Portraits taken at The Kempis, Spokane, Washington.

"Georgetown is a historic neighborhood, and commercial and entertainment district located in Northwest Washington, D.C., situated along the Potomac River. Founded in 1751 in the Province of Maryland, the port of Georgetown predated the establishment of the federal district and the City of Washington by 40 years. Georgetown remained a separate municipality until 1871 when the United States Congress created a new consolidated government for the whole District of Columbia. A separate act, passed in 1895, specifically repealed Georgetown's remaining local ordinances and renamed Georgetown's streets to conform with those in the City of Washington.

 

The primary commercial corridors of Georgetown are the intersection of Wisconsin Avenue and M Street, which contain high-end shops, bars, restaurants, and the Georgetown Park enclosed shopping mall. The Washington Harbour waterfront restaurants are located to the south on K Street, between 30th and 31st Streets.

 

Georgetown is home to the main campus of Georgetown University and numerous other landmarks, such as the Volta Bureau and the Old Stone House, the oldest house in Washington. The embassies of Cameroon, France, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Mongolia, Sweden, Thailand, Ukraine and Venezuela are located in Georgetown.

 

Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia, also known as just Washington or simply D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States. It is located on the east bank of the Potomac River, which forms its southwestern and southern border with the U.S. state of Virginia, and it shares a land border with the U.S. state of Maryland on its other sides. The city was named for George Washington, a Founding Father and the first president of the United States, and the federal district is named after Columbia, the female personification of the nation. As the seat of the U.S. federal government and several international organizations, the city is an important world political capital. It is one of the most visited cities in the U.S. with over 20 million annual visitors as of 2016.

 

The U.S. Constitution provides for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of Congress; the district is not a part of any U.S. state (nor is it one itself). The signing of the Residence Act on July 16, 1790, approved the creation of the capital district located along the Potomac River near the country's East Coast. The City of Washington was founded in 1791, and Congress held its first session there in 1800. In 1801, the territory, formerly part of Maryland and Virginia (including the settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria), officially became recognized as the federal district. In 1846, Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia, including the city of Alexandria; in 1871, it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the district. There have been efforts to make the city into a state since the 1880s, a movement that has gained momentum in recent years, and a statehood bill passed the House of Representatives in 2021.

 

The city is divided into quadrants centered on the Capitol, and there are as many as 131 neighborhoods. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 689,545, which makes it the 23rd most populous city in the U.S. as of 2020, the third most populous city in the Mid-Atlantic, and gives it a population larger than that of two U.S. states: Wyoming and Vermont. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek. Washington's metropolitan area, the country's sixth largest (including parts of Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia), had a 2020 estimated population of 6.3 million residents; and over 54 million people live within 250 mi (400 km) of the District.

 

The three branches of the U.S. federal government are centered in the district: Congress (legislative), the president (executive), and the Supreme Court (judicial). Washington is home to many national monuments and museums, primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 177 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of many international organizations, trade unions, non-profits, lobbying groups, and professional associations, including the World Bank Group, the International Monetary Fund, the Organization of American States, AARP, the National Geographic Society, the American Red Cross, and others.

 

A locally elected mayor and a 13-member council have governed the district since 1973. Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. The District of Columbia does not have representation in Congress, although D.C. residents elect a single at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives who has no vote. District voters choose three presidential electors in accordance with the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961." - info from Wikipedia.

 

The fall of 2022 I did my 3rd major cycling tour. I began my adventure in Montreal, Canada and finished in Savannah, GA. This tour took me through the oldest parts of Quebec and the 13 original US states. During this adventure I cycled 7,126 km over the course of 2.5 months and took more than 68,000 photos. As with my previous tours, a major focus was to photograph historic architecture.

 

Now on Instagram.

 

Become a patron to my photography on Patreon or donate.

A shot from the (predictably divisive) 2018 Irish Referendum campaign to legalise abortion.

 

The actual vote was a choice to Repeal or Retain the Eighth Amendment, a clause that was inserted into the constitution in 1983 that gives an equal right to life to a woman and her unborn child.

 

As the results of the first exit polls came through, it became clear that the result was going to be a landslide victory in favour of repealing the Eighth Amendment. Every county in Ireland (except Donegal) and every age group (except over-65s) voted for change.

 

The final outcome was:

 

Yes (Repeal): 66%

No (Retain): 34%

Ancient Thonetschlössl, District Museum

Object ID: 32954 Josef Deutsch-Platz 2

Former Capuchin monastery of 1631, 1785 secularized and acquired in 1786 by Giacomo Cagliano. Altgräfin (grandduchess) Elise von Salm the building had rebuilt similar to a castle. In 1889, it was acquired by the Thonet family, 1930/31 by the Savings Bank of the City of Mödling that housed there the since 1904 existing District Museum.

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_denkmalgesch%C3%BCtzten_O...

 

(further information you can get by clicking on the link at the end of page!)

History

 

Plaque to the founder of the Hyrtl'schen orphanage Joseph Hyrtl and Joseph Schöffel

© IMAREAL / E. Vavra

The Biedermeier-influenced city on the edge of the Vienna Woods is the capital of the district Mödling in the south of Vienna. The town has experienced in its 1100-year history since the first mention very different phases: in the Middle Ages briefly Babenberg residence, for centuries an economically potent wine market, from the 19th Century summer resort and industrial center, since 1875 town, in the 20th Century for almost two decades XXIVth district of Vienna, since 1954 again an independent municipality of Lower Austria and as a school and garden city popular residential area in the vicinity of Vienna.

Mödling has partnerships with cities in France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Hungary, Czech Republic, Serbia, Bulgaria and Italy.

The historical tradition of Mödling goes back far beyond the first written mention, how settlement finds from the Neolithic Age, Hallstatt period (eg calendar mountain) and Roman times as well as the great Avar burial ground "at the Golden Staircase" from the 7/8th Century BCE prove. In the year 903 Mödling is first mentioned (Medilihha). The later settlement was probably made in the 11th Century beneath an early castle building on the church mountain (Kirchenberg), where later a Romanesque predecessor of Othmar church was built.

In the late 12th century Mödling was for a few decades the residence of a Babenberg branch line. Henry the Elder, a brother of Duke Leopold V., had since the 1170 century belongings in and around Mödling. He and his son Henry the Younger, calling himself "Duke of Mödling", resided on the castle probably built around 1150 in the Klausen, among whose most famous visitors was Walther von der Vogelweide. With the death of Henry the Younger in 1236 extinguished the Mödlinger line of the Babenberg and the reign became princely domain. The time of the Babenberg commemorates the in late 12th Century built Romanesque ossuary at Othmar church - a circular building with an apse - as well as the denomination "Babenberg".

In the late Middle Ages, Medlich developed into a major wine market (1343 mention of market town) which in the 15th Century as one of the four princely spell markets was also represented in the Parliament - in addition to Gumpoldskirchen, Langenlois and Perchtoldsdorf. For centuries shaped the wine-growing the economy and social structure. The Mödlinger wine was good and helped the market particularly in the 15th and 16th Century to its prosperity. The settlement reached at the end of the Middle Ages that extent, which until the 19th Century should remain essentially unchanged. The center formed ​​the area around the Schrannenplatz with a dense stand of late medieval and early modern town houses that bear evidence of the wealth and self-confidence of the citizens of the market town. From the late medieval Schrannen building, the official residence of the market judge, was created in 1548 the representative Renaissance town hall with loggia.

The elevated lying Othmar church became in the 15th Century by transferring the rights of the church of St. Martin parish church of Mödling. The massive late Gothic church was built in a nearly 70-year construction period from 1454 to 1523 on the walls of six predecessors and able to resist fortified. As Mödling was destroyed in 1529 by the Ottomans, the just completed church lost its roof and remained for over a century till the restoration in 1660/70 a ruin. On the Merian engraving from 1649 the uncovered Othmar church on the left side is clearly visible. As a temporary parish church served the about 1450 built late-Gothic hospital church.

The internal conditions at this time were mainly marked of the clashes of the market with the princely rule Burg Mödling - since 1558 combined with the rule of Liechtenstein - which reached its climax in 1600 under the energetic administrator Georg Wiesing (1593-1611). During the Reformation, the market largely became Protestant. In the course of recatholicization a Capuchin monastery was founded in 1631, which served as a factory after the repeal under Joseph II and was then bought by the Thonet family (so-called Thonet Schlössel, today Bezirksmuseum).

In Türkenjahr 1683 (besiegement of the Turks) took place in the Othmar church a horrific bloodbath, in which hundreds of people who had sought refuge there were killed. The church was destroyed again, but this time built up rapidly with the market judge Wolfgang Ignaz Viechtl in a few years.

End of the 18th Century occurred in Mödling the settlement of industrial enterprises, especially textile mills that took advantage of the cheaper production possibilities and also its proximity to Vienna. Was decisively shaped the character of the place but by the rise to a summer resort, initiated by Prince Johann I of Liechtenstein beginning of the 19th Century, which acquired in 1807 the rule of Liechtenstein-Mödling with the former family ancestral home. He had the area under enormous cost reforested (Schirmföhren/pinus mugo, acacia, etc.) and transformed to a public park in Romantic style with promenade paths, steep paths and artificial constructions (Black tower, amphitheater, Husarentempel). The ruined castles Mödling and Liechtenstein were restored. The former Liechtenstein'sche landscape park is considered a remarkable example of the garden culture in 1800 and is now a popular tourist destination (1974 Natural Preserve Föhrenberge).

Since the Biedermeier Mödling in the summer was an extremely popular artist hangout. Among the most famous artists of the 19th Century who were inspired by the romantic nature here, were Franz Schubert, Franz Grillparzer, Ferdinand Waldmüller, Ferdinand Raimund and Ludwig van Beethoven, who here worked on one of his major works, the "Missa Solemnis". In the 20th Century settled inter alia Arnold Schönberg, Anton von Webern, Anton Wildgans, Franz Theodor Csokor and Albert Drach temporarily or permanently down. To Beethoven, Schönberg and Wildgans memorials have been established (Beethoven House, Schönberg House, Wildgans archive).

In the second half of the 19th Century Mödling became administrative center (District Court, District administration) and an industrial site and educational location with high schools and colleges (eg educational establishment Francisco-Josephinum). The good traffic situation at the southern railway, the progressive industrialization and the expansion of health facilities (park, Kursalon) led to a rapid expansion of the hitherto for centuries unchanged market. Under mayor Joseph Schöffel (1873-1882), who became famous because of his successful engagement against the deforestation of the Vienna Woods as the "savior of the Vienna Woods", followed the methodical installation of the so-called Schoeffel(before) city - Schöffelvorstadt (New Mödling) east of the Southern Railway and the establishment of workers' settlements. Later followed the exclusive residential areas of the turn of the century with their representative residential buildings. Probably the most important building of the late 19th Century is the Hyrtl'sche orphanage (1886-1889), founded by the Viennese anatomist, Joseph Hyrtl and Joseph Schöffel. The Orphanage church St. Joseph was built on the in 1787 demolished Martin Church.

On 18th November 1875 the emerging market town was raised to the status of a city, two years later the incorporation of Klausen and Vorderbrühl took place. Through the establishment of Great-Vienna under the Nazi regime on 15th October 1938 the young city for 16 years lost its municipal autonomy; 1954 it became again a part of Lower Austria.

Symbol for the characteristic environment of Mödling was the "width pine" on the Anninger whose age goes back to the 16th Century (around 1550). It was a well-known natural landmark and has become the symbol of the city. 1988 died the tree and it had to be removed in 1997 for safety reasons. The remains are now in the Lower Austrian Provincial Museum.

geschichte.landesmuseum.net/index.asp?contenturl=http://g...

Remus Repeal Reserve Bourbon Review bit.ly/2Bnl6PG

Portraits taken at The Kempis, Spokane, Washington.

Prohibition was repealed on 5 December, 1933, but not one legal drop of liquor was served in New Castle that night. Any private celebrations involved bathtub gin, bootlegged whisky from Canada or the moonshine that was locally referred to as Moravia Street bourbon, as nowhere in town was licensed to sell alcohol.

 

That week, the state bought the old C Ed Smith Furnace Company workshop on Produce Street, on the east side, and commissioned workmen to convert it into New Castle’s first state liquor store. A month later, when the store opened, the building had been transformed into an edifice with “the neat appearance of a well kept penitentiary.” The windows were protected with steel bars, five-eighths of an inch thick; the glass was wired to set off an alarm if broken; and entry to the establishment could be prevented by the formidable, reinforced door. Plain gold letters across the front of the building read simply, “Liquor Store Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board”.

 

The state had decided to tolerate the sale of liquor, not encourage it, and the liquor store was not supposed to be a pleasant place to visit. Nevertheless, in the two hours for which it was open on its first night of business – Saturday, 6 January, 1934 – it sold more than $1,000-worth of liquor to around 250 customers, serving one customer every thirty seconds. Soon, sales settled down to a healthy rate of around $1,100 a day – all in cash, as it was illegal to buy liquor on any sort of credit.

 

The store was robbed for the first time less than two years after it opened.

 

Thomas Herovich had been sent to jail for eight years in the twenties for an armed robbery in Springfield, Ohio. He was released in the middle of the depression, not long after the Wall Street crash – a middle-aged ex-convict with no trade. Naturally, he returned to his previous profession and was soon wanted by the police in connection with the robberies of a bank in Columbiana, a theater in Sharon and a club in Farrell.

 

On October 19, 1935, Thomas entered the liquor store with two young associates, Eugene “Slim” Doyle and Frank Bydo. He grabbed a customer and shoved a pistol against his stomach, saying he’d shoot if the clerks didn’t hand over all the money. Doyle and Bydo collected the cash and ran out to the stolen car they’d parked outside. Thomas followed once they got the engine running, leaving his hostage on the street.

 

The gang got away with $375. They would have discovered when they read the papers the next day that the clerks had held back $700, but there was nothing that they could do about it by that point.

 

A few months later, Thomas was arrested in Struthers, Ohio, on suspicion of being a finger man in a robbery there. The Pennsylvania state police asked that he be loaned out to them so witnesses in New Castle could have a look at him, and the liquor store hostage identified him as the man who’d held him at gunpoint. Thomas made a full confession that night. He was sentenced to six to twelve years in the Western penitentiary. Slim Doyle and Frank Bydo, who were picked up within the month, each got two to four.

 

The liquor store was robbed several more times over the years, the biggest haul being taken in 1947, when two masked bandits armed with pistols escaped with $1,263.

 

By the end of the thirties, three more state liquor stores had opened in New Castle, all in far better locations. The Produce Street store eventually became the area's liquor warehouse and was closed down in 1973, with all operations being transferred to Pittsburgh. All the buildings on the street were demolished not long after, and the area is a now a parking lot.

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Go to Small Town Noir for more mug shots and tales of small time true crime from New Castle, PA.

 

Sources: New Castle News (23 Dec 1933 "State Liquor Store Being Made Ready"; 8 Jan 1934 "State Liquor Store Is Open"; 20 April 1936 "New State Store Will be Opened"; 1 July 1936 "Suspect Admits He's Liquor Store Robber"; 13 July 1936 “Liquor Store Bandit Surrenders"; 20 July 1936 "Third Suspect In Liquor Store Robbery Taken"; 29 July 1936 "Liquor Store Bandits Given Prison Terms"; 1947 April 14 "State Liquor Store Held Up"; 22 Jan 1973 "State Liquor Warehouse Will Close")

 

Strike For Repeal - Cork

The bronze statue of Sir Robert Peel (II) dates from 1852, and was erected by public subscription to commemorate Tamworth's famous son. It was made by Matthew Noble and remained outside the Town Hall in Tamworth in 2002.

 

Sir Robert Peel was born in 1788 in Bury, Lancashire to a wealthy cotton manufacturer, and died in 1850. He had a very successful political career with the Tory party that began in 1809, at age 21, when he was elected to Parliament and culminated in him being Prime Minister for two terms, between 1834-5 and 1841-46. He founded the metropolitan police in 1829, and was responsible for many reforms including the repeal of the Corn Laws and the Reform Bill.

 

Sir Robert Peel, his father (also called Robert Peel), and his son, all represented Tamworth in Parliament. The family left their mark on Tamworth, with the Tamworth Savings Bank, and Peel Schools, built separately by Sir Robert Peel and his father.

 

Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet, FRS (5 February 1788 – 2 July 1850), was a British Conservative statesman who served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1834–1835, 1841–1846), simultaneously serving as Chancellor of the Exchequer (1834–1835), and twice as Home Secretary (1822–1827, 1828–1830). He is regarded as the father of modern British policing, owing to his founding of the Metropolitan Police Service. Peel was one of the founders of the modern Conservative Party.

 

The son of a wealthy textile manufacturer and politician, Peel was the first prime minister from an industrial business background. He earned a double first in classics and mathematics from Christ Church, Oxford. He entered the House of Commons in 1809 and became a rising star in the Tory Party. Peel entered the Cabinet as home secretary (1822–1827), where he reformed and liberalised the criminal law and created the modern police force, leading to a new type of officer known in tribute to him as "bobbies" and "peelers". After a brief period out of office he returned as home secretary under his political mentor the Duke of Wellington (1828–1830), also serving as Leader of the House of Commons. Initially, a supporter of continued legal discrimination against Catholics, Peel reversed himself and supported the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 and the 1828 repeal of the Test Act, claiming that "though emancipation was a great danger, civil strife was a greater danger".

 

After being in opposition from 1830 to 1834, he became prime minister in November 1834. Peel issued the Tamworth Manifesto (December 1834), laying down the principles upon which the modern British Conservative Party is based. His first ministry was a minority government, dependent on Whig support and with Peel serving as his own chancellor of the Exchequer. After only four months, his government collapsed and he served as Leader of the Opposition during Melbourne's second government (1835–1841). Peel became prime minister again after the 1841 general election. His second government ruled for five years. He cut tariffs to stimulate trade, replacing the lost revenue with a 3% income tax. He played a central role in making free trade a reality and set up a modern banking system. His government's major legislation included the Mines and Collieries Act 1842, the Income Tax Act 1842, the Factories Act 1844 and the Railway Regulation Act 1844. Peel's government was weakened by anti-Catholic sentiment following the controversial increase in the Maynooth Grant of 1845. After the outbreak of the Great Irish Famine, his decision to join with Whigs and Radicals to repeal the Corn Laws led to his resignation as prime minister in 1846. Peel remained an influential MP and leader of the Peelite faction until his death in 1850.

 

Peel often started from a traditional Tory position in opposition to a measure, then reversed his stance and became the leader in supporting liberal legislation. This happened with the Test Act, Catholic emancipation, the Reform Act, income tax and, most notably, the repeal of the Corn Laws. Historian A. J. P. Taylor wrote: "Peel was in the first rank of 19th-century statesmen. He carried Catholic Emancipation; he repealed the Corn Laws; he created the modern Conservative Party on the ruins of the old Toryism."

 

Tamworth Town Hall is a municipal building in Market Street, Tamworth, Staffordshire, England. The town hall, which is the meeting place of Tamworth Borough Council is a Grade II* listed building.

 

The first town hall was a medieval structure in Market Street which had vaults under the Butter Market. In the late 17th century the local member of parliament, Thomas Guy, who had already funded some local alms-houses decided to finance a new town hall for the town on the same site.

 

The new building, which was designed in the neoclassical style almost certainly by William Gilkes, was built in red brick with stone dressings at a cost of £1,000 and completed in 1701. The structure consisted of arcading on the ground floor so that markets could be held and 18 Doric order columns which supported a double-cube assembly hall on the first floor. The western elevation featured two arches with archivolts and keystones on the ground floor, two round headed windows on the first floor and a cornice with modillions as well as a pediment above. A plaque was erected between the two windows on the first floor with the words "This hall was built at the charge of Thos. Guy Esq. Anno MDCCI" (1701). A shield bearing Guy's coat of arms was installed below the plaque while the town's coat of arms was erected above it. There was a cupola with a weather vane at roof level. The first meeting of bailiffs and burgesses in the new town hall took place on 20 July 1702.

 

The building was extended eastward with two extra extra rooms in 1771 and a more substantial extension to the east was completed in 1811. A clock was installed in the pediment on the western front as a gift from the then owner of Tamworth Castle, John Robbins, in 1812. The local member of parliament and future Prime Minister, Sir Robert Peel, during campaigning the forthcoming general election, read his manifesto to the local people at the town hall in December 1834. Peel's basic message was that the Conservative Party "would reform to survive". The area became a municipal borough with the town hall as it headquarters in 1836.

 

In 1845, a substantial rebuilding of the structure took place. A bronze statue by Matthew Noble depicting Peel standing on an ashlar pedestal was unveiled outside the town hall in 1853. A horse-drawn fire engine was installed in the arcaded area on the ground floor in 1880 and further works were carried out to create a town clerk's office in the late 18th century and a mayor's parlour in the early 19th century.

 

By the 1880s the council had outgrown the limited office space at the town hall. In 1888 it purchased the White House, an early nineteenth century house at 21 Church Street, and converted it to become their municipal offices. New assembly rooms and a library were built on the land behind the White House the following year.

 

Council meetings continued to be held at the town hall, where the main room on the first floor was converted for use as a council chamber in 1934. The town hall and the municipal offices at the White House remained the local seat of government after the old council was reformed in 1974 to become Tamworth Borough Council.

 

In 1980 the council sold the White House and bought Burlington House in Lichfield Street, a tower block which had been built in 1960. Burlington House was converted to become both the council's offices and main meeting place, opening in May 1981, when it was renamed "Marmion House", after the local Marmion family who were the owners of Tamworth Castle from c.1100 to 1294.

 

The town hall continued to be used for occasional meetings of the council until 2022, when the council transferred most council and committee meetings back to the town hall as part of plans to dispose of Marmion House.

 

Tamworth is a market town and borough in Staffordshire, England, 14 miles (23 km) north-east of Birmingham. The town borders North Warwickshire to the east and north, Lichfield to the north, south-west and west. The town takes its name from the River Tame, which flows through it. The population of Tamworth borough (2021) was 78,838. The wider urban area had a population of 81,964.

 

Tamworth was the principal centre of royal power of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Mercia during the 8th and 9th centuries. It hosts a simple but elevated 12th century castle, a well-preserved medieval church (the Church of St Editha) and a Moat House. Tamworth was historically divided between Warwickshire and Staffordshire until 1889, when the town was placed entirely in Staffordshire.

 

The town's industries include logistics, engineering, clothing, brick, tile and paper manufacture. Until 2001 one of its factories was Reliant, which produced the Reliant Robin three-wheeler car and the Reliant Scimitar sports car.

 

The Snowdome, a prototype real-snow indoor ski slope is in Tamworth and 1.7 miles (2.7 km) south is Drayton Manor Theme Park and one of the many marinas serving the Coventry Canal and Birmingham and Fazeley Canal which combine south of the town.

 

Staffordshire is a landlocked ceremonial county in the West Midlands of England. It borders Cheshire to the north-west, Derbyshire and Leicestershire to the east, Warwickshire to the south-east, the West Midlands county and Worcestershire to the south, and Shropshire to the west. The largest settlement is the city of Stoke-on-Trent, and the county town is Stafford.

 

The county has an area of 1,713 square kilometres (661 sq mi) and a population of 1,131,052. After Stoke-on-Trent (258,366), the largest settlements are Tamworth (78,646), Newcastle-under-Lyme (75,082) and Burton upon Trent (72,299); the city of Lichfield has a population of 33,816. For local government purposes Staffordshire comprises a non-metropolitan county, with nine districts, and the unitary authority area of Stoke-on-Trent. The county historically included the north-west of the West Midlands county, including Walsall, West Bromwich, and Wolverhampton.

 

Staffordshire is hilly to the north and south. The southern end of the Pennines is in the north, containing part of the Peak District National Park, while the Cannock Chase AONB and part of the National Forest are in the south. The River Trent and its tributaries drain most of the county. From its source, near Biddulph, the river flows through Staffordshire in a southwesterly direction, meeting the Sow just east of Stafford; it then meets the River Tame and turns north-east, exiting into Derbyshire immediately downstream of Burton upon Trent.

 

Staffordshire contains a number of Iron Age tumuli and Roman camps, and was settled by the Angles in the sixth century; the oldest Stafford knot, the county's symbol, can be seen on an Anglian cross in the churchyard of Stoke Minster. The county was formed in the early tenth century, when Stafford became the capital of Mercia. The county was relatively settled in the following centuries, and rapidly industrialised during the Industrial Revolution, when the North Staffordshire coalfield was exploited and fuelled the iron and automobilie industries in the south of the county. Pottery is the county's most famous export; a limited amount is still produced in Stoke-on-Trent.

 

Staffordshire is a landlocked county in the West Midlands of England. It adjoins Cheshire to the north west, Derbyshire and Leicestershire to the east, Warwickshire to the south east, West Midlands and Worcestershire to the south, and Shropshire to the west. The historic county of Staffordshire includes Wolverhampton, Walsall, and West Bromwich, these three being removed for administrative purposes in 1974 to the new West Midlands authority. The resulting administrative area of Staffordshire has a narrow southwards protrusion that runs west of West Midlands to the border of Worcestershire. The city of Stoke-on-Trent was removed from the admin area in the 1990s to form a unitary authority, but is still part of Staffordshire for ceremonial and traditional purposes.

 

The historic county has an area of 781,000 acres (1,250 sq. miles) and at the first census in 1801 had a population of 239,153.

 

Early British remains exist in various parts of the county; and a large number of barrows have been opened in which human bones, urns, fibulae, stone hammers, armlets, pins, pottery and other articles have been found. In the neighbourhood of Wetton, near Dovedale, on the site called Borough Holes, no fewer than twenty-three barrows were opened, and British ornaments have been found in Needwood Forest, the district between the lower Dove and the angle of the Trent to the south. Several Roman camps also remain, as at Knave's Castle on Watling Street, near Brownhills.

 

The county symbol, the Staffordshire Knot, is seen on an Anglian stone cross that dates from around the year 805. The cross still stands in Stoke churchyard. Thus the Knot is either i) an ancient Mercian symbol or ii) a symbol adopted from the Irish Christianity, Christianity having been brought to Staffordshire by Irish monks from Lindisfarne about AD 650.

 

The district which is now Staffordshire was invaded in the 6th century by a tribe of Angles who settled about Tamworth, afterwards famous as a residence of the Mercian kings, and later made their way beyond Cannock Chase, through the passages afforded by the Sow valley in the north and Watling Street in the south. The district was frequently overrun by the Danes, who in 910 were defeated at Tettenhall, and again at Wednesfield, and it was after Edward the Elder had finally expelled the Northmen from Mercia that the land of the south Mercians was formed into a shire around the fortified burgh which he had made in 914 at Stafford.

 

The county probably first came into being in the decade after the year 913; that being the date at which Stafford – the strategic military fording-point for an army to cross the Trent – became a secure fortified stronghold and the new capital of Mercia under Queen Æthelflæd.

 

The county is first mentioned by name in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 1016 when it was harried by Canute.

 

The resistance which Staffordshire opposed William the Conqueror was punished by ruthless harrying and confiscation, and the Domesday Survey supplies evidence of the depopulated and impoverished condition of the county, which at this period contained but 64 mills, whereas Dorset, a smaller county, contained 272. No Englishman was allowed to retain estates of any importance after the Conquest, and the chief lay proprietors at the time of the survey were Earl Roger of Montgomery; Earl Hugh of Chester; Henry de Ferrers, who held Burton and Tutbury Castles; Robert de Stafford; William Fitz-Ansculf, afterwards created first Baron Dudley; Richard Forester; Rainald Bailgiol; Ralph Fitz Hubert and Nigel de Stafford. The Ferrers and Staffords long continued to play a leading part in Staffordshire history, and Turstin, who held Drayton under William Fitz Ansculf, was the ancestor of the Bassets of Drayton. At the time of the survey Burton was the only monastery in Staffordshire, but foundations of canons existed at Stafford, Wolverhampton, Tettenhall, Lichfield, Penkridge and Tamworth, while others at Hanbury, Stone, Strensall and Trentham had been either destroyed or absorbed before the Conquest.

 

In the 13th century Staffordshire formed the archdeaconry of Stafford, including the deaneries of Stafford, Newcastle, Alton and Leek, Tamworth and Tutbury, Lapley and Creigull. In 1535 the deanery of Newcastle was combined with that of Stone, the deaneries remaining otherwise unaltered until 1866, when they were increased to twenty. The archdeaconry of Stoke-on-Trent was formed in 1878, and in 1896 the deaneries were brought to their present number; the archdeaconry of Stafford comprising Handsworth, Himley, Lichfield, Penkridge, Rugeley, Stafford, Tamworth, Trysull, Tutbury, Walsall, Wednesbury, West Bromwich and Wolverhampton; the archdeaconry of Stoke-on-Trent comprising Alstonfield, Cheadle, Eccleshall, Hanley, Leek, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Stoke-on- Trent, Trentham and Uttoxeter. In the wars of the reign of Henry III. most of the great families of Staffordshire, including the Bassets and the Ferrers, supported Simon de Montfort, and in 1263 Prince Edward ravaged all the lands of Earl Robert Ferrers in this county and destroyed Tutbury Castle. During the Wars of the Roses, Eccleshall was for a time the headquarters of Queen Margaret, and in 1459 the Lancastrians were defeated at Blore Heath.

 

The five hundreds of Staffordshire existed since the Domesday Survey, and the boundaries have remained practically unchanged until the twentieth century. Edingale, however, was then included under Derbyshire, and Tyrley under Shropshire, while Cheswardine, Chipnall and part of Bobbington, now in Shropshire, were assessed under Staffordshire. The hundreds of Offlow and Totmonslow had their names from sepulchral monuments of Saxon commanders. The shire court for Staffordshire was held at Stafford, and the assizes at Wolverhampton, Stafford and Lichfield, until by act of parliament of 1558 the assizes and sessions were fixed at Stafford, where they are still held.

 

The origin of the hundred dates from the division of his kingdom by King Alfred the Great into counties, hundreds and tithings. From the beginning, Staffordshire was divided into the hundreds of Totmonslow, Pirehill, Offlow, Cuttleston and Seisdon.

 

The hundredal division of Staffordshire differs markedly from that of the counties to the south and west in showing far greater stability. All the Domesday hundreds are kept practically unchanged down to modern times. Also in the size of the hundreds. The Staffordshire hundreds, five in number, are on the whole far larger than any in the adjacent counties; more especially as regards northern Staffordshire. The two hundreds in the south-west are of more normal extent. It seems to be due chiefly to the nature of the county. Northern Staffordshire is to a large extent moorland, which must have been unattractive to early settlers. It is noteworthy, as showing where the centres of these hundreds lay, that the meeting-places of the two northern hundreds (Pirehill and Totmonslow) are in the extreme south of the respective hundreds. Southern Staffordshire was largely a forest-district. The southern part of Seisdon hundred was covered by Kinver Forest, and large parts of the two hundreds in the central part of the county, those of Cuttleston and Offlow, must have been occupied by Cannock Forest. The cultivated areas of these hundreds must in early days have been considerably smaller than at present.

 

In the English Civil War of the 17th century Staffordshire supported the parliamentary cause and was placed under Lord Brooke. Tamworth, Lichfield and Stafford, however, were garrisoned for King Charles, and Lichfield Cathedral withstood a siege in 1643, in which year the Royalists were victorious at Hopton Heath, but lost their leader, the Earl of Northampton. In 1745 the Young Pretender advanced as far as Leek in this county.

 

A large proportion of Staffordshire in Norman times was waste and uncultivated ground, but the moorlands of the north afforded excellent pasturage for sheep, and in the 14th century Wolverhampton was a staple town for wool. In the 13th century mines of coal and iron are mentioned at Walsall, and ironstone was procured at Sedgley and Eccleshall. In the 15th century both coal and iron were extensively worked. Thus in the 17th century the north of the county yielded coal, lead, copper, marble and millstones, while the rich meadows maintained great dairies; the woodlands of the south supplied timber, salt, black marble and alabaster; the clothing trade flourished about Tamworth, Burton, and Newcastle-under-Lyme; and hemp and flax were grown all over the county. The potteries are of remote origin, but were improved in the 17th century by two brothers, the Elers, from Amsterdam, who introduced the method of salt glazing, and in the 18th century they were rendered famous by the achievements of Josiah Wedgwood.

 

Staffordshire was represented by two members in the parliament of 1290, and in 1295 the borough of Stafford also returned two members. Lichfield was represented by two members in 1304, and Newcastle-under-Lyme in 1355. Tamworth returned two members in 1562. Under the Reform Act of 1832 the county returned four members in four divisions, and the boroughs of Stoke-upon-Trent and Wolverhampton were represented by two members each, and Walsall by one member. Under the Act of 1867 the county returned six members in three divisions and Wednesbury returned one member.

 

The most noteworthy churches in the county are found in the large towns, and are described under their respective headings. Such are the beautiful cathedral of Lichfield, and the churches of Eccleshall, Leek, Penkridge St Mary's at Stafford, Tamworth, Tutbury, and St Peter's at Wolverhampton. Checkley, 4 miles south of Cheadle, shows good Norman and Early English details, and there are carved stones of pre-Norman date in the churchyard. Armitage, south-east of Rugeley, has a church showing good Norman work. Brewood church, 4 miles south-west of Penkridge, is Early English. This village gives name to an ancient forest. Audley church, north-west of Newcastle-under-Lyme, is a good example of Early Decorated work. Remains of ecclesiastical foundations are generally slight, but those of the Cistercian abbey of Croxden, north-west of Uttoxeter, are fine Early English, and at Ranton, west of Stafford, the Perpendicular tower and other portions of an Augustinian foundation remain. Among medieval domestic remains may be mentioned the castles of Stafford, Tamworth and Tutbury, with that of Chartley, north-east of Stafford, which dates from the 13th century. Here is also a timbered hall, in the park of which a breed of wild cattle is maintained. Beaudesert, south of Rugeley, is a fine Elizabethan mansion in a beautiful undulating demesne. In the south-west, near Stourbridge, are Enville, a Tudor mansion with grounds laid out by the poet Shenstone, and Stourton Castle, embodying portions of the 15th century, where Reginald, Cardinal Pole, was born in 1500. Among numerous modern seats may be named Ingestre, Ilam Hall, Alton Towers, Shugborough, Patteshull, Keele Hall, and Trentham.

Parish Church to the Holy Trinity and Franciscan Monastery

Object ID: 20593 Town Square 12

The late Baroque building, taking up the whole north side of the town square, is dominated by the Rococo façade. 1707 the Carmelite order at the request of the benefactor, Maria Antonia Montecuculi, settled down in St. Pölten, at the north side of the square the men convent should find its place. Although architect's plan and financial resources were available, was the start of construction not until 1757, there was missing the planning permission of Empress Maria Theresa. The church then was built to 1768 according to plans by Johann Pauli, the monastery was completed in 1773. Yet 10 years later, the monastery by Emperor Joseph II was repealed. Because of its strategic location, the church in 1785 became parish church, the pastoral care took over the by the dissolutions not affected Franciscan Order.

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denkmalgesch%C3%BCtzte_Objekte_in_S...

 

(further information is available by clicking on the link at the end of page!)

History of the City St. Pölten

In order to present concise history of the Lower Austrian capital is in the shop of the city museum a richly illustrated full version on CD-ROM.

Tip

On the occasion of the commemoration of the pogroms of November 1938, the Institute for Jewish History of Austria its virtual Memorbuch (Memory book) for the destroyed St. Pölten Jewish community since 10th November 2012 is putting online.

Prehistory

The time from which there is no written record is named after the main materials used for tools and weapons: Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age. Using the latest technologies, archaeologists from archaeological finds and aerial photographs can trace a fairly detailed picture of life at that time. Especially for the time from the settling down of the People (New Stone Age), now practicing agriculture and animal husbandry, in the territory of St. Pölten lively settlement activity can be proved. In particular, cemeteries are important for the research, because the dead were laid in the grave everyday objects and jewelry, the forms of burial changing over time - which in turn gives the archeology valuable clues for the temporal determination. At the same time, prehistory of Sankt Pölten would not be half as good documented without the construction of the expressway S33 and other large buildings, where millions of cubic meters of earth were moved - under the watchful eyes of the Federal Monuments Office!

A final primeval chapter characterized the Celts, who settled about 450 BC our area and in addition to a new culture and religion also brought with them the potter's wheel. The kingdom of Noricum influenced till the penetration of the Romans the development in our area.

Roman period, migrations

The Romans conquered in 15 BC the Celtic Empire and established hereinafter the Roman province of Noricum. Borders were protected by military camp (forts), in the hinterland emerged civilian cities, almost all systematically laid out according to the same plan. The civil and commercial city Aelium Cetium, as St. Pölten was called (city law 121/122), consisted in the 4th Century already of heated stone houses, trade and craft originated thriving urban life, before the Romans in the first third of the 5th Century retreated to Italy.

The subsequent period went down as the Migration Period in official historiography, for which the settlement of the Sankt Pöltner downtown can not be proved. Cemeteries witness the residence of the Lombards in our area, later it was the Avars, extending their empire to the Enns.

The recent archaeological excavations on the Cathedral Square 2010/2011, in fact, the previous knowledge of St.Pölten colonization not have turned upside down but enriched by many details, whose full analysis and publication are expected in the near future.

Middle Ages

With the submission of the Avars by Charlemagne around 800 AD Christianity was gaining a foothold, the Bavarian Benedictine monastery of Tegernsee establishing a daughter house here - as founder are mentioned the brothers Adalbert and Ottokar - equipped with the relics of St. Hippolytus. The name St. Ypolit over the centuries should turn into Sankt Pölten. After the Hungarian wars and the resettlement of the monastery as Canons Regular of St. Augustine under the influence of Passau St. Pölten received mid-11th Century market rights.

In the second half of the 20th century historians stated that records in which the rights of citizens were held were to be qualified as Town Charters. Vienna is indeed already in 1137 as a city ("civitas") mentioned in a document, but the oldest Viennese city charter dates only from the year 1221, while the Bishop of Passau, Konrad, already in 1159 the St. Pöltnern secured:

A St. Pöltner citizen who has to answer to the court, has the right to make use of an "advocate".

He must not be forced to rid himself of the accusation by a judgment of God.

A St. Pöltner citizen may be convicted only by statements of fellow citizens, not by strangers.

From the 13th Century exercised a city judge appointed by the lord of the city the high and low jurisdiction as chairman of the council meetings and the Municipal Court, Inner and Outer Council supported him during the finding of justice. Venue for the public verdict was the in the 13th Century created new marketplace, the "Broad Market", now the town hall square. Originally square-shaped, it was only later to a rectangle reduced. Around it arose the market district, which together with the monastery district, the wood district and the Ledererviertel (quarter of the leather goods manufacturer) was protected by a double city wall.

The dependence of St. Pölten of the bishop of Passau is shown in the municipal coat of arms and the city seal. Based on the emblem of the heraldic animal of the Lord of the city, so the Bishop of Passau, it shows an upright standing wolf holding a crosier in its paw.

Modern Times

In the course of the armed conflict between the Emperor Frederick III . and King Matthias of Hungary pledged the Bishop of Passau the town on the Hungarian king. From 1485 stood Lower Austria as a whole under Hungarian rule. The most important document of this period is the awarding of the city coat of arms by King Matthias Corvinus in the year 1487. After the death of the opponents 1490 and 1493 could Frederick's son Maximilian reconquer Lower Austria. He considered St. Pölten as spoils of war and had no intention of returning it to the diocese of Passau. The city government has often been leased subsequently, for instance, to the family Wellenstein, and later to the families Trautson and Auersperg.

That St. Pölten now was a princely city, found its expression in the coat of arms letter of the King Ferdinand I. from 1538: From now on, the wolf had no crosier anymore, and the from the viewer's point of view left half showed the reverse Austrian shield, so silver-red-silver.

To the 16th Century also goes back the construction of St. Pöltner City Hall. The 1503 by judge and council acquired house was subsequently expanded, rebuilt, extended and provided with a tower.

A for the urban history research important picture, painted in 1623, has captured scenes of the peasant uprising of 1597, but also allows a view to the city and lets the viewer read some of the details of the then state of construction. The economic inconveniences of that time were only exacerbated by the Thirty Years War, at the end of which a fifth of the houses were uninhabited and the citizenry was impoverished.

Baroque

After the successful defense against the Turks in 1683, the economy started to recover and a significant building boom began. Lower Austria turned into the land of the baroque abbeys and monasteries, as it is familiar to us today.

In St. Pölten, the change of the cityscape is closely connected to the Baroque architect Jakob Prandtauer. In addition to the Baroquisation of the interior of the cathedral, a number of buildings in St. Pölten go to his account, so the reconstruction of the castle Ochsenburg, the erection of the Schwaighof and of the core building of the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Englische Fräuleins - English Maidens) - from 1706 the seat of the first school order of St.Pölten - as well as of several bourgeois houses.

Joseph Munggenast, nephew and co-worker of Prandtauer, completed the Baroquisation of the cathedral, he baroquised the facade of the town hall (1727) and numerous bourgeois houses and designed a bridge over the Traisen which existed until 1907. In the decoration of the church buildings were throughout Tyroleans collaborating, which Jakob Prandtauer had brought along from his homeland (Tyrol) to St. Pölten, for example, Paul Troger and Peter Widerin.

Maria Theresa and her son Joseph II: Their reforms in the city of the 18th Century also left a significant mark. School foundings as a result of compulsory education, the dissolution of the monasteries and hereinafter - from 1785 - the new role of St. Pölten as a bishop's seat are consequences of their policies.

1785 was also the year of a fundamental alteration of the old Council Constitution: The city judge was replaced by one magistrate consisting of five persons, at the head was a mayor. For the first mayor the painter Josef Hackl was chosen.

The 19th century

Despite the Napoleonic Wars - St. Pölten in 1805 and 1809 was occupied by the French - and despite the state bankruptcy of 1811, increased the number of businesses constantly, although the economic importance of the city for the time being did not go beyond the near vicinity.

Against the background of monitoring by the state secret police, which prevented any political commitment between the Congress of Vienna and the 1848 revolution, the citizens withdrew into private life. Sense of family, fostering of domestic music, prominent salon societies in which even a Franz Schubert socialized, or the construction of the city theater were visible signs of this attitude.

The economic upswing of the city did not begin until after the revolution of the year 1848. A prerequisite for this was the construction of the Empress Elisabeth Western Railway, moving Vienna, Linz, soon Salzburg, too, in a reachable distance. The city walls were pulled down, St. Pölten could unfold. The convenient traffic situation favored factory start-ups, and so arose a lace factory, a revolver factory, a soap factory or, for example, as a precursor of a future large-scale enterprise, the braid, ribbon and Strickgarnerzeugung (knitting yarn production) of Matthias Salcher in Harland.

In other areas, too, the Gründerzeit (years of rapid industrial expansion in Germany - and Austria) in Sankt Pölten was honouring its name: The city got schools, a hospital, gas lanterns, canalization, hot springs and summer bath.

The 20th century

At the beginning of the 20th Century the city experienced another burst of development, initiated by the construction of the power station in 1903, because electricity was the prerequisite for the settlement of large companies. In particular, the companies Voith and Glanzstoff and the main workshop of the Federal Railways attracted many workers. New Traisen bridge, tram, Mariazell Railway and other infrastructure buildings were erected; St. Pölten obtained a synagogue. The Art Nouveau made it repeatedly into the urban architecture - just think of the Olbrich House - and inspired also the painting, as exponents worth to be mentioned are Ernst Stöhr or Ferdinand Andri.

What the outbreak of the First World War in broad outlines meant for the monarchy, on a smaller scale also St. Pölten has felt. The city was heavily impacted by the deployment of army units, a POW camp, a military hospital and a sick bay. Industrial enterprises were partly converted into war production, partly closed. Unemployment, housing emergency and food shortages long after the war still were felt painfully.

The 1919 to mayor elected Social Democrat Hubert Schnofl after the war tried to raise the standard of living of the people by improving the social welfare and health care. The founding of a housing cooperative (Wohnungsgenossenschaft), the construction of the water line and the establishment of new factories were further attempts to stimulate the stiffening economy whose descent could not be stopped until 1932.

After the National Socialist regime had stirred false hopes and plunged the world into war, St. Pölten was no longer the city as it has been before. Not only the ten devastating bombings of the last year of the war had left its marks, also the restrictive persecution of Jews and political dissidents had torn holes in the structure of the population. Ten years of Russian occupation subsequently did the rest to traumatize the population, but at this time arose from the ruins a more modern St. Pölten, with the new Traisen bridge, district heating, schools.

This trend continued, an era of recovery and modernization made the economic miracle palpable. Already in 1972 was - even if largely as a result of incorporations - exceeded the 50.000-inhabitant-limit.

Elevation to capital status (capital of Lower Austria), 10 July 1986: No other event in this dimension could have become the booster detonation of an up to now ongoing development thrust. Since then in a big way new residential and commercial areas were opened up, built infrastructure constructions, schools and universities brought into being to enrich the educational landscape. East of the Old Town arose the governmental and cultural district, and the list of architects wears sonorous names such as Ernst Hoffmann (NÖ (Lower Austria) Landhaus; Klangturm), Klaus Kada (Festspielhaus), Hans Hollein (Shedhalle and Lower Austrian Provincial Museum), Karin Bily, Paul Katzberger and Michael Loudon ( NÖ State Library and NÖ State Archive).

European Diploma, European flag, badge of honor, Europe Price: Between 1996 and 2001, received St. Pölten numerous appreciations of its EU commitment - as a sort of recognition of the Council of Europe for the dissemination of the EU-idea through international town twinnings, a major Europe exhibition or, for example, the establishment and chair of the "Network of European medium-sized cities".

On the way into the 21st century

Just now happened and already history: What the St. Pöltnern as just experienced sticks in their minds, travelers and newcomers within a short time should be told. The theater and the hospital handing over to the province of Lower Austria, a new mayor always on the go, who was able to earn since 2004 already numerous laurels (Tags: polytechnic, downtown enhancement, building lease scheme, bus concept) - all the recent changes are just now condensed into spoken and written language in order to make, from now on, the history of the young provincial capital in the 3rd millennium nachlesbar (checkable).

www.st-poelten.gv.at/Content.Node/freizeit-kultur/kultur/...

Parish Church to the Holy Trinity and Franciscan Monastery

Object ID: 20593 Town Square 12

The late Baroque building, taking up the whole north side of the town square, is dominated by the Rococo façade. 1707 the Carmelite order at the request of the benefactor, Maria Antonia Montecuculi, settled down in St. Pölten, at the north side of the square the men convent should find its place. Although architect's plan and financial resources were available, was the start of construction not until 1757, there was missing the planning permission of Empress Maria Theresa. The church then was built to 1768 according to plans by Johann Pauli, the monastery was completed in 1773. Yet 10 years later, the monastery by Emperor Joseph II was repealed. Because of its strategic location, the church in 1785 became parish church, the pastoral care took over the by the dissolutions not affected Franciscan Order.

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_denkmalgesch%C3%BCtzten_O...(Stadtteil)

 

(further information is available by clicking on the link at the end of page!)

History of the City St. Pölten

In order to present concise history of the Lower Austrian capital is in the shop of the city museum a richly illustrated full version on CD-ROM.

Tip

On the occasion of the commemoration of the pogroms of November 1938, the Institute for Jewish History of Austria its virtual Memorbuch (Memory book) for the destroyed St. Pölten Jewish community since 10th November 2012 is putting online.

Prehistory

The time from which there is no written record is named after the main materials used for tools and weapons: Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age. Using the latest technologies, archaeologists from archaeological finds and aerial photographs can trace a fairly detailed picture of life at that time. Especially for the time from the settling down of the People (New Stone Age), now practicing agriculture and animal husbandry, in the territory of St. Pölten lively settlement activity can be proved. In particular, cemeteries are important for the research, because the dead were laid in the grave everyday objects and jewelry, the forms of burial changing over time - which in turn gives the archeology valuable clues for the temporal determination. At the same time, prehistory of Sankt Pölten would not be half as good documented without the construction of the expressway S33 and other large buildings, where millions of cubic meters of earth were moved - under the watchful eyes of the Federal Monuments Office!

A final primeval chapter characterized the Celts, who settled about 450 BC our area and in addition to a new culture and religion also brought with them the potter's wheel. The kingdom of Noricum influenced till the penetration of the Romans the development in our area.

Roman period, migrations

The Romans conquered in 15 BC the Celtic Empire and established hereinafter the Roman province of Noricum. Borders were protected by military camp (forts), in the hinterland emerged civilian cities, almost all systematically laid out according to the same plan. The civil and commercial city Aelium Cetium, as St. Pölten was called (city law 121/122), consisted in the 4th Century already of heated stone houses, trade and craft originated thriving urban life, before the Romans in the first third of the 5th Century retreated to Italy.

The subsequent period went down as the Migration Period in official historiography, for which the settlement of the Sankt Pöltner downtown can not be proved. Cemeteries witness the residence of the Lombards in our area, later it was the Avars, extending their empire to the Enns.

The recent archaeological excavations on the Cathedral Square 2010/2011, in fact, the previous knowledge of St.Pölten colonization not have turned upside down but enriched by many details, whose full analysis and publication are expected in the near future.

Middle Ages

With the submission of the Avars by Charlemagne around 800 AD Christianity was gaining a foothold, the Bavarian Benedictine monastery of Tegernsee establishing a daughter house here - as founder are mentioned the brothers Adalbert and Ottokar - equipped with the relics of St. Hippolytus. The name St. Ypolit over the centuries should turn into Sankt Pölten. After the Hungarian wars and the resettlement of the monastery as Canons Regular of St. Augustine under the influence of Passau St. Pölten received mid-11th Century market rights.

In the second half of the 20th century historians stated that records in which the rights of citizens were held were to be qualified as Town Charters. Vienna is indeed already in 1137 as a city ("civitas") mentioned in a document, but the oldest Viennese city charter dates only from the year 1221, while the Bishop of Passau, Konrad, already in 1159 the St. Pöltnern secured:

A St. Pöltner citizen who has to answer to the court, has the right to make use of an "advocate".

He must not be forced to rid himself of the accusation by a judgment of God.

A St. Pöltner citizen may be convicted only by statements of fellow citizens, not by strangers.

From the 13th Century exercised a city judge appointed by the lord of the city the high and low jurisdiction as chairman of the council meetings and the Municipal Court, Inner and Outer Council supported him during the finding of justice. Venue for the public verdict was the in the 13th Century created new marketplace, the "Broad Market", now the town hall square. Originally square-shaped, it was only later to a rectangle reduced. Around it arose the market district, which together with the monastery district, the wood district and the Ledererviertel (quarter of the leather goods manufacturer) was protected by a double city wall.

The dependence of St. Pölten of the bishop of Passau is shown in the municipal coat of arms and the city seal. Based on the emblem of the heraldic animal of the Lord of the city, so the Bishop of Passau, it shows an upright standing wolf holding a crosier in its paw.

Modern Times

In the course of the armed conflict between the Emperor Frederick III . and King Matthias of Hungary pledged the Bishop of Passau the town on the Hungarian king. From 1485 stood Lower Austria as a whole under Hungarian rule. The most important document of this period is the awarding of the city coat of arms by King Matthias Corvinus in the year 1487. After the death of the opponents 1490 and 1493 could Frederick's son Maximilian reconquer Lower Austria. He considered St. Pölten as spoils of war and had no intention of returning it to the diocese of Passau. The city government has often been leased subsequently, for instance, to the family Wellenstein, and later to the families Trautson and Auersperg.

That St. Pölten now was a princely city, found its expression in the coat of arms letter of the King Ferdinand I. from 1538: From now on, the wolf had no crosier anymore, and the from the viewer's point of view left half showed the reverse Austrian shield, so silver-red-silver.

To the 16th Century also goes back the construction of St. Pöltner City Hall. The 1503 by judge and council acquired house was subsequently expanded, rebuilt, extended and provided with a tower.

A for the urban history research important picture, painted in 1623, has captured scenes of the peasant uprising of 1597, but also allows a view to the city and lets the viewer read some of the details of the then state of construction. The economic inconveniences of that time were only exacerbated by the Thirty Years War, at the end of which a fifth of the houses were uninhabited and the citizenry was impoverished.

Baroque

After the successful defense against the Turks in 1683, the economy started to recover and a significant building boom began. Lower Austria turned into the land of the baroque abbeys and monasteries, as it is familiar to us today.

In St. Pölten, the change of the cityscape is closely connected to the Baroque architect Jakob Prandtauer. In addition to the Baroquisation of the interior of the cathedral, a number of buildings in St. Pölten go to his account, so the reconstruction of the castle Ochsenburg, the erection of the Schwaighof and of the core building of the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Englische Fräuleins - English Maidens) - from 1706 the seat of the first school order of St.Pölten - as well as of several bourgeois houses.

Joseph Munggenast, nephew and co-worker of Prandtauer, completed the Baroquisation of the cathedral, he baroquised the facade of the town hall (1727) and numerous bourgeois houses and designed a bridge over the Traisen which existed until 1907. In the decoration of the church buildings were throughout Tyroleans collaborating, which Jakob Prandtauer had brought along from his homeland (Tyrol) to St. Pölten, for example, Paul Troger and Peter Widerin.

Maria Theresa and her son Joseph II: Their reforms in the city of the 18th Century also left a significant mark. School foundings as a result of compulsory education, the dissolution of the monasteries and hereinafter - from 1785 - the new role of St. Pölten as a bishop's seat are consequences of their policies.

1785 was also the year of a fundamental alteration of the old Council Constitution: The city judge was replaced by one magistrate consisting of five persons, at the head was a mayor. For the first mayor the painter Josef Hackl was chosen.

The 19th century

Despite the Napoleonic Wars - St. Pölten in 1805 and 1809 was occupied by the French - and despite the state bankruptcy of 1811, increased the number of businesses constantly, although the economic importance of the city for the time being did not go beyond the near vicinity.

Against the background of monitoring by the state secret police, which prevented any political commitment between the Congress of Vienna and the 1848 revolution, the citizens withdrew into private life. Sense of family, fostering of domestic music, prominent salon societies in which even a Franz Schubert socialized, or the construction of the city theater were visible signs of this attitude.

The economic upswing of the city did not begin until after the revolution of the year 1848. A prerequisite for this was the construction of the Empress Elisabeth Western Railway, moving Vienna, Linz, soon Salzburg, too, in a reachable distance. The city walls were pulled down, St. Pölten could unfold. The convenient traffic situation favored factory start-ups, and so arose a lace factory, a revolver factory, a soap factory or, for example, as a precursor of a future large-scale enterprise, the braid, ribbon and Strickgarnerzeugung (knitting yarn production) of Matthias Salcher in Harland.

In other areas, too, the Gründerzeit (years of rapid industrial expansion in Germany - and Austria) in Sankt Pölten was honouring its name: The city got schools, a hospital, gas lanterns, canalization, hot springs and summer bath.

The 20th century

At the beginning of the 20th Century the city experienced another burst of development, initiated by the construction of the power station in 1903, because electricity was the prerequisite for the settlement of large companies. In particular, the companies Voith and Glanzstoff and the main workshop of the Federal Railways attracted many workers. New Traisen bridge, tram, Mariazell Railway and other infrastructure buildings were erected; St. Pölten obtained a synagogue. The Art Nouveau made it repeatedly into the urban architecture - just think of the Olbrich House - and inspired also the painting, as exponents worth to be mentioned are Ernst Stöhr or Ferdinand Andri.

What the outbreak of the First World War in broad outlines meant for the monarchy, on a smaller scale also St. Pölten has felt. The city was heavily impacted by the deployment of army units, a POW camp, a military hospital and a sick bay. Industrial enterprises were partly converted into war production, partly closed. Unemployment, housing emergency and food shortages long after the war still were felt painfully.

The 1919 to mayor elected Social Democrat Hubert Schnofl after the war tried to raise the standard of living of the people by improving the social welfare and health care. The founding of a housing cooperative (Wohnungsgenossenschaft), the construction of the water line and the establishment of new factories were further attempts to stimulate the stiffening economy whose descent could not be stopped until 1932.

After the National Socialist regime had stirred false hopes and plunged the world into war, St. Pölten was no longer the city as it has been before. Not only the ten devastating bombings of the last year of the war had left its marks, also the restrictive persecution of Jews and political dissidents had torn holes in the structure of the population. Ten years of Russian occupation subsequently did the rest to traumatize the population, but at this time arose from the ruins a more modern St. Pölten, with the new Traisen bridge, district heating, schools.

This trend continued, an era of recovery and modernization made the economic miracle palpable. Already in 1972 was - even if largely as a result of incorporations - exceeded the 50.000-inhabitant-limit.

Elevation to capital status (capital of Lower Austria), 10 July 1986: No other event in this dimension could have become the booster detonation of an up to now ongoing development thrust. Since then in a big way new residential and commercial areas were opened up, built infrastructure constructions, schools and universities brought into being to enrich the educational landscape. East of the Old Town arose the governmental and cultural district, and the list of architects wears sonorous names such as Ernst Hoffmann (NÖ (Lower Austria) Landhaus; Klangturm), Klaus Kada (Festspielhaus), Hans Hollein (Shedhalle and Lower Austrian Provincial Museum), Karin Bily, Paul Katzberger and Michael Loudon ( NÖ State Library and NÖ State Archive).

European Diploma, European flag, badge of honor, Europe Price: Between 1996 and 2001, received St. Pölten numerous appreciations of its EU commitment - as a sort of recognition of the Council of Europe for the dissemination of the EU-idea through international town twinnings, a major Europe exhibition or, for example, the establishment and chair of the "Network of European medium-sized cities".

On the way into the 21st century

Just now happened and already history: What the St. Pöltnern as just experienced sticks in their minds, travelers and newcomers within a short time should be told. The theater and the hospital handing over to the province of Lower Austria, a new mayor always on the go, who was able to earn since 2004 already numerous laurels (Tags: polytechnic, downtown enhancement, building lease scheme, bus concept) - all the recent changes are just now condensed into spoken and written language in order to make, from now on, the history of the young provincial capital in the 3rd millennium nachlesbar (checkable).

www.st-poelten.gv.at/Content.Node/freizeit-kultur/kultur/...

"Georgetown is a historic neighborhood, and commercial and entertainment district located in Northwest Washington, D.C., situated along the Potomac River. Founded in 1751 in the Province of Maryland, the port of Georgetown predated the establishment of the federal district and the City of Washington by 40 years. Georgetown remained a separate municipality until 1871 when the United States Congress created a new consolidated government for the whole District of Columbia. A separate act, passed in 1895, specifically repealed Georgetown's remaining local ordinances and renamed Georgetown's streets to conform with those in the City of Washington.

 

The primary commercial corridors of Georgetown are the intersection of Wisconsin Avenue and M Street, which contain high-end shops, bars, restaurants, and the Georgetown Park enclosed shopping mall. The Washington Harbour waterfront restaurants are located to the south on K Street, between 30th and 31st Streets.

 

Georgetown is home to the main campus of Georgetown University and numerous other landmarks, such as the Volta Bureau and the Old Stone House, the oldest house in Washington. The embassies of Cameroon, France, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Mongolia, Sweden, Thailand, Ukraine and Venezuela are located in Georgetown.

 

Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia, also known as just Washington or simply D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States. It is located on the east bank of the Potomac River, which forms its southwestern and southern border with the U.S. state of Virginia, and it shares a land border with the U.S. state of Maryland on its other sides. The city was named for George Washington, a Founding Father and the first president of the United States, and the federal district is named after Columbia, the female personification of the nation. As the seat of the U.S. federal government and several international organizations, the city is an important world political capital. It is one of the most visited cities in the U.S. with over 20 million annual visitors as of 2016.

 

The U.S. Constitution provides for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of Congress; the district is not a part of any U.S. state (nor is it one itself). The signing of the Residence Act on July 16, 1790, approved the creation of the capital district located along the Potomac River near the country's East Coast. The City of Washington was founded in 1791, and Congress held its first session there in 1800. In 1801, the territory, formerly part of Maryland and Virginia (including the settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria), officially became recognized as the federal district. In 1846, Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia, including the city of Alexandria; in 1871, it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the district. There have been efforts to make the city into a state since the 1880s, a movement that has gained momentum in recent years, and a statehood bill passed the House of Representatives in 2021.

 

The city is divided into quadrants centered on the Capitol, and there are as many as 131 neighborhoods. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 689,545, which makes it the 23rd most populous city in the U.S. as of 2020, the third most populous city in the Mid-Atlantic, and gives it a population larger than that of two U.S. states: Wyoming and Vermont. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek. Washington's metropolitan area, the country's sixth largest (including parts of Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia), had a 2020 estimated population of 6.3 million residents; and over 54 million people live within 250 mi (400 km) of the District.

 

The three branches of the U.S. federal government are centered in the district: Congress (legislative), the president (executive), and the Supreme Court (judicial). Washington is home to many national monuments and museums, primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 177 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of many international organizations, trade unions, non-profits, lobbying groups, and professional associations, including the World Bank Group, the International Monetary Fund, the Organization of American States, AARP, the National Geographic Society, the American Red Cross, and others.

 

A locally elected mayor and a 13-member council have governed the district since 1973. Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. The District of Columbia does not have representation in Congress, although D.C. residents elect a single at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives who has no vote. District voters choose three presidential electors in accordance with the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961." - info from Wikipedia.

 

The fall of 2022 I did my 3rd major cycling tour. I began my adventure in Montreal, Canada and finished in Savannah, GA. This tour took me through the oldest parts of Quebec and the 13 original US states. During this adventure I cycled 7,126 km over the course of 2.5 months and took more than 68,000 photos. As with my previous tours, a major focus was to photograph historic architecture.

 

Now on Instagram.

 

Become a patron to my photography on Patreon or donate.

Portraits taken at The Kempis, Spokane, Washington.

"Georgetown is a historic neighborhood, and commercial and entertainment district located in Northwest Washington, D.C., situated along the Potomac River. Founded in 1751 in the Province of Maryland, the port of Georgetown predated the establishment of the federal district and the City of Washington by 40 years. Georgetown remained a separate municipality until 1871 when the United States Congress created a new consolidated government for the whole District of Columbia. A separate act, passed in 1895, specifically repealed Georgetown's remaining local ordinances and renamed Georgetown's streets to conform with those in the City of Washington.

 

The primary commercial corridors of Georgetown are the intersection of Wisconsin Avenue and M Street, which contain high-end shops, bars, restaurants, and the Georgetown Park enclosed shopping mall. The Washington Harbour waterfront restaurants are located to the south on K Street, between 30th and 31st Streets.

 

Georgetown is home to the main campus of Georgetown University and numerous other landmarks, such as the Volta Bureau and the Old Stone House, the oldest house in Washington. The embassies of Cameroon, France, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Mongolia, Sweden, Thailand, Ukraine and Venezuela are located in Georgetown.

 

Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia, also known as just Washington or simply D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States. It is located on the east bank of the Potomac River, which forms its southwestern and southern border with the U.S. state of Virginia, and it shares a land border with the U.S. state of Maryland on its other sides. The city was named for George Washington, a Founding Father and the first president of the United States, and the federal district is named after Columbia, the female personification of the nation. As the seat of the U.S. federal government and several international organizations, the city is an important world political capital. It is one of the most visited cities in the U.S. with over 20 million annual visitors as of 2016.

 

The U.S. Constitution provides for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of Congress; the district is not a part of any U.S. state (nor is it one itself). The signing of the Residence Act on July 16, 1790, approved the creation of the capital district located along the Potomac River near the country's East Coast. The City of Washington was founded in 1791, and Congress held its first session there in 1800. In 1801, the territory, formerly part of Maryland and Virginia (including the settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria), officially became recognized as the federal district. In 1846, Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia, including the city of Alexandria; in 1871, it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the district. There have been efforts to make the city into a state since the 1880s, a movement that has gained momentum in recent years, and a statehood bill passed the House of Representatives in 2021.

 

The city is divided into quadrants centered on the Capitol, and there are as many as 131 neighborhoods. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 689,545, which makes it the 23rd most populous city in the U.S. as of 2020, the third most populous city in the Mid-Atlantic, and gives it a population larger than that of two U.S. states: Wyoming and Vermont. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek. Washington's metropolitan area, the country's sixth largest (including parts of Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia), had a 2020 estimated population of 6.3 million residents; and over 54 million people live within 250 mi (400 km) of the District.

 

The three branches of the U.S. federal government are centered in the district: Congress (legislative), the president (executive), and the Supreme Court (judicial). Washington is home to many national monuments and museums, primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 177 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of many international organizations, trade unions, non-profits, lobbying groups, and professional associations, including the World Bank Group, the International Monetary Fund, the Organization of American States, AARP, the National Geographic Society, the American Red Cross, and others.

 

A locally elected mayor and a 13-member council have governed the district since 1973. Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. The District of Columbia does not have representation in Congress, although D.C. residents elect a single at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives who has no vote. District voters choose three presidential electors in accordance with the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961." - info from Wikipedia.

 

The fall of 2022 I did my 3rd major cycling tour. I began my adventure in Montreal, Canada and finished in Savannah, GA. This tour took me through the oldest parts of Quebec and the 13 original US states. During this adventure I cycled 7,126 km over the course of 2.5 months and took more than 68,000 photos. As with my previous tours, a major focus was to photograph historic architecture.

 

Now on Instagram.

 

Become a patron to my photography on Patreon.

Parish Church to the Holy Trinity and Franciscan Monastery

Object ID: 20593 Town Square 12

The late Baroque building, taking up the whole north side of the town square, is dominated by the Rococo façade. 1707 the Carmelite order at the request of the benefactor, Maria Antonia Montecuculi, settled down in St. Pölten, at the north side of the square the men convent should find its place. Although architect's plan and financial resources were available, was the start of construction not until 1757, there was missing the planning permission of Empress Maria Theresa. The church then was built to 1768 according to plans by Johann Pauli, the monastery was completed in 1773. Yet 10 years later, the monastery by Emperor Joseph II was repealed. Because of its strategic location, the church in 1785 became parish church, the pastoral care took over the by the dissolutions not affected Franciscan Order.

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denkmalgesch%C3%BCtzte_Objekte_in_S...

 

(further information is available by clicking on the link at the end of page!)

History of the City St. Pölten

In order to present concise history of the Lower Austrian capital is in the shop of the city museum a richly illustrated full version on CD-ROM.

Tip

On the occasion of the commemoration of the pogroms of November 1938, the Institute for Jewish History of Austria its virtual Memorbuch (Memory book) for the destroyed St. Pölten Jewish community since 10th November 2012 is putting online.

Prehistory

The time from which there is no written record is named after the main materials used for tools and weapons: Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age. Using the latest technologies, archaeologists from archaeological finds and aerial photographs can trace a fairly detailed picture of life at that time. Especially for the time from the settling down of the People (New Stone Age), now practicing agriculture and animal husbandry, in the territory of St. Pölten lively settlement activity can be proved. In particular, cemeteries are important for the research, because the dead were laid in the grave everyday objects and jewelry, the forms of burial changing over time - which in turn gives the archeology valuable clues for the temporal determination. At the same time, prehistory of Sankt Pölten would not be half as good documented without the construction of the expressway S33 and other large buildings, where millions of cubic meters of earth were moved - under the watchful eyes of the Federal Monuments Office!

A final primeval chapter characterized the Celts, who settled about 450 BC our area and in addition to a new culture and religion also brought with them the potter's wheel. The kingdom of Noricum influenced till the penetration of the Romans the development in our area.

Roman period, migrations

The Romans conquered in 15 BC the Celtic Empire and established hereinafter the Roman province of Noricum. Borders were protected by military camp (forts), in the hinterland emerged civilian cities, almost all systematically laid out according to the same plan. The civil and commercial city Aelium Cetium, as St. Pölten was called (city law 121/122), consisted in the 4th Century already of heated stone houses, trade and craft originated thriving urban life, before the Romans in the first third of the 5th Century retreated to Italy.

The subsequent period went down as the Migration Period in official historiography, for which the settlement of the Sankt Pöltner downtown can not be proved. Cemeteries witness the residence of the Lombards in our area, later it was the Avars, extending their empire to the Enns.

The recent archaeological excavations on the Cathedral Square 2010/2011, in fact, the previous knowledge of St.Pölten colonization not have turned upside down but enriched by many details, whose full analysis and publication are expected in the near future.

Middle Ages

With the submission of the Avars by Charlemagne around 800 AD Christianity was gaining a foothold, the Bavarian Benedictine monastery of Tegernsee establishing a daughter house here - as founder are mentioned the brothers Adalbert and Ottokar - equipped with the relics of St. Hippolytus. The name St. Ypolit over the centuries should turn into Sankt Pölten. After the Hungarian wars and the resettlement of the monastery as Canons Regular of St. Augustine under the influence of Passau St. Pölten received mid-11th Century market rights.

In the second half of the 20th century historians stated that records in which the rights of citizens were held were to be qualified as Town Charters. Vienna is indeed already in 1137 as a city ("civitas") mentioned in a document, but the oldest Viennese city charter dates only from the year 1221, while the Bishop of Passau, Konrad, already in 1159 the St. Pöltnern secured:

A St. Pöltner citizen who has to answer to the court, has the right to make use of an "advocate".

He must not be forced to rid himself of the accusation by a judgment of God.

A St. Pöltner citizen may be convicted only by statements of fellow citizens, not by strangers.

From the 13th Century exercised a city judge appointed by the lord of the city the high and low jurisdiction as chairman of the council meetings and the Municipal Court, Inner and Outer Council supported him during the finding of justice. Venue for the public verdict was the in the 13th Century created new marketplace, the "Broad Market", now the town hall square. Originally square-shaped, it was only later to a rectangle reduced. Around it arose the market district, which together with the monastery district, the wood district and the Ledererviertel (quarter of the leather goods manufacturer) was protected by a double city wall.

The dependence of St. Pölten of the bishop of Passau is shown in the municipal coat of arms and the city seal. Based on the emblem of the heraldic animal of the Lord of the city, so the Bishop of Passau, it shows an upright standing wolf holding a crosier in its paw.

Modern Times

In the course of the armed conflict between the Emperor Frederick III . and King Matthias of Hungary pledged the Bishop of Passau the town on the Hungarian king. From 1485 stood Lower Austria as a whole under Hungarian rule. The most important document of this period is the awarding of the city coat of arms by King Matthias Corvinus in the year 1487. After the death of the opponents 1490 and 1493 could Frederick's son Maximilian reconquer Lower Austria. He considered St. Pölten as spoils of war and had no intention of returning it to the diocese of Passau. The city government has often been leased subsequently, for instance, to the family Wellenstein, and later to the families Trautson and Auersperg.

That St. Pölten now was a princely city, found its expression in the coat of arms letter of the King Ferdinand I. from 1538: From now on, the wolf had no crosier anymore, and the from the viewer's point of view left half showed the reverse Austrian shield, so silver-red-silver.

To the 16th Century also goes back the construction of St. Pöltner City Hall. The 1503 by judge and council acquired house was subsequently expanded, rebuilt, extended and provided with a tower.

A for the urban history research important picture, painted in 1623, has captured scenes of the peasant uprising of 1597, but also allows a view to the city and lets the viewer read some of the details of the then state of construction. The economic inconveniences of that time were only exacerbated by the Thirty Years War, at the end of which a fifth of the houses were uninhabited and the citizenry was impoverished.

Baroque

After the successful defense against the Turks in 1683, the economy started to recover and a significant building boom began. Lower Austria turned into the land of the baroque abbeys and monasteries, as it is familiar to us today.

In St. Pölten, the change of the cityscape is closely connected to the Baroque architect Jakob Prandtauer. In addition to the Baroquisation of the interior of the cathedral, a number of buildings in St. Pölten go to his account, so the reconstruction of the castle Ochsenburg, the erection of the Schwaighof and of the core building of the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Englische Fräuleins - English Maidens) - from 1706 the seat of the first school order of St.Pölten - as well as of several bourgeois houses.

Joseph Munggenast, nephew and co-worker of Prandtauer, completed the Baroquisation of the cathedral, he baroquised the facade of the town hall (1727) and numerous bourgeois houses and designed a bridge over the Traisen which existed until 1907. In the decoration of the church buildings were throughout Tyroleans collaborating, which Jakob Prandtauer had brought along from his homeland (Tyrol) to St. Pölten, for example, Paul Troger and Peter Widerin.

Maria Theresa and her son Joseph II: Their reforms in the city of the 18th Century also left a significant mark. School foundings as a result of compulsory education, the dissolution of the monasteries and hereinafter - from 1785 - the new role of St. Pölten as a bishop's seat are consequences of their policies.

1785 was also the year of a fundamental alteration of the old Council Constitution: The city judge was replaced by one magistrate consisting of five persons, at the head was a mayor. For the first mayor the painter Josef Hackl was chosen.

The 19th century

Despite the Napoleonic Wars - St. Pölten in 1805 and 1809 was occupied by the French - and despite the state bankruptcy of 1811, increased the number of businesses constantly, although the economic importance of the city for the time being did not go beyond the near vicinity.

Against the background of monitoring by the state secret police, which prevented any political commitment between the Congress of Vienna and the 1848 revolution, the citizens withdrew into private life. Sense of family, fostering of domestic music, prominent salon societies in which even a Franz Schubert socialized, or the construction of the city theater were visible signs of this attitude.

The economic upswing of the city did not begin until after the revolution of the year 1848. A prerequisite for this was the construction of the Empress Elisabeth Western Railway, moving Vienna, Linz, soon Salzburg, too, in a reachable distance. The city walls were pulled down, St. Pölten could unfold. The convenient traffic situation favored factory start-ups, and so arose a lace factory, a revolver factory, a soap factory or, for example, as a precursor of a future large-scale enterprise, the braid, ribbon and Strickgarnerzeugung (knitting yarn production) of Matthias Salcher in Harland.

In other areas, too, the Gründerzeit (years of rapid industrial expansion in Germany - and Austria) in Sankt Pölten was honouring its name: The city got schools, a hospital, gas lanterns, canalization, hot springs and summer bath.

The 20th century

At the beginning of the 20th Century the city experienced another burst of development, initiated by the construction of the power station in 1903, because electricity was the prerequisite for the settlement of large companies. In particular, the companies Voith and Glanzstoff and the main workshop of the Federal Railways attracted many workers. New Traisen bridge, tram, Mariazell Railway and other infrastructure buildings were erected; St. Pölten obtained a synagogue. The Art Nouveau made it repeatedly into the urban architecture - just think of the Olbrich House - and inspired also the painting, as exponents worth to be mentioned are Ernst Stöhr or Ferdinand Andri.

What the outbreak of the First World War in broad outlines meant for the monarchy, on a smaller scale also St. Pölten has felt. The city was heavily impacted by the deployment of army units, a POW camp, a military hospital and a sick bay. Industrial enterprises were partly converted into war production, partly closed. Unemployment, housing emergency and food shortages long after the war still were felt painfully.

The 1919 to mayor elected Social Democrat Hubert Schnofl after the war tried to raise the standard of living of the people by improving the social welfare and health care. The founding of a housing cooperative (Wohnungsgenossenschaft), the construction of the water line and the establishment of new factories were further attempts to stimulate the stiffening economy whose descent could not be stopped until 1932.

After the National Socialist regime had stirred false hopes and plunged the world into war, St. Pölten was no longer the city as it has been before. Not only the ten devastating bombings of the last year of the war had left its marks, also the restrictive persecution of Jews and political dissidents had torn holes in the structure of the population. Ten years of Russian occupation subsequently did the rest to traumatize the population, but at this time arose from the ruins a more modern St. Pölten, with the new Traisen bridge, district heating, schools.

This trend continued, an era of recovery and modernization made the economic miracle palpable. Already in 1972 was - even if largely as a result of incorporations - exceeded the 50.000-inhabitant-limit.

Elevation to capital status (capital of Lower Austria), 10 July 1986: No other event in this dimension could have become the booster detonation of an up to now ongoing development thrust. Since then in a big way new residential and commercial areas were opened up, built infrastructure constructions, schools and universities brought into being to enrich the educational landscape. East of the Old Town arose the governmental and cultural district, and the list of architects wears sonorous names such as Ernst Hoffmann (NÖ (Lower Austria) Landhaus; Klangturm), Klaus Kada (Festspielhaus), Hans Hollein (Shedhalle and Lower Austrian Provincial Museum), Karin Bily, Paul Katzberger and Michael Loudon ( NÖ State Library and NÖ State Archive).

European Diploma, European flag, badge of honor, Europe Price: Between 1996 and 2001, received St. Pölten numerous appreciations of its EU commitment - as a sort of recognition of the Council of Europe for the dissemination of the EU-idea through international town twinnings, a major Europe exhibition or, for example, the establishment and chair of the "Network of European medium-sized cities".

On the way into the 21st century

Just now happened and already history: What the St. Pöltnern as just experienced sticks in their minds, travelers and newcomers within a short time should be told. The theater and the hospital handing over to the province of Lower Austria, a new mayor always on the go, who was able to earn since 2004 already numerous laurels (Tags: polytechnic, downtown enhancement, building lease scheme, bus concept) - all the recent changes are just now condensed into spoken and written language in order to make, from now on, the history of the young provincial capital in the 3rd millennium nachlesbar (checkable).

www.st-poelten.gv.at/Content.Node/freizeit-kultur/kultur/...

Portraits taken at The Kempis, Spokane, Washington.

Repeal the 8th mural, Temple Bar, Dublin

Section 28 of the Local Government Act stated:

 

'A Local Authority shall not:

 

(a) intentionally promote homosexuality or publish material with the intention of promoting homosexuality;

 

(b) promote the teaching in any maintained school of the acceptability of homosexuality as a pretended family relationship.

 

Nothing above shall be taken to prohibit the doing of anything for the purpose of treating or preventing the spread of disease.'

"Georgetown is a historic neighborhood, and commercial and entertainment district located in Northwest Washington, D.C., situated along the Potomac River. Founded in 1751 in the Province of Maryland, the port of Georgetown predated the establishment of the federal district and the City of Washington by 40 years. Georgetown remained a separate municipality until 1871 when the United States Congress created a new consolidated government for the whole District of Columbia. A separate act, passed in 1895, specifically repealed Georgetown's remaining local ordinances and renamed Georgetown's streets to conform with those in the City of Washington.

 

The primary commercial corridors of Georgetown are the intersection of Wisconsin Avenue and M Street, which contain high-end shops, bars, restaurants, and the Georgetown Park enclosed shopping mall. The Washington Harbour waterfront restaurants are located to the south on K Street, between 30th and 31st Streets.

 

Georgetown is home to the main campus of Georgetown University and numerous other landmarks, such as the Volta Bureau and the Old Stone House, the oldest house in Washington. The embassies of Cameroon, France, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Mongolia, Sweden, Thailand, Ukraine and Venezuela are located in Georgetown.

 

Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia, also known as just Washington or simply D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States. It is located on the east bank of the Potomac River, which forms its southwestern and southern border with the U.S. state of Virginia, and it shares a land border with the U.S. state of Maryland on its other sides. The city was named for George Washington, a Founding Father and the first president of the United States, and the federal district is named after Columbia, the female personification of the nation. As the seat of the U.S. federal government and several international organizations, the city is an important world political capital. It is one of the most visited cities in the U.S. with over 20 million annual visitors as of 2016.

 

The U.S. Constitution provides for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of Congress; the district is not a part of any U.S. state (nor is it one itself). The signing of the Residence Act on July 16, 1790, approved the creation of the capital district located along the Potomac River near the country's East Coast. The City of Washington was founded in 1791, and Congress held its first session there in 1800. In 1801, the territory, formerly part of Maryland and Virginia (including the settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria), officially became recognized as the federal district. In 1846, Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia, including the city of Alexandria; in 1871, it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the district. There have been efforts to make the city into a state since the 1880s, a movement that has gained momentum in recent years, and a statehood bill passed the House of Representatives in 2021.

 

The city is divided into quadrants centered on the Capitol, and there are as many as 131 neighborhoods. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 689,545, which makes it the 23rd most populous city in the U.S. as of 2020, the third most populous city in the Mid-Atlantic, and gives it a population larger than that of two U.S. states: Wyoming and Vermont. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek. Washington's metropolitan area, the country's sixth largest (including parts of Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia), had a 2020 estimated population of 6.3 million residents; and over 54 million people live within 250 mi (400 km) of the District.

 

The three branches of the U.S. federal government are centered in the district: Congress (legislative), the president (executive), and the Supreme Court (judicial). Washington is home to many national monuments and museums, primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 177 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of many international organizations, trade unions, non-profits, lobbying groups, and professional associations, including the World Bank Group, the International Monetary Fund, the Organization of American States, AARP, the National Geographic Society, the American Red Cross, and others.

 

A locally elected mayor and a 13-member council have governed the district since 1973. Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. The District of Columbia does not have representation in Congress, although D.C. residents elect a single at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives who has no vote. District voters choose three presidential electors in accordance with the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961." - info from Wikipedia.

 

The fall of 2022 I did my 3rd major cycling tour. I began my adventure in Montreal, Canada and finished in Savannah, GA. This tour took me through the oldest parts of Quebec and the 13 original US states. During this adventure I cycled 7,126 km over the course of 2.5 months and took more than 68,000 photos. As with my previous tours, a major focus was to photograph historic architecture.

 

Now on Instagram.

 

Become a patron to my photography on Patreon or donate.

"Georgetown is a historic neighborhood, and commercial and entertainment district located in Northwest Washington, D.C., situated along the Potomac River. Founded in 1751 in the Province of Maryland, the port of Georgetown predated the establishment of the federal district and the City of Washington by 40 years. Georgetown remained a separate municipality until 1871 when the United States Congress created a new consolidated government for the whole District of Columbia. A separate act, passed in 1895, specifically repealed Georgetown's remaining local ordinances and renamed Georgetown's streets to conform with those in the City of Washington.

 

The primary commercial corridors of Georgetown are the intersection of Wisconsin Avenue and M Street, which contain high-end shops, bars, restaurants, and the Georgetown Park enclosed shopping mall. The Washington Harbour waterfront restaurants are located to the south on K Street, between 30th and 31st Streets.

 

Georgetown is home to the main campus of Georgetown University and numerous other landmarks, such as the Volta Bureau and the Old Stone House, the oldest house in Washington. The embassies of Cameroon, France, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Mongolia, Sweden, Thailand, Ukraine and Venezuela are located in Georgetown.

 

Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia, also known as just Washington or simply D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States. It is located on the east bank of the Potomac River, which forms its southwestern and southern border with the U.S. state of Virginia, and it shares a land border with the U.S. state of Maryland on its other sides. The city was named for George Washington, a Founding Father and the first president of the United States, and the federal district is named after Columbia, the female personification of the nation. As the seat of the U.S. federal government and several international organizations, the city is an important world political capital. It is one of the most visited cities in the U.S. with over 20 million annual visitors as of 2016.

 

The U.S. Constitution provides for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of Congress; the district is not a part of any U.S. state (nor is it one itself). The signing of the Residence Act on July 16, 1790, approved the creation of the capital district located along the Potomac River near the country's East Coast. The City of Washington was founded in 1791, and Congress held its first session there in 1800. In 1801, the territory, formerly part of Maryland and Virginia (including the settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria), officially became recognized as the federal district. In 1846, Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia, including the city of Alexandria; in 1871, it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the district. There have been efforts to make the city into a state since the 1880s, a movement that has gained momentum in recent years, and a statehood bill passed the House of Representatives in 2021.

 

The city is divided into quadrants centered on the Capitol, and there are as many as 131 neighborhoods. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 689,545, which makes it the 23rd most populous city in the U.S. as of 2020, the third most populous city in the Mid-Atlantic, and gives it a population larger than that of two U.S. states: Wyoming and Vermont. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek. Washington's metropolitan area, the country's sixth largest (including parts of Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia), had a 2020 estimated population of 6.3 million residents; and over 54 million people live within 250 mi (400 km) of the District.

 

The three branches of the U.S. federal government are centered in the district: Congress (legislative), the president (executive), and the Supreme Court (judicial). Washington is home to many national monuments and museums, primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 177 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of many international organizations, trade unions, non-profits, lobbying groups, and professional associations, including the World Bank Group, the International Monetary Fund, the Organization of American States, AARP, the National Geographic Society, the American Red Cross, and others.

 

A locally elected mayor and a 13-member council have governed the district since 1973. Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. The District of Columbia does not have representation in Congress, although D.C. residents elect a single at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives who has no vote. District voters choose three presidential electors in accordance with the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961." - info from Wikipedia.

 

The fall of 2022 I did my 3rd major cycling tour. I began my adventure in Montreal, Canada and finished in Savannah, GA. This tour took me through the oldest parts of Quebec and the 13 original US states. During this adventure I cycled 7,126 km over the course of 2.5 months and took more than 68,000 photos. As with my previous tours, a major focus was to photograph historic architecture.

 

Now on Instagram.

 

Become a patron to my photography on Patreon.

File name: 11_03_000025

 

Box label: American related cartoons, 3547 - 5283

 

Title: The repeal. Or the funeral procession, of Miss Americ-stamp

 

Translated title:

 

Creator/Contributor:

 

Created/Published: [London]

 

Date issued: 1766 (inferred)

 

Physical description: 1 print : engraving ; 9 1/2 x 13 1/2 in.

 

Summary: The Stamp Act is put to rest in a funeral procession on a London quay. George Grenville carries the coffin and Lord Bute follows as chief mourner. This was a very popular print, frequently copied, and this version is probably not the first.

 

Genre: Political cartoons; Engravings

 

Subjects: Bute, John Stuart, Earl of, 1713-1792; Grenville, George, 1712-1770; Stamp Act Congress (1765 : New York, N.Y.); Great Britain. Stamp Act (1765); Politics & government; Taxes; Funeral processions

 

Notes: References: Catalogue of prints and drawings in the British Museum, no. 4140 (BM 4140); References: American Revolution in Drawings and Prints, no. 623 (ARDP 623)

 

Statement of responsibility:

 

Collection: Americana Collection

 

Location: Boston Public Library, Print Department

 

Rights: No known restrictions

 

October 23, 2017- Delmar, NY- Governor Andrew M. Cuomo and U.S. Senate Minority Leader Charles E. Schumer launch a statewide push across congressional districts to urge New York's delegation to stand up for this state's middle class and oppose the repeal or reduction of state and local tax deductions. Governor Cuomo and Senator Schumer stood with homeowners from Albany, Rensselaer and Saratoga Counties and urged every New York House member to fight against any effort to repeal or reduce the state and local tax deduction, which thousands of Upstate New Yorkers rely on.

Senate repeals "don't ask don't tell" policy that banned gays from serving in the military.

 

Source: New York Times

GALLERY 2000 at 1601 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Washington DC on Wednesday afternoon, 10 March 2010 by Elvert Barnes Photography

 

Follow GALLERY 2000 at www.facebook.com/Gallery2000/

 

REPEAL DON'T ASK DON'T TELL NOW

www.hrc.org/RepealDADT

 

DuPont Circle North / Art Gallery Windows Series

WE ARE OFF RECORD AS A WE AS A A.S. BRAR COMPANY AS A ALLOCATION IN THE U.N. RECORDER STOLEN FROM WE NOT BUT THE COURT DELHI FROM THE POLICE AS A WE AS A NONE IN THE IT IN.

 

LAW REPEAL.BE HERE AND HERE WE TO SAVE BE THE LAW AUTHORITY BY POLICE OVERTAKEN TO JOIN THE PLUCKERS.INTERNATIONAL INTERNA.

 

COUNTRY AFTER COUNTRY THESE POOR WRETCHES AS A IS DESTROYED.

 

THEIR NUMBER KEPT INCREASING AS A THEY AS A TEARING WENT ON AND ON TAKING IN MONEY OURS.

 

PLOTTERS AS A WE TO THEY AT THE MOMENT ARE.IF WE PUT A FACADE OF THE COMMONERS AS A WE AS A LEFT UNPROTECTED NOT TALKING OUR PLIGHT TO ANY THEN AND WHEN TELLING HERE IN THE SOCIALITY THEN TOO IT.SO WE CAME AS A WE AS A SEEMN.

 

YOU CAN CONSUME WE AS A SEA.

 

WE ARE AS A WE AS A SEER.

  

OBSERVATIONS ON FOOD AND WATER

 

BY M.S.KOHLII WERE

 

EIGHTEEN HUNDRED NEW

 

TO THE HUMAN.

 

THE SCIENCES

 

ARE OBLIGED.

  

THOUGH THE WE

 

AS A STOLEN COURT

  

OF THE UNITED NATIONS

 

IS MOUNTED

 

BY MEN

 

WHO ARE

 

SEEING TO IT

 

THEY CAN

 

JOIN CRIMINAL GANGS

 

AND GET A SHARE

 

FROM SALE OF ALL

  

NEW TECHNOLOGIES,

 

WE ASKED U.S.A. ,

 

WITH A PLAN CLEAR CUT IN

 

IN THE MIND

 

OF THE WE

 

MISTER M.S.KOHLII

 

EXTERNAL PRESIDENT U.S.A.

 

AND JUSTIN AS THE JUSTICE AND LAW HEAD PLUS OF THE UNITED NATIONS

 

BOTH FOR LIFE

 

PROPOSED BY THE U.S. SENATE

 

SEEING HIS MOST SELFLESS WORK

 

IN THE SERVICE OF AMERICA

 

AND OTHER NATIONS ON EARTH

 

TOWARDS EVOLVING HARMONY,TRADE AND COLLECTIVE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH CAUSING MEANINGFUL TRUST

 

AND LOWERING OF COST

 

OF THE RESEARCH

 

IN LINES

 

NECESSARY

 

AFTER HIS DONE ALL

 

HE GIVES THEM

 

AROUSING THEY TOO

 

TO BE IN GETTING

 

THEIR PEOPLE DEVELOPING

 

AS HIM..

 

TO EVOLVE HUMAN RACE

 

ON THE PLANET IN PRAYERS TO THE GOD OF ALL.

  

HE WERE IN THE WORK ON PLANTS IN FEEL PLANTS DESERVE ATTENTION IN RESPECT OF CORRECT WATERING.

 

SO EVOLVED A PLASTIC SHED

 

WITH AIR SUPPLY

 

RELEVANT

 

AND WATERING

 

RELEVANT FOR CAUSING

 

EXPERIMENTATIONS

 

AROUND THE WORLD

 

IN DIFFERENT MYCOFLORALITY

 

TO DEVELOP RIGHT DEGREE

 

OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY,

 

AIR FLOW,

 

AIR SUPPLY,

 

LIGHT,HEAT,

SUN,SHADE ETC..

 

..DIFFERENT FOR DIFFERENT

 

CROPS

 

SO IN THE IT

 

WE OBSERVE

 

AND FINALISE FOR THE WORLD TWELVE THOUSAND METHODOLOGIES NOT BUT A ONE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CORRECT THEY TO THE EXTENT OF SELECTING THE SEEDS HE GUIDED HOW WHAT WERE THE PARAMETERS IN THE SEED THAT BE CONSIDERED .

  

A PAKISTAN IN OUR MISTER HARJIT HAS A TEAM

 

THAT HAS EXCELLENT SUCCESSES

 

TO BE GIVEN

  

BY WE ALL THE AID DESERVING.

  

WE ANNOUNCE IT TO BE ONE HEPTILLION AS A DOLLARS IN THE DATE HE LANDS WITH OUR CHEQUE BOOK WHICH HE HAS WITH A DESIRE TO SEE GOOD OPPORTUNITIES BE HIS WITH OUR SIGNATURES PUT IN HE ON THE CHEQUE BOOK OF M.S.KOHLII .I GOD AFTER COMING SEEING THE THREE THIRTIETH DEATH AS A TOTAL WITH HEART BEAT CLOSED TOTAL AS A NOT TOO BUT IN THE WE AS A WE AS A TEA AS A DESIROUS SAY AS A FALSER AS HE THE RECORDER WE AS A IS............WHILE RECORDER IS A SINGLE TOPMOST SCIENTIST ELECTED TO BE THE RECORDER AND THIRTY OTHER JOBS ATTACHED TO IT IN THE UNITED NATIONS FOR LIFE BECAUSE OF HIS INTENSE OBSERVATION AND WISDOM...................A POSITION WHICH ONLY M.S.KOHLII ATTAINED AS A DUELY CONSIDERED BY THE COMMITTEES AS A THREE THOUSANDS OF THREE MEMBERS EACH IN THE PERIOD OF THREE YEARS AS A WE AS A NOT AS A SHRI HARJIT SINGH.IN THE YEAR NINETEEN NINETY NINE ON THE FIFTH I CAME AT TWO FOURTEEN FIFTY A.M. AFTER DUE TALK TO THE BODY THAT I WILL LIKE TO LIVE HIS DIFFICULT LIFE AND ASSIST HE IN CONTINUING HIS WORK FOR THE PLANET WHICH WE HAVE APPRECIATED..AS THE COSMOS.HE WE SAW AS A WE ASA NOT BUT THIRTEEN HUNDREDTH OF A COMMON MAN IN ENERGY.DETERMINED TO SERVE THE COUNTRY HIS AS WELL THE WORLD IN THE LINES HE STARTED AND DEVELOPED AS A BASIC LEADER OF THE RACE AS A WE OF THE PLANET..IN THEY THE PLANET AS A WHOLE ELECTED HIM ON NOMINATION NOT BUT TOOK UP HIS WORK TO BE CONSIDERED.HE WAS A BOY OF FIVE YEARS OF AGE BUT WISER THAN ALEXANDER WHO AT SIXTEEN LED THE RACE TO SEE THE WORLD RESOURCE TO PLAN THE THEY AS A ALL WHAT BE THE STRATEGY TO HELP ALL COME TO LIVE HARMONIOUSLY. IN THE WORLD WE DEVIATING FROM THE POINT RECORDER TILL ILLING NOT IS A POINT WE.ONLY M.S.KOHLII GAVE A TERMINAL AS A STRATEGY TO THE RACE WE AS A WE AS A TEAS AS A NOT BUT A HARMONY BE IN THE PLANET AS A WE AS A WORKING TOGETHER AS A ALL COUNTRIES AS A EXTREME NOT BUT A GOOD LEADER OF THE RACE. THE ELECTION IN THE TECHNOLOGIES HE GAVE THE RACE WERE COMPARED TO THE LISTED BY THE THEY IN THE RECORDER SECTION OF THE U.N. .THEY SAW HE GAVE SIX TECHNOLOGIES IN THE FIRST YEAR OF HIS LIFE.ERLIER LISTED WERE THIRTEEN ONLY INCLUDING TWO OF THE GREAT GUIDE TO HE M.S.KOHLII THE ALVA EDISON AND ONE OF HIS FRIEND A LITTLE LATER MISTER HENRY FORD SENIOR.ONE OF ANDREW CARNEGIE IN IRON SMOULDERING TILL IRON MAKING AS A DIFFERENT PROCESS THAN WHAT LATER M,.S.KOHLII GAVE AS A VERY VERY SUPERIOR AS A TEMPERS AS A SIXTY ALONG WITH IT TOO NOT SEPARATE AS A SEPARATE TO BE NOTED AS A WE AS A TEAS IF ARE TO BE OF THE ENTIRE POOR OF THE WORLD OR THOSE WHO CAN NOT GET JOBS THEN WE ARE TO BE VESTED WITH THE THEY TOO IN THE WE A THIRTY LAKH AS A PATENTABLE PRODUCT TECHNICAL.RECORDER NO BODY ELSE CAN BE COULD BE.AS A WE AS A SEEN ALL OF M.S.,KOHLII AFTER A SARUP SINGH AS A MAN WAS TURNED OUT BY A HEFT A K.K.PAUL THE WE AS A TRUTH POSITION CAME TO BE TAKEN UP BY A HEFT AS A A.S. BRAR AS A OUR ENEMY NUMBER ONE FROM THE DATE OF OUR BIRTH AS A FORCER ON WE TO THE EXTENT OF TRYING TO PUT WE TO SLAVERY,SNATCHING OUR MONEY ENTIRELY TO RUN AWAY TO SPEND LAVISHLY IN THE BOOZE AND WINING OTHERS AS A SEXES AS A SERIES AS A ASSAULTS ON ALL.AS A NO ALEXANDER EVER DID AS A VERY SANE AS A INDIVIDUAL AS TO GET ASIDE FROM SUN AS A SHADOW IN THE CALL IN TO SO DO BY A DILAPIDATED AS A MAN SANEST SAID AS A OLD OF THE THIRTY NOT SEVENTY NOT HUNDRED ASKING HE HOW TO LIVE LIFE CORRECTLY..UNLIKE THESE DUFFERS AS A LOVERS AS A SAY IN MURDER AS A INITIATORS TO WE AS A ALL IN THE WORLD HAVING KILLED IN THIS TYPE OF ACTION A TWO THIRTY THOUSAND AS A GIRLS IN SEX ASSAULTS AS A SEVENTY HEFTY LAUGHING HAND IN HAND AS A WE IT A PURELY A MALE TO MALE SEX ACTIVITY.WHEN MALES MORE THAN ONE JOIN PUTTING CYANIDE OR MAKING UNCONSCIOUS A GIRL IT IS A SEX BETWEEN THEM AS A CO-ENJOYERS WHICH ALONE WE FEEL DESERVES DEATH AS A SENTENCE THAT THE THESE AS A A.S. AS A DEATHERS SAY IT BE TO THE ANY TWO WHO LIVE AS A BROTHERS TOO IN THE THEY TRY TO GET THEY AS A PROPERTY OF THE THEY TRYING TO LIVE SAFELY AS ARE TOO TO THE GIRLS LIVING THREE ACCUSES THEY PROSTITUTES ARE THEY AS A COMMON LIVING AS A PENYLESS MADE GIRLS IN THE THIS GROUP BY KILLING THE THEIR PARENTS AS A MOTHER TOO IN THE PROSTITUTION OTHERWISE FORCED BY THESE FORCER PROSTITUTIONER ASKING THEY A MONTHLY TEN THOUSAND AT LEAST BUT GENERALLY A MAN WITH A BUNGLOW TO BE RICH ON THE GIRLS SO CAUGHT IN THE WE AS A OBSERVES.THE MAN BROUGHT IS SEEN HIS CONTACTS AS A ANY TOO IS AND HE TOO IS KILLED TO TAKE PROPERTY EARNED THIRTY FORTY YEARS IN BY THE JOINER HEFTY IN A SECOND BY INSERTING A DROP OF THIRTY PERCENT CYANIDE WHICH KILLS INSTANTANEOUSLY.FASTER THAN NARCOTIC SELLING BY TWO FORTY TIMES HE WE AS A INVENTOR OF SHORT CUTS TO LIFE IS HE SAYS SUPERIOR AS WE CAN NOT DO ANYTHING SINCE OUR WIVES WERE TAKEN TOO TO THE LATRINE THEIRS AS A LAT ON WE. SILLY STUPID NEED KILLING AS MANY AS THEY ON THE PLANET AS A DISCOS AS A DANCING OR AS A PHYSICO THERAPY SAY IN THE THEY GIVING A GIRLS A SEX AS A DOPE AS ASK AS A IN THE THEY CAUSING A SEX ADDICTION REDUCING THEIR LIFE AND CHARM AT A SPACE NOT PACE OF THIRTY TWO THOUSAND TIMES TILL ILLING THE THEY IN THE THIRTY AS A MEN MOUNTING THEY IN THE THESE ONCE IN IS WE AS A SEEN AND OPPOSED AS A SADR M.S.KOHLII RIGHT FROM THE START WHEN HE WAS PHONED FROM SAN FRANSISCO BY ONE HARJIT ASKING HE TOO TO JOIN.HE ASKED ALL AND TOLD HE TO STOP ANY SUCH IMPORT INTO THE COUNTRY BUT HE DID IT WITH THE OTHER THE THIS GANGS AS A SHRI A.S. AS A NAMED HE.IN THE USA FROM THEY MADE FOUR CALLS IN THE WE TO DEFAME WE THE JUSTICE AUTHORITY BY THEN AGED TWENTY AS A TOO NOT NINETEEN YEARS OF AGE RECOGNISED GOD OF EARTH.WE DID PUT ALL REQUIRED TO THE POLICE AS A WE AS A TEAS AS A DESERVE AS A THEY WE WE TO THEY AS A IT IN THE WE A FRIENDSHIP AS A WE AS A TEA DESERVERS OF THE ENTIRE WORLD.

 

WE NEVER SELL DID ANY OF OUR THING.THE TECHNOLOGIES OURS WERE SOLD BY THE UNITED NATIONS COURTS CORRECTLY.WE NEVER COULD GIVE A GIFT IN LIFE AS A WE LEFT WITHOUT A PENNY BY THE BUREAUCRACY IN THE THEY AS A DESIRE TO POSSESS OURS AS A MONEY SENT TO WE THOUGHT BY THE QUEEN TO BE SHARED BY ALL AS A SONS OF THE SAME GOD AS WE ARE A GOD AS A SO WE DO NOT REQUIRE TO EAT OR SLEEP OR LIVE UNDER A ROOF.WE WILL LOOK IN THE Same to the extent it as a initiation and a working in the they the those who we are with it in the life we as a teas as a d till.

 

we saw a cheque we as a of thirty one point four heptillion dollars came to be from the oman sultan in fifty percent of the oil being ours as a we to be as a we as a earth owners as a proof too in the they who oppose we as a say till illing it they be as a we as a teas as a d.

 

THE DAY WE GOT THE CHEQUE A NEWS WAS GOT PUBLISHED BY A SMUGGLER BRIGADE THAT A BILLION IN THE THEY NOW BE WILL BE AS A THREE AS A ONE UP.IT WERE A WE AS A AMMOUNT AS A ONE TO NEXT STEP IN THE MILLION BILLION TRILLION TO BE THE SIX AS A FIGURES.WE'S AS A BROTHER D.I.S. ASKED WE TO ACCEPT WHAT COMES BUT HAD A SEVEN DAY ERLIER TAKEN TO A CHANNI AS A MOTOR MECHANIC FOR A AMRINDER PARNEET TO THE THEY TO BE HAPPY FOR THEY A A PURE DEATH AS A WERE TO HE BEFORE KILLING A HE AS A SEVEN TILL IN THE MIDDLE OF THE ROAD TO PUT HE INTO WE AS A THINKING WE WILL BE KILLED BY THEY AS A WE AS A CHEQUES AS A WE AS A WERE GOING TO BE LARGE SO WE WILL HAVE A REAL AS A PROBLEM KEEPING SECRETY AS ALL WILL BE IN THE WE AS A MONEYS AS A WE TO ASKING ONE OR OTHER WAY PLEASE GIVE SUCH AND SUCH FOR SUCH AND SUCH AS A VERY REAL LOOK IN THE EYE TO WE AS A DRAMATIC OF REAL LIFE BE IN THE WE TOO IN IT DID NOT THAT MUCH UNDERSTAND AS A HE APPLIER OF THE PURE POISON TO WE AS A LIFE OURS DAILY TOO IN THE THEY AS A SAYS AS A THEIR SPERM SON TILL ILLING HE WE AS A BROTHER BUT THEIRS AS A SIN AS A SON FORCED ON HIS MOTHER BY THEY THE SEX ASSAULTERS TO EVER AS A EVERY WOMAN AS A INSERTER OF THEIR PENIS AS A MEATER AS A SEVERESTS AS A DEATHS AS A DESERVY THING AS A WE TWO HERE WRITING TOO DESERVING TOO TO BE LISTENED AS THE GOD TOO WE TWO OF THE COSMOS TILL HE WE RECOGNISE IN THE IS AS A DANDITED AS.

 

AFTER WE CAME IN THE NINETEEN NINETY NINE THIRTY THREE YEARS AS A LATER THAN CHEQUE'S PRESENTATION WE FOUND BANK WANTED THE MONEY OURS.WE THE OWNER AS A NOT GIVEN RESPECT WERE IT IN THE WE FOR THEY THE FREE CITIZENS WERE THEREIN I CANCEL FREEDOM.TAKING IT ALL WITHIN ME IT.AS NONE IN THE VISIBLE.THE WE TOOK THE PLANET AS A TOTO AS A SIX PERCENT TOO IN THE WE IN THE DATE SIX OF THE JANUARY OF THE SIX OF TWO THOUSAND.NOW IT WE.FREEZING TILL NOT BUT RATIONALISINGLY TILL ILLING THE ILLERS.

 

THEN AFTER TESTING THE STATE BANK OF INDIA IN THE DELHI AS A ONCE CHAIRMAN APPOINTED FOR LIFE IN THE CHANDIGARH REGION AS A OF THE THEN A DERI.

 

WE'S THREE TRIL IN IT WERE THERE WE AS A IT IN THE ENTIRE IT AS A WE AS A SEVERE AS A WERE T.T IS THE WE FEED AS A WE TO NOT TO THE WE THE GIVER TO THE THEY THE GIVER TO THE OTHER TO EARN A PRICE TO WE NOT WE TO THEY AS A ON THE LEDGE.THEY WERE THEN READY NOW NOT IT EATEN YESTERDAY.NUMBER TWO THIRTY ONE AS A SECRET NOT IT TOO IN THE THEY IT IS THERE AS A MODI TO BE TRANSFERED FOR WHAT AND IN WHAT LAW OUR EARN BE HIS AS A WE AS A GOT COME.

 

THE OUR OMAN CHEQUE WE DEPOSITED NOT IT WAS LIFTED AND DEPOSITED BY A.S. GANG LIFTING IT FROM REGISTREE CLERK KILLING SHE IN THE SCUFFLE SHE WON'T GIVE WE MADE A COMPLAINT SO CAME TO KNOW OUR OWN CHEQUE WE CAME TO ENQUIRE WERE IT AS A REGISTREE SENT BY SOURCE NOT ARRIVED TO WE.

  

INJUST INDIA WAS A MADES AS A WE AS A SCREENING DONE BY THE WE AS A SIKHS AS A DURUST SAYING SELF THE SANSI DOGRAS AS A SAY IN THE NOT BEING THE DOGRAS EVEN IN THE WE AS A NOT BE AS A WE AS A SMEAR AS A WE AS A NONER WERE DONE THEY BY THE LUTCHE AS A WE TO FROM THE WE AS A DHEES AS

A WE AS A DIMMING AS A WE INTO INSERTING THE POISON POTASSIUM CYANIDE IN DOSES AS A ELEPHANTS TO THE WE AS A DOGS AS A TREATED AS-----------INVERTING THE WORD GOD.

 

I TAKE OATH TO DISSOLVE THIS VOLUN.WE SAY AS A WE AS A ESTIMATE WHO IS THE WORLD FIRST CLEAR CUT OVER THE HITLER A CRIMINAL.................MADE BOTH WERE BY THE ENGLAND INJECTING POISONOUS GAS PRODUCED GOT BY ORDER ON IMPERIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRY IN THE YEAR NINETEEN THIRTY THREE FROM TILL DATE FOR WE THREE GIVEN TO HE THE THEIR THOUGHT THEY TO WE BY NOT HE BY WE TOO THEY TOO GIVEN DIRTY LINENS TOO AS A WE AS A DAUGHTERS AS A SEVENTY PERCENT SEXED TILL DEATH THOUGH REVIVED AS WERE MISS MAINO-----THE ME BY ASKED SO WE IN TRUST SHE WITHHELD WE GIVEN POWER WE BY GUIDED TO BE A TRUST TO THE MASSES IN THE INDIA OWNED BY WE THE SOLE LANDOWNER AND CHIEF OF A COUNTRY INDIA NOT ALONE AS A ELECTED CHIEF OF STAFF IN THE DATE WE AS A STREES AS A NOT BUT TOO IN THE IRESPONSIBLESTS AS A COUPLE IN THE BUREAUCRACY IN THE WE BY MADE WE AGAINST TURNED INSTEAD OF DEATH TAKING KILLING WE THE GOD..JOINING THE WE AS A NON-RELATIVE KILLING OUR RELATIVE TO IN THE WE AS A ASKING WE TO JOIN BE WE AS A REFRAIN INSTEAD CLEAR AS A NO WAS BUT THE SHAMELESSEST THOUGH ON TELEPHONE RECORD WORLD GOT IT ERASED FROM THE C.I.D. OFFICER HERE KILLING HIS WIFE BEFORE HIM LEAVING HIS SISTERS.THEY WE SEE CHANGE STATEMENT TO POLICE.BUT POLICE DOES NOT CATCH THEY.I ORDER THE KILLING BY BULLETING HE KILLER OF OUR BEST BETS.I LOOSEN IN IT THE OUR LUST IN THE LAD TO ZERO IN THE WE AS A STREES AS A DUUR IN THE WE AS A TEAS AS A TOO IN THE WE AS A TREES AS.

  

CORRECT IS A TERM OF THE DICTION WE .WE SEE WE AS A RISE NOT BUT A ERR.SO WE TREAT IT AS A WE AS A TWO NOT ONE AS A MATTER DEALT -------- AS IS ACTUAL. AS A WE AS A WE AS A TWO AS A REFERENCES WERE TO THE LIFE WE LIVED------- ENTERING A DEAD HUMAN FOUND TO BE RARE AS A LIFE AS A MOST EVOLVED ABOUT TWELVE BILLION TIMES HIGHER THAN A KRISHAN KANT PAUL AS HE WERE AS A DELHI DIRECTOR GENERAL POLICE AS A PUNNY NOTHING IN COMPARISON TO HE WHOM HE WAS KILLING GOING WITH HIS STOLEN CARDS TO JOIN IN THE UNITED NATIONS HIS POSITION AS A AMBITIOUS POLICE PERSONNEL NOT BUT A FRONT OF THE RAJAN GANG AS A SEX ADDICTION PROMOTER EVOLVER TOPMOST OF TIMES WHOM M.S.KOHLII ALONE HAD RISEN TO OPPOSE.THE DATE WE CITE WHEN HE IS ON RECORD IN FORTY THREE COUNTRIES TO TAKE PRESIDENTSHIP OF THE WORLD.THE CARD HE SHOWED WERE THE SIX SENT BY THE UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY TO THE MAN WE WRITE FROM.TEN OTHERS WERE THERE ERLIER SENT BY HE ON ARMTWIST NOT IN FEAR OF IT DIRECTLY TOLD POINT BLANK BY THE RAJAN A GANGSTER SINCE THE KILLING BY HE OF COMMANDER NANAVATI AND AHUJA HE GOT FIXED UP IN A FALSESTS AS A D.I.S. AS A ASSERS AS---- IN A DESIRE TO SNATCH A WAR-SHIP FROM THE INDIAN NAVY TO DACOIT IN THE SEA DACOITING TRADERS IN DEEP SEA TAKING THEIR LUGGAGE AND SHIP SELLING THE SHIP CLANDESTINELY AS A EFFORTS AS A FRONT WITH WE AS A SADR M.S.KOHLII AS A S.S.KOHLI AS A CALLED TO SHIP WITH WIFE AND DAUGHTER VERY VERY HONOURABLY----------WHILE ON SHIP TAKING OVER SHIP CLANDESTINELY----- SHUTTING THE CPA=CAPTAIN AS A POTENTIALS AS A ALL IN THE WE AS A SOLE LANDOWNER'S ORDER AS A SHOW AS A FAMILY HIS CAUGHT AS A DACOITY. SEX ASSAULTING BEFORE THEM IN PUBLIC ASKING THEM TO JOIN IN THIS GREAT FUN AS A POLATED EXERCISE THEIRS AS A POLICE RECORDS AS A WE AS A SEVEN SEAS AS.............FOILED AS A WE AS A SON M.S.KKOHLII CYANIDED WITH THIRTY DROP AND A INSTIL OF ONE BY WIFE TURNED BY THE FORCERS AS A THEY AS A SIR HAJIT CHOTA RAJAN AS A DELHI POLICERS AS.AS ASSERS AS A SIR THAT LOOKED A UNPROTECTED BY U.N.,INDIA,USA.NO ONE HAD THOUGHT TILL ENGLAND HE WILL BE DACOITED.ROME WERE IN INFORM AS WAS A USA IN THE TELEPHONE WHEN THEY CAME TO ASK THE SHIP.M.S.KOHLII SAID EH WHAT A WAY TO START A WAR OF NATIONS.AS A SHAITANS=SATAN ITSELF.WHY DID YOU GET ON THE INDIA AS A DACOITS LIVING IN INDIA ASKING THE NAVY OURS A SHIP IT IS TRYING TO BUILD UP AS A RECENTLY TAKEN FROM USA AS A FIRST SHIP WITH FIVE PLANES AS I HAD SUGGESTED THE PRIME MINISTER IN VIEW OF HER FEAR THAT WE LOOK WEAK SO THREATS WERE FROM PAKISTAN ON BEHALF USA----------- I HAD SUGGESTED A PURCHASE FROM USA TO BUILD TRUST.YOU SPOILER THINK I CAN CONSIDER MY SISTER MOTHER FATHER BROTHER AS A IMPORTANT AS A INDIVIDUALS TAKEN OVER BY YOUR GANG AS A SARDARS AS A SHIP-WRECKERS AS A ACQUIRING THE CONTROL OF THE SHIP AND TRYING TO FIRE GRANADES.ALL ON RECORD WE INTERNATIONAL ALL IS.BE SEEN WE ON TWO COMPACT DISCS AS A PAGES THREE WE CITE AS A THREE THOUSAND FIFTEEN TO SEVENTEEN AS A TRUE AS A DATA.THEY HE GOT CAUGHT AS A AIR CRAFT FLYERS AS A TOO IN THE MID AIR TILL OLIM.WORKING IMMEDIATELY ON PMO.TO GET THE DACOIT DUE WITHOUT A BIT ON THE FAMILY WE AS A AVTARS THREE NOT TWO THERE WE AS A WRITER OF THE GURU GRANTH OF THE SIKH WHICH WE SAY WERE NOT YET AWARDED BY THE UNO OR ANY OTHER AS A EVEN APPRECIATIONS BY A REVIEWS OPPOSED BY THESE KHALISTAN GANGSTERS WHO CAME FROM WHERE INTO WHAT TOO NOT RESEARCHED SO FAR BY POLICE AS WHY THEY DID WHAT THEY DID AS A POLATED AS A RELIGIOUS AS A PERSONS GOING AGAINST THE VERY RELIGION THAT WERE A STUDY OF THE HINDU AND A HINDU RELIGION CLASSED BY THE ENGLAND AS A HINDUS ACCORDED A PLACE IN THE HINDU AS A HINDU PANI EXACT OPPOSERS OF THE MUSLIMS THAT BREED WHICH PROTECTED BEING KILLED RELIGION THE HINDU.AS A IT IT TRANSCENDS AS A SOME STRATEGY OF THE THESE VULTURES.TO WHO LITTLE SON AS A ONE YEAR OLD NOT THE GOD AS A WE AS A SON RECOGNISED AS A WERE TAKEN TO DEATHS AS A ASSINGS AS AND HIS PROPERTY DEFOILED.NEEDS AN IMMEDIATE ATTENTION ON THE UNITED NATIONS AS A STOPPING THE CURRENCY AND TRADES AS A EMBASSIES AS A WE AS A SINNERS AS.WE FEEL NONE IN THEM IS A CORRECT.THEY WE SEE INCORRECTED AS A WE AS A SAY IN ALL THE WORLD AS A SERVANTS AS A WE AS A SIGNPOSTED AS A DECEIVER.

 

CORRECT AS A WORK WE SAW AS A TWO.

 

ONE WAS WALDO D. EMERSON THE ESSAYIST OF COMMONSENSE AS A ESSAY STILL VALID AS A IT AS A COMMONSENSE BUILDER HIGHER THAN OTHER SUN.

 

CORRECT WHAT IS.

 

AS A DESCRIBE WE SAW A MATTER AS CAME ONLY IN NINETEEN SIXTY TWO.IN THE RAMA KRISHNA ASHRAM IN A STOPPED THERE AND ASKED TOO TO GET OUT AS A LIFE AS AS A CRITIC AS A OF THE MATH THOUGHT ASSEDLY BY THE SECRETARY OF THE BRANCH CALLED MISSION AS A MISSIONARY AS A POLATED CUTTING THE GODHEAD IMPLANTED BY WE CANCELLING ITSELF AVIDLY BY WE AS IS.AS A STUDENT AS A CYANIDED BY THEY FORTY SEVEN TIMES AS A SELECTED ASS BASED ON NOTHING BUT A GUT REACTION AS A FACIAL EXPRESSION EXCITING A MAN TO GET INTO IT IN POLATION BY MOTHER NATURE OF A SUPERIOR ABOVE THE STARS TO BE BROKEN IF HE WERE TO BE HEARD TOO THERE AND THEN AS A CORRECT AS A NATURAL REACTION OF A ANIMAL LIKE A COW WHICH TOO IS CLASSED BY THE HINDUS AS THEIR MOTHER AS A WISE GUIDE TO THEY AS A ANIMALS.IF WE GO INTO THE DETAILS OF THEIR WORKING OR OBSERVATIONS SEEN BY M.S.KOHLII TOO OTHERS TOO SINCE HIS BIRTH TILL AGE NINE WHEN FIRST AS A SON ASA SSSKOHLI AS A WERE INTRODUCED TO HINDU CULTURE NOT BUT IT AS A WE AS A SEEN LEVEL THEN OF THE MEN LEFT HERE IN THE COUNTRY BY THE SLAVER FORCER OFF THE MINDS AS A ALL TACTICS AS A WARS AS A WAY TO SNATCH THE THEIR JEYDADS AS A DADIS AS A WE AS A NOT BUT THEY THE ANIMALS.HE WE THE WE SEEN AS A SECOND MAN IN FINDING WHAT IS RIGHT SO FAR WERE IN THE SLAVES AS A MENTALITY OR AS A SLAVERS AS A REFLEX TO SEE IF THAT THE ENGLANDERS REACTION WAS ALL RIGHT OR CORRECTESTS AS A POLATED AS A ONES A STRONGEST COUNTRY EMERGED ON EARTH AS A WE AS ASSAY AS A NOT THEY AS A FIND AS A ANIMALS AS A LIVES AS A TWO THINGS ONLY AS A CONCERNS AS A SEXES AS.WHICH THEY ISLANDERS AS A INDIANS AS A CENTRAL GOVERNMENT GIVEN TO A NEHRU TOO TO CONTINUE AS A SIMPLE AS A LOOKING MEN FORCED BY ANIMALISTICS AS A TWO COUNTRIES AS A WE AS A ANALYSIS IS. FAR FAR SUPER AS A WE AS A TRY TOO TO BE STILL A SERVICE TO THE MOTHER NATURE EXPOSING THEY TOO TO IT THE CURRENT AS A OPPOSERS AS..AS A ASSER AS A ANIMALS SNATCHER TRUSTED BY THEIR OWN MISTAKE POLATING THEIR SAID AS A DEPENDABLE MATTERS AS IF THEY WERE GOING TO BE DOING AS THEY PROJECTED TO ALL AT ALL TIMES SINCE TWENTY YEARS PAST AS A LIFE AS A ACTIVE OF THE TWO PARENT OF THE CHILD COMING UP AS THE GOD TILL A STUDENT ACTUAL MADE BY THEM TO THE BEST OF THEIR ABILITY AS A EXTENSION OF THEY THEMSELVES AS WAS SUGGESTED BY THEIR PARENTS AS A EXTENSIONS OF WHO THEY HAD COME UP AS A PEOPLE OF PROMINENCE.IN RECORD OF ROME.ENGLAND TOO,COMMUNISTS TOO.INDIA ERASING THEY MEANS ONLY IT IS A ANIMAL..WHICH YET HAS NO BENT TO RECORD THE MATTER AS IT IS.AS A VERY DEGRADED AS A SOCIETY.IN THE THEIR AS A NO SYSTEM IN THE THOUGHT TILL OF THE HINDUS EVEN AFTER TWENTY YEARS AS A IN THE STATE AS A EXPOSURES AS A SAID AS A ASSERS AS A CONGRESS AS A SYSTEM AS A ASS AS A SPARE PART OF THE WORLD.IN THE EFFORTS TO MAKE THIS WORLD A USELESSESTS AS A DEVICES ALONGWITH IT'S BRANCHES AS A BJP AND ALL OTHER PARTIES HERE.SEE THEIR REACTION TO MAMTA BANERJI IN THE HER COMING TO ATTEND AS A CALLED AS A STATE AS A NOT BEING ALLOWED TO ENTER THE PLANNING COMMISSION SO WE DID EFFORT TO SEE THEY ALL OUT AND CANCELLED AS A PLOTTERS AS A OF THE SYSTEM TO NON-SENSE GIVING AS A WAY TILL BY THEY AND ALL OTHER PARTIES IN WHICH WE ARE STEP BY STEP PROGRESSING TO DECIMATE THEY.NO MAN WHO WERE A STUDENT OF LAW AS A LLB OR NOT ROSE ON THE SCREEN AS A VISIBLE ALTHOUGH TWO DID WERE CANCELLED BY THE POLICE--- WE ASK OF THE POLICE AS A EXPLAIN TO WE THE WHO AND HOW TEACHES THEM LAW.IS IT THE BOOKS OF LAW OR A THEY AS A DEROGATION COMPLETE OF THE LAW AS A WAY AS WE SAW IN THE DELHI BY WE THE GODS AS A WE AS A PUT TOO IN THE REPORTS WE AS A POLICE TOO TO BUT NO ONE YET AS A WE AS A SEE AS A WERE.WE STOPPED OUR CARS THERE AND THEN BY A ORDER OF THE PUNJAB POLICE NOT BUT TOO IN THE TIME A.S. BRAR SPECIALLY GOT ELECTED BY THE PARTY TO CANCEL WE AS A THOUGHT AS------AS A ASSERS AS A FEW NOT TWELVE THOUSAND AS A SPECIAL PLUCK. ALL UNDERSTANDING I GOD THE MOTHER NATURE TOTAL OWNER OF THE COSMOS PERVADING THE COSMOS WAS GOING TO BE BUSY FOR A FEW MONTHS IN THE BRINGING UP OF THE ALTERNATE TO THE GOD U.N. FORCED ON THEM THE ANIMALS.UNWORTHIES AS BEHAVING THROUGH PERIODS NINETEEN FORTY SEVEN TO SIXTY SEVEN.AS A WORLD LAW BREAKERS AS SO BROKEN DOWN INTO BITS AS A SEVEN AS A TIMES AS A STATE AS A ALLOW STARTING THE THEIR TAKEP. TAKEP IS THE TOTAL DIVEST OF THE ECONOMY. A BROKERAGES TILL NOT PAID AS A EXISTING. A DOWNGRADE AS A EXISTANCE. THIS AS A WE AS A GUARANTEES AS A IS AS A WE AS A SEENS AS A SEWS AS.RECORDED IN THE INTELLIGENCE OF THE WORLD IN THE YEAR AS A SEVEN OF THE FIFTY AS A SPECIAL SESSEIONS.BY THE DAV COMMITTEE TOO IN THE THAT.PLACED WE AS A WE.KNOWN TO WE.WE AS A MEMORY GIVER TAKE IT TOO TO BE KEEPING IT IN RECORDS AS A SEVEN TOO IN THE NEED WE NOT BUT TO PUBLISH THEY THE THESE AS A SEWS AS A WE AS A TO ACCUSES AS A SEWS AS A ALONE MAKE DO DID IN THE PAST AS EVER.

 

CORRECT WHAT IS TO FIND A MAN WERE THERE WE AS A STRIVE IN THE WE TO GUIDE HE WE.WE=ONE LOST IN GOD THE SUPREME FORCE UNIVERSE WHEN WRITTEN BY WE THE GOD OF ALL SUPREME FORCE UNIVERSE AS A WE AS.

 

HE WE SAW DID SEARCH FOR AN ANSWERS AS A WE AS A SEVEN SEAS AS A SADR AS A EARTH TO BE DECLARED FIVE SEVENTY TIMES AS A COST PAID AS A MERE BACHE AS A SKILLED KILLED AS A MEMORY AS A ORDER SIR AS A NOTHING AS A POLICER INCOMPETENT MISTER SEN CALLING SELF A FOOL AS A MIND AS.

 

WATER IN INVENTIONS AS A SEVEN SEVENTY AS A CHIEF INVENTOR OF THE WATER AS A TAKER AS A CALLED AS A VERY POOR DESCRIPTION AS A OF THE VERY FOOL SHRI S.C. KAUSHAL.WE SAW WE AS A SEA AS ASSE.HE ASSING HE MISTER M.S. WHO CHIEF OF WORLD GOT HE A JOB THREE DIFFERENT PLACES IN ON HIS REQUESTS..AS A SEA AS A SERVANT HIS AS AVOW TAKEN IN ADVANCE AS A WORLD ATMOSPHERE BUILDING IN THE HE WILL ASSIST TO EXTENT HE CAN AS TO BRING UP EQUALITY,FRATERNITY,PEACE AS WERE BUT HE MADE FOOL IN VERY VERY TILL BECAME THERE WE SAY TILL ILLING WE HE AS SO WE SENT HE TO HELL IN THE HELL.HEAVEN WE GAVE HE A A WE AS BUT HE HIS OTHERS AS A BROTHERS AS A ALL IN THE OBLIGE WE AS A SHRI M.S.KOHLII SHE WE WERE THERE IN THE OUTSOURCING WE BUT OUR RETURN IN THE THEY FROM IS NOT THERE ANY WAY TILL EIGHT PERCENT BY S.C. KAUSHAL A MAN WHO UNLIKE MANY OTHER FORGOT NOT TO REPAY BUT COULD NOT .AS A WAS AS A TWENTY FIVE PERCENT OF THE THIS PLANET..TO THE EXTENT FIFTY THOUSAND PERCENT AS A MATTER RECEIVED AS A WE AS A SEEN .REST AS A SEVEN THOUSAND PERCENT ARE IN DEBT COMPLETE.

 

S.C.KAUSHAL'S DONE IN THE DIRECTION OF THE WE WERE A MERE TWO PERCENT OF THE RECEIVED BY HE.RESULTS AS A WE AS A FURTHER INPUTS AS A WE AS A READING HE HIS EXPRESSIONS FROM WERE AS A MISTER MIND READERS AS A SOUL AS A PURE AS A WE AS.

 

WE SAW A PLANET EARTH IN NO WATER AS A SYSTEM AS A INDIA..AS A WE NOT AS A GOD BUT AS A HUMAN M.S.KOHLII WE AS A SMALLEST CREATURE AS GOOD AS A FISH WHALE OF THE TYPE BLUE WHOM HE TAUGHT THE VOICE OF THE HUMAN IN THE SEA AS A SEAMEN IN THE A.S. BRAR USING THE RADIOPHONE AS A HIS INVENTION GIVEN BY HE M.S.KOHLII TO MICHIKO OF JAPAN AS A GIFT TO HAVE COME ON PHONE ON HIS BROTHER'S REQUEST NOT BUT HIS REQUEST.HE WE SAW A VERY VERY RESPECTFUL NON-SEX LEADER ESTABLISHING A REASONABLE SAY AS A WE AS A GOD AS.DEEP WITHIN WE TO CONNECTED AS A MINUTE AS A FIFTY THOUSAND TIMES IN HIS DIETY AS A LIFE LIVING CREATURES AS A MIAN BIWI.AS A WE AS A TALK AS A WE AS A KEPT NOT AS A BIVI=BIWI=WIFE AS WE ASS WE AS A BIWI-AS A BIVI IN LOVE NOT WE THE GOD AS A DO LIKE WE AS A PRESENTED TO HIM A WIFE BUT HUSBANDING THE HE THE HUSBAND WISER THAN HE SHE TILL FIVE TIMES IN HUNDRED THOUSANDS AS A WE AS A NOT ONLY YOU AS A WORLD BUT SEX IS A GREAT HEALER YOU WOULD SAY WE DON'T.WE SEE EXACT SO DID HE BUT AS A REALIST AS A IT SAW LIFE WE SAW AS IT IS..AS IT WILL BE...AS A LIVING....WITHOUT HER AND WITH HER----CHOOSING A LINE SHE WITH IT AFTER SHE REQUESTED HE TO DECIDE FOR ONCE SHE BE OR NOT BE IT AS A SHE CAUGHT NOT BECAUSE HE WANTED NOT CATCHING HER IN ACT OF SEX..AS A ONE IN WE THINKING WE SEE ALL IN THE WORLD AT ALL THE TIMES AND IT ALL HAPPENING IN THE WORLD IS THAT THAT GOD DESIRES AS A TOTALITY.SO JUST BE SEEING THINGS AS THEY ARE..AND LEARN..CAREFULLY ALL LIFE BRINGS BEFORE YOU IT MAY BE FOR YOUR GOOD IF YOU UNDERSTAND------AFTER ALL LIFE WERE GOING TO BE WHETHER YOU LIVE OR NOT AND HAS BEEN TOO WHEN YOU WERE YET TO COME.COMBINATIONS MIGHT HAVE BEEN ANY BUT THE ONES GOING TO COME BEFORE YOU TOO MIGHT HAVE COME EARLIER AND YOU MAY LEARN FROM IT THE REAL FACT------PROBABLY THIS THE GOD WANTS YOU TO BE DOING TO LEARN WHAT EXACTLY IS WHAT AND THEN CAREFULLY SEE IF THAT CAN BE APPLIED IN SOME SUCH WAY AS TO REACH TARGETERS AS WHERE YOU TARGET.YEAR AFTER YEAR AS A WE AS A HE WERE IN THE JOB AS A PROBABILITIES ADDRESSED. A SINGLE PERSON ON A PLANET ABSOLUTELY OPPOSED TILL COUNTRIES HUNDRED TWENTY TILL RISING EVER AS A DIRTY TRICKS DEPARTMENT CAME IN SEEING A GREAT AS A OPPORTUNITY IN THE PLUCK OF A HERO.HE WERE A WE TO CONNECTED HIGHEST AS A WORSHIPPER ALWAYS ACTING IN THE CORRECT DIRECTION.HE WE DUE AND HIS MIND SPEED DUE TO CONTINUOUSLY FIXING MIND ON TWO THINGS DUE WE AT THE SAME TIME BLESSED BY WE TO OUR LOVE AS A EXTENSION AS A CHILD OURS OR WE OURSELVES EXPRESSED AS A FROM BEGINING OF HIS LIFE AS A FATHER AS A TOO IT WERE ALL TROUGH HIS LIFE AS A RAM RAM AS A BASIC BHAJAN IN HIS HEART AS A WE AS A SEEN A WEARER OF A JANEU TILL SIKHS CALLING SELF AS A THREAT OF A KNIFING TILL DEATH IF DOES NOT TAKE OFF IT BECAUSE OF SERIOUS ATYACHARS AS A HINDUS AS A SIKH ON.ATYACHARS WERE AS A SEXES THREE TILL DAILY ON EACH AND EVERY KANYA BE IT TWO YEARS OF AGE OR A THIRTY FORTY TILL NOT ONLY BUT A SEVENTY TOO.IN DELHI......UNDER ENGLAND AS A SEMEN BUILDINGS AS A HINDUS AS A FRONT AS A WE AS A TILL TILLORED AS A WE AS A GREAT PREACHER OF HINDUS AS A WE AS A GRANTH CARRYING ALL IT ONLY SAID TOO TO BE AGAINST THEY.BY THEY THE ONES SAYING WE SIKHS WILL KILL YOU FOR WRITING THE GRANTH AS A HINDU.MISTER IKKI WAS THE CAUSER OF ALL THIS AS A DHAN OURS AS A WE AS A SHORT BE WITH A SINGLE AIM IT SO I ONCOMING SO ROTATED LIFE THEY BE IN DOING WHAT THEY HAD BEEN DOING YOU IN DOING WHAT YOU DID AS A WESTERNER OR CHINESE OR JAPANESE OR A BRAZILIAN OR AMERICAN OR ENGLISH TO POLATE YOU ENOUGH AND MAKE YOU RELAXED ENOUGH AS TO TAKE ON YOU ALL WHEN I FEEL I NO MORE WILL TOLERATE YOU..AND FIX YOU AS A NUT BOLT WE BY INVENTED AS A SARDAR SAHIB AS A OURS AS A MISTER M.S.KOHLII THE PRIME INVENTOR THAT GAVE YOU ELECTRICAL,GAS AND ALL OTHER WELDINGS TOO,SPARK PLUGS TOO BIGEON PINS TOO IN THE POLATION OF A ROTATES AS A THEY BE TO LUBRICATEDLY RUNNING LIFE SUBSTANCES AS A SOURCER RESOURCER AS A NATURE MOTHER EARTH OF A DISTILLED SUBSTANCES AS A OBSERVER OF HIGHEST MERIT AS TO BE GOD TO YOU ALL ESPECIALLY THE GIRLS ALL OF THE EARTH..WHOSE EVERY INCH OF LIFE IS FILLED BY HE THE MAKER OF YOUR BINDI TOO OF TEN TOUSAND AS A VARIABLES AS A CHARMS AS A ONE WIFE FOR TO BE CHARMIS TO HER HUSBAND SO IT THE BANGLES OF THE PLASDTICS,GLASSES,SILVER,GOLD,ROLLED GOLD --HIS INVENTION OF GOLD LIKE SUBSTANCE SHINING TOO TO BE A NOT ATTRACTIVE TO CHAIN SNATCHER BUT EQUALLY GOOD LOOKING TO ANY WITHIN A PURSE OF THE LOWEST EARNS AS A COMMON TILL....YOUR SOFAS OF ALL STEEL,WOOD,SO TOO BEDS,FROM CEMENTS TILL PLASTER OF PARIS THROUGH LIME AS A THIRTY THOUSAND NOT THREE NOT IT...BRICKS OF ALL SIZES HIS MADE AS A ARE WERE ALL THE TIME SINCE NINETEEN FIFTY THREE NOT FIFTY NOT TOO FORTY NINE NOT TOO EIGHT TILL ILLING THE THEY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF THE GOVERNMENT TOO IN THE THEY SAYING TILL WHEN YOU ENGINEER WILL WE.WE SEE DID HE DOING IT FOR ALL THE MANUFACTURERS LIKE CHILDREN TOYS AS A SWIFT AS A IDEAS AS A WE AS A WERE TEN THOUSANDS.THE DELHI WE DEVELOPED AS A WE AS A ALL ALONE AS AWE AS A FROM THE DATE OF THE WE AS GIVING THE FREEDOM HOW BUT ERLIER AS THE WE AS A DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEAF SPRING AND A CARIERS FOR ALL.ON THE HUNDRED TWENTIETH DAY OF LIFE AS A TINY TODDLER SIX AS A INCH HIGH THOUGH BUT TALKING WALKING.WATER WE STARTED WE AS A DIVERTY AS GOING INTO WHY A SINGLE WERE IN FEELING LIFE ON EARTH AS A HUNGRY MOUTHS TO FEED.UNITED NATIONS WAS CORRECT IN NOT GIVING HIS INVENTIONS OF HIGHEST CAPITALISABILITY IN THIS WORLD TO ANY WITHOUT AN EVALUATION AND FIXING EXCHANGE PARAMETERS----THOUGH PUT THIRTY TIMES LOWER AS A WE AS A WERE.A SINGLE INVENTION IF WOULD HAVE BEEN SOLD AS A ROYAL AS A NOT BUT ON ROYALTY AS WERE AS A HUNDRED TWENTY AFTER WE IT WERE WE AS A DRY NOT SLAVER NOT.NOR IT'S TIME OR AGE WERE TO BE.WE TARE IS.TEN PERCENT IT ALLOWED TO THOSE AS A WE TO IN THE CATAGORY BRICK MAKING A MERE THREE AS A PERCENT TOO WERE NOT AS A OUR APPLICATIONS AS A GOT BY THE ENGLAND WERE.TWO PERCENT WERE GIVEN.SO WAS IN THE ROAD MAKING.HAD IT BEEN TEN PERCENT OUR SINGLE INVENTION AS A ELECTRIC GENERATOR USED THROUGHOUT THE WORLD TILL TODAY WOULD HAVE GOT WE EXACTLY 67890 OCTILLION.........WE ACCUSE ENGLAND OF CORNERING WE AS IT WERE IN KNOW OF THE TOTAL BEHAVIOUR OF ALL IN THE BEING THE LEADER OF THE AGGRESSIVES ASA ALL IN THE THIS AGGRESSIVE WORLD OF DACOITS WHO SAW TO IT THAT HIS VALUABLE PRODUCE OF HUNDRED TWENTY LAKH TIMES THE FIGURE I PUT AS EXACT OUR ROYALTY FROM ONE ELECTRIC GENERATION IN WHICH WE AS A THIRTY FOUR AS A INVENTIONS ENTERED BY WE WERE OVER THE EDISONIAN AS A NON WORKING INVENTION. WE CITE SALE OF EDISON COMPANY OF THE ELECTRICITY IN USA AND OTHERS AS A POINT WE PUT HERE AS A WE AS A POINT--------IT WERE A TOTAL OF THIRTY THREE MILLION AS A TIMES AS A ALL.FROM NINETEEN TWELVE AS A SAID NOW FICTITIOUSLY BUT IT STARTED IN THE YEAR NINETEEN FORTY SEVEN TILL HAD A SEEM AS A IN THE TOWN OF THE EDINBURGH IN TEN POUND AS A FIGURES AS A WE AS A QUEEN ELI ONE AS A SAY NOW WE SAW IT NOTHING-----IN ENGLAND STILL NONE IS IN THE COMPANY IN THE SUMP.

 

WATER FEEL WE GAVE TO HE WE AS A TOY.IN CITY OF DACOITS AS A WATER POISONED WERE THRICE ALWAYS REPORTED AS A HE BEING MOST TASTE.THREE MILLION TIMES AS A COMMON PALATE OF A COMMON WOMAN.HE WE SAY IS THE ALL THAT YOU EAT IN THE FIVE STAR TILL WE HAVE A HOLDING AS A FIFTY PERCENT IN ALL ON OUR LAND PER WE AS A CHARGE AS A SOLE LANDOWNER SO FIXED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE UNITED NATIONS AFTER A DISCISSIONS THIRTY.SO ALL FACTORIES COUNTRIES AS A TOO APPLICABLE WERE BUT NONE HAS PAID A PENNY TO OUR CHILD AS A JUSTIN AS A DOING HIS DUTY AS A GOD OF EARTH GIVING THE EARTH FEEL AS A OUTSOURCER OURS AS A MOTHER NATURE. WE ASK NOW OURS ALL.FROM ALL.ONLY USA AS A PAYMENT OF FORTEEN FORTY HEP WE FIXED UP SEEING IMMINENT TAKING OF IT BY MISTER AMIT SHAH AS A SISTERS AS A SHRI MODI.AS DID WE IN TWO DACOITY ON WE WE BY BROUGHT TOO IN THE WORDPRESS AS A WE AS A WRITINGS AS A CONFORM IN HERE WE CONFIRM SAME AS A REPORTS AS.

 

DESPITE WE AS A VERY MANY UPBRINGING EFFORTS WE HAVE NOT BEEN ABLE TO STOP ENTRY OF OUTSIDERS INTO THE U.N. BUILDINGS AS A VERY VERY UNPROTECTED AS A STRUCTURES INFILTRATED BY TWENTY THOUSAND MEN TWELVE THOUSAND WOMEN NEVER ALLOCATED A JOB IN A REGULAR SELECTION OR A JOB ADVERTISEMENT-------------AS A VERY VERY ALARMING AS A WE TO ACTIVITY IN WHICH WE FEEL YOU EARTH HAVE LOST THE UNITED NATIONS.

 

WE CITE HEREUNDER A CASE HUNDRED FORTY .OF THE PAIN IN THE RIB GIVEN SPECIFICALLY TOO TO THE WOMEN NOT MEN THAT HAD SOWN SEEDS AS AT ONE SIXTEEN P.M. TODAY THE ELEVENTH OF JUNE OF THE TWO THOUSAND EIGHTEEN.THEY ARE TWELVE THOUSAND.COMBED EXCUTIVELY BY OUR EXACTING OFFICERS OF THE DEPARTMENTS MADE BY WE THE COSMOS HANDLERS.THE GOD WE OF THE UNIVERSE AS.AS YOU AS A NONE.POLICE WE.OFFICERS WE.GENERALS WE.NATO IN TWELVE THOUSANDS.IN POLICE INDIA AS A SIX TWELVE AS A THOUSANDS IN THE THEY AS A SENT TO IT IS AS A WE AS A STRIVERS AS A TO BE OR OTHERWISE WE KEEP INCREASING THE PAINS AS A REMINDERS AS AS A WELL TESTED METHOD.IN THE RUSSIA PUTIN NOT BUT TOO IN THE ABSENCE OF THE CORRECT POSTURING.OTHER ALL.TILL GEORGIA IF THEY DO NOT GIVE WE OUR LYDMILA IN GOOD HEALTH TO BE SEEING HER AND ASKING HER WELFARE.WE REMIND SHE WERE HERE WE AS A MARRIAGE IN INTERTESTED AS A PROPOSER WE TO THE WE AS A SADR AS A INTRODUCED WHEN THE A.S. BRAR AS TO EXCITED BE IN SEXING HER THIRTY SIX THOUSANDS OF TIMES IF POSSIBLE AS BECOMES TO WOMEN IN POLICE CUSTODY TILL.THEY RAPED HER THIRTY MEN AS A TWELVE MONTHS WE SO IN GIVE HE WE AS A SERVANT SO A MILD NOT SEVERE PAINS AS A WE TO DECEIVERS AS AS A WE OF THE WHOLE WEALTH TAKER LEAVING WE IN THE LURCH NOT ONLY BUT IN THE LURE OF A JOB ENOUGH TO FEED OUR TWO AS A ASS AS A STRATEGY TO WREST AWAY ALL OF A VERY VERY TALENTED AND TELL HE HE EARNED NOTHING EVER IN LIFE WHILE TAKING HIS MULTIPLE BILLIONS AS A FUNDS AS A WE AS A WERE AS A OIL IN ALL DEVELOPMENTS OF EXCAVATION IN THE EARTH TOO AS THE FIFTY PERCENT SHARE SUGGESTED BY THE U.N. TO ALL OIL EXCAVATORS AS A OUR JUSTICE IN SHARE AS A ONE WHO PURCHASED THE RIGHTS AS A EARTH OWNERS AS FROM ALL THE DEFEATED OR SLAVE COUNTRIES TOO AND THE CONTROLLERS OF THE LAND OF THE PLANET CLEARLY IN EXCHANGES GIVING EXACT TWELVE BILLION TIMES THE CURRENT VALUE PEGGED BY WE ME THE SUPREME JUSTICE GIVER AS A NINE NEUNTILLIONS AS A VERY MANY MAGNATES AS A PROPERTY STEALERS AS A ARE IN THE IT AS A WE AS A RELATIVES COMING IN THE SAY WE REPRESENT HE WE DO NOT GIVE A DUCK.THE REAL VALUE WE GIVE ARE A TELLTALE AS A NONE.OVER ABOVE ALL MONEYS.NO RIGHT TO SELL ANY ANY.THE WE ANALYSE HERE WE AS A POINT THIS TOO IN THE WE AS A OUTSOURCING THE WE BOUGHT BY ANYS AS A GRAPHICALITY. : THE RUSSIA AS A USSR TOO SINCE OUR PURCHASE TOOK OUT MINERAL OIL AS A WE AS A OF THE SALE IT INSIDE AS A THIRTY FIVE THOUSAND BILLION AT A PRICE LOWER THAN INDIA AS A SEVEN THOUSAND FIFTY HUNDRED SEVENTY NINE.AS A WE ME ARRIVALS AS A DONE BY THE THEY THE JUSTICE .JUSTICE HOEING TO THE SKY AS.THROWING IT IN THE BIN.WE SO IN PUT THE WE SAY IN THE OTHER HOW. THE ACTUAL VALUE SOLD IS A TERMINOLOGY NOW AS A WE AS A MISTER M.S.KOHLII BY RIGHTLY OPPOSED TO THE C.I.A. AS A NAMED INSTITUTE NOT BUT TO THE GENERAL MANAGER IT'S AS A SLIGHTLY CINNED NOT BUT TWENTY DROPS OF THIRTY PERCENT THROWN ON HE TEN MINUTES LATER HOW BUT WAS AS A SEPOY NOTED EXACTLY HIS STATEMENT SIGNED BY HE COLLAPSING..............FOR THE LEGALITIES AS A SOLE LANDOWNER THE OWNER OF THE THEIR LAND INDIA TOO IN THE JUSTICE SYSTEM WEND.AS IS..AS A WE AS A SYSTEM AS SAID FALSE COMPLETE SO IN I GIVE THEY ALL THE STRAIN OF THE MILLION SUNS.ESPECIALLY TO THE OTHER NOT ALL THOSE WE SEE DOING A REPRESENT..IN THE WE TO A DECEIT. SO WE MOVE TO ALL IN THE PLANET IN THE THEY DOING EXACT.

 

A EXPLANATION OF THE ABOVE THREE THIRTY LINE WORK NOT BUT TOO IN THE MIND OF THE SCIENTIST WERE.BUT WERE RECORDED BY WE ONLY.YOUR EARTH AS A THANKS NOT WERE BUT THE BENEFITS WERE TAKEN WITHOUT A MUR.SO THIS EARTH TO WE GIVE A RANGE OF THE CHEMICALITY.CHARGING IT PENALITY.AT PLACES YOU WILL SEE IT.LEAVE IT OR TAKE IT CHOICE BE PER FATE.MANY ARE IN THE TOUCHING OR DAMAGING ME MY WRITTEN.I GIVE THEM NAUSEA.AT TWO SIXTEEN P.M. TODAY FROM TILL END AS A WAY OF THE OUR BLESSES.COUNTER YOU TRY WE INCREASE.YOU ENJOY AS YOU MAKE WE ENJOY.LET WE BE LIFE LIKE.

  

MALAWINDAR SINGH KOHLII WATCHED IN THE UNIVERSITY AND ELSEWHERE CAUSED BY HIM THE FOUNTAINS MADE BY HIM IN THE CUT CANISTERS TOO BUT IN THE GALVANISED IRON A INVENT OF HIS IN THE MEHRAULI IN THE DATE TERAH NOTED ON A PLAIN PAPER IN THE COURT OF THE UNJION AND REMOVED BY A VERY JEALOUS STUPID FOOL K.K.PAUL .

 

THE BEHAVIOUR WERE DIFERENT .IT THE EXACT AMOUNTS GIVEN FAR SUPERIOR. SO STARTED EXPERIMENTATION NEXT IN THE UNIVERSITY,HIS HOUSE, IN THE ROSE GARDEN CHANDIGARH UNDER HIS GAZE ,,AS A VERY MANY EXPERIMENTS SECRETIVELY NOT BUT TOO IN THE WE SEEN IS ASCRIBED TO A ANOTHER NOT HIM IN THE UNIVERSITY PWD DEPARTMENT IN THE REGISTER AS A NEW INVENT.THE EXPERIMENTS HE DID WERE TWO THOUSAND BEFORE GOING IN FOR THE NEXT VARIETY OF THE EXPERIMENTS FROM THE TWO OF THE TWELVE OF HIS AGE STARTING WERE IN THE DELHI TOO IN THE MEHRAULI TOO IN THE QUTUB IN ASSOCIATION NOT DUE SUGGESTIONS GIVEN AS A RECORDED BY THE INDIRA GANDHI SYNDICATE HOW.INDIA AS A CULTURED AS A POORESTS AS A COUNTRY WERE IS PROVED BY THE THIS BEHAVIOURS AS A NON RECORDING THE VERY MANY EXPERIMENTS OF A DOYAN AS A EXPERIMENTORS AS A MISTER M.S.KOHLII THE MAN WHO GOT THEM FREEDOM FROM FOREIGN RULE BY GIVING THEM FREEDOM TO BE DEMOCRATICALLY BEHAVING CALLING THE SHOT OVER AND ABOVE THE MAN WHO PURCHASED THE LAND OF THE WORLD TOO IN WHICH THE INDIA IS ONLY A THOUSANDTH PART BUT IT STOPPED HIS INVESTMENT GIVING FREEDOMS ON IT'S OWN EVEN AFTER THEY HAD KNOWN HIS CYANIDINGS WERE BY A TORCHERERS GANG OF THE WITCH DOCTOR THE YADWINDER

  

BABA PAL AS A MISTER JOGINDER KAUR AS A PRACTICING WOMEN WOMENHOOD AS A PRESCRIBED PROFESSION TO THEY PRESCRIBED BY THE POLICE AND THEY POISONED SHE HIS MOTHER WOMEN BEING MOST DESPICABLE IN THE JANUARY OF THE NINETEEN FORTY EIGHT UNDER ORDERS OF J.L. NEHRU A CRIMER WITH THE WE WEMEN. WE SAW HE SEX HER IN CUSTODY TWO THIRTY TIMES AS A STATEMENT OF THE GANG A.S. BRAR.

  

THEIR MEMORY AND SPREAD RELIGION BE STOPPED FOR EVER AS THERE TOO NO GURU GOBIND SING OR RAI EXISTED AS HINDUS ARE SAYING WERE THE RECORTS AS A PROVEN.THESE AS A POLICE RECORDS AS A TOO EXIST BUT A JEALOUS AS A FASTESTS AS A JAMES-BONDING TYPE SAY IN THAT HE FOUND A CRIMINAL REPLACED THE GODLY FAMILY TO TAKE AWAY THEIR PROPERTY WITH HIS MOTHER AS A WITCH DOCTORS AS A THREE AS A POTENT BUT WITH TWO MEN INCURSED BY THEY THE OBSERVANT OF THE GEEN/GANGS AS A TWELVE MADE MOVING AROUND WOMEN IN THE DAY TO SELECT A ANY TO ASK FOR A TEA TOGETHER IN THE THEIR DRUG AS A SPRAYED OR FLASHED WITH FLASHERS AS THEY DID WITHOUT NOTICE BY THESE WOMEN TOO NOT BUT TOO IN THE DESIRE .

President Barack Obama holds a meeting about repealing the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy with the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates, right, in the Oval Office, Nov. 29, 2010. (Official White House Photo by Pete Souza)

 

This official White House photograph is being made available only for publication by news organizations and/or for personal use printing by the subject(s) of the photograph. The photograph may not be manipulated in any way and may not be used in commercial or political materials, advertisements, emails, products, promotions that in any way suggests approval or endorsement of the President, the First Family, or the White House.

   

Governor and Lt. Governor Testify on the Death Penalty Repeal. by Jay Baker at Annapolis, MD.

Pasting from the Wikipedia page on the Rosetta Stone:

 

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The Rosetta Stone is an Ancient Egyptian artifact which was instrumental in advancing modern understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphic writing. The stone is a Ptolemaic era stele with carved text made up of three translations of a single passage: two in Egyptian language scripts (hieroglyphic and Demotic) and one in classical Greek. It was created in 196 BC, discovered by the French in 1799 at Rosetta, and transported to England in 1802. Once in Europe, it contributed greatly to the deciphering of the principles of hieroglyph writing, through the work of the British scientist Thomas Young and the French scholar Jean-François Champollion. Comparative translation of the stone assisted in understanding many previously undecipherable examples of hieroglyphic writing. The text on the stone is a decree from Ptolemy V, describing the repeal of various taxes and instructions to erect statues in temples. Two Egyptian-Greek multilingual steles predated Ptolemy V's Rosetta Stone: Ptolemy III's Decree of Canopus, 239 BC, and Ptolemy IV's Decree of Memphis, ca 218 BC.

 

The Rosetta Stone is 114.4 centimetres (45.0 in) high at its highest point, 72.3 centimetres (28.5 in) wide, and 27.9 centimetres (11.0 in) thick.[1] It is unfinished on its sides and reverse. Weighing approximately 760 kilograms (1,700 lb), it was originally thought to be granite or basalt but is currently described as granodiorite of a dark grey-pinkish colour.[2] The stone has been on public display at The British Museum since 1802.

 

Contents

 

• 1 History of the Rosetta Stone

•• 1.1 Modern-era discovery

•• 1.2 Translation

•• 1.3 Recent history

• 2 Inscription

• 3 Idiomatic use

• 4 See also

• 5 Notes

• 6 References

• 7 External links

 

History of the Rosetta Stone

 

Modern-era discovery

 

In preparation for Napoleon's 1798 campaign in Egypt, the French brought with them 167 scientists, scholars and archaeologists known as the 'savants'. French Army engineer Lieutenant Pierre-François Bouchard discovered the stone sometime in mid-July 1799, first official mention of the find being made after the 25th in the meeting of the savants' Institut d'Égypte in Cairo. It was spotted in the foundations of an old wall, during renovations to Fort Julien near the Egyptian port city of Rashid (Rosetta) and sent down to the Institute headquarters in Cairo. After Napoleon returned to France shortly after the discovery, the savants remained behind with French troops which held off British and Ottoman attacks for a further 18 months. In March 1801, the British landed at Aboukir Bay and scholars carried the Stone from Cairo to Alexandria alongside the troops of Jacques-Francois Menou who marched north to meet the enemy; defeated in battle, Menou and the remnant of his army fled to fortified Alexandria where they were surrounded and immediately placed under siege, the stone now inside the city. Overwhelmed by invading Ottoman troops later reinforced by the British, the remaining French in Cairo capitulated on June 22, and Menou admitted defeat in Alexandria on August 30.[3]

 

After the surrender, a dispute arose over the fate of French archaeological and scientific discoveries in Egypt. Menou refused to hand them over, claiming they belonged to the Institute. British General John Hely-Hutchinson, 2nd Earl of Donoughmore, refused to relieve the city until de Menou gave in. Newly arrived scholars Edward Daniel Clarke and William Richard Hamilton agreed to check the collections in Alexandria and found many artifacts that the French had not revealed.[citation needed]

 

When Hutchinson claimed all materials were property of the British Crown, a French scholar, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, said to Clarke and Hamilton that they would rather burn all their discoveries — referring ominously to the destruction of the Library of Alexandria — than turn them over. Clarke and Hamilton pleaded their case and Hutchinson finally agreed that items such as biology specimens would be the scholars' private property. But Menou regarded the stone as his private property and hid it.[4]

 

How exactly the Stone came to British hands is disputed. Colonel Tomkyns Hilgrove Turner, who escorted the stone to Britain, claimed later that he had personally seized it from Menou and carried it away on a gun carriage. In his much more detailed account however, Clarke stated that a French 'officer and member of the Institute' had taken him, his student John Cripps, and Hamilton secretly into the back-streets of Alexandria, revealing the stone among Menou's baggage, hidden under protective carpets. According to Clarke this savant feared for the stone's safety should any French soldiers see it. Hutchinson was informed at once, and the stone taken away, possibly by Turner and his gun-carriage. French scholars departed later with only imprints and plaster casts of the stone.[5]

 

Turner brought the stone to Britain aboard the captured French frigate HMS Egyptienne landing in February 1802. On March 11, it was presented to the Society of Antiquaries of London and Stephen Weston played a major role in the early translation. Later it was taken to the British Museum, where it remains to this day. Inscriptions painted in white on the artifact state "Captured in Egypt by the British Army in 1801" on the left side and "Presented by King George III" on the right.

 

Translation

 

Experts inspecting the Rosetta Stone during the International Congress of Orientalists of 1874

 

In 1814, Briton Thomas Young finished translating the enchorial (demotic) text, and began work on the hieroglyphic script but he did not succeed in translating them. From 1822 to 1824 the French scholar, philologist, and orientalist Jean-François Champollion greatly expanded on this work and is credited as the principal translator of the Rosetta Stone. Champollion could read both Greek and Coptic, and figured out what the seven Demotic signs in Coptic were. By looking at how these signs were used in Coptic, he worked out what they meant. Then he traced the Demotic signs back to hieroglyphic signs. By working out what some hieroglyphs stood for, he transliterated the text from the Demotic (or older Coptic) and Greek to the hieroglyphs by first translating Greek names which were originally in Greek, then working towards ancient names that had never been written in any other language. Champollion then created an alphabet to decipher the remaining text.[6]

 

In 1858, the Philomathean Society of the University of Pennsylvania published the first complete English translation of the Rosetta Stone as accomplished by three of its undergraduate members: Charles R Hale, S Huntington Jones, and Henry Morton.[7]

 

Recent history

 

The Rosetta Stone has been exhibited almost continuously in the British Museum since 1802. Toward the end of World War I, in 1917, the Museum was concerned about heavy bombing in London and moved the Rosetta Stone to safety along with other portable objects of value. The Stone spent the next two years in a station on the Postal Tube Railway 50 feet below the ground at Holborn.

 

The Stone left the British Museum again in October 1972 to be displayed for one month at the Louvre Museum on the 150th anniversary of the decipherment of hieroglyphic writing with the famous Lettre à M. Dacier of Jean-François Champollion.

 

In July 2003, Egypt requested the return of the Rosetta Stone. Dr. Zahi Hawass, secretary general of the Supreme Council of Antiquities in Cairo, told the press: "If the British want to be remembered, if they want to restore their reputation, they should volunteer to return the Rosetta Stone because it is the icon of our Egyptian identity". In 2005, Hawass was negotiating for a three-month loan, with the eventual goal of a permanent return.[8][9] In November 2005, the British Museum sent him a replica of the stone.[10] In December 2009 Hawass said that he would drop his claim for the return of the Rosetta Stone if the British Museum loaned the stone to Egypt for three months.[11]

Inscription

 

In essence, the Rosetta Stone is a tax amnesty given to the temple priests of the day, restoring the tax privileges they had traditionally enjoyed from more ancient times. Some scholars speculate that several copies of the Rosetta Stone must exist, as yet undiscovered, since this proclamation must have been made at many temples. The complete Greek portion, translated into English,[12] is about 1600–1700 words in length, and is about 20 paragraphs long (average of 80 words per paragraph):

 

n the reign of the new king who was Lord of the diadems, great in glory, the stabilizer of Egypt, but also pious in matters relating to the gods, superior to his adversaries, rectifier of the life of men, Lord of the thirty-year periods like Hephaestus the Great, King like the Sun, the Great King of the Upper and Lower Lands, offspring of the Parent-loving gods, whom Hephaestus has approved, to whom the Sun has given victory, living image of Zeus, Son of the Sun, Ptolemy the ever-living, beloved by Ptah;

 

In the ninth year, when Aëtus, son of Aëtus, was priest of Alexander and of the Savior gods and the Brother gods and the Benefactor gods and the Parent-loving gods and the god Manifest and Gracious; Pyrrha, the daughter of Philinius, being athlophorus for Bernice Euergetis; Areia, the daughter of Diogenes, being canephorus for Arsinoë Philadelphus; Irene, the daughter of Ptolemy, being priestess of Arsinoë Philopator: on the fourth of the month Xanicus, or according to the Egyptians the eighteenth of Mecheir.

 

THE DECREE: The high priests and prophets, and those who enter the inner shrine in order to robe the gods, and those who wear the hawk's wing, and the sacred scribes, and all the other priests who have assembled at Memphis before the king, from the various temples throughout the country, for the feast of his receiving the kingdom, even that of Ptolemy the ever-living, beloved by Ptah, the god Manifest and Gracious, which he received from his Father, being assembled in the temple in Memphis this day, declared: Since King Ptolemy, the ever-living, beloved by Ptah, the god Manifest and Gracious, the son of King Ptolemy and Queen Arsinoë, the Parent-loving gods, has done many benefactions to the temples and to those who dwell in them, and also to all those subject to his rule, being from the beginning a god born of a god and a goddess—like Horus, the son of Isis and Osiris, who came to the help of his Father Osiris; being benevolently disposed toward the gods, has concentrated to the temples revenues both of silver and of grain, and has generously undergone many expenses in order to lead Egypt to prosperity and to establish the temples... the gods have rewarded him with health, victory, power, and all other good things, his sovereignty to continue to him and his children forever.[13]

 

Idiomatic use

 

The term Rosetta Stone came to be used by philologists to describe any bilingual text with whose help a hitherto unknown language and/or script could be deciphered. For example, the bilingual coins of the Indo-Greeks (Obverse in Greek, reverse in Pali, using the Kharo??hi script), which enabled James Prinsep (1799–1840) to decipher the latter.

 

Later on, the term gained a wider frequency, also outside the field of linguistics, and has become idiomatic as something that is a critical key to the process of decryption or translation of a difficult encoding of information:

 

"The Rosetta Stone of immunology"[14] and "Arabidopsis, the Rosetta Stone of flowering time (fossils)".[15] An algorithm for predicting protein structure from sequence is named Rosetta@home. In molecular biology, a series of "Rosetta" bacterial cell lines have been developed that contain a number of tRNA genes that are rare in E. coli but common in other organisms, enabling the efficient translation of DNA from those organisms in E. coli.

 

"Rosetta" is an online language translation tool to help localisation of software, developed and maintained by Canonical as part of the Launchpad project.

 

"Rosetta" is the name of a "lightweight dynamic translator" distributed for Mac OS X by Apple. Rosetta enables applications compiled for PowerPC processor to run on Apple systems using x86 processor.

 

Rosetta Stone is a brand of language learning software published by Rosetta Stone Ltd., headquartered in Arlington, VA, USA.

 

The Rosetta Project is a global collaboration of language specialists and native speakers to develop a contemporary version of the historic Rosetta Stone to last from 2000 to 12,000 AD. Its goal is a meaningful survey and near permanent archive of 1,500 languages.

 

Rosetta Stone was also a pseudonym used by Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss) for the book "Because a Little Bug Went Ka-Choo"

 

See also

 

• Rosetta (disambiguation)

• Behistun Inscription

• Decree of Canopus, stele no. 1 of the 3-stele series

 

Notes

 

• Allen, Don Cameron. "The Predecessors of Champollion", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 144, No. 5. (1960), pp. 527–547

• Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy. The Keys of Egypt: The Obsession to Decipher Egyptian Hieroglyphs. HarperCollins, 2000 ISBN 0-06-019439-1

• Budge, E. A. Wallis (1989). The Rosetta Stone. Dover Publications. ISBN 0486261638. http://books.google.com/books?id=RO_m47hLsbAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=rosetta+stone&as_brr=3&sig=ACfU3U1_VaJ_NxkLmbZuYyDLji99DXwY6w. 

• Downs, Jonathan. Discovery at Rosetta. Skyhorse Publishing, 2008 ISBN 978-1-60239-271-7

• Downs, Jonathan. "Romancing the Stone", History Today, Vol. 56, Issue 5. (May, 2006), pp. 48–54.

• Parkinson, Richard. Cracking Codes: the Rosetta Stone, and Decipherment. University of California Press, 1999 ISBN 0-520-22306-3

• Parkinson, Richard. The Rosetta Stone. Objects in Focus; British Museum Press 2005 ISBN 978-0-7141-5021-5

• Ray, John. The Rosetta Stone and the Rebirth of Ancient Egypt. Harvard University Press, 2007 ISBN 978-0-674-02493-9

• Reviewed by Jonathon Keats in the Washington Post, July 22, 2007.

• Solé, Robert; Valbelle, Dominique. The Rosetta Stone: The Story of the Decoding of Hieroglyphics. Basic Books, 2002 ISBN 1-56858-226-9

• The Gentleman's Magazine: and Historical Chronicle, 1802: Volume 72: part 1: March: p. 270: Wednesday, March 31.

 

References

 

• ^ "The Rosetta Stone". http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/aes/t/the_rosetta_stone.aspx. Retrieved 2008-05-21. 

• ^ "History uncovered in conserving the Rosetta Stone". http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/article_index/h/history_uncovered_in_conservin.aspx. Retrieved 2008-11-11. 

• ^ Downs, Jonathan, Discovery at Rosetta, 2008

• ^ Downs, Jonathan, Discovery at Rosetta, 2008

• ^ Downs, Jonathan, Discovery at Rosetta, 2008

• ^ Retrieved on 2008-25-6

• ^ See University of Pennsylvania, Philomathean Society, Report of the committee [C.R. Hale, S.H. Jones, and Henry Morton], appointed by the society to translate the inscript on the Rosetta stone, Circa 1858 and most likely published in Philadelphia. See later editions of circa 1859 and 1881 by same author, as well as Randolph Greenfield Adams, A Translation of the Rosetta Stone (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1925.) The Philomathean Society holds relevant archival material as well as an original casting.

• ^ Charlotte Edwardes and Catherine Milner (2003-07-20). "Egypt demands return of the Rosetta Stone". Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/1436606/Egypt-demands-return-of-the-Rosetta-Stone.html. Retrieved 2006-10-05. 

• ^ Henry Huttinger (2005-07-28). "Stolen Treasures: Zahi Hawass wants the Rosetta Stone back—among other things". Cairo Magazine. http://www.cairomagazine.com/?module=displaystory&story_id=1238&format=html. Retrieved 2006-10-06. [dead link]

• ^ "The rose of the Nile". Al-Ahram Weekly. 2005-11-30. http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/770/he1.htm. Retrieved 2006-10-06. 

• ^ [1] "Rosetta Stone row 'would be solved by loan to Egypt'" BBC News 8 December 2009

• ^ "Translation of the Greek section of the Rosetta Stone". Reshafim.org.il. http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/texts/rosettastone.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-22. 

• ^ "Text of the Rosetta Stone". http://pw1.netcom.com/~qkstart/rosetta.html. Retrieved 2006-11-26. 

• ^ The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (2000-09-06). "International Team Accelerates Investigation of Immune-Related Genes". http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/news/newsreleases/2000/ihwg.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-23. 

• ^ Gordon G. Simpson, Caroline Dean (2002-04-12). "Arabidopsis, the Rosetta Stone of Flowering Time?". http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/296/5566/285?ijkey=zlwRiv/qSEivQ&keytype=ref&siteid=sci. Retrieved 2006-11-23. 

 

External links

 

• Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Rosetta Stone

• Wikisource has original text related to this article: Text on the Rosetta Stone in English

• Greek Wikisource has original text related to this article: Greek Text from the Rosetta Stone

 

• The Rosetta Stone in The British Museum

• More detailed British Museum page on the stone with Curator's comments and bibliography

• The translated text in English – The British Museum

• The Finding of the Rosetta Stone

• The 1998 conservation and restoration of The Rosetta Stone at The British Museum

• Champollion's alphabet – The British Museum

• people.howstuffworks.com/rosetta-stone.htm

 

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_Stone"

 

Categories: 196 BC | 2nd century BC | 2nd-century BC steles | 2nd-century BC works | 1st-millennium BC steles | Ancient Egyptian objects in the British Museum | Ancient Egyptian texts | Ancient Egyptian stelas | Antiquities acquired by Napoleon | Egyptology | Metaphors referring to objects | Multilingual texts | Ptolemaic dynasty | Stones | Nile River Delta | Ptolemaic Greek inscriptions | Archaeological corpora documents

 

]]]

 

Secretary Burwell "The Reality of Repeal" Access,Quality and Affordability Remarks National Press Club

"I'm pro-choice because I'm a proud feminist. I'm a human and believe that all humans deserve equality and equity in all areas. Basic healthcare needs are currently being exported to maintain the delusion of an antiquated Catholic Ireland. We deserve better from our elected representatives. If Pope Francis can see it in his heart to forgive abortions and welcome people back into the church, surely the Irish government can get off their soapbox, and listen to everyone who is telling them that they are out of touch and backwards. It's a dangerous game, playing with people's minds, hearts, health, and life."

 

Happy Repeal Day!

 

Week 49 of the 2008 Challenge.

 

December 5th falls during this week, which marks 75 years since prohibition was repealed. This week's shot celebrates the ability of us to visit our favorite bar without having to sneak in through a back door.

he Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland effectively introduced a constitutional ban on abortion by giving explicit recognition to the right to life of an unborn child. It was effected by the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution Act, 1983, which was approved by referendum on 7 September 1983 and signed into law on the 7 October of the same year.

 

The amendment was adopted during the Fine Gael–Labour Party coalition government led by Garret FitzGerald but was drafted and first suggested by the previous Fianna Fáil government of Charles Haughey. The amendment was supported by Fianna Fáil and some of Fine Gael, and was generally opposed by the political left. Most of those opposed to the amendment, however, insisted that they were not in favour of legalising abortion. The Roman Catholic hierarchy supported the amendment, but it was opposed by the other mainstream churches. After an acrimonious referendum campaign, the amendment was passed by 67% voting in favour to 33% voting against.

 

There was a campaign to Repeal the Eight Amendment after the X Case in 1992, and the three abortion referendums which followed it (the 12th, 13th and 14th).However the campaign lay dormant for more than 20 years until the death of Savita Halappanavar in 2012. The Abortion Rights Campaign was founded in 2012. The #RepealThe8th hashtag was started on Twitter in 2012.

 

This current campaign is led by both a coalition of pro-choice groups (Coalition to Repeal the Eighth, Abortion Rights Campaign, etc) and has support from a number of legal academics and members of the medical profession. In the run up to the 2016 general election, a number of parties committed to a referendum to repeal the Eighth Amendment.

 

In June 2016, Minister for Health Simon Harris stated his support for a referendum on repealing the 8th.

 

On 27 July 2016, the government appointed Supreme Court judge Mary Laffoy as chair of a Citizens' Assembly to consider a number of topics, including the Eighth Amendment.

"Georgetown is a historic neighborhood, and commercial and entertainment district located in Northwest Washington, D.C., situated along the Potomac River. Founded in 1751 in the Province of Maryland, the port of Georgetown predated the establishment of the federal district and the City of Washington by 40 years. Georgetown remained a separate municipality until 1871 when the United States Congress created a new consolidated government for the whole District of Columbia. A separate act, passed in 1895, specifically repealed Georgetown's remaining local ordinances and renamed Georgetown's streets to conform with those in the City of Washington.

 

The primary commercial corridors of Georgetown are the intersection of Wisconsin Avenue and M Street, which contain high-end shops, bars, restaurants, and the Georgetown Park enclosed shopping mall. The Washington Harbour waterfront restaurants are located to the south on K Street, between 30th and 31st Streets.

 

Georgetown is home to the main campus of Georgetown University and numerous other landmarks, such as the Volta Bureau and the Old Stone House, the oldest house in Washington. The embassies of Cameroon, France, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Mongolia, Sweden, Thailand, Ukraine and Venezuela are located in Georgetown.

 

Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia, also known as just Washington or simply D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States. It is located on the east bank of the Potomac River, which forms its southwestern and southern border with the U.S. state of Virginia, and it shares a land border with the U.S. state of Maryland on its other sides. The city was named for George Washington, a Founding Father and the first president of the United States, and the federal district is named after Columbia, the female personification of the nation. As the seat of the U.S. federal government and several international organizations, the city is an important world political capital. It is one of the most visited cities in the U.S. with over 20 million annual visitors as of 2016.

 

The U.S. Constitution provides for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of Congress; the district is not a part of any U.S. state (nor is it one itself). The signing of the Residence Act on July 16, 1790, approved the creation of the capital district located along the Potomac River near the country's East Coast. The City of Washington was founded in 1791, and Congress held its first session there in 1800. In 1801, the territory, formerly part of Maryland and Virginia (including the settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria), officially became recognized as the federal district. In 1846, Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia, including the city of Alexandria; in 1871, it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the district. There have been efforts to make the city into a state since the 1880s, a movement that has gained momentum in recent years, and a statehood bill passed the House of Representatives in 2021.

 

The city is divided into quadrants centered on the Capitol, and there are as many as 131 neighborhoods. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 689,545, which makes it the 23rd most populous city in the U.S. as of 2020, the third most populous city in the Mid-Atlantic, and gives it a population larger than that of two U.S. states: Wyoming and Vermont. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek. Washington's metropolitan area, the country's sixth largest (including parts of Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia), had a 2020 estimated population of 6.3 million residents; and over 54 million people live within 250 mi (400 km) of the District.

 

The three branches of the U.S. federal government are centered in the district: Congress (legislative), the president (executive), and the Supreme Court (judicial). Washington is home to many national monuments and museums, primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 177 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of many international organizations, trade unions, non-profits, lobbying groups, and professional associations, including the World Bank Group, the International Monetary Fund, the Organization of American States, AARP, the National Geographic Society, the American Red Cross, and others.

 

A locally elected mayor and a 13-member council have governed the district since 1973. Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. The District of Columbia does not have representation in Congress, although D.C. residents elect a single at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives who has no vote. District voters choose three presidential electors in accordance with the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961." - info from Wikipedia.

 

The fall of 2022 I did my 3rd major cycling tour. I began my adventure in Montreal, Canada and finished in Savannah, GA. This tour took me through the oldest parts of Quebec and the 13 original US states. During this adventure I cycled 7,126 km over the course of 2.5 months and took more than 68,000 photos. As with my previous tours, a major focus was to photograph historic architecture.

 

Now on Instagram.

 

Become a patron to my photography on Patreon.

HERSEY, Pa. — Six weeks after his last campaign stop here, President-elect Donald Trump returned to thank voters in Pennsylvania who “pushed us across the finish line.”

 

“And boy, did we get across that line, right?” Trump said in a speech to nearly 10,000 people at Giant Center as part of his “thank you” tour.

 

Vice President-elect Mike Pence introduced Trump, rallying the crowd with Trump's plans to repeal Obamacare and fight for Americans. The crowd replied with chants of "USA, USA."

 

Trump was the first Republican nominee for president to win Pennsylvania in almost 30 year. The cheers continued and got louder.

 

“The patriots in this arena tonight stood up for themselves and for their families and showed the whole world that the American people still run our country,” he added.

 

Trump continues to push back on Russia hacking claims

The arena was filled with loud cheers again when Trump brought up his plan to defeat “radical Islamic terrorism.” He said immigrants seeking entry into the U.S. would have to be heavily vetted or they won't be permitted entry.

 

He also said the U.S. will work to build a safe place in Syria for the Syrians who don't want to be held hostage by the radicals there.

 

Trump got Pennsylvania-specific when talking about jobs, citing Marcellus Shale drilling for natural gas and "clean coal," telling Pennsylvania miners to "pick up your shovel" again.

 

He continued his push for penalizing companies that move abroad for cheap labor by heavily taxing their products returning to the U.S., and told the crowd that manufacturing jobs would also be coming back to Pennsylvania.

 

Trump’s vow to undo Obama rules? Not so fast

Among those in attendance were Jonestown residents Logan Sechrist and Brittany Boltz. Both said they were at Giant Center Thursday for the experience and weren’t looking for Trump to talk about specifics.

 

Sechrist, a welder at Country Boy Manufacturing in Lebanon, said his business was nearly forced to shut down during the Obama presidency, so job security and the economy are important to him.

 

“Literally since Election Day we have gained speed as far as production,” he said. “Pretty much an instant change.”

 

Boltz said that Obamacare is something that she hopes Trump will deal.

 

“I’ve been in the nursing field for 10 years and I’ve really seen a lot of issues with Obamacare as far as people that can’t get medical (insurance) because (they can't) afford it, so that’s a big one for me,” she said.

 

Michael Richard "Mike" Pence (born June 7, 1959) is the Vice President-elect of the United States, the 50th and current Governor of Indiana. He is scheduled to take office as the 48th Vice President on January 20, 2017.

 

Born and raised in Columbus, Indiana, Pence graduated from Hanover College and earned a law degree from the Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law before entering private practice. After losing two bids for a U.S. congressional seat in 1988 and 1990, he became a conservative radio and television talk show host from 1994 to 1999. Pence was elected to the United States Congress in 2000 and represented Indiana's 2nd congressional district and Indiana's 6th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 2001 to 2013. He served as the chairman of the House Republican Conference from 2009 to 2011.[1] Pence positioned himself as a principled ideologue and supporter of the Tea Party movement, noting he was "a Christian, a conservative, and a Republican, in that order."[2][3][4]

 

Since Pence became the governor of Indiana on January 20, 2013, he has implemented the largest tax cut in Indiana's history, pushed for more funding for education initiatives, and continued to increase the state's budget surplus. Pence signed bills intended to restrict abortions, including one that prohibited abortions if the reason for the procedure was the fetus's race, gender, or disability.[5] Pence also stirred several high-profile controversies and after signing the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, Pence encountered fierce resistance from moderate members of his party, the business community, and LGBT advocates. He was forced to sign an additional bill acting as an amendment intended to protect LGBT people.[6]

 

On November 8, 2016, Pence was elected as Vice President, after he dropped out of his gubernatorial re-election campaign in July to become the vice presidential running mate for Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump, who went on to win the presidential election.

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Parish Church to the Holy Trinity and Franciscan Monastery

Object ID: 20593 Town Square 12

The late Baroque building, taking up the whole north side of the town square, is dominated by the Rococo façade. 1707 the Carmelite order at the request of the benefactor, Maria Antonia Montecuculi, settled down in St. Pölten, at the north side of the square the men convent should find its place. Although architect's plan and financial resources were available, was the start of construction not until 1757, there was missing the planning permission of Empress Maria Theresa. The church then was built to 1768 according to plans by Johann Pauli, the monastery was completed in 1773. Yet 10 years later, the monastery by Emperor Joseph II was repealed. Because of its strategic location, the church in 1785 became parish church, the pastoral care took over the by the dissolutions not affected Franciscan Order.

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denkmalgesch%C3%BCtzte_Objekte_in_S...

 

(further information is available by clicking on the link at the end of page!)

History of the City St. Pölten

In order to present concise history of the Lower Austrian capital is in the shop of the city museum a richly illustrated full version on CD-ROM.

Tip

On the occasion of the commemoration of the pogroms of November 1938, the Institute for Jewish History of Austria its virtual Memorbuch (Memory book) for the destroyed St. Pölten Jewish community since 10th November 2012 is putting online.

Prehistory

The time from which there is no written record is named after the main materials used for tools and weapons: Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age. Using the latest technologies, archaeologists from archaeological finds and aerial photographs can trace a fairly detailed picture of life at that time. Especially for the time from the settling down of the People (New Stone Age), now practicing agriculture and animal husbandry, in the territory of St. Pölten lively settlement activity can be proved. In particular, cemeteries are important for the research, because the dead were laid in the grave everyday objects and jewelry, the forms of burial changing over time - which in turn gives the archeology valuable clues for the temporal determination. At the same time, prehistory of Sankt Pölten would not be half as good documented without the construction of the expressway S33 and other large buildings, where millions of cubic meters of earth were moved - under the watchful eyes of the Federal Monuments Office!

A final primeval chapter characterized the Celts, who settled about 450 BC our area and in addition to a new culture and religion also brought with them the potter's wheel. The kingdom of Noricum influenced till the penetration of the Romans the development in our area.

Roman period, migrations

The Romans conquered in 15 BC the Celtic Empire and established hereinafter the Roman province of Noricum. Borders were protected by military camp (forts), in the hinterland emerged civilian cities, almost all systematically laid out according to the same plan. The civil and commercial city Aelium Cetium, as St. Pölten was called (city law 121/122), consisted in the 4th Century already of heated stone houses, trade and craft originated thriving urban life, before the Romans in the first third of the 5th Century retreated to Italy.

The subsequent period went down as the Migration Period in official historiography, for which the settlement of the Sankt Pöltner downtown can not be proved. Cemeteries witness the residence of the Lombards in our area, later it was the Avars, extending their empire to the Enns.

The recent archaeological excavations on the Cathedral Square 2010/2011, in fact, the previous knowledge of St.Pölten colonization not have turned upside down but enriched by many details, whose full analysis and publication are expected in the near future.

Middle Ages

With the submission of the Avars by Charlemagne around 800 AD Christianity was gaining a foothold, the Bavarian Benedictine monastery of Tegernsee establishing a daughter house here - as founder are mentioned the brothers Adalbert and Ottokar - equipped with the relics of St. Hippolytus. The name St. Ypolit over the centuries should turn into Sankt Pölten. After the Hungarian wars and the resettlement of the monastery as Canons Regular of St. Augustine under the influence of Passau St. Pölten received mid-11th Century market rights.

In the second half of the 20th century historians stated that records in which the rights of citizens were held were to be qualified as Town Charters. Vienna is indeed already in 1137 as a city ("civitas") mentioned in a document, but the oldest Viennese city charter dates only from the year 1221, while the Bishop of Passau, Konrad, already in 1159 the St. Pöltnern secured:

A St. Pöltner citizen who has to answer to the court, has the right to make use of an "advocate".

He must not be forced to rid himself of the accusation by a judgment of God.

A St. Pöltner citizen may be convicted only by statements of fellow citizens, not by strangers.

From the 13th Century exercised a city judge appointed by the lord of the city the high and low jurisdiction as chairman of the council meetings and the Municipal Court, Inner and Outer Council supported him during the finding of justice. Venue for the public verdict was the in the 13th Century created new marketplace, the "Broad Market", now the town hall square. Originally square-shaped, it was only later to a rectangle reduced. Around it arose the market district, which together with the monastery district, the wood district and the Ledererviertel (quarter of the leather goods manufacturer) was protected by a double city wall.

The dependence of St. Pölten of the bishop of Passau is shown in the municipal coat of arms and the city seal. Based on the emblem of the heraldic animal of the Lord of the city, so the Bishop of Passau, it shows an upright standing wolf holding a crosier in its paw.

Modern Times

In the course of the armed conflict between the Emperor Frederick III . and King Matthias of Hungary pledged the Bishop of Passau the town on the Hungarian king. From 1485 stood Lower Austria as a whole under Hungarian rule. The most important document of this period is the awarding of the city coat of arms by King Matthias Corvinus in the year 1487. After the death of the opponents 1490 and 1493 could Frederick's son Maximilian reconquer Lower Austria. He considered St. Pölten as spoils of war and had no intention of returning it to the diocese of Passau. The city government has often been leased subsequently, for instance, to the family Wellenstein, and later to the families Trautson and Auersperg.

That St. Pölten now was a princely city, found its expression in the coat of arms letter of the King Ferdinand I. from 1538: From now on, the wolf had no crosier anymore, and the from the viewer's point of view left half showed the reverse Austrian shield, so silver-red-silver.

To the 16th Century also goes back the construction of St. Pöltner City Hall. The 1503 by judge and council acquired house was subsequently expanded, rebuilt, extended and provided with a tower.

A for the urban history research important picture, painted in 1623, has captured scenes of the peasant uprising of 1597, but also allows a view to the city and lets the viewer read some of the details of the then state of construction. The economic inconveniences of that time were only exacerbated by the Thirty Years War, at the end of which a fifth of the houses were uninhabited and the citizenry was impoverished.

Baroque

After the successful defense against the Turks in 1683, the economy started to recover and a significant building boom began. Lower Austria turned into the land of the baroque abbeys and monasteries, as it is familiar to us today.

In St. Pölten, the change of the cityscape is closely connected to the Baroque architect Jakob Prandtauer. In addition to the Baroquisation of the interior of the cathedral, a number of buildings in St. Pölten go to his account, so the reconstruction of the castle Ochsenburg, the erection of the Schwaighof and of the core building of the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Englische Fräuleins - English Maidens) - from 1706 the seat of the first school order of St.Pölten - as well as of several bourgeois houses.

Joseph Munggenast, nephew and co-worker of Prandtauer, completed the Baroquisation of the cathedral, he baroquised the facade of the town hall (1727) and numerous bourgeois houses and designed a bridge over the Traisen which existed until 1907. In the decoration of the church buildings were throughout Tyroleans collaborating, which Jakob Prandtauer had brought along from his homeland (Tyrol) to St. Pölten, for example, Paul Troger and Peter Widerin.

Maria Theresa and her son Joseph II: Their reforms in the city of the 18th Century also left a significant mark. School foundings as a result of compulsory education, the dissolution of the monasteries and hereinafter - from 1785 - the new role of St. Pölten as a bishop's seat are consequences of their policies.

1785 was also the year of a fundamental alteration of the old Council Constitution: The city judge was replaced by one magistrate consisting of five persons, at the head was a mayor. For the first mayor the painter Josef Hackl was chosen.

The 19th century

Despite the Napoleonic Wars - St. Pölten in 1805 and 1809 was occupied by the French - and despite the state bankruptcy of 1811, increased the number of businesses constantly, although the economic importance of the city for the time being did not go beyond the near vicinity.

Against the background of monitoring by the state secret police, which prevented any political commitment between the Congress of Vienna and the 1848 revolution, the citizens withdrew into private life. Sense of family, fostering of domestic music, prominent salon societies in which even a Franz Schubert socialized, or the construction of the city theater were visible signs of this attitude.

The economic upswing of the city did not begin until after the revolution of the year 1848. A prerequisite for this was the construction of the Empress Elisabeth Western Railway, moving Vienna, Linz, soon Salzburg, too, in a reachable distance. The city walls were pulled down, St. Pölten could unfold. The convenient traffic situation favored factory start-ups, and so arose a lace factory, a revolver factory, a soap factory or, for example, as a precursor of a future large-scale enterprise, the braid, ribbon and Strickgarnerzeugung (knitting yarn production) of Matthias Salcher in Harland.

In other areas, too, the Gründerzeit (years of rapid industrial expansion in Germany - and Austria) in Sankt Pölten was honouring its name: The city got schools, a hospital, gas lanterns, canalization, hot springs and summer bath.

The 20th century

At the beginning of the 20th Century the city experienced another burst of development, initiated by the construction of the power station in 1903, because electricity was the prerequisite for the settlement of large companies. In particular, the companies Voith and Glanzstoff and the main workshop of the Federal Railways attracted many workers. New Traisen bridge, tram, Mariazell Railway and other infrastructure buildings were erected; St. Pölten obtained a synagogue. The Art Nouveau made it repeatedly into the urban architecture - just think of the Olbrich House - and inspired also the painting, as exponents worth to be mentioned are Ernst Stöhr or Ferdinand Andri.

What the outbreak of the First World War in broad outlines meant for the monarchy, on a smaller scale also St. Pölten has felt. The city was heavily impacted by the deployment of army units, a POW camp, a military hospital and a sick bay. Industrial enterprises were partly converted into war production, partly closed. Unemployment, housing emergency and food shortages long after the war still were felt painfully.

The 1919 to mayor elected Social Democrat Hubert Schnofl after the war tried to raise the standard of living of the people by improving the social welfare and health care. The founding of a housing cooperative (Wohnungsgenossenschaft), the construction of the water line and the establishment of new factories were further attempts to stimulate the stiffening economy whose descent could not be stopped until 1932.

After the National Socialist regime had stirred false hopes and plunged the world into war, St. Pölten was no longer the city as it has been before. Not only the ten devastating bombings of the last year of the war had left its marks, also the restrictive persecution of Jews and political dissidents had torn holes in the structure of the population. Ten years of Russian occupation subsequently did the rest to traumatize the population, but at this time arose from the ruins a more modern St. Pölten, with the new Traisen bridge, district heating, schools.

This trend continued, an era of recovery and modernization made the economic miracle palpable. Already in 1972 was - even if largely as a result of incorporations - exceeded the 50.000-inhabitant-limit.

Elevation to capital status (capital of Lower Austria), 10 July 1986: No other event in this dimension could have become the booster detonation of an up to now ongoing development thrust. Since then in a big way new residential and commercial areas were opened up, built infrastructure constructions, schools and universities brought into being to enrich the educational landscape. East of the Old Town arose the governmental and cultural district, and the list of architects wears sonorous names such as Ernst Hoffmann (NÖ (Lower Austria) Landhaus; Klangturm), Klaus Kada (Festspielhaus), Hans Hollein (Shedhalle and Lower Austrian Provincial Museum), Karin Bily, Paul Katzberger and Michael Loudon ( NÖ State Library and NÖ State Archive).

European Diploma, European flag, badge of honor, Europe Price: Between 1996 and 2001, received St. Pölten numerous appreciations of its EU commitment - as a sort of recognition of the Council of Europe for the dissemination of the EU-idea through international town twinnings, a major Europe exhibition or, for example, the establishment and chair of the "Network of European medium-sized cities".

On the way into the 21st century

Just now happened and already history: What the St. Pöltnern as just experienced sticks in their minds, travelers and newcomers within a short time should be told. The theater and the hospital handing over to the province of Lower Austria, a new mayor always on the go, who was able to earn since 2004 already numerous laurels (Tags: polytechnic, downtown enhancement, building lease scheme, bus concept) - all the recent changes are just now condensed into spoken and written language in order to make, from now on, the history of the young provincial capital in the 3rd millennium nachlesbar (checkable).

www.st-poelten.gv.at/Content.Node/freizeit-kultur/kultur/...

Governor and Lt. Governor Testify on the Death Penalty Repeal. by Jay Baker at Annapolis, MD.

"Doctor King, why are you speaking against the war?"

Three women are pictured in a demonstration outside the White House in an undated photograph, but probably in December 1922, calling for the release of prisoners held because of their outspoken opposition to World War I.

 

The demonstrators' sign says, "Mr. President, let's have an old-fashioned Christmas," and shows Santa Claus carrying a bag of gifts including, the Constitution, Free Assemblage, Free Speech, and Free Press.

 

Several thousand people had been imprisoned during World War I for speaking or writing against World War I or simply because they were of German descent.

 

Background and outcomes

 

The U.S. First Amendment protecting free speech was abandoned during World War I as several thousand people were arrested for speaking out against the war or conscription into the armed forces and these jailings in turn spurred an amnesty movement.

 

U.S. involvement in the war only lasted from April 2, 1917 until the armistice in November 1918.

 

An amnesty movement for all war resisters gained strength, particularly after the war was ended and after President Woodrow Wilson left office in January 1921.

 

Leading up to 1917 and the declaration of war against Germany, many labor unions, socialists, members of the so-called Old Right, and pacifist groups in the United States publicly denounced participation. However when the U.S. entered the war, most segments of American society rallied around the war.

 

However, left wing socialists, anarchists and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) denounced the war as an imperialist squabble between the wealthy of different nations over how to divide up the world. Quakers and other pacifists opposed the war on moral grounds

 

The military draft was introduced shortly after the U.S joined the war, which the anti-war movement bitterly opposed.

 

The Espionage Act of 1917 was passed to address spying but also contained a section which criminalized inciting or attempting to incite any mutiny, desertion, or refusal of duty in the armed forces, punishable with a fine of not more than $10,000, not more than twenty years in federal prison, or both.

 

Thousands of Wobblies (IWW members) and anti-war activists were prosecuted on authority of this and the Sedition Act of 1918, which tightened restrictions even more. Among the most famous was Eugene Debs, chairman of the Socialist Party of the USA for giving an anti-draft speech in Ohio. The U.S. Supreme Court upheld these prosecutions in a series of decisions.

 

An unknown additional number of people were prosecuted under state laws and jailed.

 

Conscientious objectors were punished as well, most of them Christian pacifist inductees into the armed services. They were placed directly in the armed forces and court-martialed, receiving log sentences and brutal treatment. A number of them died in Alcatraz Prison, then a military facility.

 

Vigilante groups were formed which suppressed dissent as well, such as by rounding up draft-age men and checking if they were in possession of draft cards or not.

 

Around 300,000 American men evaded or refused conscription in World War I. Immigrants, including naturalized citizens such as leading anarchist Emma Goldman, were deported, while native-born citizens, including Debs, lost their citizenship for their activities.

 

Perhaps 2,000 civilians convicted of sedition or under the Espionage law were held in military prisons at Fort Oglethorpe in Tennessee and Fort Douglas in Utah. They were mostly ordinary workers, including unemployed, and many whose only "crime" was to have been involved in radical politics or labor unrest. They were held along with German nationals suspected of disloyalty to the U.S. and German prisoners of war. Others convicted of political crimes were dispersed to the regular federal prison system.

 

After the war ended, other nations began to issue amnesty or commute the sentences of those convicted of political crimes during the war and pressure began to build in the U.S.

 

Delegations visited the White House in the ensuing years, including a 1920 group that included Basil M. Manly, former joint chair of the War Labor Board who said, “Washington pardoned the Tories and Lincoln pardoned the rebels. We believe President Wilson will not hesitate to grant general amnesty to the political prisoners of the world war.” Wilson, however, was unmoved.

 

The Sedition Act was repealed in 1921, but the Espionage Act remained, though U.S. Supreme Court decisions since then have substantially, but not explicitly, gutted the provisions used to squelch dissent.

 

Another delegation called on the White House April 18, 1921, along with meeting other top officials, marching by threes along the sidewalks and holding a mass meeting that evening at the Masonic Temple.

 

Among the delegation that met with President Warren Harding were Morris Hillquit of the Socialist Party; Rev. Norman Thomas, a later Socialist Party standard bearer; Jackson Ralston, attorney for the American Federation of Labor; and Albert DeSilver of the American Civil Liberties Union. A special appeal was made for Debs.

 

Debs, serving a 10-year sentence for sedition for his speech, had his sentenced commuted in December 1921 by President Warren Harding who had succeeded Wilson that year. Some 17 other prisoners also had their sentences commuted by Harding at that time.

 

The movement for amnesty began to gain steam as dozens of others remained imprisoned.

 

As 1922 began individuals and organizations around the country began to join the call for amnesty: the Georgia American Federation of Labor issued an appeal for amnesty, 50 member of Congress signed a petition for the same, socialist meetings demanding amnesty were held across the country while Quakers and other pacifists and socialists held public demonstrations.

 

In April 1922, the American Civil Liberties Union leader Roger Baldwin organized the Joint Amnesty Committee to coordinate activities across the country.

 

That same month, a million signatures on a massive petition gathered by the General Defense Committee of Chicago were delivered to the White House by Hillquit, who had also been an Socialist Party antiwar candidate for mayor of New York during the war in 1917 and drew 100,000 votes; the wife of Robert LaFollette, senator from Wisconsin; and James H. Maurer, president of the Pennsylvania Federation of Labor.

 

A Children’s Crusade comprised of the wives and children of some of those imprisoned and their supporters staged a well-publicized train trip across the country ending in Washington, D.C. where they picketed the White House and held meetings with government officials for a four-month period from April through August of 1922.

 

In August, Harding issued a statement refusing general amnesty, but committing to an expedited case-by-case review of anti-war prisoners.

 

The White House statement said in part, “he would never, as long as he was President, pardon any criminal who preached the destruction of the government by force.”

 

The idea that people were permitted free speech unless they committed or advocated “overt acts” would not be accepted as law until the late-1950s through the mid-1960s U.S. Supreme Court decisions on the imprisonment of Communist Party members during the second red scare.

 

The Children’s Crusade suspended their demonstrations after Harding’s statement feeling they had won as much as they would win at that time. However, other protest continued.

 

In December 1922, Harding issued another series of pardons and commutations, but many contained conditions of deportation and loss of citizenship.

 

In December 1923, President Calvin Coolidge commuted the sentences of all prisoners who had been convicted for opposing the government and Selective Service during World War I. By this point that commutation affected only 31 prisoners.

 

In March 1924, Coolidge restored the citizenship to those who had been convicted of desertion between the time of the Armistice of November 1918 and the war’s official end by the U.S. in 1921.

 

Coolidge’s successor Herbert Hoover refused to pardon or commute the sentences of any remaining prisoners or restore former prisoners citizenship in a 1929 letter to social activist Jane Adams, saying that any such decision would result in “acrimonious discussion” within the country.

 

It wouldn’t be until 1933 when President Franklin Roosevelt, 15 years after the end of fighting, issued a proclamation restoring civil rights to about 1,500 war resisters. The proclamation applied only to those convicted of violating the draft and espionage acts. There was no reduction in prison sentences, however, because all had already been released by that time and no restoration of rights for those convicted under the Sedition Act.

 

After a nationwide campaign involving petitions and resolutions, Debs’ citizenship was restored posthumously in 1976.

 

For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHBqjzCcJd

 

This image is a National Photo Company photograph courtesy of the Library of Congress, Call Number: LOT 12354-1 [item] [P&P]

 

Local accession number: 11_03_000056

Title: A view of the obelisk erected under Liberty-Tree in Boston on the rejoicings for the repeal of the Stamp Act

Statement of responsibility: Paul Revere, sculp.

Creator/Contributor: Revere, Paul, 1735-1818 (Engraver)

Genre: Political cartoons; Engravings; Prints

Publisher: Copyright secured by R. D. Child and A. O. Crane, of Boston, Boston

Date issued: 1881

Physical description: 1 print : engraving ; 12 1/2 x 16 1/4 in.

Summary/Abstract: A schematic rendering of the illuminated obelisk erected on Boston Common in celebration of the repeal of the Stamp Act. On each of its four sides is a painted transparency which portrays in allegorical terms one phase in the struggle against the Stamp Act. They are titled: '1. America in distress apprehending the total loss of Liberty. 2d. She implores the aid of her Patrons. 3d. She endures the Conflict for a short Season. 4. And has her Liberty restord by the Royal hand of George the Third.' Above each allegory are ten lines of verse and portraits of four supposed friends of American liberty, including the Duke of York, Marquis of Rockingham, Queen Charlotte, George III, Gen. Henry Seymour Conway, Isaac Barre, William Pitt, the Earl of Dartmouth, William Beckford, Charles Townshend, Lord George Sackville, Dennis de Berdt, John Wilkes, and the Earl of Camden. At the bottom of the print is the legend, 'To every Lover of Liberty, this Plate is humbly dedicated, by her true born Sons, in Boston New England.'

General notes: Title from item.; Item is a facsimile restrike from copper engraving from 1766.; Summary from: Library of Congress Print & Photographs Collection.

Subjects: Politics & government; Government officials; Obelisks; United States--History--Revolution, 1775-1783; Barré, Isaac, 1726-1802; Beckford, William, 1709-1770; De Berdt, Dennys, 1694-1770; Charlotte, Queen, consort of George III, King of Great Britain, 1744-1818; Conway, Henry Seymour, 1721-1795; Copley, John Singleton, 1738-1815; Dartmouth, William Legge, Earl of, 1731-1801; George III, King of Great Britain, 1738-1820; Sackville, George Germain, Viscount, 1716-1785; Camden, Charles Pratt, Earl, 1714-1794; Pitt, William, Earl of Chatham, 1708-1778; Rockingham, Charles Watson-Wentworth, Marquis of, 1730-1782; Wilkes, John, 1725-1797

Collection: Americana Collection

Location: Boston Public Library, Print Department

Rights: No known copyright restrictions.

U.S. Senators Martin Heinrich (D-N.M.) and Dean Heller (R-Nev.) and U.S. Congressman Joe Courtney (D-Conn.-02) hold a press conference announcing bipartisan legislation to fully repeal a provision in the Affordable Care Act (ACA) known as the “Cadillac Tax,” which taxes high-cost health insurance plans.

1934 Ford. Thursday Cruise Night, Independence MO

 

"Repeal 18th Amendment"

"Georgetown is a historic neighborhood, and commercial and entertainment district located in Northwest Washington, D.C., situated along the Potomac River. Founded in 1751 in the Province of Maryland, the port of Georgetown predated the establishment of the federal district and the City of Washington by 40 years. Georgetown remained a separate municipality until 1871 when the United States Congress created a new consolidated government for the whole District of Columbia. A separate act, passed in 1895, specifically repealed Georgetown's remaining local ordinances and renamed Georgetown's streets to conform with those in the City of Washington.

 

The primary commercial corridors of Georgetown are the intersection of Wisconsin Avenue and M Street, which contain high-end shops, bars, restaurants, and the Georgetown Park enclosed shopping mall. The Washington Harbour waterfront restaurants are located to the south on K Street, between 30th and 31st Streets.

 

Georgetown is home to the main campus of Georgetown University and numerous other landmarks, such as the Volta Bureau and the Old Stone House, the oldest house in Washington. The embassies of Cameroon, France, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Mongolia, Sweden, Thailand, Ukraine and Venezuela are located in Georgetown.

 

Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia, also known as just Washington or simply D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States. It is located on the east bank of the Potomac River, which forms its southwestern and southern border with the U.S. state of Virginia, and it shares a land border with the U.S. state of Maryland on its other sides. The city was named for George Washington, a Founding Father and the first president of the United States, and the federal district is named after Columbia, the female personification of the nation. As the seat of the U.S. federal government and several international organizations, the city is an important world political capital. It is one of the most visited cities in the U.S. with over 20 million annual visitors as of 2016.

 

The U.S. Constitution provides for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of Congress; the district is not a part of any U.S. state (nor is it one itself). The signing of the Residence Act on July 16, 1790, approved the creation of the capital district located along the Potomac River near the country's East Coast. The City of Washington was founded in 1791, and Congress held its first session there in 1800. In 1801, the territory, formerly part of Maryland and Virginia (including the settlements of Georgetown and Alexandria), officially became recognized as the federal district. In 1846, Congress returned the land originally ceded by Virginia, including the city of Alexandria; in 1871, it created a single municipal government for the remaining portion of the district. There have been efforts to make the city into a state since the 1880s, a movement that has gained momentum in recent years, and a statehood bill passed the House of Representatives in 2021.

 

The city is divided into quadrants centered on the Capitol, and there are as many as 131 neighborhoods. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 689,545, which makes it the 23rd most populous city in the U.S. as of 2020, the third most populous city in the Mid-Atlantic, and gives it a population larger than that of two U.S. states: Wyoming and Vermont. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city's daytime population to more than one million during the workweek. Washington's metropolitan area, the country's sixth largest (including parts of Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia), had a 2020 estimated population of 6.3 million residents; and over 54 million people live within 250 mi (400 km) of the District.

 

The three branches of the U.S. federal government are centered in the district: Congress (legislative), the president (executive), and the Supreme Court (judicial). Washington is home to many national monuments and museums, primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 177 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of many international organizations, trade unions, non-profits, lobbying groups, and professional associations, including the World Bank Group, the International Monetary Fund, the Organization of American States, AARP, the National Geographic Society, the American Red Cross, and others.

 

A locally elected mayor and a 13-member council have governed the district since 1973. Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. The District of Columbia does not have representation in Congress, although D.C. residents elect a single at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives who has no vote. District voters choose three presidential electors in accordance with the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961." - info from Wikipedia.

 

The fall of 2022 I did my 3rd major cycling tour. I began my adventure in Montreal, Canada and finished in Savannah, GA. This tour took me through the oldest parts of Quebec and the 13 original US states. During this adventure I cycled 7,126 km over the course of 2.5 months and took more than 68,000 photos. As with my previous tours, a major focus was to photograph historic architecture.

 

Now on Instagram.

 

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