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Chapter 4: Finally, the second lion arrived on the scene and the battle began anew. The giraffe, much larger, kicked at the lions with all the power at its command. You can tell from several of the images that there were severe deformities in the giraffe's hooves. Possibly, this is what attracted the lions to this particular giraffe. It may have also hindered the giraffe's ability to outrun his much smaller pursuers. Notwithstanding his misshapen hooves, the giraffe was able to repel his attackers. But as you can see from the last picture, they hadn't given up the fight.
Library of the Parliament.
First image of the Set "A Week-end In Ottawa"
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Apunta de Repeles pero se hizo algo, Junto a los compis de ACT, WCM y otros colegas... En el Evento "Gran Tribuna Anti-Imperialista"
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Do you remember how Russia bragged that they would seize Kyiv in 48 hours? Instead, Ukraine has been repelling the enemy for 48 days. Today it is worth remembering.
It is worth remembering that the Russian leadership expected to see the parade of occupiers on Khreschatyk a few days after February 24, after the beginning of the invasion. Instead they see orderly ranks of occupiers every day, whom our defenders send to hell.
In 48 hours, which stretched for 48 days, the Russian army has reached a level of irreparable losses higher than that of the Soviet Union in 10 years of war in Afghanistan. Higher than that of Russia in the two wars in Chechnya.
The general list of "two hundred" for Russia will soon reach 20,000. Literally in a few days, if not tonight.
And then what? 30 thousand killed? 40 thousand?
Today in Russia it was once again stated that their so-called "special operation" is supposedly going according to the plan. But, to be honest, no one in the world understands how such a plan could even emerge.
How could a plan providing for the death of tens of thousands of your own soldiers in a little more than a month of war emerge? Who could approve such a plan? And what is the final level of their own losses acceptable for this person?
Dozens or even hundreds of thousands of dead Russians?
Obviously, no one in Moscow cares about the number of Ukrainian civilians killed.
They say they do everything for the sake of the people, for the sake of Donbas... But even during World War II, Donbas did not see such cruelty in such a short time. And from whom? From Russian troops.
In Donbas, the story of the siege of Leningrad was repeated. What for? What would the people who died or almost died in Leningrad during the Nazi blockade say about this? What would they say about the blockade of Mariupol?
It was also stated in Russia today that the massacre committed by the Russian military in Bucha was allegedly a "staging".
For some reason, the massacres in Borodyanka, Hostomel, Makariv, cities and villages of the Chernihiv region, Kharkiv region and Donbas have not been commented on yet.
There are not as many "specialists in staging" in the world as there are murderers in the Russian army.
Responsibility for war crimes is inevitable.
As an example, I can mention today's result of the Security Service of Ukraine.
It is very symbolic that Mr. Medvedchuk was detained on Cosmonautics Day.
He has been hiding for 48 days. And finally decided to try to escape from our country. Well, for this "astronaut" - in the bad sense of the word - the famous "Let's go!" did not work.
I think it is especially cynical of him to use military camouflage. He tried to disguise himself like that. Such a "soldier". Such a "patriot".
Well, if Medvedchuk chose a military uniform for himself, he falls under the rules of wartime.
I offer the Russian Federation to exchange this guy of yours for our boys and our girls who are now in Russian captivity. It is therefore important that our law enforcement officials and military also consider this possibility.
There are more and more testimonies and other official data of the investigation about the horrible crimes of the occupiers in the areas where they managed, unfortunately, to come. About the inhuman cruelty of the Russian military towards women and children. About numerous rapes.
Not all serial rapists reached the level of brutality of Russian soldiers.
Of course, we will establish the full truth about all these savages. No matter how much time and effort it takes, we will find them all.
And let Medvedchuk be an example for you. Even the former oligarch did not escape, not to mention much more ordinary criminals from the Russian boondocks. We will get everyone.
We take with great attention yesterday's reports on the use of a projectile with a poisonous substance in Mariupol against the defenders of the city.
It is not yet possible to draw one hundred percent conclusions about what kind of substance it was. Obviously it is impossible to conduct a full investigation and full analysis in the besieged city.
However, given the repeated threats of Russian propagandists to use chemical weapons against the defenders of Mariupol and the repeated use by the Russian army of phosphorus munitions in Ukraine for example, the world must respond now. Respond preventively. Because after the use of weapons of mass destruction, any response will not change anything. And it will only look like a humiliation for the democratic world.
Today, in my address to the parliament and the people of Lithuania, and at the same time to all European nations, I stressed that the sixth package of EU sanctions against Russia must include oil.
Stop multiplying insufficiently strong sanctions packages. In any case, you will have to acknowledge that only Europe's abandonment of Russia's energy resources and the complete restriction of Russia's banking system can be an argument for Russia's leadership to seek peace. Without this, Moscow is looking for a military solution.
I also spoke today with Chancellor of Austria Nehammer who had met with the Russian leader the day before. We exchanged details about this meeting.
Many people like to mock the occupiers, troll their failures, the level of training of their soldiers and the questionable quality of the "latest" Russian equipment, which has been developed over the past 20 years and is inferior to Soviet models. And rightly so. That's fair.
But at the same time, we must understand that not all Russian tanks are stalled in the field. Not all enemy soldiers simply flee the battlefield. And not all of them are conscripts who do not know how to hold weapons properly.
This does not mean we should be afraid of them.
This means we must not belittle the merits of our soldiers, our army.
And I want to thank them again, all our defenders. I don't get tired of doing it. And I want you and I not to tire of telling them the most important thing: we believe in you. We are proud of you. We admire you.
We are also proud of all our people who take to the streets despite the occupation. Who are protesting. Who are expelling the occupiers as best they can. We are proud of all our people!
That is why it should always be emphasized that if our cities and villages are occupied, it is only temporary. And they will definitely be liberated.
They will be liberated by our heroes. And not only by force of arms, but also by force of morale.
Morale demonstrated almost daily by Ukrainian men and women in the cities and villages of the south of our country. In the areas that Russian troops have temporarily occupied and which our army has not yet liberated.
No matter what, you need to resist the occupiers. It's hard, I know. You have to fight. Protest. Defend our national statehood.
And it is necessary to punish collaborators. Let them make "KhNR" somewhere in Khakassia, not in our native Ukrainian Kherson.
The future of Ukraine directly depends on the strength of our resistance in all its forms.
The future of us all, each of our cities, each of our villages.
And I am grateful to everyone who understands this. Who does not stop resisting even when it seems that the result is very far. Because the darkest time is always before dawn.
And today I want to separately address those heroes who are having a very hard time. Those who defend Mariupol. Marine battalion of the 36th marine brigade, Azov special operations detachment, 12th operational brigade of the National Guard of Ukraine. Subdivisions of the State Border Guard Service. Volunteers of the "Right Sector". 555th military hospital and National Police employees.
All the military who are fighting in the JFO area, who are defending Kharkiv, the Kharkiv region, all the military groups defending the Zaporizhzhia region, defending the south. Special thanks to the 92nd, 93rd, 95th brigades. Personally to General Nayev. I am infinitely grateful to everyone! On behalf of all Ukrainians.
A few minutes ago I signed three decrees. 419 servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine were awarded state awards. 72 of them posthumously.
Also, 30 servicemen of the Main Intelligence Directorate of Ukraine were awarded state awards.
The title of Hero of Ukraine was awarded to Lieutenant Colonel Dmytro Mykolayovych Vasyliyev, commander of the missile division of the 19th missile brigade. Posthumously.
Eternal glory to all our heroes!
Eternal memory to everyone who died for Ukraine!
Inevitable punishment to all our enemies.
Glory to Ukraine!
Taming the Lion’s Mane -
My friend took pride in keeping his hair long because he wanted to repel women, just kidding. The fact is when he got too carried away in the beat he enjoyed flipping his hair around. Over the years, his tresses slither slowly like a snake over his shoulders, biceps and downwards on his back. It was fine as long as the wind brushed in the right direction but not so when the blustery air shifted orientation. His hair would wrap around his face like a shawl covering his eyes. When I talk to him and his face can’t be seen, I tend to look at his legs instead. Many moons passed before he came to an understanding; it’s pure trouble at sight if you can’t see what’s ahead. Finally he called me one day to return the favor owed him. With cold hands but warm heart, I brought my craft scissors along. Although I have no prior experience as a stylist, I muster all my confidence on him that day. He sat on a swivel stool and we partake in a spirited conversation where no subject is off limits. Lifting the lengthy strands up with comb, the first cut is always the hardest. A few inches off the top and gingerly around the ears, I censored away the awful split ends. Craggy spikes were beginning to form as flowing locks dropped onto the floor. I thought a short faux hawk hairstyle would look great and continue with zeal. “Snip! Snip!” my scissors scowled. “Ouch! Ouch!” his locks responded in fright. “Both of you be quiet and still while I bleached with bronze!” I cooed. When I’m done, I patted his head lightly and cheerfully handed him a round glass. He is transfixed, frozen, by the mirrored image before him. Perhaps, it could be, the reflection with perfect likeness makes his hair stand. Slowly, his upside down smile turns into a loud burst of laughter. I asked why. “What have you done to me? Before I looked like Zakk Wylde but now, I’ve become a grass head shooting with spiky hay,” he exclaimed. To save myself, I laughed along with him.
Repelling down into an old abandoned mine, I've been down first to deploy a flash, and then climbed up to be able to take the picture
A Marine with 3rd Reconnaissance Battalion repels out of an MV-22 Osprey during helicopter rope suspension technique training on Camp Hansen, Okinawa, Japan.
(U.S. Marine Corps photo by Lance Cpl. Andrew R. Bray)
Cape San Blas Lighthouse - 200 Miss Zola's Drive, Port Saint Joe, Florida
We were haulin' a trailer and canoe through the panhandle on the way to Maine, and I just couldn't wait to get there to take pics of Lighthouses. So, I parked in the parking lot of the Third Street, First Baptist Church, made my way cross country to George Core (a.k.a. Lighthouse) Park and made this capture of the Cape San Blas light.
And as I often say to my fellow Florida photographers, if the lighting and/or sky in Florida isn't to your liking, it's simply a matter of waiting for a cloud to move along and make things right. In this case I got a mountain/cloud climber repelling from a cloud to balance the highlights in this composition.
A space station has some un-wanted guests. Time for security to ask them to leave :)
A full-on CGI creation with digital doubles. It was rendered out in multiple parts and assembled in photoshop as if it were one of my typical comps and processed in the usual way.
I think my trouble has always been that I wanted to be the girls I fancied which no doubt didn't help me keep girlfriends. But alas now I can be them and one of my favourite role-models has been the young and fresh pert-breasted long-legged Scandinavian blond. Of course now it would be even more easy to imagine I'm a real woman but to be honest what happens to me now makes being Jojo even better, what's more being transgendered makes me feel special for me and a lot of people.
Carte de visite by George Washington Armstead of Corinth, Miss. The Union garrison of two small forts guarding the railroad through Allatoona Pass in North Georgia repelled heavy attacks from a Confederate division of superior numbers on Oct. 5, 1864.
One of the Union regiments participating, the 39th Iowa Infantry, had arrived on the scene with eight companies about 1 a.m. on the morning of the 5th. At daybreak, the Iowans, 280 strong, formed a line of battle and moved in advance of the main defensive position in the direction from which they anticipated the Confederate attack. The orders they received were to maintain the position at all hazards.
One of the officers present, 29-year-old Oliver C. Ayers, served as first lieutenant of Company A and on various quartermaster and subsistence duties on the regimental and brigade level. Born and raised in Tompkins County, N.Y., he had settled in Winterset, Iowa. There he went into the dry good business with his younger brother, Elias. Ayers subsequently served as editor and publisher of the local newspaper, the Winterset Madisonian, which remains in operation today. In 1860, he joined the local band as a clarinetist. Brother Elias led the band.
In the summer of 1862, Ayers joined the 39th. By early 1863, the regiment moved to the District of Corinth in Mississippi, where Ayers posed for this portrait.
The Iowans participated in various operations in Mississippi and Tennessee before entering the Atlanta Campaign. Months later, at the outset of the Nashville Campaign, Ayers and his comrades received the call to report to Allatoona Pass.
The rebels arrived at Allatoona Pass during the morning of October 5. At 8:15 a.m., Confederate Maj. Gen. Samuel G. French sent a note to the Union garrison commander, Brig. Gen. John M. Corse requested his surrender. Corse declined. 45 minutes later, French's Confederates attacked.
In the ensuing struggle, the Iowans suffered heavy casualties—157 of the 280 engaged. 33 men and officers were killed, including Ayers, by a "musket ball passing through the body dying instantly falling on one knee his face toward the enemy," according to his military service record.
The regiment's after-action report tells the story:
"The engagement opened at 9 a.m. between our skirmishers and those of the enemy. The latter immediately threw forward heavy bodies of infantry, but were held in check for some time by our advanced companies, and it was in the attempt of the enemy to drive back our right that Lieut. O.D. Russell, Company C, received a painful wound in the breast while firmly maintaining his position. After an obstinate resistance of an hour these companies were compelled to retire, which they did, stubbornly contesting every inch of ground and punishing the enemy terribly at every step of his advance. At this juncture of affairs the brave and gallant Lieut. Col. James Redfield fell pierced through the heart by a musket-ball while
enthusiastically encouraging his command to stand firm and hurl back death and defiance at the enemies of our country. Almost simultaneously the brave and courteous Lieut. O.C. Ayers received the fatal shot while nobly discharging his duty. The advanced companies having retired to the crest of a hill in rear of the rifle-pits continued to pour a murderous and destructive fire into the ranks of the enemy with telling effect, causing him to stagger and waver. At length, however, the enemy threw a heavy force round our right flank, and pouring a deadly enfilading fire rendered our position, upon the crest of a hill, entirely untenable and compelled our forces to retire within the main works, 400 yards in rear of our advance line, leaving only the three companies in the rifle-pits to contest the advance of the enemy, and these companies having received orders to hold the works at all hazards, did not feel warranted in quitting them without orders, and the enemy, emboldened by our weakness, massed a heavy column on the Cartersville road, leading to the fort, and charging us on the double-quick passed the works, and turning upon our men in the rifle-pits, killed, wounded, or made prisoner every man remaining but nine. It was in this charge that the colors of the regiment were captured, but not until the entire guard were killed or wounded, these brave boys suffering themselves to be bayoneted rather than surrender the colors which had been placed in their hands, and the companies which had them in charge were captured, killed, or wounded."
Ayers would have turned 30 the next day. He died unmarried.
Brigadier General Corse, himself disfigured by a wound in the fight, ultimately held Allatoona Pass and received high praise for victory. Corse paid tribute to Ayers, Lt. Col. Redfield, and another officer of the 39th, Capt. Andrew T. Blodgett, in his official report: "The gallant dead, whose loss conveys grief to so many households, have left an imperishable memory, and the names of Redfield, Blodgett, and Ayers must prove as immortal as the holy cause for which they sacrificed their lives.”
Buried on or near the battlefield, Ayers' remains were later disinterred and moved to nearby Cartersville. Today his remains rest in Georgia's Marietta National Cemetery. A cenotaph honoring his life and sacrifice is located in Grove Cemetery in Trumansburg, Tompkins County, N.Y.
In 1977, Dale S. Stair transcribed Ayers' journal kept between August 8, 1862, and May 14, 1864. It is titled "Soldiering Is No Childs Play." His assistance with this biographical sketch is much appreciated.
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Plaque Reads:-
GIROLAMO SAVONAROLA IN CORRUPT AND SERVILE TIMES OF VICES AND TYRANTS FLAGELLATORE
Girolamo Savonarola (1452-1498) was born into a noble family in Ferrara, his father being a doctor. Girolamo was educated by another relative who was also a doctor and a man of rigid religious principles. So it was inevitable that the young lad would be directed towards medicine at university and devout Christianity at home.
Already repelled by the corruption that he saw around him, Savonarola left his medical studies and withdrew into solitude, meditation and prayer. He told his father that he could not suffer the blind wickedness of the peoples of Italy. He found unbearable the humanistic paganism that corrupted art, poetry and religion itself. But even if that was so, how did young Savonarola know that the cause of this spreading corruption was a vicious clergy, even in the highest levels of the church hierarchy?
In 1475 as an adult he chose to enter a Dominican monastery at Bologna. After living quietly there for 6 years, Savonarola moved to the convent of S Marco in Florence and began preaching in the church of S Lorenzo. His style, too medieval and scholastic, failed to attract the crowds. But in 1486, while preaching in Lombardy, he began to speak directly and passionately of the wrath of God. His popularity as a preacher grew immensely.
Savonarola's fame spread to Florence as he prophesied the doom of all tyrants who then prevailed in the world. In 1490, through the influence of Pico della Mirandola, he moved back to Florence and in July 1491 became prior of S Marco. His target evils in beautiful Florence were the vanity of the humanists and the viciousness of the clergy. Needless to say Lorenzo de' Medici, the ruler of Florence, was not happy with the fanatical preacher. But Savonarola would not desist, and in April 1492 Savonarola made his move - he refused to grant Lorenzo absolution because the ruler would not give liberty to the Florentines.
The monk somehow gained the consent of the Borgia Pope Alexander VI to sever his convent from the Lombard Congregation of the Dominican order. And as leader of an independent monastery, Savonarola introduced reforms that seemed to be going very well.
Some of Savonarola’s prophecies were nasty. He had predicted the deaths of Lorenzo and Pope Innocent VIII in 1492. After the death of the Medici ruler Lorenzo the Magnificent in April 1492, Lorenzo's son and successor Piero The Unfortunate was a hopeless leader. For a time, Pope Alexander VI (1492–1503) tolerated friar Girolamo’s rantings against the Church. Then in 1494 Savonarola described the terrible fate that would occur across Italy because of the sins of their tyrants and priests; King Charles VIII of France would invade! That too occurred. Pope Alexander was enraged when Florence declined to join his new Holy League against the French invader, and blamed it on Savonarola’s insidious authority.
When King Charles arrived in Florentine territory, Piero de’ Medici quickly surrendered to the invader. When Florence’s signoria/local government heard of this, they angrily exiled the Medicis and planned a new republic. A Florentine delegation met King Charles at Pisa to negotiate their future. After he entered Florence in Nov 1494, King Charles initially insisted on impossible demands, yielding only to Savonarola who persuaded the French king to leave the city. Thus Florence's grateful citizens placed themselves in the hands of the monk. Savonarola became the guiding moral authority of the new Florentine republic which was formally established in June 1495.
He planned the republic to be a Christian commonwealth where God would be the sole sovereign, and his Gospel would be the law. Some reforms were very welcome. Under the monk's guidance, arbitrary taxation was ended and was replaced by a 10% property tax. And he looked after the city’s justice system and its method of poor relief.
But he banned sex outside marriage, guards were put on the streets to ensure female modesty and the pubs were closed. And he introduced an austerity programme that offended the educated High Renaissance citizens of Florence. Secular art objects were destroyed, books were burned in public bonfires, carnivals and pleasure activities were banned and sombre clothing was mandated for all families. (Did Oliver Cromwell know of Savonarola?)
The city was definitely suffering from war, more taxes and political conflict, and was probably suffering from famine, unemployment and epidemics as well. So Florentine citizens who opposed Savonarola quickly organised a political party called the Arrabbiati/The Angry, a party that formed an alliance with the powerful Duke of Milan.
Needless to say Pope Alexander VI was also eager to rid Florence of the troublesome monk (Did Pope Alexander know of King Henry II?). Pope Alexander hated Savonarola's alliance with France and he was even angrier about Savonarola calling the popes and priests evil and corrupt. Twice in 1495 the Pope summoned Savonarola to Rome and ordered him to stop preaching and in 1497, Pope Alexander excommunicated him. Savonarola said he was not a heretic – he was simply opposed to corrupt papal authority; that the church needed to be scourged, purified and then reformed. Thus the papal orders were ignored.
By this time, the Florentines disliked their puritanical life and totally distrusted Savonarola. So the local government of Florence demanded the monk's arrest! A mob attacked the monastery of S Marco, put 45-year-old Savonarola to torture until he confessed many crimes, tried him and burned him at the stake in Piazza della Signoria in May 1498. A plaque marks the spot today.
A new republican government was put in place after Savonarola’s execution and did well. The state was now presided over by Piero Soderini who ruled until September 1512, when Cardinal Giovanni de Medici captured Florence with Papal troops. Only then was Medici rule of Florence was finally restored.
Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, tr. Sankt-Peterburg,) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015). An important Russian port on the Baltic Sea, it has a status of a federal subject (a federal city).
Situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May [O.S. 16 May] 1703. During the periods 1713–1728 and 1732–1918, Saint Petersburg was the capital of Imperial Russia. In 1918, the central government bodies moved to Moscow, which is about 625 km (388 miles) to the south-east.
Saint Petersburg is often considered Russia's cultural capital. The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Saint Petersburg is home to the Hermitage, one of the largest art museums in the world. Many foreign consulates, international corporations, banks and businesses have offices in Saint Petersburg.
A proponent of westernising Russia, Peter the Great, who established the city, originally named it, Sankt-Peterburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербург; note that the Russian name lacks the letter s between Peter and burg). On 1 September 1914, after the outbreak of World War I, the Imperial government renamed the city Petrograd (Russian: Петрогра́д, meaning "Peter's city", in order to expunge the German name Sankt and Burg. On 26 January 1924, shortly after the death of Vladimir Lenin, it was renamed to Leningrad (Russian: Ленингра́д), meaning "Lenin's City". On 6 September 1991, the original name, Sankt-Peterburg, was returned. Today, in English the city is known as "Saint Petersburg". Local residents often refer to the city by its shortened nickname, Piter (Russian: Пи́тер,).
The city's traditional nicknames among Russians are the Window to the West and the Window to Europe. The northernmost metropolis in the world St. Petersburg is often called the Venice of the North or Russian Venice because of its structure which is built on water and its strongly European-inspired architecture, which is combined with the Russian heritage too. Furthermore, St. Petersburg is called Venice of the North because of an annual natural phenomenon called White Nights which arise due to the closeness to the polar region. Just as Venice is associated with romance, in St. Petersburg the White Nights have a high value for love couples.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg
www.thoughtco.com/when-was-st-petersburg-known-as-petrogr...
San Petersburgo (en ruso, Санкт-Петербург /sankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk/ Sankt-Peterburg) es la segunda ciudad más poblada de Rusia después de la capital nacional Moscú, con 5 351 935 habitantes (2018) y un área metropolitana de 5,85 millones. Está situada en la Región de Leningrado, nombre que compartía con la ciudad durante la época soviética (1924-1991). Los otros nombres de la ciudad fueron Petrogrado (en ruso, Петроград, Petrograd; del 31 de agosto de 1914 hasta el 24 de enero de 1924) y Leningrado (en ruso, Ленинград, Leningrad; después de la muerte de Lenin, el 24 de enero de 1924 hasta el 6 de septiembre de 1991). Conocida también como la “Venecia del Norte”, debido a sus más de 400 puentes que atraviesan a los numerosos canales que por ella pasan.
Fue fundada por el zar Pedro el Grande el 27 de mayo de 1703 con la intención de convertirla en la "ventana de Rusia hacia el mundo occidental". A partir de entonces se convirtió en capital del Imperio ruso durante más de doscientos años. Cuando estalló la Revolución rusa, la ciudad fue el centro de la rebelión. En marzo de 1918 la capital fue trasladada a Moscú. En enero de 1924, tras la victoria bolchevique, la creación de la Unión Soviética (1922) y el fallecimiento de Lenin (1924), San Petersburgo (en ese entonces llamado Petrogrado) cambió su nombre a Leningrado, en honor al dirigente comunista Lenin. Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, tuvo lugar el sitio de Leningrado, que duró 29 meses, en los cuales los alemanes bombardearon constantemente la ciudad y la bloquearon para que no pudiera abastecerse. Tras la derrota de Alemania en 1945, la ciudad fue nombrada Ciudad heroica por las autoridades soviéticas. Al desaparecer la URSS con el consiguiente colapso del comunismo, la ciudad fue renombrada San Petersburgo y se ha convertido en un importante centro económico y político de la actual Rusia.
San Petersburgo es hoy en día la segunda ciudad más grande de la Federación Rusa y una de las más grandes de Europa. El centro de la ciudad y otros monumentos de sus alrededores son considerados Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO desde 1990. San Petersburgo es, además, sede de la Corte Constitucional de Rusia.
El nombre de San Petersburgo es de origen alemán y significa "ciudad de San Pedro". Pedro el Grande la nombró así en honor a su santo patrono, rechazando el de Petrograd, que quisieron darle, en su honor, sus súbditos alemanes que había contratado para construir y trabajar en los astilleros y la ciudad.
La ciudad cambió de nombre varias veces: Se llamó Petrogrado (Петроград Petrograd, que significa ciudad de Pedro, adaptación al ruso del alemán Petersburg) entre 1914 y 1924, a raíz del conflicto con Alemania durante la Primera Guerra Mundial, y Leningrado (Ленинград Leningrad tras la muerte de Lenin) entre 1924 y 1991; y nuevamente San Petersburgo después de un plebiscito. Coloquialmente los peterburgueses y rusos en general llaman a esta metrópolis Peterburg o de manera aún más familiar Piter (en ruso Питер).
Fue fundada por el zar Pedro el Grande el 16 (27) de mayo de 1703 con el propósito de deslocalizar la capital ubicada en Moscú, y de hecho fue capital de Rusia de 1712 a 1918. Por ello y por su ubicación geográfica le dio el sobrenombre de "La ventana a Europa". Pedro había vivido y estudiado en los Países Bajos por algún tiempo, por eso decidió bautizar su nueva ciudad con un nombre derivado del holandés Sint Pietersburg: Sankt Piterburj; pero pronto se germanizó a Sankt Petersburg.
En la misma desembocadura del río Nevá los suecos tenían anteriormente una fortaleza llamada Nyenschantz (Nevanlinna en finés) y un arrabal llamado Nyen. Todo el entorno geográfico de la desembocadura del Nevá estaba ocupado por marismas antes de que se construyese la ciudad.
A fines del siglo XVII, Rusia veía estancado su crecimiento económico por no tener salida al mar. El sueño del joven zar, Pedro el Grande, era corregir la situación abriendo una “ventana a Europa”. Dado que no podía hacerlo por el sur, pues el Imperio otomano impedía el acceso al mar Negro, apuntó en dirección contraria, a un territorio de Suecia cercano al Báltico. A fin de materializar sus aspiraciones, en agosto de 1700 declaró la guerra a los suecos, Guerra del Norte, quienes al principio lograron repeler sus ataques. Pero él no se dio por vencido, y en octubre de 1702 los hizo retirarse del Ládoga, el mayor lago de Europa, que está unido por el Nevá al Báltico, del cual dista unos 60 kilómetros. Aunque los suecos se atrincheraron en la fortaleza insular de Nóteburg, cerca del punto donde el río sale del lago, Pedro logró tomar aquella plaza militar y le cambió el nombre a Shlissel’burg (ciudad clave).
Posteriormente, una guarnición sueca defendió el fortín de Nienshants, cerca de la desembocadura del Nevá. Rusia la derrotó el 26 de abril de 1703 y asumió el dominio de todo el delta. Sin demora, Pedro comenzó a construir una ciudadela en la cercana isla Záyachi (de las liebres) para controlar la boca del río. Así, el 16 de mayo de 1703, hace poco más de tres siglos, puso la primera piedra de lo que hoy se conoce como la Fortaleza de San Pedro y San Pablo. Esta es la fecha aceptada de la fundación de San Petersburgo, llamada así en honor del apóstol Pedro, santo patrón del zar.
La construcción de la ciudad bajo condiciones climáticas adversas produjo una intensa mortalidad entre los trabajadores y requirió un continuo aporte de nuevos obreros. Dado que aquella zona estaba muy poco poblada, Pedro el Grande utilizó su prerrogativa de zar para atraer forzosamente a siervos trabajadores de todas las partes del país. Una cuota anual de 40.000 siervos llegaba a la ciudad equipados con sus herramientas y sus propios suministros de comida. Habitualmente recorrían cientos de kilómetros a pie en filas, escoltados por guardas que, para evitar las deserciones, no dudaban en usar la violencia física. Como consecuencia de su exposición al clima, las deficientes condiciones higiénicas y las enfermedades, la mortalidad durante estos primeros años fue muy elevada, llegando a perecer año tras año hasta el 50% de los trabajadores que llegaban.
Dado que la construcción de la ciudad se inició en tiempos de guerra, el primer edificio nuevo de la ciudad fue un fuerte militar que se llamaría fortaleza de San Pedro y San Pablo y que se levanta aún sobre la isla Záyachi en la ribera derecha del río Nevá. Los diseñadores de la nueva fortaleza eran ingenieros alemanes invitados por el propio Zar, pero la mayor parte de la mano de obra la pusieron los siervos rusos también para las labores de drenaje de los alrededores del río y los palacios y otros edificios de piedra de las afueras. Era la ciudad más artificial del mundo, diseñada para convertirse en la capital de Rusia. Una ciudad con relativo paralelismo es Venecia, en la cual se inspiró asimismo el zar Pedro, que prohibió los puentes permanentes sobre el Nevá para que se asemejase al Gran Canal y fomentó la construcción de canales en las calles siguiendo el patrón de Ámsterdam.
Pese a los inconvenientes de su ubicación en el lejano norte, el zar siguió adelante con su empresa. Trajo la madera de la región del Ládoga y de Nóvgorod. Las piedras para las edificaciones las obtuvo de diversos modos. Uno de ellos fue estipular que todo ruso que introdujera productos comerciales en la localidad aportara unas cuantas a modo de cuota. Además, prohibió hacer viviendas de este material, primero en Moscú y luego en el resto de su imperio, lo que indujo a los albañiles desempleados a mudarse a la nueva población.
Según la Bol’shaya Sovyetskaya Entsiklopedia (la gran enciclopedia soviética), los trabajos marcharon “a un ritmo vertiginoso para la época”. No tardaron en aparecer canales de drenaje, pilotes, calles, casas, iglesias, hospitales y oficinas del gobierno. El mismo año de la fundación se iniciaron las obras de un astillero, conocido como el Almirantazgo, que llegaría a ser el cuartel general de la armada rusa.
En 1710 se comenzó el Palacio de verano, residencia estival de los zares. En 1712, la capitalidad pasó de Moscú a San Petersburgo, y con ella muchas dependencias oficiales. Como fue el caso del traslado de la Casa de la Moneda de Moscú a San Petersburgo en 1724. El primer palacio de piedra, construido en 1714 y aún en pie, tenía por ocupante a Aleksandr Ménshikov, primer gobernador de la zona. Aquel mismo año se colocaron en la Fortaleza de Pedro y Pablo los cimientos de la catedral de igual nombre, cuya imponente aguja dorada se distingue en la silueta urbana. También se erigió a orillas del Nevá el Palacio de Invierno, que fue reedificado en diversas ocasiones. Más tarde se levantó en su lugar el actual, que cuenta con unas mil cien habitaciones y que hoy forma parte de un céntrico museo estatal, el famosísimo Ermitage.
En su primer decenio de existencia, San Petersburgo registró un asombroso crecimiento, hasta el punto de estimarse en 34.500 el número de edificios existentes en 1714. Siguieron añadiéndose palacios e inmensas construcciones, muchas de las cuales demuestran el gran influjo de la religión en la historia de Rusia.
Entre ellas figura la catedral de Kazán, con su columnata frontal en semicírculo. Su imponente presencia contribuye a que la arteria más famosa de la ciudad, la avenida Nevski, sea considerada una de las más grandiosas avenidas del mundo. De fecha posterior es la catedral de San Isaac, edificada sobre 24.000 pilotes hundidos en suelo pantanoso y que ostenta una enorme cúpula revestida de 100 kilos de oro puro.
La arquitectura avanzó igualmente a pasos agigantados en el extrarradio. Así, en 1714 se empezó a edificar una residencia para el zar, el palacio Peterhof, en Peterhof (hoy Petrodvoréts). Al mismo tiempo, en la cercana localidad de Tsárskoye Seló (hoy Pushkin) se construía el suntuoso palacio de Catalina, la esposa de Pedro el Grande. En la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII se concluyeron otras dos lujosas mansiones en las afueras: Pávlovsk y Gátchina.
Realzaban la belleza de la nueva capital los centenares de puentes que cruzaban los brazos fluviales y los múltiples canales, por los que se ha ganado el apelativo de “Venecia del norte”. Arquitectos franceses, alemanes e italianos colaboraron con colegas rusos de gran talento para producir “uno de los núcleos urbanos más espléndidos y armoniosos de Europa”
La abolición de la servidumbre en 1861 por el zar Alejandro II de Rusia provocó una fuerte corriente de inmigrantes pobres provenientes de todas las regiones del país. La mano de obra barata permitió un intenso incremento de la industria en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y San Petersburgo llegó a ser uno de los ejes industriales más grandes de Europa. En consecuencia, surgieron a su vez los movimientos obreros radicales.
La revolución de 1905 tras la derrota en la guerra ruso-japonesa comenzó en San Petersburgo y se extendió rápidamente por otras provincias. Como consecuencia el zar Nicolás II autorizó la creación del primer parlamento ruso o Duma.
Durante la Primera Guerra Mundial, se decidió que San Petersburgo era un nombre demasiado germánico para la ciudad y se le cambió por el de Petrogrado el 31 de agosto de 1914.
En 1917 San Petersburgo vio los primeros movimientos de la Revolución rusa. En primer lugar se destituyó al zar Nicolás II de su trono y se instaló en la ciudad el Gobierno provisional. En octubre una segunda fase de la revolución hizo que el poder pasase a los Sóviets y se formó el primer gobierno soviético de bolcheviques y socialistas revolucionarios (SR) de izquierda, el Sovnarkom. El líder bolchevique Lenin decidió trasladar la sede del gobierno de San Petersburgo a Moscú, por estar más alejada de los frentes de la Guerra Mundial y de los núcleos antirrevolucionarios. Moscú se convirtió en capital desde entonces hasta el día de hoy. Al morir Lenin en 1924, San Petersburgo tomó el nombre de Leningrado en su honor.
La pérdida de la capitalidad trajo un descenso poblacional a la ciudad, que se redujo a un tercio de lo que era en 1915.
Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Leningrado fue sitiada por las fuerzas armadas de la Alemania nazi (Wehrmacht) desde el 8 de septiembre de 1941 hasta el 27 de enero de 1944, un total de 29 meses. Por orden de Adolf Hitler, la ciudad era constantemente bombardeada y sistemáticamente privada de sus suministros. Se calcula que este asedio produjo la muerte de más de 1.500.000 personas, de las cuales cerca de 1.000.000 eran civiles. El 1 de mayo de 1945 (oficialmente el 8 de mayo de 1965) le fue otorgado a la ciudad el título de Ciudad Heroica.
Antes de la disolución de la Unión Soviética el 12 de junio de 1991, el 54 % de la población decidió restaurar el antiguo nombre de la ciudad, los de 39 calles emblemáticas y los de seis puentes. Tres meses después también se recuperó el escudo concedido a la ciudad por la emperatriz Catalina la Grande en 1780.
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Petersburgo
Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг, tr. Sankt-Peterburg,) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015). An important Russian port on the Baltic Sea, it has a status of a federal subject (a federal city).
Situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May [O.S. 16 May] 1703. During the periods 1713–1728 and 1732–1918, Saint Petersburg was the capital of Imperial Russia. In 1918, the central government bodies moved to Moscow, which is about 625 km (388 miles) to the south-east.
Saint Petersburg is often considered Russia's cultural capital. The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Saint Petersburg is home to the Hermitage, one of the largest art museums in the world. Many foreign consulates, international corporations, banks and businesses have offices in Saint Petersburg.
A proponent of westernising Russia, Peter the Great, who established the city, originally named it, Sankt-Peterburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербург; note that the Russian name lacks the letter s between Peter and burg). On 1 September 1914, after the outbreak of World War I, the Imperial government renamed the city Petrograd (Russian: Петрогра́д, meaning "Peter's city", in order to expunge the German name Sankt and Burg. On 26 January 1924, shortly after the death of Vladimir Lenin, it was renamed to Leningrad (Russian: Ленингра́д), meaning "Lenin's City". On 6 September 1991, the original name, Sankt-Peterburg, was returned. Today, in English the city is known as "Saint Petersburg". Local residents often refer to the city by its shortened nickname, Piter (Russian: Пи́тер,).
The city's traditional nicknames among Russians are the Window to the West and the Window to Europe. The northernmost metropolis in the world St. Petersburg is often called the Venice of the North or Russian Venice because of its structure which is built on water and its strongly European-inspired architecture, which is combined with the Russian heritage too. Furthermore, St. Petersburg is called Venice of the North because of an annual natural phenomenon called White Nights which arise due to the closeness to the polar region. Just as Venice is associated with romance, in St. Petersburg the White Nights have a high value for love couples.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg
www.thoughtco.com/when-was-st-petersburg-known-as-petrogr...
San Petersburgo (en ruso, Санкт-Петербург /sankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk/ Sankt-Peterburg) es la segunda ciudad más poblada de Rusia después de la capital nacional Moscú, con 5 351 935 habitantes (2018) y un área metropolitana de 5,85 millones. Está situada en la Región de Leningrado, nombre que compartía con la ciudad durante la época soviética (1924-1991). Los otros nombres de la ciudad fueron Petrogrado (en ruso, Петроград, Petrograd; del 31 de agosto de 1914 hasta el 24 de enero de 1924) y Leningrado (en ruso, Ленинград, Leningrad; después de la muerte de Lenin, el 24 de enero de 1924 hasta el 6 de septiembre de 1991). Conocida también como la “Venecia del Norte”, debido a sus más de 400 puentes que atraviesan a los numerosos canales que por ella pasan.
Fue fundada por el zar Pedro el Grande el 27 de mayo de 1703 con la intención de convertirla en la "ventana de Rusia hacia el mundo occidental". A partir de entonces se convirtió en capital del Imperio ruso durante más de doscientos años. Cuando estalló la Revolución rusa, la ciudad fue el centro de la rebelión. En marzo de 1918 la capital fue trasladada a Moscú. En enero de 1924, tras la victoria bolchevique, la creación de la Unión Soviética (1922) y el fallecimiento de Lenin (1924), San Petersburgo (en ese entonces llamado Petrogrado) cambió su nombre a Leningrado, en honor al dirigente comunista Lenin. Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, tuvo lugar el sitio de Leningrado, que duró 29 meses, en los cuales los alemanes bombardearon constantemente la ciudad y la bloquearon para que no pudiera abastecerse. Tras la derrota de Alemania en 1945, la ciudad fue nombrada Ciudad heroica por las autoridades soviéticas. Al desaparecer la URSS con el consiguiente colapso del comunismo, la ciudad fue renombrada San Petersburgo y se ha convertido en un importante centro económico y político de la actual Rusia.
San Petersburgo es hoy en día la segunda ciudad más grande de la Federación Rusa y una de las más grandes de Europa. El centro de la ciudad y otros monumentos de sus alrededores son considerados Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO desde 1990. San Petersburgo es, además, sede de la Corte Constitucional de Rusia.
El nombre de San Petersburgo es de origen alemán y significa "ciudad de San Pedro". Pedro el Grande la nombró así en honor a su santo patrono, rechazando el de Petrograd, que quisieron darle, en su honor, sus súbditos alemanes que había contratado para construir y trabajar en los astilleros y la ciudad.
La ciudad cambió de nombre varias veces: Se llamó Petrogrado (Петроград Petrograd, que significa ciudad de Pedro, adaptación al ruso del alemán Petersburg) entre 1914 y 1924, a raíz del conflicto con Alemania durante la Primera Guerra Mundial, y Leningrado (Ленинград Leningrad tras la muerte de Lenin) entre 1924 y 1991; y nuevamente San Petersburgo después de un plebiscito. Coloquialmente los peterburgueses y rusos en general llaman a esta metrópolis Peterburg o de manera aún más familiar Piter (en ruso Питер).
Fue fundada por el zar Pedro el Grande el 16 (27) de mayo de 1703 con el propósito de deslocalizar la capital ubicada en Moscú, y de hecho fue capital de Rusia de 1712 a 1918. Por ello y por su ubicación geográfica le dio el sobrenombre de "La ventana a Europa". Pedro había vivido y estudiado en los Países Bajos por algún tiempo, por eso decidió bautizar su nueva ciudad con un nombre derivado del holandés Sint Pietersburg: Sankt Piterburj; pero pronto se germanizó a Sankt Petersburg.
En la misma desembocadura del río Nevá los suecos tenían anteriormente una fortaleza llamada Nyenschantz (Nevanlinna en finés) y un arrabal llamado Nyen. Todo el entorno geográfico de la desembocadura del Nevá estaba ocupado por marismas antes de que se construyese la ciudad.
A fines del siglo XVII, Rusia veía estancado su crecimiento económico por no tener salida al mar. El sueño del joven zar, Pedro el Grande, era corregir la situación abriendo una “ventana a Europa”. Dado que no podía hacerlo por el sur, pues el Imperio otomano impedía el acceso al mar Negro, apuntó en dirección contraria, a un territorio de Suecia cercano al Báltico. A fin de materializar sus aspiraciones, en agosto de 1700 declaró la guerra a los suecos, Guerra del Norte, quienes al principio lograron repeler sus ataques. Pero él no se dio por vencido, y en octubre de 1702 los hizo retirarse del Ládoga, el mayor lago de Europa, que está unido por el Nevá al Báltico, del cual dista unos 60 kilómetros. Aunque los suecos se atrincheraron en la fortaleza insular de Nóteburg, cerca del punto donde el río sale del lago, Pedro logró tomar aquella plaza militar y le cambió el nombre a Shlissel’burg (ciudad clave).
Posteriormente, una guarnición sueca defendió el fortín de Nienshants, cerca de la desembocadura del Nevá. Rusia la derrotó el 26 de abril de 1703 y asumió el dominio de todo el delta. Sin demora, Pedro comenzó a construir una ciudadela en la cercana isla Záyachi (de las liebres) para controlar la boca del río. Así, el 16 de mayo de 1703, hace poco más de tres siglos, puso la primera piedra de lo que hoy se conoce como la Fortaleza de San Pedro y San Pablo. Esta es la fecha aceptada de la fundación de San Petersburgo, llamada así en honor del apóstol Pedro, santo patrón del zar.
La construcción de la ciudad bajo condiciones climáticas adversas produjo una intensa mortalidad entre los trabajadores y requirió un continuo aporte de nuevos obreros. Dado que aquella zona estaba muy poco poblada, Pedro el Grande utilizó su prerrogativa de zar para atraer forzosamente a siervos trabajadores de todas las partes del país. Una cuota anual de 40.000 siervos llegaba a la ciudad equipados con sus herramientas y sus propios suministros de comida. Habitualmente recorrían cientos de kilómetros a pie en filas, escoltados por guardas que, para evitar las deserciones, no dudaban en usar la violencia física. Como consecuencia de su exposición al clima, las deficientes condiciones higiénicas y las enfermedades, la mortalidad durante estos primeros años fue muy elevada, llegando a perecer año tras año hasta el 50% de los trabajadores que llegaban.
Dado que la construcción de la ciudad se inició en tiempos de guerra, el primer edificio nuevo de la ciudad fue un fuerte militar que se llamaría fortaleza de San Pedro y San Pablo y que se levanta aún sobre la isla Záyachi en la ribera derecha del río Nevá. Los diseñadores de la nueva fortaleza eran ingenieros alemanes invitados por el propio Zar, pero la mayor parte de la mano de obra la pusieron los siervos rusos también para las labores de drenaje de los alrededores del río y los palacios y otros edificios de piedra de las afueras. Era la ciudad más artificial del mundo, diseñada para convertirse en la capital de Rusia. Una ciudad con relativo paralelismo es Venecia, en la cual se inspiró asimismo el zar Pedro, que prohibió los puentes permanentes sobre el Nevá para que se asemejase al Gran Canal y fomentó la construcción de canales en las calles siguiendo el patrón de Ámsterdam.
Pese a los inconvenientes de su ubicación en el lejano norte, el zar siguió adelante con su empresa. Trajo la madera de la región del Ládoga y de Nóvgorod. Las piedras para las edificaciones las obtuvo de diversos modos. Uno de ellos fue estipular que todo ruso que introdujera productos comerciales en la localidad aportara unas cuantas a modo de cuota. Además, prohibió hacer viviendas de este material, primero en Moscú y luego en el resto de su imperio, lo que indujo a los albañiles desempleados a mudarse a la nueva población.
Según la Bol’shaya Sovyetskaya Entsiklopedia (la gran enciclopedia soviética), los trabajos marcharon “a un ritmo vertiginoso para la época”. No tardaron en aparecer canales de drenaje, pilotes, calles, casas, iglesias, hospitales y oficinas del gobierno. El mismo año de la fundación se iniciaron las obras de un astillero, conocido como el Almirantazgo, que llegaría a ser el cuartel general de la armada rusa.
En 1710 se comenzó el Palacio de verano, residencia estival de los zares. En 1712, la capitalidad pasó de Moscú a San Petersburgo, y con ella muchas dependencias oficiales. Como fue el caso del traslado de la Casa de la Moneda de Moscú a San Petersburgo en 1724. El primer palacio de piedra, construido en 1714 y aún en pie, tenía por ocupante a Aleksandr Ménshikov, primer gobernador de la zona. Aquel mismo año se colocaron en la Fortaleza de Pedro y Pablo los cimientos de la catedral de igual nombre, cuya imponente aguja dorada se distingue en la silueta urbana. También se erigió a orillas del Nevá el Palacio de Invierno, que fue reedificado en diversas ocasiones. Más tarde se levantó en su lugar el actual, que cuenta con unas mil cien habitaciones y que hoy forma parte de un céntrico museo estatal, el famosísimo Ermitage.
En su primer decenio de existencia, San Petersburgo registró un asombroso crecimiento, hasta el punto de estimarse en 34.500 el número de edificios existentes en 1714. Siguieron añadiéndose palacios e inmensas construcciones, muchas de las cuales demuestran el gran influjo de la religión en la historia de Rusia.
Entre ellas figura la catedral de Kazán, con su columnata frontal en semicírculo. Su imponente presencia contribuye a que la arteria más famosa de la ciudad, la avenida Nevski, sea considerada una de las más grandiosas avenidas del mundo. De fecha posterior es la catedral de San Isaac, edificada sobre 24.000 pilotes hundidos en suelo pantanoso y que ostenta una enorme cúpula revestida de 100 kilos de oro puro.
La arquitectura avanzó igualmente a pasos agigantados en el extrarradio. Así, en 1714 se empezó a edificar una residencia para el zar, el palacio Peterhof, en Peterhof (hoy Petrodvoréts). Al mismo tiempo, en la cercana localidad de Tsárskoye Seló (hoy Pushkin) se construía el suntuoso palacio de Catalina, la esposa de Pedro el Grande. En la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII se concluyeron otras dos lujosas mansiones en las afueras: Pávlovsk y Gátchina.
Realzaban la belleza de la nueva capital los centenares de puentes que cruzaban los brazos fluviales y los múltiples canales, por los que se ha ganado el apelativo de “Venecia del norte”. Arquitectos franceses, alemanes e italianos colaboraron con colegas rusos de gran talento para producir “uno de los núcleos urbanos más espléndidos y armoniosos de Europa”
La abolición de la servidumbre en 1861 por el zar Alejandro II de Rusia provocó una fuerte corriente de inmigrantes pobres provenientes de todas las regiones del país. La mano de obra barata permitió un intenso incremento de la industria en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y San Petersburgo llegó a ser uno de los ejes industriales más grandes de Europa. En consecuencia, surgieron a su vez los movimientos obreros radicales.
La revolución de 1905 tras la derrota en la guerra ruso-japonesa comenzó en San Petersburgo y se extendió rápidamente por otras provincias. Como consecuencia el zar Nicolás II autorizó la creación del primer parlamento ruso o Duma.
Durante la Primera Guerra Mundial, se decidió que San Petersburgo era un nombre demasiado germánico para la ciudad y se le cambió por el de Petrogrado el 31 de agosto de 1914.
En 1917 San Petersburgo vio los primeros movimientos de la Revolución rusa. En primer lugar se destituyó al zar Nicolás II de su trono y se instaló en la ciudad el Gobierno provisional. En octubre una segunda fase de la revolución hizo que el poder pasase a los Sóviets y se formó el primer gobierno soviético de bolcheviques y socialistas revolucionarios (SR) de izquierda, el Sovnarkom. El líder bolchevique Lenin decidió trasladar la sede del gobierno de San Petersburgo a Moscú, por estar más alejada de los frentes de la Guerra Mundial y de los núcleos antirrevolucionarios. Moscú se convirtió en capital desde entonces hasta el día de hoy. Al morir Lenin en 1924, San Petersburgo tomó el nombre de Leningrado en su honor.
La pérdida de la capitalidad trajo un descenso poblacional a la ciudad, que se redujo a un tercio de lo que era en 1915.
Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Leningrado fue sitiada por las fuerzas armadas de la Alemania nazi (Wehrmacht) desde el 8 de septiembre de 1941 hasta el 27 de enero de 1944, un total de 29 meses. Por orden de Adolf Hitler, la ciudad era constantemente bombardeada y sistemáticamente privada de sus suministros. Se calcula que este asedio produjo la muerte de más de 1.500.000 personas, de las cuales cerca de 1.000.000 eran civiles. El 1 de mayo de 1945 (oficialmente el 8 de mayo de 1965) le fue otorgado a la ciudad el título de Ciudad Heroica.
Antes de la disolución de la Unión Soviética el 12 de junio de 1991, el 54 % de la población decidió restaurar el antiguo nombre de la ciudad, los de 39 calles emblemáticas y los de seis puentes. Tres meses después también se recuperó el escudo concedido a la ciudad por la emperatriz Catalina la Grande en 1780.
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Petersburgo
A First Order Flametrooper is repelling the attack of a group of hostile creatures.
"When he enlisted he thought he was going to fight the Resistance in some glorious battle not to be fend off the hostile creature crawling inside the base.
In the end he didn't mind too much. Nothing his flamethrower can't take care of. "Burn, you creepy bugs!" He yelled.
"Or perhaps reptiles? Well, who cares about xenobiology right now?!" He thought. It's time for the flamethrower to do its job"
This is the same scene/posing of one of my previous photos ( www.flickr.com/photos/133750589@N08/22583819101/in/photos... ) with a slight different angle and a completely different lightning and effects :)
May the Brick be with You :)
Actually I do want you to repel me as that is the make of this lovely high-legged swimsuit which is a firm favourite of me. We are enjoying warm weather at the moment but this one from a set I did last year.
In December, 2020, this old house was at the epicenter of a massive protest rooted in bad faith and misrepresentations.
As a result, worthy causes were betrayed and, for a time, part of a neighborhood was held hostage by anarchists who surrounded this house and adjoining blocks with barricades.
The protest was ignited by an attempted eviction. A mob gathered and repelled law-enforcement officers, who were greatly outnumbered. The activists then proceeded to occupy the house and the neighboring block in force before erecting barriers around adjacent properties, thereby restricting the freedom of movement of the people living within the restricted area.
The defense of the Red House was presented as a strike against systemic racism, predatory lending and gentrification, the implication being that all three evils were behind the eviction. Furthermore, it was alleged the eviction violated the moratorium against the eviction of tenants during the pandemic.
Nothing could be further from the truth.
At this point I'll defer to an excellent article about this mess in the December 11, 2020, issue of The Oregonian. It is a long piece, but the story is complex, so much so that neither tweets nor spray-painted slogans can do it justice.
Before doing so, however, I will add that gullible people contributed more than $300,000 to a GoFundMe account for the benefit of the house´s former owners. It was expected that they would negotiate with the Red House's owners to use the funds to buy the house back. Not surprisingly, nothing has come of it.
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Portland family’s path to ‘red house’ foreclosure was long, filled with bizarre twists.
Updated Dec 15, 2020; Posted Dec 11, 2020
By Ted Sickinger| The Oregonian/OregonLive
With protesters’ occupation of the North Portland neighborhood around the so-called “Red House on Mississippi” rounding its fourth day, it remains unclear if there is a peaceful path to resolving a conflict that started two years ago, when a mixed-race family’s long-time home was foreclosed on by their lender, leading law enforcement to try to remove them on Tuesday.
The Kinney family and their supporters have cast the fight as a continuation of the long saga of gentrification, discrimination and predatory subprime lending that has gutted Portland’s historically Black neighborhoods and replaced them with yuppified apartments and condos.
That’s definitely a piece of the picture. One need only look at the red house itself, at 4406 N. Mississippi Ave. It sits in the shadow of The Roux, a high-end apartment complex boasting “sophisticated living spaces and understated designer finishes.” Other neighbors include new residential developments and swanky eateries. And with a large vacant lot next door, it’s a prime development opportunity in one of Portland’s trendiest neighborhoods.
It’s also true that the Kinneys took out expensive subprime loans starting in 2002, taking a big chunk of equity out of a home that had been in the family since 1955 to pay their son’s legal fees and presumably other expenses. Because of racist policies, Portland’s communities of color have historically lacked access to conventional home loans and were redlined out of other neighborhoods. That’s the reason, the Kinneys say, that their relatives purchased this home outright in 1955.
But the reason the Kinneys lost ownership of the property their family had called home for more than six decades, court records show, is far simpler:
They stopped making their mortgage payments.
Legal filings show that the Kinneys’ lender foreclosed on their house because after faithfully paying their mortgage for 13 years, they stopped in January 2017. Based on comments they have made in public and court filings, that was because they were confused over which company to pay as the loan was sold and the servicer changed. But they missed the next 17 payments.
Courts have found no conspiracy or fraud involved, as the family has alleged. The Kinneys declined to participate in the state’s foreclosure avoidance program, which offered mediation with the lender, potentially to reach a loan modification or some other accommodation to keep them in the home. And the Kinneys either couldn’t or wouldn’t make the $19,000 in back payments that accrued during that period, which would have cured the default and reinstated their loan.
Instead, the family launched a quixotic campaign to invalidate the loan altogether, telling the lender that because of their “indigenous” and “aboriginal” heritage and membership of a sovereign nation, the bank had no right to collect. One expert told The Oregonian/OregonLive this week that the rhetoric is consistent with the so-called sovereign citizen movement, a fringe belief system embraced by adherents who profess they are above the law. Debt elimination is one of the movement’s central themes.
The Kinneys’ son, William Kinney III, who goes by William Nietzche, filed a lawsuit in U.S. District Court after the 2018 foreclosure, making a broad slate of charges against most of the parties involved in the lending and foreclosure. But Judge Michael Simon tossed it out, determining that many of the claims were “speculative,” “not tethered to any factual support,” implausible, unclear and misrepresented. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals denied an appeal.
Kinney continues to press the case, now with a petition before the U.S. Supreme Court, but it’s unclear that will get any traction either. Meanwhile, the Red House on Mississippi has become the new rallying cry for a segment of Portland’s racial justice protesters, who are holding the neighborhood hostage until their demands to return the Kinneys to their home are met.
A Multnomah County Circuit Court judge ruled in September in a case brought by the bank that law enforcement officers needed to forcibly remove the family from the home they have not owned since a court-endorsed foreclosure auction in 2018.
“This is not a typical foreclosure case,” Kinney said in a news conference Wednesday. “This is a David and Goliath fight. We’re just a small family seeking to defend our house against big banks and developers. My parents were preyed upon by the same predatory practices that led to the 2008 financial crash…This has crossed the threshold to a crime against humanity.”
The long path to losing their home
The Kinneys’ road to foreclosure began in May 2002, when Julie Metcalf Kinney and her husband William Kinney Jr. borrowed $96,300 from Freedom Home Mortgage Corp., secured by their home, to pay legal costs for their son William Kinney III (now Nietzche).
Kinney, then a teenager, had been charged with manslaughter, reckless driving and felony hit and run after he ran a stop sign while speeding and slammed into another vehicle, killing an 83-year-old man and seriously injuring his wife.
He ultimately pleaded guilty to related charges. He told The Oregonian/OregonLive this week that his legal costs were $26,000. But the family borrowed far more against their home.
It was also an expensive loan, with an interest rate of 8.25% -- well above the 6.8% average for 30-year fixed rate loans prevailing at the time. It’s unclear whether the Kinneys had the income or credit scores to do better, or whether the fact that they were borrowing such a low percentage of their home’s value – about 30% - might have gained them a lower rate with another lender.
The loan also included a rate adjustment feature, not uncommon, but one that became very problematic for many borrowers in the runup to the financial crisis as their initial rates began to ratchet upward.
On the Kinneys’ loan, the interest rate would adjust after two years, then every six months, by adding 7.375% on top of a standard interest rate index used by banks. The first adjustment in 2004, would have boosted the rate to between 8.5% and 8.9%.
Instead, the Kinneys refinanced in March of 2004 with Beneficial Oregon, another subprime lender. Once again, the terms were less than ideal. The rate was 7.74%, two percentage points above the average 30-year fixed rate loan at the time. The lender tacked a $6,300 origination fee – 5.25 percentage points – onto the $120,000 principal of the loan, extremely high given the above market rate and amount. (It’s unclear if the Kinneys were taking an additional cash out at the time, or whether their original loan was a so-called negative amortization loan where the monthly payment was insufficient to cover accruing interest and the debt had continued to grow.)
Loan statements also show the lender was selling them disability insurance to cover the payments if they were incapacitated, an add-on lending advocates criticize because it’s often expensive, unnecessary and boosts monthly costs. In this case, the disability insurance would have added more than $600 to their annual costs. The Kinneys later disputed this insurance coverage, calling it fraudulent.
This loan also included an adjustment feature, but this time it promised a 0.25% reduction in their rate after every year in which payments were all made within 30 days of their due date.
Again, it was not an ideal loan for the Kinneys, though subprime lending practices in that timeframe were often far more abusive.
Either way, the Kinneys made the payments on that loan for 13 years, saw their interest rate gradually decline to 5.49%, and the principal reduced to less than $100,000, loan documents filed in court show.
Then, on December 31, 2016, an innocuous wrinkle -- commonplace in many loans -- set off the chain of events leading to the loss of their home. Beneficial sent the Kinneys a notice that their loan had been transferred to MTGLQ Investors, L.P., a subsidiary of Goldman Sachs. The notice said Beneficial would remain the servicer of the loan and payments should continue to be sent to it. The statement contained a coupon for their next monthly payment, $745.82, due Jan. 17.
In January 2017, however, the Kinneys received another letter from Beneficial saying their loan servicer had changed to Rushmore Loan Management Service and that Beneficial would not accept payments on the loan after Feb. 1. The notice provided an interim coupon so the Kinney’s could make the Jan. 17 payment to Rushmore. Again, this type of switch is common practice in the lending industry.
The Kinneys have said they were confused about who to pay with mortgage statements telling them to send the January payment to two different companies. So they stopped paying at all.
The Kinneys did not reply to questions from The Oregonian/OregonLive about why they let the default go on so long.
Six months later in June 2017, when the loan was already five months in arrears, son William Kinney sent Rushmore a certified letter requesting validation that it had a rightful claim to collect the debt, according to documents filed in his federal court case. His letter said the Kinneys were not refusing to pay, and they were establishing an escrow account to hold the payments while the matter was resolved. It’s not clear if that account was ever set up.
The letter also included a 44-question “debt collector disclosure form,” perhaps gleaned from the Internet, and said it must be completed under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act. The letter noted an earlier dispute the Kinneys had with Beneficial over “fraudulent insurance coverage.” Recent mortgage statements indicate that insurance charge had been taken off the loan. The letter also said that failure to return the form, signed under penalty of perjury, would amount to an agreement by Rushmore that it had no valid claim.
Rushmore responded the following month, providing copies of the mortgage agreement, deed of trust, payment history and most recent billing statement. It declined to answer the other questions the Kinneys’ son posed in his form, but noted that they were now seven payments in arrears on the loan.
In the meantime, Rushmore also sent a letter to the Kinneys notifying them that MGTLQ had sold their loan to U.S. Bank Trust National Association. That sale was recorded in Multnomah County on Nov. 16, 2017.
The Kinneys still weren’t making their monthly payments and were falling further behind. In February 2018, they received a notice that their loan had been transferred again to another subsidiary of U.S. Bank.
Under Oregon statute, certain lenders are required to participate in the state’s foreclosure avoidance program, in which a neutral mediator conducts a face-to-face meeting between a homeowner and their lender with the goal of avoiding foreclosure. The result might be a loan modification, a short sale of the house or some other resolution. Free home counseling is also available.
As a loan moves toward foreclosure, the lender is required to submit a request to the program, which triggers outreach to the borrower by a neutral service provider by mail and phone to provide an information packet and set up mediation. In order to participate, the borrower needs to pay a nominal fee by a set deadline.
“If the homeowner doesn’t want to participate, they don’t have to, and the process ends,” said Kelly Harpster, the attorney in charge of Consumer Protection at the Oregon Department of Justice. “A certificate of compliance is then issued to the lender that they’ve met the statutory requirements and can move on… It’s like any mediation in the world, but at that point you have to be willing to engage in conversation.”
The Kinneys weren’t willing. In April 2018, Rushmore sent them a notice from the Department of Justice confirming that the Kinney’s hadn’t paid the program fee by the deadline, and that the lender had complied with state requirements. A week later, the Kinneys’ son returned the form, marked “void,” with a letter signed by his mother, “Julie Anne, house of Metcalf Kinney, Sovereign living soul, holder of the office of “the people.”'
The letter said she was “a declared living American sovereign standing with Treaty Law of God.” It said the company had no jurisdiction “without an international treaty within My republic state” and that the company was not chartered to do business in Oregon “by My republic state.”
The sovereignty claim, essentially that they were above the law, is one that the Kinneys’ son had also made in 2010 when he was being sentenced to another term in prison for possession of cocaine and driving with a revoked license, which had been revoked for life after his 2002 accident and manslaughter plea. As he harangued the court, the judge found Kinney in contempt 12 times and tacked an additional four months to his sentence.
Harpster said she worked in private practice before the justice department, including work with loan servicers. She said borrowers occasionally make such sovereignty claims, often in form letters they found on the Internet.
“It’s a dead end,” she said. “Eventually you have to deal with the underlying issue, which is the default.”
By June of 2018, the foreclosure process was ramping up. Rushmore informed the Kinneys that if they didn’t pay, the lender would pursue all options, including foreclosure. A trustee was appointed to start the process and sell the home. A process server posted a public notice of intent to sell the house, and served the notice on the Kinneys, posting it to the main entrance to the house several times and sending it by mail, court documents show.
It said, in part: “YOU ARE IN DANGER of LOSING YOUR PROPERTY IF YOU DO NOT TAKE ACTION IMMEDIATELY.” It provided the amount required to reinstate the loan, $19,150, or to repay it in full, $112,339. It also said the trustee would sell the house at a public auction to the highest cash bidder on Oct. 23, 2018.
Kinney continued his back and forth with the loan servicer and trustee, sending them back a voided copy of the notice of sale and demanding certified copies of loan documentation, proof of legal authority to do business in the state, and answers to specific questions such as ‘What exactly is being borrowed from your agency?”, “Does the word Foreclosure mean Before the closure?”, “Can Foreclosure be executed after a closure?”, and “What is your nationality?”
On Sept. 10, 2018, Kinney sent a “notice of default judgement” to Rushmore, stating that since the company and the trustee had not fulfilled his earlier requests, “all claims, petitions, suits, filings…regarding our ancestral estate be dismissed and expunged.” That was followed by other communications in dubious legalese demanding that the lender, the servicer and trustee stop all action on the foreclosure.
The sale took place Oct. 23, 2018. The house fetched $260,000 at auction, well above its assessed value of $42,530 but below its market value of $387,650 listed in Portland property tax records.
The Kinneys have not owned the house for more than two years, though neighbors say some family members intermittently stayed at the residence along with various protesters camping there until the Multnomah County Sheriff’s Office and Portland Police tried to remove them Tuesday.
The Kinneys have declined to answer individual questions, including how much they money they received after the auction. The net proceeds of the $260,000 sale would have gone to them after the loan, any penalties and foreclosure costs were satisfied.
The Kinney’s say they were denied the right to bid on their property at the auction. They claim the individual conducting it told them “you don’t have enough money” and refused to verify funds in their account over their cell phone.
Moreover, because the house was sold in a non-judicial foreclosure -- outside of a lawsuit -- the family had “no right of redemption,” which essentially would provide them the right to buy back the home after the foreclosure. It’s unclear if they had the resources to do so at the time, but their GoFundMe campaign has now raised nearly $300,000.
Kinney’s subsequent federal suit made 35 claims against 21 different parties. They included breach of contract; violations of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act and Oregon Unlawful Debt Practices Act; breach of Trustee’s duty; various types of fraud, and a violation of United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, among others.
District Judge Michael Simon dismissed the case in Oct. 2019 with prejudice, meaning it can’t be brought back to court. Subsequent motions for contempt against the judge, and to recuse him, were denied. A subsequent appeal to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals also was denied.
But Kinney is not done. In November, the family asked the U.S. Supreme Court to review its case.
www.oregonlive.com/portland/2020/12/familys-path-to-red-h...
My ride into Nottingham city centre for this day actually turned out to be an E400 spare, which is something of a novelty now the 36 seems to actively repel spare buses (except on days when I can’t see them). 633 passes new pink line 204 as it sets off from Milton Street on another round of the 36 on 31.7.24
YN14 MVE
I'm sure Jojo doesn't Repel very many people even when shes wearing her Repel swimsuit. I'm so glad I became Jojo I hated being just like everyone else and in it's own way of course it's quite an adventure.
The Getaway
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As Ian Drac'qual dashed down the corridor of the Centuri starship Jackal with the stolen energy module, loudspeakers blared: "Attention all combat teams! Repel boarders immediately!" He stopped for a moment to catch his breath and formulate a plan. "K'jai, you go down and hack their computers to shut down the ship guns, tractor beams and star fighter tracking system. I'm going to, ah, divert the Centuri. Pick me up at the coordinates I'll send you, I'll be borrowing one of their fighters. The rest of you, try to distract a few more troopers then make for the shuttle, and don't forget K'jai." His crew of pirates nodded and trotted off. Ian continued to race down the metal corridors until a door opened into a wide hangar. He bolted for the nearest fighter, and seeing an angry-looking pilot running in his direction, promptly sealed the cockpit and began takeoff maneuvers. Just then the hangar doors slid open again and a squad of Centuri troopers burst through the door. One appeared to be a heavy gunner, and brilliant flashes flared from the muzzle of his large machine gun. A few shots scored the hull of the little fighter, but the troopers were still a good distance away. The engines whined and the small craft lifted off from the hangar floor. "Seal the energy-field!" The captain of the troopers bellowed into his radio. In response, the luminous red forcefield sealing the large opening into outer space flickered and disappeared. One floor of the cruiser below, the pirate Ka'jai chuckled as he typed furiously into a glowing monitor. But the ship crew was not hindered by the open link to Outer Space, and, held in place by the gravity generators, continued fire on the hijacked fighter. It was too late. Ian's commandeered ride shot out of the hangar bay into the inky depths of Outer Space.
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Seems I don't write Sci-Fi quite as well as medieval. Anyway, this is my entry to Nova League's Faction Challenge 1 for the Struggle for Klegon on Galactic-Bricks forum.
McMaster Marauders repel an attack on their net during their win over Western Mustangs in last Saturday's quarter final. Mustangs go again tomorrow at home against Ottawa U in the semi final.
Following the “Black Plague” epidemic that ravaged Europe in 1691, the Council of Buda commissioned a tall, religiously significant pillar meant to serve as a kind of talisman to protect the community from a repetition of the plague. The original pillar with this statue at its top was installed in 1706. The statue depicts the triune God to which the Catholic Church had agreed in 360 (during the Council of Constantinople). This rendering of a theological trinity–Jesus the son at left, God the father at the right, and the Holy Spirit (a sunburst emanating from a dove) above–was designed by Ceresola Vereio and carved by Bernát Ferretti. Despite the tower’s intended protection, a second plague epidemic occurred in 1709. The Council of Buda then decided to build a taller and more ornate tower. This new tower–the current Holy Trinity Column–was sculpted that same year by Fulop Ungleich, and the statue was moved to its top. Holy Trinity Statue (Szentháromság szobor), Szentháromság Plaza, Szentháromság tér 6, Budapest, Hungary (Magyarország), Fujifilm X-Pro1, Fujinon XF 18-135 F3.5-5.6 R LM OIS WR, Gary Glen Price, Capture One Pro
2015-07-18 GGP07830 Plague-Repelling Pillar.jpg
Agreeable lighting repels tragedy, or so I'm told.