is home to the Yellowstone National Park's museum collection, archives, research library, historian, archeology lab, and herbarium. The Yellowstone National Park Archives maintain collections of historical records of Yellowstone and the National Park Service. The collection includes the administrative records of Yellowstone, as well as resource management records, records from major projects, and donated manuscripts and personal papers. The archives are affiliated with the National Archives and Records Administration.
Approximately 96 percent of the land area of Yellowstone National Park is located within the state of Wyoming. Another three percent is within Montana, with the remaining one percent in Idaho. The park is 63 miles (101 km) north to south, and 54 miles (87 km) west to east by air. Yellowstone is 2,219,789 acres (898,317 ha; 3,468.420 sq mi) in area, larger than the states of Rhode Island or Delaware. Rivers and lakes cover five percent of the land area, with the largest water body being Yellowstone Lake at 87,040 acres (35,220 ha; 136.00 sq mi). Yellowstone Lake is up to 400 feet (120 m) deep and has 110 miles (180 km) of shoreline. At an elevation of 7,733 feet (2,357 m) above sea level, Yellowstone Lake is the largest high altitude lake in North America. Forests comprise 80 percent of the land area of the park; most of the rest is grassland.
The Continental Divide of North America runs diagonally through the southwestern part of the park. The divide is a topographic feature that separates Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean water drainages. About one third of the park lies on the west side of the divide. The origins of the Yellowstone and Snake Rivers are near each other but on opposite sides of the divide. As a result, the waters of the Snake River flow to the Pacific Ocean, while those of the Yellowstone find their way to the Atlantic Ocean via the Gulf of Mexico.
The park sits on the Yellowstone Plateau, at an average elevation of 8,000 feet (2,400 m) above sea level. The plateau is bounded on nearly all sides by mountain ranges of the Middle Rocky Mountains, which range from 9,000 to 11,000 feet (2,700 to 3,400 m) in elevation. The highest point in the park is atop Eagle Peak (11,358 feet or 3,462 metres) and the lowest is along Reese Creek (5,282 feet or 1,610 metres). Nearby mountain ranges include the Gallatin Range to the northwest, the Beartooth Mountains in the north, the Absaroka Range to the east, and the Teton Range and the Madison Range to the southwest and west. The most prominent summit on the Yellowstone Plateau is Mount Washburn at 10,243 feet (3,122 m).
Yellowstone National Park has one of the world's largest petrified forests, trees which were long ago buried by ash and soil and transformed from wood to mineral materials. This ash and other volcanic debris, are believed to have come from the park area itself. This is largely due to the fact that Yellowstone is actually a massive caldera of a supervolcano. There are 290 waterfalls of at least 15 feet (4.6 m) in the park, the highest being the Lower Falls of the Yellowstone River at 308 feet (94 m).
Three deep canyons are located in the park, cut through the volcanic tuff of the Yellowstone Plateau by rivers over the last 640,000 years. The Lewis River flows through Lewis Canyon in the south, and the Yellowstone River has carved two colorful canyons, the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone and the Black Canyon of the Yellowstone in its journey north.
Yellowstone is at the northeastern end of the Snake River Plain, a great U-shaped arc through the mountains that extends from Boise, Idaho some 400 miles (640 km) to the west. This feature traces the route of the North American Plate over the last 17 million years as it was transported by plate tectonics across a stationary mantle hotspot. The landscape of present-day Yellowstone National Park is the most recent manifestation of this hotspot below the crust of the Earth.
The Yellowstone Caldera is the largest volcanic system in North America. It has been termed a "supervolcano" because the caldera was formed by exceptionally large explosive eruptions. The magma chamber that lies under Yellowstone is estimated to be a single connected chamber, about 37 miles (60 km) long, 18 miles (29 km) wide, and 3 to 7 miles (5 to 12 km) deep. The current caldera was created by a cataclysmic eruption that occurred 640,000 years ago, which released more than 240 cubic miles (1,000 km³) of ash, rock and pyroclastic materials. This eruption was more than 1,000 times larger than the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. It produced a caldera nearly five eighths of a mile (1 km) deep and 45 by 28 miles (72 by 45 km) in area and deposited the Lava Creek Tuff, a welded tuff geologic formation. The most violent known eruption, which occurred 2.1 million years ago, ejected 588 cubic miles (2,450 km³) of volcanic material and created the rock formation known as the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff and created the Island Park Caldera. A smaller eruption ejected 67 cubic miles (280 km³) of material 1.3 million years ago, forming the Henry's Fork Caldera and depositing the Mesa Falls Tuff.
Each of the three climactic eruptions released vast amounts of ash that blanketed much of central North America, falling many hundreds of miles away. The amount of ash and gases released into the atmosphere probably caused significant impacts to world weather patterns and led to the extinction of some species, primarily in North America.
Wooden walkways allow visitors to closely approach the Grand Prismatic Spring.
A subsequent caldera-forming eruption occurred about 160,000 years ago. It formed the relatively small caldera that contains the West Thumb of Yellowstone Lake. Since the last supereruption, a series of smaller eruptive cycles between 640,000 and 70,000 years ago, has nearly filled in the Yellowstone Caldera with >80 different eruptions of rhyolitic lavas such as those that can be seen at Obsidian Cliffs and basaltic lavas which can be viewed at Sheepeater Cliff. Lava strata are most easily seen at the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, where the Yellowstone River continues to carve into the ancient lava flows. The canyon is a classic V-shaped valley, indicative of river-type erosion rather than erosion caused by glaciation.
Each eruption is part of an eruptive cycle that climaxes with the partial collapse of the roof of the volcano's partially emptied magma chamber. This creates a collapsed depression, called a caldera, and releases vast amounts of volcanic material, usually through fissures that ring the caldera. The time between the last three cataclysmic eruptions in the Yellowstone area has ranged from 600,000 to 800,000 years, but the small number of such climactic eruptions cannot be used to make an accurate prediction for future volcanic events.
The most famous geyser in the park, and perhaps the world, is Old Faithful Geyser, located in Upper Geyser Basin. Castle Geyser, Lion Geyser and Beehive Geyser are in the same basin. The park contains the largest active geyser in the world—Steamboat Geyser in the Norris Geyser Basin. A study that was completed in 2011 found that at least 1283 geysers have erupted in Yellowstone. Of these, an average of 465 are active in a given year. Yellowstone contains at least 10,000 geothermal features altogether. Half the geothermal features and two-thirds of the world's geysers are concentrated in Yellowstone.
In May 2001, the U.S. Geological Survey, Yellowstone National Park, and the University of Utah created the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO), a partnership for long-term monitoring of the geological processes of the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field, for disseminating information concerning the potential hazards of this geologically active region.
In 2003, changes at the Norris Geyser Basin resulted in the temporary closure of some trails in the basin. New fumaroles were observed, and several geysers showed enhanced activity and increasing water temperatures. Several geysers became so hot that they were transformed into purely steaming features; the water had become superheated and they could no longer erupt normally. This coincided with the release of reports of a multiple year United States Geological Survey research project which mapped the bottom of Yellowstone Lake and identified a structural dome that had uplifted at some time in the past. Research indicated that these uplifts posed no immediate threat of a volcanic eruption, since they may have developed long ago, and there had been no temperature increase found near the uplifts. On March 10, 2004, a biologist discovered 5 dead bison which apparently had inhaled toxic geothermal gases trapped in the Norris Geyser Basin by a seasonal atmospheric inversion. This was closely followed by an upsurge of earthquake activity in April 2004. In 2006, it was reported that the Mallard Lake Dome and the Sour Creek Dome— areas that have long been known to show significant changes in their ground movement— had risen at a rate of 1.5 to 2.4 inches (3.8 to 6.1 cm) per year from mid–2004 through 2006. As of late 2007, the uplift has continued at a reduced rate. These events inspired a great deal of media attention and speculation about the geologic future of the region. Experts responded to the conjecture by informing the public that there was no increased risk of a volcanic eruption in the near future. However, these changes demonstrate the dynamic nature of the Yellowstone hydrothermal system.
Yellowstone experiences thousands of small earthquakes every year, virtually all of which are undetectable to people. There have been six earthquakes with at least magnitude 6 or greater in historical times, including a 7.5‑magnitude quake that struck just outside the northwest boundary of the park in 1959. This quake triggered a huge landslide, which caused a partial dam collapse on Hebgen Lake; immediately downstream, the sediment from the landslide dammed the river and created a new lake, known as Earthquake Lake. Twenty-eight people were killed, and property damage was extensive in the immediate region. The earthquake caused some geysers in the northwestern section of the park to erupt, large cracks in the ground formed and emitted steam, and some hot springs that normally have clear water turned muddy. A 6.1‑magnitude earthquake struck inside the park on June 30, 1975, but damage was minimal.
For three months in 1985, 3,000 minor earthquakes were detected in the northwestern section of the park, during what has been referred to as an earthquake swarm, and has been attributed to minor subsidence of the Yellowstone caldera. Beginning on April 30, 2007, 16 small earthquakes with magnitudes up to 2.7 occurred in the Yellowstone Caldera for several days. These swarms of earthquakes are common, and there have been 70 such swarms between 1983 and 2008. In December 2008, over 250 earthquakes were measured over a four-day span under Yellowstone Lake, the largest measuring a magnitude of 3.9. In January 2010, more than 250 earthquakes were detected over a two-day period. Seismic activity in Yellowstone National Park continues and is reported hourly by the Earthquake Hazards Program of the U.S. Geological Survey.
On March 30, 2014, a magnitude 4.8 earthquake struck almost the very middle of Yellowstone near the Norris Basin at 6.34am; reports indicated no damage. This was the biggest earthquake to hit the park since February 22, 1980.
Over 1,700 species of trees and other vascular plants are native to the park. Another 170 species are considered to be exotic species and are non-native. Of the eight conifer tree species documented, Lodgepole Pine forests cover 80% of the total forested areas. Other conifers, such as Subalpine Fir, Engelmann Spruce, Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir and Whitebark Pine, are found in scattered groves throughout the park. As of 2007, the whitebark pine is threatened by a fungus known as white pine blister rust; however, this is mostly confined to forests well to the north and west. In Yellowstone, about seven percent of the whitebark pine species have been impacted with the fungus, compared to nearly complete infestations in northwestern Montana. Quaking Aspen and willows are the most common species of deciduous trees. The aspen forests have declined significantly since the early 20th century, but scientists at Oregon State University attribute recent recovery of the aspen to the reintroduction of wolves which has changed the grazing habits of local elk.
There are dozens of species of flowering plants that have been identified, most of which bloom between the months of May and September. The Yellowstone Sand Verbena is a rare flowering plant found only in Yellowstone. It is closely related to species usually found in much warmer climates, making the sand verbena an enigma. The estimated 8,000 examples of this rare flowering plant all make their home in the sandy soils on the shores of Yellowstone Lake, well above the waterline.
In Yellowstone's hot waters, bacteria form mats of bizarre shapes consisting of trillions of individuals. These bacteria are some of the most primitive life forms on earth. Flies and other arthropods live on the mats, even in the middle of the bitterly cold winters. Initially, scientists thought that microbes there gained sustenance only from sulfur. In 2005 researchers from the University of Colorado at Boulder discovered that the sustenance for at least some of the diverse hyperthermophilic species is molecular hydrogen.
Thermus aquaticus is a bacterium found in the Yellowstone hot springs that produces an important enzyme (Taq polymerase) that is easily replicated in the lab and is useful in replicating DNA as part of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process. The retrieval of these bacteria can be achieved with no impact to the ecosystem. Other bacteria in the Yellowstone hot springs may also prove useful to scientists who are searching for cures for various diseases.
Non-native plants sometimes threaten native species by using up nutrient resources. Though exotic species are most commonly found in areas with the greatest human visitation, such as near roads and at major tourist areas, they have also spread into the backcountry. Generally, most exotic species are controlled by pulling the plants out of the soil or by spraying, both of which are time consuming and expensive.
Yellowstone is widely considered to be the finest megafauna wildlife habitat in the lower 48 states. There are almost 60 species of mammals in the park, including the gray wolf, the threatened lynx, and grizzly bears. Other large mammals include the bison (often referred to as buffalo), black bear, elk, moose, mule deer, white-tailed deer, mountain goat, pronghorn, bighorn sheep, and mountain lion.
Bison graze near a hot spring
The Yellowstone Park bison herd is the largest public herd of American bison in the United States. The relatively large bison populations are a concern for ranchers, who fear that the species can transmit bovine diseases to their domesticated cousins. In fact, about half of Yellowstone's bison have been exposed to brucellosis, a bacterial disease that came to North America with European cattle that may cause cattle to miscarry. The disease has little effect on park bison, and no reported case of transmission from wild bison to domestic livestock has been filed. However, the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has stated that bison are the "likely source" of the spread of the disease in cattle in Wyoming and North Dakota. Elk also carry the disease and are believed to have transmitted the infection to horses and cattle. Bison once numbered between 30 and 60 million individuals throughout North America, and Yellowstone remains one of their last strongholds. Their populations had increased from less than 50 in the park in 1902 to 4,000 by 2003. The Yellowstone Park bison herd reached a peak in 2005 with 4,900 animals. Despite a summer estimated population of 4,700 in 2007, the number dropped to 3,000 in 2008 after a harsh winter and controversial brucellosis management sending hundreds to slaughter. The Yellowstone Park bison herd is believed to be one of only four free roaming and genetically pure herds on public lands in North America. The other three herds are the Henry Mountains bison herd of Utah, at Wind Cave National Park in South Dakota and on Elk Island in Alberta.
Elk Mother Nursing Her Calf
To combat the perceived threat of brucellosis transmission to cattle, national park personnel regularly harass bison herds back into the park when they venture outside of the area's borders. During the winter of 1996–97, the bison herd was so large that 1,079 bison that had exited the park were shot or sent to slaughter. Animal rights activists argue that this is a cruel practice and that the possibility for disease transmission is not as great as some ranchers maintain. Ecologists point out that the bison are merely traveling to seasonal grazing areas that lie within the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem that have been converted to cattle grazing, some of which are within National Forests and are leased to private ranchers. APHIS has stated that with vaccinations and other means, brucellosis can be eliminated from the bison and elk herds throughout Yellowstone.
A reintroduced northwestern wolf in Yellowstone National Park
Starting in 1914, in an effort to protect elk populations, the U.S. Congress appropriated funds to be used for the purposes of "destroying wolves, prairie dogs, and other animals injurious to agriculture and animal husbandry" on public lands. Park Service hunters carried out these orders, and by 1926 they had killed 136 wolves, and wolves were virtually eliminated from Yellowstone. Further exterminations continued until the National Park Service ended the practice in 1935. With the passing of the Endangered Species Act in 1973, the wolf was one of the first mammal species listed. After the wolves were extirpated from Yellowstone, the coyote then became the park's top canine predator. However, the coyote is not able to bring down large animals, and the result of this lack of a top predator on these populations was a marked increase in lame and sick megafauna.
Bison in Yellowstone National Park
By the 1990s, the Federal government had reversed its views on wolves. In a controversial decision by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (which oversees threatened and endangered species), northwestern wolves, imported from Canada, were reintroduced into the park. Reintroduction efforts have been successful with populations remaining relatively stable. A survey conducted in 2005 reported that there were 13 wolf packs, totaling 118 individuals in Yellowstone and 326 in the entire ecosystem. These park figures were lower than those reported in 2004 but may be attributable to wolf migration to other nearby areas as suggested by the substantial increase in the Montana population during that interval. Almost all the wolves documented were descended from the 66 wolves reintroduced in 1995–96. The recovery of populations throughout the states of Wyoming, Montana and Idaho has been so successful that on February 27, 2008, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service removed the Northern Rocky Mountain wolf population from the endangered species list.
An estimated 600 grizzly bears live in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, with more than half of the population living within Yellowstone. The grizzly is currently listed as a threatened species, however the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has announced that they intend to take it off the endangered species list for the Yellowstone region but will likely keep it listed in areas where it has not yet recovered fully. Opponents of delisting the grizzly are concerned that states might once again allow hunting and that better conservation measures need to be implemented to ensure a sustainable population. Black bears are common in the park and were a park symbol due to visitor interaction with the bears starting in 1910. Feeding and close contact with bears has not been permitted since the 1960s to reduce their desire for human foods. Yellowstone is one of the few places in the United States where black bears can be seen coexisting with grizzly bears. Black bear observations occur most often in the park's northern ranges and in the Bechler area which is in the park's southwestern corner.
Population figures for elk are in excess of 30,000—the largest population of any large mammal species in Yellowstone. The northern herd has decreased enormously since the mid‑1990s; this has been attributed to wolf predation and causal effects such as elk using more forested regions to evade predation, consequently making it harder for researchers to accurately count them. The northern herd migrates west into southwestern Montana in the winter. The southern herd migrates southward, and the majority of these elk winter on the National Elk Refuge, immediately southeast of Grand Teton National Park. The southern herd migration is the largest mammalian migration remaining in the U.S. outside of Alaska.
In 2003 the tracks of one female lynx and her cub were spotted and followed for over 2 miles (3.2 km). Fecal material and other evidence obtained were tested and confirmed to be those of a lynx. No visual confirmation was made, however. Lynx have not been seen in Yellowstone since 1998, though DNA taken from hair samples obtained in 2001 confirmed that lynx were at least transient to the park. Other less commonly seen mammals include the mountain lion and wolverine. The mountain lion has an estimated population of only 25 individuals parkwide. The wolverine is another rare park mammal, and accurate population figures for this species are not known. These uncommon and rare mammals provide insight into the health of protected lands such as Yellowstone and help managers make determinations as to how best to preserve habitats.
Eighteen species of fish live in Yellowstone, including the core range of the Yellowstone cutthroat trout—a fish highly sought by anglers. The Yellowstone cutthroat trout has faced several threats since the 1980s, including the suspected illegal introduction into Yellowstone Lake of lake trout, an invasive species which consume the smaller cutthroat trout. Although lake trout were established in Shoshone and Lewis lakes in the Snake River drainage from U.S. Government stocking operations in 1890, it was never officially introduced into the Yellowstone River drainage. The cutthroat trout has also faced an ongoing drought, as well as the accidental introduction of a parasite—whirling disease—which causes a terminal nervous system disease in younger fish. Since 2001, all native sport fish species caught in Yellowstone waterways are subject to a catch and release law. Yellowstone is also home to six species of reptiles, such as the painted turtle and Prairie rattlesnake, and four species of amphibians, including the Boreal Chorus Frog.
311 species of birds have been reported, almost half of which nest in Yellowstone. As of 1999, twenty-six pairs of nesting bald eagles have been documented. Extremely rare sightings of whooping cranes have been recorded, however only three examples of this species are known to live in the Rocky Mountains, out of 385 known worldwide. Other birds, considered to be species of special concern because of their rarity in Yellowstone, include the common loon, harlequin duck, osprey, peregrine falcon and the trumpeter swan.
As wildfire is a natural part of most ecosystems, plants that are indigenous to Yellowstone have adapted in a variety of ways. Douglas-fir have a thick bark which protects the inner section of the tree from most fires. Lodgepole Pines —the most common tree species in the park— generally have cones that are only opened by the heat of fire. Their seeds are held in place by a tough resin, and fire assists in melting the resin, allowing the seeds to disperse. Fire clears out dead and downed wood, providing fewer obstacles for lodgepole pines to flourish. Subalpine Fir, Engelmann Spruce, Whitebark Pine, and other species tend to grow in colder and moister areas, where fire is less likely to occur. Aspen trees sprout new growth from their roots, and even if a severe fire kills the tree above ground, the roots often survive unharmed because they are insulated from the heat by soil. The National Park Service estimates that in natural conditions, grasslands in Yellowstone burned an average of every 20 to 25 years, while forests in the park would experience fire about every 300 years.
About thirty-five natural forest fires are ignited each year by lightning, while another six to ten are started by people— in most cases by accident. Yellowstone National Park has three fire lookout towers, each staffed by trained fire fighters. The easiest one to reach is atop Mount Washburn, though it is closed to the public. The park also monitors fire from the air and relies on visitor reports of smoke and/or flames. Fire towers are staffed almost continuously from late June to mid-September— the primary fire season. Fires burn with the greatest intensity in the late afternoon and evening. Few fires burn more than 100 acres (40 ha), and the vast majority of fires reach only a little over an acre (0.5 ha) before they burn themselves out. Fire management focuses on monitoring dead and down wood quantities, soil and tree moisture, and the weather, to determine those areas most vulnerable to fire should one ignite. Current policy is to suppress all human caused fires and to evaluate natural fires, examining the benefit or detriment they may pose on the ecosystem. If a fire is considered to be an immediate threat to people and structures, or will burn out of control, then fire suppression is performed.
In an effort to minimize the chances of out of control fires and threats to people and structures, park employees do more than just monitor the potential for fire. Controlled burns are prescribed fires which are deliberately started to remove dead timber under conditions which allow fire fighters an opportunity to carefully control where and how much wood is consumed. Natural fires are sometimes considered prescribed fires if they are left to burn. In Yellowstone, unlike some other parks, there have been very few fires deliberately started by employees as prescribed burns. However, over the last 30 years, over 300 natural fires have been allowed to burn naturally. In addition, fire fighters remove dead and down wood and other hazards from areas where they will be a potential fire threat to lives and property, reducing the chances of fire danger in these areas. Fire monitors also regulate fire through educational services to the public and have been known to temporarily ban campfires from campgrounds during periods of high fire danger. The common notion in early United States land management policies was that all forest fires were bad. Fire was seen as a purely destructive force and there was little understanding that it was an integral part of the ecosystem. Consequently, until the 1970s, when a better understanding of wildfire was developed, all fires were suppressed. This led to an increase in dead and dying forests, which would later provide the fuel load for fires that would be much harder, and in some cases, impossible to control. Fire Management Plans were implemented, detailing that natural fires should be allowed to burn if they posed no immediate threat to lives and property.
1988 started with a wet spring season although by summer, drought began moving in throughout the northern Rockies, creating the driest year on record to that point. Grasses and plants which grew well in the early summer from the abundant spring moisture produced plenty of grass, which soon turned to dry tinder. The National Park Service began firefighting efforts to keep the fires under control, but the extreme drought made suppression difficult. Between July 15 and 21, 1988, fires quickly spread from 8,500 acres (3,400 ha; 13.3 sq mi) throughout the entire Yellowstone region, which included areas outside the park, to 99,000 acres (40,000 ha; 155 sq mi) on the park land alone. By the end of the month, the fires were out of control. Large fires burned together, and on August 20, 1988, the single worst day of the fires, more than 150,000 acres (61,000 ha; 230 sq mi) were consumed. Seven large fires were responsible for 95% of the 793,000 acres (321,000 ha; 1,239 sq mi) that were burned over the next couple of months. A total of 25,000 firefighters and U.S. military forces participated in the suppression efforts, at a cost of 120 million dollars. By the time winter brought snow that helped extinguish the last flames, the fires had destroyed 67 structures and caused several million dollars in damage. Though no civilian lives were lost, two personnel associated with the firefighting efforts were killed.
Contrary to media reports and speculation at the time, the fires killed very few park animals— surveys indicated that only about 345 elk (of an estimated 40,000–50,000), 36 deer, 12 moose, 6 black bears, and 9 bison had perished. Changes in fire management policies were implemented by land management agencies throughout the United States, based on knowledge gained from the 1988 fires and the evaluation of scientists and experts from various fields. By 1992, Yellowstone had adopted a new fire management plan which observed stricter guidelines for the management of natural fires.
from Wikipedia
Varosha - Maras is the southern quarter of the Famagusta, a de jure territory of Cyprus, currently under the control of Northern Cyprus. Varosha has a population of 226 in the 2011 Northern Cyprus census. The area of Varosha is 6.19 km2 (2.39 sq mi).
The name of Varosha derives from the Turkish word varoş (Ottoman Turkish: واروش, 'suburb'). The place where Varosha is located now was empty fields in which animals grazed.
In the early 1970s, Famagusta was the number-one tourist destination in Cyprus. To cater to the increasing number of tourists, many new high-rise buildings and hotels were constructed. During its heyday, Varosha was not only the number-one tourist destination in Cyprus, but between 1970 and 1974, it was one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world and was a favorite destination of such celebrities as Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Burton, Raquel Welch, and Brigitte Bardot.
Before 1974, Varosha was the modern tourist area of the Famagusta city. Its Greek Cypriot inhabitants fled during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974, when the city of Famagusta came under Turkish control, and it has remained abandoned ever since. In 1984 a U.N. resolution called for the handover of the city to UN control and said that only the original inhabitants, who were forced out, could resettle in the town.
Entry to part of Varosha was opened to civilians in 2017.
In August 1974, the Turkish Army advanced as far as the Green Line, a UN-patrolled demilitarized zone between the Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, and controlled and fenced Varosha. Just hours before the Greek Cypriot and Turkish armies met in combat on the streets of Famagusta, the entire Greek Cypriot population fled to Paralimni, Dherynia, and Larnaca, fearing a massacre. The evacuation was aided and orchestrated by the nearby British military base. Paralimni has since become the modern-day capital of the Famagusta province of Greek Cypriot-led Cyprus.
The Turkish Army has allowed the entry of only Turkish military and United Nations personnel since 2017.
One such settlement plan was the Annan Plan to reunify the island that provided for the return of Varosha to the original residents. But this was rejected by Greek Cypriots in a 2004 referendum. The UN Security Council Resolution 550 states that it "considers attempts to settle any part of Varosha by people other than its inhabitants as inadmissible and calls for the transfer of this area to the administration of the United Nations".
The European Court of Human Rights awarded between €100,000 and €8,000,000 to eight Greek Cypriots for being deprived of their homes and properties as a result of the 1974 invasion. The case was filed jointly by businessman Constantinos Lordos and others, with the principal judgement in the Lordos case dating back to November 2010. The court ruled that, in the case of eight of the applicants, Turkey had violated Article 1 of Protocol 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights on the right of peaceful enjoyment of one's possessions, and in the case of seven of the applicants, Turkey had violated Article 8 on the right to respect for private and family life.
In the absence of human habitation and maintenance, buildings continue to decay. Over time, parts of the city have begun to be reclaimed by nature as metal corrodes, windows are broken, and plants work their roots into the walls and pavement and grow wild in old window boxes. In 2014, the BBC reported that sea turtles were observed nesting on the beaches in the city.
During the Cyprus Missile Crisis (1997–1998), the Turkish Cypriot leader, Rauf Denktaş, threatened to take over Varosha if the Cypriot government did not back down.
The main features of Varosha included John F. Kennedy Avenue, a street which ran from close to the port of Famagusta, through Varosha and parallel to Glossa beach. Along JFK Avenue, there were many well known high rise hotels including the King George Hotel, The Asterias Hotel, The Grecian Hotel, The Florida Hotel, and The Argo Hotel which was the favourite hotel of Elizabeth Taylor. The Argo Hotel is located near the end of JFK Avenue, looking towards Protaras and Fig Tree Bay. Another major street in Varosha was Leonidas (Greek: Λεωνίδας), a major street that came off JFK Avenue and headed west towards Vienna Corner. Leonidas was a major shopping and leisure street in Varosha, consisting of bars, restaurants, nightclubs, and a Toyota car dealership.
According to Greek Cypriots, 425 plots exist on the Varosha beach front, which extends from the Contandia hotel to the Golden Sands hotel. The complete number of plots in Varosha are 6082.
There are 281 cases of Greek Cypriots who filed to the Immovable Property Commission (IPC) of Northern Cyprus for compensation.
In 2020, Greek Cypriot Demetrios Hadjihambis filed a lawsuit seeking state compensation for financial losses.
The population of Varosha was 226 in the 2011 Northern Cyprus census.
In 2017, Varosha's beach was opened for the exclusive use of Turks (both Turkish Cypriots and Turkish nationals).
In 2019, the Government of Northern Cyprus announced it would open Varosha to settlement. On 14 November 2019, Ersin Tatar, the prime minister of Northern Cyprus, announced that Northern Cyprus aims to open Varosha by the end of 2020.
On 25 July 2019, Varosha Inventory Commission of Northern Cyprus started its inventory analysis on the buildings and other infrastructure in Varosha.
On 9 December 2019, Ibrahim Benter, the Director-General of the Turkish Cypriot EVKAF religious foundation's administration, declared all of Maraş/Varosha to be the property of EVKAF. Benter said "EVKAF can sign renting contracts with Greek Cypriots if they accept that the fenced-off town belongs to the Evkaf."
In 2019–20, inventory studies of buildings by the Government of Northern Cyprus were concluded. On 15 February 2020, the Turkish Bar Association organised a round table meeting at the Sandy Beach Hotel in Varosha, which was attended by Turkish officials (Vice President Fuat Oktay and Justice Minister Abdulhamit Gül), Turkish Cypriot officials, representatives of the Turkish Cypriot religious foundation Evkaf, and Turkish and Turkish Cypriot lawyers.
On 22 February 2020, Cyprus declared it would veto European Union funds to Turkish Cypriots if Varosha were opened to settlement.
On 6 October 2020, Ersin Tatar, the Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus, announced that the beach area of Varosha would reopen to the public on 8 October 2020. Turkey's president, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, said Turkey fully supported the decision. The move came ahead of the 2020 Northern Cypriot presidential election, in which Tatar was a candidate. Deputy Prime Minister Kudret Özersay, who had worked on the reopening previously, said that this was not a full reopening of the area, that this was just a unilateral election stunt by Tatar. His People's Party withdrew from the Tatar cabinet, leading to the collapse of the Turkish Cypriot government. The EU's diplomatic chief condemned the plan and described it as a "serious violation" of the U.N. ceasefire agreement. In addition, he asked Turkey to stop this activity. The U.N. Secretary-General expressed concern over Turkey's decision.
On 8 October 2020, some parts of Varosha were opened from the Officers' Club of Turkish and Turkish Cypriot Army to the Golden Sands Hotel.
In November 2020, the Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Turkey's ambassador to Nicosia, visited Varosha. In addition, the main avenue in Varosha has been renamed after Semih Sancar, Chief of the General Staff of Turkey from 1973 to 1978, a period including the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus.
The European Parliament on 27 November, asked Turkey to reverse its decision to re-open part of Varosha and resume negotiations aimed at resolving the Cyprus problem on the basis of a bi-communal, bi-zonal federation and called on the European Union to impose sanctions against Turkey, if things do not change. Turkey rejected the resolution, adding that Turkey will continue to protect both its own rights and those of Turkish Cypriots. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus presidency also condemned the resolution.
On 20 July 2021, Tatar, the president of Northern Cyprus announced the start of the 2nd phase of the opening of Varosha. He encouraged Greek Cypriots to apply Immovable Property Commission of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus to claim their properties back if they have any such rights.
Bilal Aga Mosque, constructed in 1821 and taken out of service in 1974, was re-opened on 23 July 2021.
In response to a decision by the government of Turkish Cyprus, the presidential statement of the United Nations Security Council dated on 23 July said that settling any part of the abandoned Cypriot suburb of Varosha, "by people other than its inhabitants, is 'inadmissible'." The same day, Turkey rejected the presidential statement of the UNSC on Maras (Varosha), and said that these statements were based on Greek-Greek Cypriot propaganda, were groundless and unfounded claims, and inconsistent with the realities on the Island. On 24 July 2021, the presidency of Northern Cyprus condemned the presidential statement of the UNSC dated on 23 July, and stated that "We see and condemn it as an attempt to create an obstacle for the property-rights-holders in Varosha to achieve their rights".
By 1 January 2022, nearly 400,000 people had visited Varosha since its opening to civilians on 6 October 2020.
On 19 May 2022, Northern Cyprus opened a 600m long X 400m wide stretch of beach on the Golden Sands beach (from the King George Hotel to the Oceania Building) in Varosha for commercial use. Sun beds and umbrellas were installed.
UNFICYP said it would raise the decision taken by Turkish Cypriot authorities to open that stretch of beach in Varosha with the Security Council, spokesperson for the peacekeeping force Aleem Siddique said on Friday. The UN announced its "position on Varosha is unchanged and we are monitoring the situation closely".
In October 2022, the Turkish Cypriots announced that public institutions will be opened in the city.
In April 2023, Cleo Hotel, the 7-floor Golden Seaside Hotel, and the 3-star Aegean Hotel were purchased by a Turkish Cypriot businessman (from their Greek Cypriot owners) who will operate them within 2025.
On 10 August 2023, the Government of Northern Cyprus decided to construct a marina and tourist facility in Varosha.
Varosha was analyzed by Alan Weisman in his book The World Without Us as an example of the unstoppable power of nature.
Filmmaker Greek Cypriot Michael Cacoyannis described the city and interviewed its exiled citizens in the film Attilas '74, produced in 1975.
In 2021, the Belarusian group Main-De-Gloire dedicated a song to this city that has become a ghostly place.
Northern Cyprus, officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), is a de facto state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus. It is recognised only by Turkey, and its territory is considered by all other states to be part of the Republic of Cyprus.
Northern Cyprus extends from the tip of the Karpass Peninsula in the northeast to Morphou Bay, Cape Kormakitis and its westernmost point, the Kokkina exclave in the west. Its southernmost point is the village of Louroujina. A buffer zone under the control of the United Nations stretches between Northern Cyprus and the rest of the island and divides Nicosia, the island's largest city and capital of both sides.
A coup d'état in 1974, performed as part of an attempt to annex the island to Greece, prompted the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. This resulted in the eviction of much of the north's Greek Cypriot population, the flight of Turkish Cypriots from the south, and the partitioning of the island, leading to a unilateral declaration of independence by the north in 1983. Due to its lack of recognition, Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for economic, political and military support.
Attempts to reach a solution to the Cyprus dispute have been unsuccessful. The Turkish Army maintains a large force in Northern Cyprus with the support and approval of the TRNC government, while the Republic of Cyprus, the European Union as a whole, and the international community regard it as an occupation force. This military presence has been denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions.
Northern Cyprus is a semi-presidential, democratic republic with a cultural heritage incorporating various influences and an economy that is dominated by the services sector. The economy has seen growth through the 2000s and 2010s, with the GNP per capita more than tripling in the 2000s, but is held back by an international embargo due to the official closure of the ports in Northern Cyprus by the Republic of Cyprus. The official language is Turkish, with a distinct local dialect being spoken. The vast majority of the population consists of Sunni Muslims, while religious attitudes are mostly moderate and secular. Northern Cyprus is an observer state of ECO and OIC under the name "Turkish Cypriot State", PACE under the name "Turkish Cypriot Community", and Organization of Turkic States with its own name.
Several distinct periods of Cypriot intercommunal violence involving the two main ethnic communities, Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, marked mid-20th century Cyprus. These included the Cyprus Emergency of 1955–59 during British rule, the post-independence Cyprus crisis of 1963–64, and the Cyprus crisis of 1967. Hostilities culminated in the 1974 de facto division of the island along the Green Line following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. The region has been relatively peaceful since then, but the Cyprus dispute has continued, with various attempts to solve it diplomatically having been generally unsuccessful.
Cyprus, an island lying in the eastern Mediterranean, hosted a population of Greeks and Turks (four-fifths and one-fifth, respectively), who lived under British rule in the late nineteenth-century and the first half of the twentieth-century. Christian Orthodox Church of Cyprus played a prominent political role among the Greek Cypriot community, a privilege that it acquired during the Ottoman Empire with the employment of the millet system, which gave the archbishop an unofficial ethnarch status.
The repeated rejections by the British of Greek Cypriot demands for enosis, union with Greece, led to armed resistance, organised by the National Organization of Cypriot Struggle, or EOKA. EOKA, led by the Greek-Cypriot commander George Grivas, systematically targeted British colonial authorities. One of the effects of EOKA's campaign was to alter the Turkish position from demanding full reincorporation into Turkey to a demand for taksim (partition). EOKA's mission and activities caused a "Cretan syndrome" (see Turkish Resistance Organisation) within the Turkish Cypriot community, as its members feared that they would be forced to leave the island in such a case as had been the case with Cretan Turks. As such, they preferred the continuation of British colonial rule and then taksim, the division of the island. Due to the Turkish Cypriots' support for the British, EOKA's leader, Georgios Grivas, declared them to be enemies. The fact that the Turks were a minority was, according to Nihat Erim, to be addressed by the transfer of thousands of Turks from mainland Turkey so that Greek Cypriots would cease to be the majority. When Erim visited Cyprus as the Turkish representative, he was advised by Field Marshal Sir John Harding, the then Governor of Cyprus, that Turkey should send educated Turks to settle in Cyprus.
Turkey actively promoted the idea that on the island of Cyprus two distinctive communities existed, and sidestepped its former claim that "the people of Cyprus were all Turkish subjects". In doing so, Turkey's aim to have self-determination of two to-be equal communities in effect led to de jure partition of the island.[citation needed] This could be justified to the international community against the will of the majority Greek population of the island. Dr. Fazil Küçük in 1954 had already proposed Cyprus be divided in two at the 35° parallel.
Lindley Dan, from Notre Dame University, spotted the roots of intercommunal violence to different visions among the two communities of Cyprus (enosis for Greek Cypriots, taksim for Turkish Cypriots). Also, Lindlay wrote that "the merging of church, schools/education, and politics in divisive and nationalistic ways" had played a crucial role in creation of havoc in Cyprus' history. Attalides Michael also pointed to the opposing nationalisms as the cause of the Cyprus problem.
By the mid-1950's, the "Cyprus is Turkish" party, movement, and slogan gained force in both Cyprus and Turkey. In a 1954 editorial, Turkish Cypriot leader Dr. Fazil Kuchuk expressed the sentiment that the Turkish youth had grown up with the idea that "as soon as Great Britain leaves the island, it will be taken over by the Turks", and that "Turkey cannot tolerate otherwise". This perspective contributed to the willingness of Turkish Cypriots to align themselves with the British, who started recruiting Turkish Cypriots into the police force that patrolled Cyprus to fight EOKA, a Greek Cypriot nationalist organisation that sought to rid the island of British rule.
EOKA targeted colonial authorities, including police, but Georgios Grivas, the leader of EOKA, did not initially wish to open up a new front by fighting Turkish Cypriots and reassured them that EOKA would not harm their people. In 1956, some Turkish Cypriot policemen were killed by EOKA members and this provoked some intercommunal violence in the spring and summer, but these attacks on policemen were not motivated by the fact that they were Turkish Cypriots.
However, in January 1957, Grivas changed his policy as his forces in the mountains became increasingly pressured by the British Crown forces. In order to divert the attention of the Crown forces, EOKA members started to target Turkish Cypriot policemen intentionally in the towns, so that Turkish Cypriots would riot against the Greek Cypriots and the security forces would have to be diverted to the towns to restore order. The killing of a Turkish Cypriot policeman on 19 January, when a power station was bombed, and the injury of three others, provoked three days of intercommunal violence in Nicosia. The two communities targeted each other in reprisals, at least one Greek Cypriot was killed and the British Army was deployed in the streets. Greek Cypriot stores were burned and their neighbourhoods attacked. Following the events, the Greek Cypriot leadership spread the propaganda that the riots had merely been an act of Turkish Cypriot aggression. Such events created chaos and drove the communities apart both in Cyprus and in Turkey.
On 22 October 1957 Sir Hugh Mackintosh Foot replaced Sir John Harding as the British Governor of Cyprus. Foot suggested five to seven years of self-government before any final decision. His plan rejected both enosis and taksim. The Turkish Cypriot response to this plan was a series of anti-British demonstrations in Nicosia on 27 and 28 January 1958 rejecting the proposed plan because the plan did not include partition. The British then withdrew the plan.
In 1957, Black Gang, a Turkish Cypriot pro-taksim paramilitary organisation, was formed to patrol a Turkish Cypriot enclave, the Tahtakale district of Nicosia, against activities of EOKA. The organisation later attempted to grow into a national scale, but failed to gain public support.
By 1958, signs of dissatisfaction with the British increased on both sides, with a group of Turkish Cypriots forming Volkan (later renamed to the Turkish Resistance Organisation) paramilitary group to promote partition and the annexation of Cyprus to Turkey as dictated by the Menderes plan. Volkan initially consisted of roughly 100 members, with the stated aim of raising awareness in Turkey of the Cyprus issue and courting military training and support for Turkish Cypriot fighters from the Turkish government.
In June 1958, the British Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, was expected to propose a plan to resolve the Cyprus issue. In light of the new development, the Turks rioted in Nicosia to promote the idea that Greek and Turkish Cypriots could not live together and therefore any plan that did not include partition would not be viable. This violence was soon followed by bombing, Greek Cypriot deaths and looting of Greek Cypriot-owned shops and houses. Greek and Turkish Cypriots started to flee mixed population villages where they were a minority in search of safety. This was effectively the beginning of the segregation of the two communities. On 7 June 1958, a bomb exploded at the entrance of the Turkish Embassy in Cyprus. Following the bombing, Turkish Cypriots looted Greek Cypriot properties. On 26 June 1984, the Turkish Cypriot leader, Rauf Denktaş, admitted on British channel ITV that the bomb was placed by the Turks themselves in order to create tension. On 9 January 1995, Rauf Denktaş repeated his claim to the famous Turkish newspaper Milliyet in Turkey.
The crisis reached a climax on 12 June 1958, when eight Greeks, out of an armed group of thirty five arrested by soldiers of the Royal Horse Guards on suspicion of preparing an attack on the Turkish quarter of Skylloura, were killed in a suspected attack by Turkish Cypriot locals, near the village of Geunyeli, having been ordered to walk back to their village of Kondemenos.
After the EOKA campaign had begun, the British government successfully began to turn the Cyprus issue from a British colonial problem into a Greek-Turkish issue. British diplomacy exerted backstage influence on the Adnan Menderes government, with the aim of making Turkey active in Cyprus. For the British, the attempt had a twofold objective. The EOKA campaign would be silenced as quickly as possible, and Turkish Cypriots would not side with Greek Cypriots against the British colonial claims over the island, which would thus remain under the British. The Turkish Cypriot leadership visited Menderes to discuss the Cyprus issue. When asked how the Turkish Cypriots should respond to the Greek Cypriot claim of enosis, Menderes replied: "You should go to the British foreign minister and request the status quo be prolonged, Cyprus to remain as a British colony". When the Turkish Cypriots visited the British Foreign Secretary and requested for Cyprus to remain a colony, he replied: "You should not be asking for colonialism at this day and age, you should be asking for Cyprus be returned to Turkey, its former owner".
As Turkish Cypriots began to look to Turkey for protection, Greek Cypriots soon understood that enosis was extremely unlikely. The Greek Cypriot leader, Archbishop Makarios III, now set independence for the island as his objective.
Britain resolved to solve the dispute by creating an independent Cyprus. In 1959, all involved parties signed the Zurich Agreements: Britain, Turkey, Greece, and the Greek and Turkish Cypriot leaders, Makarios and Dr. Fazil Kucuk, respectively. The new constitution drew heavily on the ethnic composition of the island. The President would be a Greek Cypriot, and the Vice-President a Turkish Cypriot with an equal veto. The contribution to the public service would be set at a ratio of 70:30, and the Supreme Court would consist of an equal number of judges from both communities as well as an independent judge who was not Greek, Turkish or British. The Zurich Agreements were supplemented by a number of treaties. The Treaty of Guarantee stated that secession or union with any state was forbidden, and that Greece, Turkey and Britain would be given guarantor status to intervene if that was violated. The Treaty of Alliance allowed for two small Greek and Turkish military contingents to be stationed on the island, and the Treaty of Establishment gave Britain sovereignty over two bases in Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
On 15 August 1960, the Colony of Cyprus became fully independent as the Republic of Cyprus. The new republic remained within the Commonwealth of Nations.
The new constitution brought dissatisfaction to Greek Cypriots, who felt it to be highly unjust for them for historical, demographic and contributional reasons. Although 80% of the island's population were Greek Cypriots and these indigenous people had lived on the island for thousands of years and paid 94% of taxes, the new constitution was giving the 17% of the population that was Turkish Cypriots, who paid 6% of taxes, around 30% of government jobs and 40% of national security jobs.
Within three years tensions between the two communities in administrative affairs began to show. In particular disputes over separate municipalities and taxation created a deadlock in government. A constitutional court ruled in 1963 Makarios had failed to uphold article 173 of the constitution which called for the establishment of separate municipalities for Turkish Cypriots. Makarios subsequently declared his intention to ignore the judgement, resulting in the West German judge resigning from his position. Makarios proposed thirteen amendments to the constitution, which would have had the effect of resolving most of the issues in the Greek Cypriot favour. Under the proposals, the President and Vice-President would lose their veto, the separate municipalities as sought after by the Turkish Cypriots would be abandoned, the need for separate majorities by both communities in passing legislation would be discarded and the civil service contribution would be set at actual population ratios (82:18) instead of the slightly higher figure for Turkish Cypriots.
The intention behind the amendments has long been called into question. The Akritas plan, written in the height of the constitutional dispute by the Greek Cypriot interior minister Polycarpos Georkadjis, called for the removal of undesirable elements of the constitution so as to allow power-sharing to work. The plan envisaged a swift retaliatory attack on Turkish Cypriot strongholds should Turkish Cypriots resort to violence to resist the measures, stating "In the event of a planned or staged Turkish attack, it is imperative to overcome it by force in the shortest possible time, because if we succeed in gaining command of the situation (in one or two days), no outside, intervention would be either justified or possible." Whether Makarios's proposals were part of the Akritas plan is unclear, however it remains that sentiment towards enosis had not completely disappeared with independence. Makarios described independence as "a step on the road to enosis".[31] Preparations for conflict were not entirely absent from Turkish Cypriots either, with right wing elements still believing taksim (partition) the best safeguard against enosis.
Greek Cypriots however believe the amendments were a necessity stemming from a perceived attempt by Turkish Cypriots to frustrate the working of government. Turkish Cypriots saw it as a means to reduce their status within the state from one of co-founder to that of minority, seeing it as a first step towards enosis. The security situation deteriorated rapidly.
Main articles: Bloody Christmas (1963) and Battle of Tillyria
An armed conflict was triggered after December 21, 1963, a period remembered by Turkish Cypriots as Bloody Christmas, when a Greek Cypriot policemen that had been called to help deal with a taxi driver refusing officers already on the scene access to check the identification documents of his customers, took out his gun upon arrival and shot and killed the taxi driver and his partner. Eric Solsten summarised the events as follows: "a Greek Cypriot police patrol, ostensibly checking identification documents, stopped a Turkish Cypriot couple on the edge of the Turkish quarter. A hostile crowd gathered, shots were fired, and two Turkish Cypriots were killed."
In the morning after the shooting, crowds gathered in protest in Northern Nicosia, likely encouraged by the TMT, without incident. On the evening of the 22nd, gunfire broke out, communication lines to the Turkish neighbourhoods were cut, and the Greek Cypriot police occupied the nearby airport. On the 23rd, a ceasefire was negotiated, but did not hold. Fighting, including automatic weapons fire, between Greek and Turkish Cypriots and militias increased in Nicosia and Larnaca. A force of Greek Cypriot irregulars led by Nikos Sampson entered the Nicosia suburb of Omorphita and engaged in heavy firing on armed, as well as by some accounts unarmed, Turkish Cypriots. The Omorphita clash has been described by Turkish Cypriots as a massacre, while this view has generally not been acknowledged by Greek Cypriots.
Further ceasefires were arranged between the two sides, but also failed. By Christmas Eve, the 24th, Britain, Greece, and Turkey had joined talks, with all sides calling for a truce. On Christmas day, Turkish fighter jets overflew Nicosia in a show of support. Finally it was agreed to allow a force of 2,700 British soldiers to help enforce a ceasefire. In the next days, a "buffer zone" was created in Nicosia, and a British officer marked a line on a map with green ink, separating the two sides of the city, which was the beginning of the "Green Line". Fighting continued across the island for the next several weeks.
In total 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed during the violence. 25,000 Turkish Cypriots from 103-109 villages fled and were displaced into enclaves and thousands of Turkish Cypriot houses were ransacked or completely destroyed.
Contemporary newspapers also reported on the forceful exodus of the Turkish Cypriots from their homes. According to The Times in 1964, threats, shootings and attempts of arson were committed against the Turkish Cypriots to force them out of their homes. The Daily Express wrote that "25,000 Turks have already been forced to leave their homes". The Guardian reported a massacre of Turks at Limassol on 16 February 1964.
Turkey had by now readied its fleet and its fighter jets appeared over Nicosia. Turkey was dissuaded from direct involvement by the creation of a United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) in 1964. Despite the negotiated ceasefire in Nicosia, attacks on the Turkish Cypriot persisted, particularly in Limassol. Concerned about the possibility of a Turkish invasion, Makarios undertook the creation of a Greek Cypriot conscript-based army called the "National Guard". A general from Greece took charge of the army, whilst a further 20,000 well-equipped officers and men were smuggled from Greece into Cyprus. Turkey threatened to intervene once more, but was prevented by a strongly worded letter from the American President Lyndon B. Johnson, anxious to avoid a conflict between NATO allies Greece and Turkey at the height of the Cold War.
Turkish Cypriots had by now established an important bridgehead at Kokkina, provided with arms, volunteers and materials from Turkey and abroad. Seeing this incursion of foreign weapons and troops as a major threat, the Cypriot government invited George Grivas to return from Greece as commander of the Greek troops on the island and launch a major attack on the bridgehead. Turkey retaliated by dispatching its fighter jets to bomb Greek positions, causing Makarios to threaten an attack on every Turkish Cypriot village on the island if the bombings did not cease. The conflict had now drawn in Greece and Turkey, with both countries amassing troops on their Thracian borders. Efforts at mediation by Dean Acheson, a former U.S. Secretary of State, and UN-appointed mediator Galo Plaza had failed, all the while the division of the two communities becoming more apparent. Greek Cypriot forces were estimated at some 30,000, including the National Guard and the large contingent from Greece. Defending the Turkish Cypriot enclaves was a force of approximately 5,000 irregulars, led by a Turkish colonel, but lacking the equipment and organisation of the Greek forces.
The Secretary-General of the United Nations in 1964, U Thant, reported the damage during the conflicts:
UNFICYP carried out a detailed survey of all damage to properties throughout the island during the disturbances; it shows that in 109 villages, most of them Turkish-Cypriot or mixed villages, 527 houses have been destroyed while 2,000 others have suffered damage from looting.
The situation worsened in 1967, when a military junta overthrew the democratically elected government of Greece, and began applying pressure on Makarios to achieve enosis. Makarios, not wishing to become part of a military dictatorship or trigger a Turkish invasion, began to distance himself from the goal of enosis. This caused tensions with the junta in Greece as well as George Grivas in Cyprus. Grivas's control over the National Guard and Greek contingent was seen as a threat to Makarios's position, who now feared a possible coup.[citation needed] The National Guard and Cyprus Police began patrolling the Turkish Cypriot enclaves of Ayios Theodoros and Kophinou, and on November 15 engaged in heavy fighting with the Turkish Cypriots.
By the time of his withdrawal 26 Turkish Cypriots had been killed. Turkey replied with an ultimatum demanding that Grivas be removed from the island, that the troops smuggled from Greece in excess of the limits of the Treaty of Alliance be removed, and that the economic blockades on the Turkish Cypriot enclaves be lifted. Grivas was recalled by the Athens Junta and the 12,000 Greek troops were withdrawn. Makarios now attempted to consolidate his position by reducing the number of National Guard troops, and by creating a paramilitary force loyal to Cypriot independence. In 1968, acknowledging that enosis was now all but impossible, Makarios stated, "A solution by necessity must be sought within the limits of what is feasible which does not always coincide with the limits of what is desirable."
After 1967 tensions between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots subsided. Instead, the main source of tension on the island came from factions within the Greek Cypriot community. Although Makarios had effectively abandoned enosis in favour of an 'attainable solution', many others continued to believe that the only legitimate political aspiration for Greek Cypriots was union with Greece.
On his arrival, Grivas began by establishing a nationalist paramilitary group known as the National Organization of Cypriot Fighters (Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston B or EOKA-B), drawing comparisons with the EOKA struggle for enosis under the British colonial administration of the 1950s.
The military junta in Athens saw Makarios as an obstacle. Makarios's failure to disband the National Guard, whose officer class was dominated by mainland Greeks, had meant the junta had practical control over the Cypriot military establishment, leaving Makarios isolated and a vulnerable target.
During the first Turkish invasion, Turkish troops invaded Cyprus territory on 20 July 1974, invoking its rights under the Treaty of Guarantee. This expansion of Turkish-occupied zone violated International Law as well as the Charter of the United Nations. Turkish troops managed to capture 3% of the island which was accompanied by the burning of the Turkish Cypriot quarter, as well as the raping and killing of women and children. A temporary cease-fire followed which was mitigated by the UN Security Council. Subsequently, the Greek military Junta collapsed on July 23, 1974, and peace talks commenced in which a democratic government was installed. The Resolution 353 was broken after Turkey attacked a second time and managed to get a hold of 37% of Cyprus territory. The Island of Cyprus was appointed a Buffer Zone by the United Nations, which divided the island into two zones through the 'Green Line' and put an end to the Turkish invasion. Although Turkey announced that the occupied areas of Cyprus to be called the Federated Turkish State in 1975, it is not legitimised on a worldwide political scale. The United Nations called for the international recognition of independence for the Republic of Cyprus in the Security Council Resolution 367.
In the years after the Turkish invasion of northern Cyprus one can observe a history of failed talks between the two parties. The 1983 declaration of the independent Turkish Republic of Cyprus resulted in a rise of inter-communal tensions and made it increasingly hard to find mutual understanding. With Cyprus' interest of a possible EU membership and a new UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 1997 new hopes arose for a fresh start. International involvement from sides of the US and UK, wanting a solution to the Cyprus dispute prior to the EU accession led to political pressures for new talks. The believe that an accession without a solution would threaten Greek-Turkish relations and acknowledge the partition of the island would direct the coming negotiations.
Over the course of two years a concrete plan, the Annan plan was formulated. In 2004 the fifth version agreed upon from both sides and with the endorsement of Turkey, US, UK and EU then was presented to the public and was given a referendum in both Cypriot communities to assure the legitimisation of the resolution. The Turkish Cypriots voted with 65% for the plan, however the Greek Cypriots voted with a 76% majority against. The Annan plan contained multiple important topics. Firstly it established a confederation of two separate states called the United Cyprus Republic. Both communities would have autonomous states combined under one unified government. The members of parliament would be chosen according to the percentage in population numbers to ensure a just involvement from both communities. The paper proposed a demilitarisation of the island over the next years. Furthermore it agreed upon a number of 45000 Turkish settlers that could remain on the island. These settlers became a very important issue concerning peace talks. Originally the Turkish government encouraged Turks to settle in Cyprus providing transfer and property, to establish a counterpart to the Greek Cypriot population due to their 1 to 5 minority. With the economic situation many Turkish-Cypriot decided to leave the island, however their departure is made up by incoming Turkish settlers leaving the population ratio between Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots stable. However all these points where criticised and as seen in the vote rejected mainly by the Greek Cypriots. These name the dissolution of the „Republic of Cyprus", economic consequences of a reunion and the remaining Turkish settlers as reason. Many claim that the plan was indeed drawing more from Turkish-Cypriot demands then Greek-Cypriot interests. Taking in consideration that the US wanted to keep Turkey as a strategic partner in future Middle Eastern conflicts.
A week after the failed referendum the Republic of Cyprus joined the EU. In multiple instances the EU tried to promote trade with Northern Cyprus but without internationally recognised ports this spiked a grand debate. Both side endure their intention of negotiations, however without the prospect of any new compromises or agreements the UN is unwilling to start the process again. Since 2004 negotiations took place in numbers but without any results, both sides are strongly holding on to their position without an agreeable solution in sight that would suit both parties.
Report of work of the Experiment Station of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association
Honolulu :Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association,1905-1909
Working The 0Z30 07.08 Oxwellmains Lafarge Colas To Rugby
Oxwellmains Lafarge Colas 07.08 . 07.07 1E
Oxwellmains Crossover 07.21 1/2 To 07.25 1/2 No Report
Innerwick G.S.P. 07.30 . 07.29 RT
Cockburnpath 07.32 . 07.31 RT
Grantshouse 07.37 . 07.35 2E
Reston 07.43 . 07.40 3E
Reston 07.44 . 07.40 1/2 3E
Burnmouth 07.49 . 07.44 3/4 3E
Reston Signal Eg402 07.51 . 07.47 4E
Berwick-upon-Tweed 07.54 . 07.49 3/4 4E
Tweedmouth S.B. 07.55 . 07.50 3/4 4E
Beal L.C. 08.01 No Report
Crag Mill Loop 08.07 1/2 No Report
Belford L.C. 08.09 . 08.02 1/2 6E
Chathill 08.13 1/2 . 08.07 6E
Chathill Apco 08.13 1/2 No Report
Little Mill Lc 08.19 . 08.12 3/4 5E
Alnmouth 08.22 1/2 . 08.17 5E
Wooden Gate Jn 08.23 1/2 . 08.17 1/2 5E
Acklington 08.28 . 08.22 1/4 5E
Chevington Loop 08.30 . 08.24 5E
Widdrington 08.32 1/2 . 08.26 3/4 5E
Butterwell Jn 08.34 1/2 . 08.28 1/2 5E
Pegswood 08.36 1/2 . 08.31 1/4 5E
Morpeth North Jn 08.37 1/2 . 08.32 1/2 4E
Morpeth Loop 08.39 1/2 To 08.44 1/2 No Report
Morpeth 08.46 1/2 . 08.45 1/4 1E
Cramlington 08.52 . 08.51 1E
Benton Nth Jn 08.57 . 08.56 RT
Heaton North Jn 08.58 . 08.57 1/4 RT
Heaton Sth. Jn 08.59 . 08.59 1/4 RT
Manors 09.01 . 09.01 1/4 RT
Newcastle [NCL] 09.02 1/2 To 09.19 1/2 09.03 . 09.22 1/2 3L
King Edward Bridge N. Jn 09.21 . 09.24 1/4 3L
King Edward Bridge S. Jn 09.21 1/2 . 09.24 1/2 3L
Low Fell Jn 09.23 1/2 . 09.26 3/4 3L
Birtley Jn 09.25 1/2 . 09.28 1/2 3L
Chester-le-Street 09.28 1/2 . 09.31 1/2 3L
Durham 09.33 . 09.37 4L
Tursdale Jn 09.39 . 09.43 1/2 4L
Ferryhill Sth. Jn 09.41 . 09.46 5L
Bradbury Apco 09.43 1/2 No Report
Aycliffe 09.47 No Report
Darlington North Jn 09.51 . 09.59 1/4 8L
Darlington [DAR] 09.52 To 10.20 1/2 09.59 1/2 . 10.25 4L
Darlington South Jn 10.21 1/2 . 10.25 3/4 4L
East Cowton Xovers 10.26 1/2 No Report
Northallerton 10.33 . 10.39 6L
Longlands Jn 10.34 1/2 . 10.40 5L
Thirsk 10.41 1/2 . 10.47 3/4 6L
Pilmoor 10.48 . 10.54 1/2 6L
Tollerton Jn 10.53 1/2 . 11.00 1/4 6L
Skelton Bridge Jn 11.00 1/2 . 11.10 9L
Skelton Jn (York) 11.03 1/2 . 11.12 3/4 9L
York [YRK] 11.06 1/2 To 11.17 1/2 Pass 11.16 1/4 1E
York Holgate Jcn 11.18 1/2 . 11.17 1/4 1E
Colton North Jn 11.22 1/2 . 11.21 1E
Colton Jn 11.23 1/2 . 11.21 1/2 1E
Hambleton North Jn 11.30 . 11.28 3/4 1E
Hambleton South Jn 11.30 1/2 . 11.29 1/2 1E
Temple Hirst Jn 11.34 1/2 . 11.36 3/4 2L
Joan Croft Jn 11.41 1/2 . 11.44 3/4 3L
Shaftholme Jn 11.42 . 11.45 1/4 3L
Arksey Loop 11.44 1/2 . 11.48 1/4 4L
Donc. Marshgate Jn 11.46 . 11.50 1/2 4L
Doncaster 11.46 1/2 . 11.52 1/2 6L
St James Jn 11.47 1/2 . 11.54 1/4 6L
Hexthorpe Jn 11.50 1/2 . 11.56 1/4 5L
Conisbrough 11.53 . 11.59 3/4 6L
Mexborough 11.55 1/2 . 12.03 1/2 8L
Swinton (South Yorkshire) 11.56 1/2 No Report
Aldwarke Jn 11.59 No Report
Thrybergh Jn 11.59 1/2 . 12.07 1/2 8L
Aldwarke Jn 12.00 1/2 . 12.09 8L
Masborough Jn 12.05 1/2 . 12.13 7L
Masbro S.S. Jn 12.07 1/2 No Report
Canklow Loop 12.08 1/2 No Report
Treeton Jn 12.10 . 12.16 3/4 6L
Beighton Jn 12.14 1/2 . 12.20 5L
Renishaw Park (Flhh) 12.19 1/2 . 12.24 1/4 4L
Foxlow Jn 12.21 . 12.25 1/4 4L
Barrow Hill North Jn 12.22 1/2 . 12.26 1/2 4L
Barrow Hill South Jn 12.23 1/2 . 12.27 1/4 3L
Tapton Jn 12.26 1/2 No Report
Chesterfield 12.28 1/2 . 12.30 1L
Chesterfield South Jn 12.29 1/2 . 12.31 1L
Hasland 12.30 1/2 . 12.31 1/2 1L
Clay Cross North Jn 12.32 . 12.33 1/4 1L
Morton 12.36 . 12.37 1L
Blackwell South Jn (Derbs) 12.38 . 12.39 1/2 1L
Alfreton 12.39 . 12.40 1/4 1L
Ironville Junction 12.42 . 12.44 2L
Codnor Park Jn 12.42 1/2 . 12.44 1/2 2L
Langley Mill 12.45 1/2 . 12.48 3/4 3L
Ilkeston 12.51 . 12.53 1/2 2L
Ilkeston Junction 12.52 1/2 . 12.54 3/4 2L
Trowell Jn 12.53 1/2 . 12.55 1L
Stapleford & Sandiacre 12.57 1/2 . 12.58 1/4 RT
Toton Centre 12.58 1/2 . 12.59 1/4 RT
Toton Jn 12.59 1/2 . 13.00 RT
Long Eaton Town X 13.00 1/2 . 13.00 3/4 RT
Trent East Jn 13.02 . 13.02 1/2 RT
Trent South Jn 13.03 . 13.03 3/4 RT
Ratcliffe Jn 13.03 1/2 . 13.05 1/4 1L
East Midlands Parkway 13.04 . 13.05 1/2 1L
Kegworth 13.05 1/2 . 13.07 1/4 1L
Loughborough North Jn 13.09 1/2 . 13.11 1L
Loughborough 13.10 . 13.11 1/2 1L
Loughborough South Jn 13.10 1/2 . 13.11 3/4 1L
Barrow upon Soar 13.13 . 13.14 RT
Mountsorrel Gbrf 13.14 . 13.14 1/2 RT
Sileby Jn 13.15 . 13.15 1/2 RT
Sileby 13.15 1/2 . 13.15 1/2 RT
Syston North Jn 13.17 1/2 . 13.19 1/4 1L
Syston South Jn 13.18 . 13.19 1/2 1L
Syston 13.18 . 13.19 1/2 1L
Humberstone Rd Jn 13.23 . 13.23 1/4 RT
Leicester North Jn 13.24 . 13.25 1L
Leicester 13.24 1/2 . 13.25 3/4 1L
Leicester South Jn 13.25 . 13.26 3/4 1L
Knighton Jn 13.26 . 13.27 3/4 1L
Wigston North Jn 13.28 . 13.29 3/4 1L
South Wigston 13.29 . 13.31 2L
Glen Parva Jn 13.29 . 13.31 1/4 2L
Narborough 13.33 1/2 . 13.34 3/4 1L
Croft 13.36 . 13.36 3/4 RT
Hinckley 13.45 . 13.45 1/4 RT
Nuneaton South Jn 13.49 . 13.55 1/4 6L
Nuneaton [NUN] 13.50 To 13.55 13.52 1/4 . 13.54 3/4 RT
Nuneaton Sig NI9550 13.56 1/2 To 14.01 1/2 No Report
Nuneaton 14.04 . 13.56 8E
Nuneaton South Jn 14.04 1/2 No Report
Attleborough North Jn 14.05 1/2 No Report
Attleborough South Jn 14.06 . 13.56 1/4 9E
Shilton 14.10 . 14.01 1/4 8E
Brinklow 14.13 1/2 . 14.05 8E
High Oaks Junction 14.16 . 14.08 7E
Newbold Junction 14.17 . 14.08 3/4 8E
Rugby Trent Valley Jn 14.18 . 14.10 1/4 7E
Rugby North Junction 14.18 1/2 . 14.11 7E
Rugby [RUG] 14.20 . 14.12 7E