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I wouldn't go so far as to say ' trust ' but he seems to be tolerating me more and more. I still don't know the relationships between the three I've been seeing, everything seems up in the air since the vixen died. One thing's for sure, it's highly unlikely there are cubs about, I'll have to wait at least another year for cubs......sigh...........
My brother’s vintage Skeletor and Panthor and my reboot Evil-Lynn! Watch out Eternia, this duo has their eye on conquering Greyskull and taking the Power for themselves!
Day 28/365
Rock 'n' Roll & Sasha ♥ I had so many photos from this day, but when it came to picking just one, I couldn't not include this. The bond between the two of them is so sweet (Processed in Lightroom 3 with Whipped Cream Lightroom Preset / Queen Pack). Sasha backed him (non-horsey people, this means she trained him to accept a saddle & rider), and has since brought him on to be the little star he is.
More photos on the way - some laptop problems have meant I've had to delay uploading!
Photography by Cajsa Lilliehook
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An interesting exercise to shoot such a commonly photographed subject as this particular tree. Rather than include the discarded millstone I decided to concentrate on the relationship between the tree and the rocks; the tree appears by far the dominant partner.
"Cristina Iglesias has been very interested in redefining sculpture as an expanded field that leads to a questioning of the object in its relationship with space and architecture. Her sculptures integrate with the architecture of the places they occupy, and thus play with the interweaving of reality and appearances.
The exhibition organised by the Museo Reina Sofía, which includes over fifty pieces, is the largest retrospective of this artist that has been held to date, and it covers her earliest work up through her most recent creations. Her artworks generate suggestive fictional worlds and set aside all utilitarian purposes, to become settings conducive to reflective observation. Intersections between the natural world and the cultural world are frequently seen in her work, with shadows, cascades, whirlpools and foliage, in which the idea of refuge is a recurring metaphor.
The artist has displayed unceasing interest in a wide range of materials, such as alabaster, tapestry, glass, resin, aluminium, bronze, iron, cement, wood, concrete… Even water makes an appearance as yet another sculptural element, playing a leading role in some of her public projects, which are discussed in the series of videos entitled Guided Tours. The exhibition is completed by a review of her serigraphs on copper and cloth."
Towards the Bottom by Cristina Iglesias in the Metonimia exhibition at Reina Sophia
www.museoreinasofia.es/en/multimedia/interview-cristina-i...
Das Zusammenleben in einer Beziehung bedeutet immer ein Auf und Ab, ein hoch und runter. Dies gilt für alle Beziehungen von Männlein und Weiblein. In der heutigen Zeit sicherlich auch für Mann&Mann und Frauen&Frau via 500px 500px.com/photo/298471881
Leonardo (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles) and the Toxic Crusader.
Leonardo: "You're right dude, we've both seen worse."
Sports illustration. Guy wants to meet girl, and she wants to lose weight. Anyway the picture is not my idea.
Welcome to the Irrlicht Engine
The Irrlicht Engine is an open source realtime 3D engine written in C++. It is cross-platform, using D3D, OpenGL and its own software renderers. OpenGL-ES2 and WebGL renderers are also in development. It is a stable library which has been worked on for nearly 2 decades. We've got a huge community and Irrlicht is used by hobbyists and professional companies alike. You can find enhancements for it all over the web, like alternative terrain renderers, portal renderers, exporters, world layers, tutorials, editors, language bindings and so on. And best of all: It's completely free.
Irrlichtelieren (Will-o’-the-wisping-around)
Jane K. Brown
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
The lexeme Irrlichtelieren (will-o’-the-wisping-around, i.e. thinking outside the box) is Goethe’s neologism for a heterodox line of thought that displaces traditional methods of philosophy and science. Although the term occurs only once, in the student scene of Faust, Part One (FA 1.7:83.1917), the shifting value of will-o’-the-wisps in Faust and other works corresponds to the theories of scientific method Goethe advanced in essays of the 1790s and especially to the methodology of his Zur Farbenlehre (Theory of Color) of 1810. While in Goethe’s letters and in the devil’s language in Faust, will-o’-the-wisps betoken illusion, they develop in the course of Faust into symbols of the ineffable truth that Kantian metaphysics had effectively substituted for God. The ironic dialectic of the will-o’-the-wisps shapes Goethe’s views of pedagogy and scientific epistemology and his positions on the idealist subject/object dichotomy, on the relationships of nature and truth, on representation and knowledge, and on knowledge and community.
Introduction
Etymological Implications
Learning as Flitting Around
Subject-Object Relations
The Relationship of Nature and Truth
Representation as Knowledge
Knowledge and Community
Notes
Related Entries
Works Cited and Further Reading
Introduction
The neologism irrlichtelieren can be defined as: “An innovative and eccentric line of thought, [. . .] a lexical innovation [. . .] that configures the ‘improper’ imperative of Goethean thought [. . .] to displace the ‘proper’ way of doing philosophy (including logic, rationalist metaphysics, and transcendental idealism) by repurposing its traditional instruments of torture.”1 Goethe invented the word and used it only once, in the student scene of Faust I. Derived from the noun Irrlicht (will-o’-the-wisp, or ignis fatuus), it initially identifies the confused thinking of the student who has yet to learn logic,
Daß er bedächtiger so fortan
Hinschleiche die Gedankenbahn,
Und nicht etwa, die Kreuz und Quer,
Irrlichteliere hin und her. (FA 1.7:83.1914–17)2
So that he creep more circumspectly
along the train of thought
and not go will-o’-the-wisping
back and forth and here and there.
However, the use of will-o’-the-wisp in Faust transforms this apparent praise of logic into its opposite, so that “will-o’-the-wisping back and forth” comes to represent the epistemology actually promoted not only in Faust but also in Goethe’s essays on scientific methodology and optics from the 1790s and in his massive Zur Farbenlehre (Theory of Colors) of 1810. Derived from irren (erring), the central theme of Faust, where the Lord says “Es irrt der Mensch, so lang er strebt” (FA 1.7:27.317; man errs as long as he strives) and Licht (light), used consistently as an image for knowledge or truth in Goethe, as so often in the period, irrlichtelieren becomes a useful term for Goethe’s process of learning truth by trial and error. It engages a series of epistemological issues typical of the period: thinking outside the box, subject/object, the relation of nature and truth, the role of representation in knowledge, and the epistemology of community formation. Irrlichtelieren not only exemplifies Goethe’s tendency to heuristic rather than systematic thought (unlike that of his Romantic colleagues), but indeed embodies its own meaning—for will-o’-the-wisps and similar figures appear as characters in his (arguably) most characteristic works: Faust and the Märchen (Fairy Tale) of 1795. Furthermore, the word irrlichtelieren appears in Faust in the context of philosophical discourse when Mephistopheles is holding forth on the place of logic in the curriculum; similarly, in Faust II, a will-o’-wisp-like creature named Homunculus, seeking to become, is introduced in the context of implied questions of becoming in idealist philosophy as well as the philosophical-scientific discourse of classical antiquity invoked by the two pre-Socratics Anaxagoras and Thales. Yet because, unlike most of the terms in this lexicon, irrlichtelieren begins in Goethe’s poetic works as a metaphor that then becomes a personification, it emerges as a philosophical concept only in the metadiscourse of scholarly analysis.
Etymological Implications
The addition of “-ieren” to the word “Irrlicht” turns it into a verb, so that it means “to wisp around.” The combination of “will-o’-the-wisp” with the formal French suffix is intentionally frivolous, as is often the case with Goethe at his most ironic and most profound moments. In Goethe’s day, an Irrlicht was a still mysterious natural phenomenon (now understood as a natural fluorescence originating in the spontaneous combustion of gases from rotting matter in marshy places). Its entry into folklore, specifically as a mischievous nature spirit, is documented in Germany only beginning in the sixteenth century, when the Latin term ignis fatuus (silly flame) was invented by a German humanist to lend the long-existing German word intellectual credibility.3 Although Goethe was familiar with explanations for Irrlichter extending back to Paracelsus (1493–1541) and, beyond him, to the pre-Socratics, he used it as a scientific term only once, in a reference to two essays by his friend, the botanist and Romantic natural philosopher Christian Gottfried Nees von Esenbeck (1776–1858).4 Esenbeck considered both will-o’-the-wisps and falling stars to be entirely natural phenomena connected to a slime (Schleim), but in a tension typical of Romantic Naturphilosophie remained uncertain as to whether its effects were natural or supernatural. Sly allusions to Esenbeck are to be found in Faust via the presence of falling stars in the “Walpurgis Night’s Dream” and the sticky roses that torment Mephistopheles in act five of Faust II. Otherwise, Goethe used Irrlicht in his poetic works, essays, and correspondence always negatively, to refer to delusions.5 Thus, in Faust, “will-o’-the-wisp” emerges primarily from the mouth of Mephistopheles, the skeptical conjuror of illusions, and its ultimate significance as the best way to learn about truth arises from the fundamental irony inherent in the devil’s role in the play.
Learning as Flitting Around
Irrlichter are delusive because they constantly move around and because their light leads travelers astray. And yet, for the author of innumerable works about characters who wander aimlessly, wandering is a primary mode of being. Examples of such characters include Faust, for whom erring is the only path to salvation; the hero of Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre (1795/96; Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship) and almost everyone in Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre (1829; Wilhelm Meister’s Journeyman Years); the indecisive traveler of Briefe aus der Schweiz (1808; Letters from Switzerland), who worries whether he should climb the Furka in winter; and the traveler in Italienische Reise (1816/17; Italian Journey), who hesitates to go to Sicily and decides not to go to Greece. In his autobiography, Dichtung und Wahrheit (1833; Poetry and Truth), Goethe regularly defines epochs of his life in terms of place and consistently features his own lack of agency in his choice of places. He, too, was a constant wanderer, even after he was more or less settled in Weimar.
Wandering is also the primary mode of scientific experimentation in the essays of the 1790s, where a “good experiment” (Goethe’s word is “Erfahrung [. . .] einer höhern Art”; FA 1.25:34) requires multiple observations of the same object from many different points of view (see, especially, “Der Versuch als Vermittler zwischen Objekt und Subjekt” of 1793). Indeed, the word Erfahrung contains the verb fahren (to travel). In this respect, Goethe was already ahead of Hegel, whose Phänomenologie was originally called “Die Wissenschaft der Erfahrung des Bewußtseins” (The Science of the Experience of Consciousness) and who emphasizes the notion of “dialektische Bewegung” (dialectical movement) at the heart of Erfahrung. Similarly, Part 1 of the Farbenlehre calls upon the reader to engage in several long series of observations, each of which ends with analogical amplifications of central observation rather than with a theoretical conclusion. Indeed, at the end of a Goethean experiment, the phenomenon “kann niemals isoliert werden” (FA 1.25:126; can never be isolated), the truth is to remain untouched in the unarticulated center of all the different observations. The same is still true in the Wanderjahre of the late 1820s, a text that both celebrates wandering and delights in the juxtaposition of seemingly contradictory points of view in its narratives and aphorisms. Indeed, Goethe’s cultivation of aphorism, as also his history of the science of color in the form of separate descriptions of scientists without an overarching narrative, reflect this same method of what, at first, seems to be random flitting. Irrlichterlieren is the freedom to attend to each detail carefully in itself before connecting it to others.
Subject-Object Relations
The experimental method Goethe described in the 1790s, when he was doing research in botany, anatomy, geology, and optics, when he was also absorbed in Kant’s Kritik der Urteilskraft (Critique of Judgment) and bringing scientists and philosophers (like Hegel) of the new idealist movement to the university at Jena had, as its explicit purpose, the mediation between subject and object. The multiperspectivism of “Der Versuch als Vermittler” (The Experiment as Mediator) arises from the need to keep scientific knowledge from imposing the subject on the object, the basic problem of idealism. Too much subjectivity causes the investigator to draw arbitrary and often unwarranted connections among phenomena and to become too attached to hypotheses, while too much objectivity reduces scientific knowledge to a mere collection of isolated facts (FA 1.25:31–33). Goethe resolves the problem with the term “Entäußerung,” renunciation, or, literally, withdrawal of one’s self to the outside. Goethe’s “experiment” escapes subjectivity but connects facts by multiplying and varying the conditions of observation. The quality of wandering now becomes flitting around outside of the box—that is, behaving like an Irrlicht flitting around outdoors. Similarly, Faust removes himself to the outside of his study and his identity with the aid of Mephistopheles, the invoker of will-o’-the-wisps in the play, while the world of the Märchen transcends itself through the mediation of actual will-o’-the-wisps visiting from abroad. Such is the model for Goethe’s epistemology.
The Relationship of Nature and Truth
In the Farbenlehre and repeatedly in the Wanderjahre Goethe asserts that the truth, the phenomenon (and later Urphänomen, or sometimes das Absolute), remains unknowable. Ringed about by observations, it is incommensurable, a secret to be respected, in some contexts to be reverenced, but to remain unviolated. Especially the Farbenlehre makes generous use of the terms “higher” and “highest” to rank insights and phenomena and does not hesitate to address transition points from the material to the spiritual/intellectual realm. Above all, the volume communicates the profound respect the scientist owes to the purity and essential impenetrability of the natural phenomenon. Just as in the earlier methodological essays, the phenomenon proper, which Goethe calls the “Urphänomen,” remains, to the end, a riddle at the center of all the scientist’s observations. Esenbeck’s theory of the mysterious slime that characterizes will-o’-the-wisps and falling stars is a similar mystery at the heart of a scientific explanation, leaving an opening to the realm of Geist (spirit/mind). The Irrlicht is Goethe’s image for this essential part of his epistemology. The Irrlicht can never be grasped, like the rainbow in the first scene of Faust II or the jewels scattered by Knabe Lenker (Boy Charioteer) in act two that turn to insects in the hand. In its inconstant motion, it escapes the control even of Mephistopheles in the Walpurgis Night of Faust I and it is repeatedly imagined in evanescent lights in Faust I and in a series of mysterious attractive figures in Faust II, such as Knabe Lenker, Homunculus, the angels of the burning roses in act five, and, finally, the rising Mater Gloriosa, always just out of reach at the very end of the play. In the Märchen the will-o’-the-wisps, having transubstantiated the green snake, restore the world to order and harmony and end by scattering gold, always in Goethe a symbol of the vital force of life, natura naturans. As folklore figures, will-o’-the-wisps are Goethe’s ideal image of Romantic natural supernaturalism, of the permeable, ungraspable boundary between nature and spirit, between the real and the ideal.
Representation as Knowledge
While the Absolute cannot be grasped directly, it can nevertheless be known through representations the mind stages for itself. The essay “Physik überhaupt” (1798; Physics in general) already introduces aesthetic terminology: the goal of Goethe’s series of observations is not to pin down the phenomenon but to understand it in a sequence or in a series of episodes. To present it, then, requires the condensing activity of the subject to represent aspects of the object “in einer stetigen Folge der Erscheinungen” (FA 1.25:126; in a regular series of appearances). “Aesthetic” is the appropriate term here, because all of Goethe’s poetic writing of the 1790s has episodic plots consisting of a series of experiences repeated from varied perspectives. The tripartite structure of the Farbenlehre similarly reflects Goethe’s basic principle of examining any phenomenon from several different points of view, both between and within parts, and his corresponding stylistic tendency toward episodic organization.
Yet, aesthetic terminology plays an even greater role in the epistemology of the Farbenlehre. Part 1 discusses the subject-object tension, for example, by focusing on “Begrenzung” (limitation) as the essential cause of color rather than Newton’s refraction. Color, like any other phenomenon, can only be recognized as such through its boundaries. Defining the edges of color or of light, then, transforms it into an image, a Bild (“Anzeige und Übersicht des goetheschen Werkes zur Farbenlehre,” FA 1.23.1:1045). Such framing equates to looking at the phenomenon from outside, a single perspective at a time, followed by connecting single observations into patterns in order to transform attentive looking into theorizing (FA 1.23.1:14), as already in the essays of the 1790s. But the consistent focus on the word Bild for what Goethe calls “theorizing” dominates this work (see also FA 1.23.1:12, 120). The foreword to the Farbenlehre compares understanding people’s inner (hidden) character through their deeds to understanding the nature of light through color: “Die Farben sind Taten des Lichts, Taten und Leiden” (FA 1.23.1:12; Colors are the deeds of light, what it does and what it endures). The comparison of human character to light has suddenly morphed into personification when colors become the deeds and sufferings of humanity. Colors have become actors, and indeed, given the Aristotelian atmosphere evoked by “Taten und Leiden,” tragic actors. Actors are images, personifications, representations, and not essences, but these “actors” are the realia of empirical observations. Reality is now something staged. Indeed, the first part of the Farbenlehre provides illustrations to enable the reader to repeat, to reenact, the “experiments” described in the text, and Goethe justifies this move by comparing his illustrations to a play performance, which requires spectacle, sound, and motion to be realized (FA 1.23.1:18–19). Theorizing is transformed into interpretation as observation of nature is equated to observation of a play on stage.
This dramatizing personification underpins Goethe’s understanding of light. The human eye, he asserts, does not see forms, but only light, dark, and color. He continues, “Das Auge hat sein Dasein dem Licht zu danken. Aus gleichgültigen thierischen Hülfsorganen ruft sich das Licht ein Organ hervor, das seines Gleichen werde; und so bildet sich das Auge am Lichte für’s Licht, damit das innere Licht dem äußeren entgegentrete” (FA 1.23.1:24; The eye owes its existence to light. From among the lesser ancillary organs of the animals, light calls forth one organ to be its like, and thus the eye is formed by the light and for the light so that the inner light may emerge to meet the outer light).6 Now light is the creator god calling forth the human eye, made in the god’s own image. From here it is but a step back to Faust, with its little erring lights, the will-o’-the-wisps, and Faust as, in effect, the erring human eye, looking at and wanting to experience the entire creation, a notion of experience as viewing already adumbrated at the end of the Vorspiel auf dem Theater (Prelude on the Stage) and in the final line of the first scene in Faust II, “Am farbigen Abglanz haben wir das Leben” (FA 1.7.206:4727; Life is ours in the colorful reflection). Indeed, the Irrlichter in Faust actually anticipate the trajectory of color and light in the Farbenlehre. They enter the play in Mephistopheles’ frivolous neologism, irrlichtelieren, and appear on stage as speaking actors in the Walpurgis Night and in the Walpurgis Night’s Dream, then as Knabe Lenker, Homunculus, and the impish angels in Faust II. Seeming at first to be delusions leading into error, they become images, then actors, who mirror for Faust and for us the presence in the world of the invisible and incommensurable truth that gives it meaning. The whole drama is nothing but plays within the play, and, in the end, it turns out that is all anyone can expect. In the final scene, Faust floats upward and onward apparently into the infinite, but in order to know that, to perceive the infinites, images are still necessary. Hence the baroque Catholic imagery that is obviously and uncomfortably not “real.” The final “chorus mysticus” (FA 1.7:464.12104–11) speaks of “Gleichnis” (parable), an extreme form of image, and then of dramatic action (“getan” [done], “Ereignis” [event]), exactly the way the Farbenlehre describes the representation of light in color. “Das Unzulängliche” (what is inadequate/unachievable) itself is transformed in the process. In Goethe’s day, this adjective meant “inadequate” but, in Goethe’s usage, becomes “unachievable”—a category of the object becomes a category of subjective striving. The play ends with the impossible riddle, “das ewig-Weibliche” (the eternal feminine). It is the Urphänomen, the phenomenon that underlies all our observations but remains alone as a riddle in the center.
Knowledge and Community
As Irrlichter are promoted from metaphor to personification in Faust, they become mediators, agents of cooperation. They take on bodies, and in the course of Faust II appear in the bodies of poetry, the vital spirit of life, in effect as Beauty in the form of Helen, and eventually as the angelic messengers of Divine Love. In the course of the play, they represent everything up a great chain of being from delusive nature to higher truth, to pure spirit. In the Märchen their ontological status engages the same totality, but not in such a clearly ordered hierarchy. In that tale, they become brighter and apparently more solid after substantial meals of gold, and as they scatter their energy in showers of gold coins they lose substance and even visibility. But the fact that they generously spend their golden substance is crucial. In both their getting and spending they enable the troubled inhabitants of the fairytale world to work together as a community and to restore their golden age of unity, peace, and prosperity. Their arrival signals the beginning of the restoration, and their departure its completion. They are the circulators of gold, of the vitality of nature and spirit; they are the light of this particular world, its erring light. As the mediators between spirit and nature, they also enable the establishment of human community, the injection of ideal order into an otherwise imperfect real world. Cooperation is also an essential element of Goethe’s scientific epistemology: scientific knowledge is built up one small piece at a time, whether as the process of repeated observations by a single individual or, at least as importantly, as the accumulation of observations by many individuals over long periods. The historical section of the Farbenlehre is longer than its theoretical section and polemic against Newton put together. Irrlichtelieren, as a unique mode of engagement with others, inspires a different kind of cooperative knowledge from the chains of tradition.
Nevertheless, it would be naive and most un-Goethean to regard this view as simple optimistic progressivism. Irrlichter are transient, evanescent phenomena. They may inspire social cohesion for the moment, as in the Märchen, but they are eternal wanderers, succeeded in the tale, to be sure, by other wanderers, but hardly guarantors of a permanent future outside of a fairy tale. Similarly, Faust’s utopian draining of swamps does not last forever in the real world of Faust, and Faust’s own vision of the future foresees them constantly recreated in a permanent struggle with the sea. And the sea is not only a force of destruction, but is also, in itself, a life-giving force. It, too, is a wanderer. It takes wanderers, the force of constant change, to promote social community but, like the visitors to the New World in the Wanderjahre, they always leave again.
Goethe’s early political ideal was Justus Möser’s federalism of small states. While he read political thinkers like Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Gaetano Filangieri, and Cesare Beccaria, he never favored large permanent systems. He loved Rome, center of the world, for the personal relationships and development it afforded him, but not as the great political center. Not the Aeneid, the great epic of the founding of the Roman Empire, excited him, but the Odyssey, in which the hero’s struggles increasingly have to do with escaping the lures of women to return to his small island home, when he must yet again depart on another journey to plant an oar in a place where journeying by sea and epic heroism are unknown. Goethe admired but did not celebrate Napoleon, and he juxtaposed to his demonic hero Faust the passive, bourgeois heroes Wilhelm Meister and the Hermann of Hermann und Dorothea (1797; Hermann and Dorothea). His politics favored the small-scale operations that allowed for variation, change, indeed the “frivolity” of will-o’-wisps. In a common cliché, Goethe is the last Renaissance man, the last universalist, which is another way of saying that his scientific and poetic epistemologies, or his epistemology and his poetology, are essentially linked, as in this anything but frivolous term irrlichtelieren.
Clark Muenzer, personal communication. See also Muenzer’s “Begriff” entry in this volume. ↩
All references to Faust are cited parenthetically by line number. All translations are my own unless otherwise indicated. ↩
See the entry “Irrlicht” in Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens, ed. Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli and Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1931-32). ↩
G. Schmid, “Irrlicht und Sternschnuppe,” Goethe 13 (1951): 268-89. ↩
See the entries “Irrlicht,” “irrlichtartig,” and “irrlichtelieren” in the Goethe-Wörterbuch, ed. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, and the Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1978), 2:235-43. woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=GWB#0. ↩
Johann Wolfgang Goethe. Scientific Studies, trans. Douglas Miller (Suhrkamp: New York, 1988), 164. First sentence altered by JKB. ↩
I've been thinking about my demon characters a lot lately, so I made one of these. :3 It is a guide to the interpersonal relationships more than familial relationships (though there are a couple siblings, so I marked them). If a line connects the two pictures, the feeling is mutual. But if it's an arrow, then it's one way and is pointing at the recipient of the feelings. I hope that makes sense! For example, there is a blue arrow pointing from Andras to Ronove, because Andras dislikes Ronove but the feeling isn't mutual. Some lines have two colors, just to try and keep things tidy. XD
Anyway, since I rarely write about these characters or even take pictures of them together, I thought it might be fun to offer some insight into their relationships! You might be surprised about who likes or dislikes who... hahaha. Some of the pictures are placeholders because I've been too lazy to take new photos, but I'll probably update this now and then.
Um, to explain the born demon vs human thing... in my little universe, names from the Ars Goetia are related to specific powers and abilities, and can be inherited by anybody. Some demons are born with a name from the Goetia, if the previous owner of the name died just before they were born. Some demons are born with a regular name, but randomly one day inherit a Goetia name and the powers that come with it. There are also humans, who live in a different world from the demons, and sometimes they inherit a Goetia name and become a demon. It usually happens at a time of great stress in their life. In the cases of both humans and demons who inherit a Goetia name, the Goetia name completely replaces the name they were born with. Nobody can speak the original name, and if they try, the Goetia name comes out of their mouth instead. So the only way you'd ever know their original name is if you knew it before they inherited a new name. In this way it is absolutely impossible for Goetia demons to lie about their identity (the one exception would be Furfur).
On an unrelated note, I totally failed to contribute to Pro BJD Artists Day. ;_; I am kind of uninspired to take photos anyway, but in addition to that I found a ton of mold in my bedroom on that day so I was busy flipping out and scrubbing down the backsides of all my furniture. -____- Hopefully nobody thinks badly of me because I didn't participate. I am definitely not in support of recasts. U_U
Feel free to use this image, but make sure to link to brightdrops.com/long-distance-relationship-quotes
Pokemon Go Relationships #Cerny, #Vines, #Duration, #Amanda, #Amandacerny, #Lele, #Pons, #Https, #Views, #Instagram #Contfeed
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El monasterio de San Pedro de Cardeña es una abadía trapense situada en el término municipal de Castrillo del Val, a 10 km del centro de Burgos (España). Actualmente, está considerado como BIC (Bien de Interés Cultural). Fue declarado Monumento histórico-artístico perteneciente al Tesoro Artístico Nacional mediante decreto de 3 de junio de 1931. En 2015, en la aprobación por la Unesco de la ampliación del Camino de Santiago en España a «Caminos de Santiago de Compostela: Camino francés y Caminos del Norte de España», España envió como documentación un «Inventario Retrospectivo - Elementos Asociados» (Retrospective Inventory - Associated Components) en el que en el n.º 979 figura el monasterio de San Pedro de Cardeña.
El monasterio se habrá fundado antes de 902 cuando el conde de Lantarón y de Cerezo, Gonzalo Téllez y su esposa Flámula realizaron la primera donación documentada al cenobio el 24 de septiembre de ese año de una serna en Pedernales y unas eras de sal.
En los siglos IX o X sus monjes fueron martirizados por los musulmanes, canonizados en 1603 y conocidos como los «Mártires de Cardeña». El monasterio gozaba de gran popularidad con gran afluencia de devotos, entre los que se encontraban el rey Felipe III de España y su esposa la reina Doña Margarita de Austria. Una de sus preciadas reliquias, la cabeza de su abad San Esteban, fue trasladada al Monasterio de Celanova; también se encuentran dos urnas en el Monasterio de la Huelgas y otra en la Catedral de Burgos.
Cada año, el 6 de agosto, aniversario del martirio, la tierra del claustro donde fueron sepultados los mártires, se teñía de un color rojizo que parecía sangre. El milagroso prodigio, ampliamente testificado, se repite hasta finales del siglo XIV. El año 1674 ya una vez levantado el nuevo claustro de estilo herreriano se reprodujo el hecho, personándose el arzobispo Enrique de Peralta, que vivamente impresionado encargó un estudio, interviniendo médicos y teólogos. Recogió el líquido, coaguló al ser puesto en agua hirviendo.
El 1 de febrero de 1967 un violento incendio destruyó las tres cuartas partes del monasterio, habitado desde 1942 por la abadía trapense de Nuestra Señora de los Mártires.
La prosperidad del monasterio en la época altomedieval se refleja en la calidad de su scriptorium, en el que el monje Endura realizó obras extraordinarias.
El Beato de San Pedro de Cardeña fue realizado entre los años 1175 y 1180, cuenta con 290 páginas y 51 miniaturas. 127 folios se encuentran en el Museo Arqueológico Nacional de Madrid, dos en la Biblioteca Francisco de Zabálburu, también en Madrid (donde también se halla el Cartulario de San Pedro de Cardeña), uno en el Museo Diocesano de Gerona y otros quince en el Museo Metropolitano de Arte de Nueva York.
Desde la sala capitular, que data del siglo XIII, se divisa a través de grandes cristaleras el claustro románico, que data del siglo XII. Compuesto por arquería de medio punto sobre columnas únicas que descansan sobre fustes robustos y coronadas de capiteles que imitan el estilo corintio. Los arcos recuerdan en su decoración a los de la mezquita de Córdoba por su policromía, alternando los colores blanco y rojo. En la pared izquierda se encuentran unas antiquísimas piedras cuya inscripción recuerda el trágico suceso.
Para construir esta iglesia de tres naves se destruyó la románica, aunque afortunadamente se salvó la torre, legítimo recuerdo cidiano. Reedificada en el siglo XVI, consta de tres naves, con una capilla aneja, denominada capilla de El Cid, ya que allí fue enterrado, y permaneció antes de su traslado a la catedral de Burgos. La fachada de la iglesia es de estilo barroco.
En el lateral derecho de la iglesia gótica, se abre una capilla barroca que data de 1753 a la que fueron trasladados los restos del Cid Campeador y su esposa Jimena. En las paredes de esta estancia llamada «Capilla de los Héroes», hay 29 nichos con inscripciones de nombres de reyes y familiares del Cid.
Según el Cantar de mio Cid y las tradiciones posteriores, antes de marchar al destierro, Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar dejó en San Pedro de Cardeña, al amparo del abad Sancho (que la crítica ha identificado con Sisebuto de Cardeña atribuyendo una confusión al autor del Cantar), a su esposa Doña Jimena y a sus hijas, aunque este hecho no está atestiguado por pruebas históricas. En el primer destierro de 1081, las propiedades de Rodrigo Díaz no le fueron enajenadas, y la familia del Cid pudo seguir residiendo en sus casas. En el segundo, de 1089, la familia fue presa por mandato de Alfonso VI en un castillo, quizá Gormaz, para reunirse con el Campeador poco después.
El enterramiento del Cid en San Pedro de Cardeña no fue debido a la voluntad personal de Rodrigo Díaz. A su muerte en 1099 fue inhumado en la catedral de Valencia, por lo que solo en 1102, tras tener que abandonar Jimena Díaz la plaza levantina, fueron trasladados sus restos al cenobio cardeniense. Allí permaneció durante algunos años su cuerpo embalsamado y sentado en un escaño del presbiterio. Desde ese momento se generaron allí una serie de narraciones de carácter hagiográfico que hacia 1280 constituyeron un corpus conocido como Leyenda de Cardeña cuyo propósito fue vincular al Cid con el monasterio de Cardeña, con el que en vida había tenido escasa relación. Estos materiales legendarios se incorporaron a la Versión sanchina de la Estoria de España o Crónica de veinte reyes, que puede datarse entre 1282 y 1284. En el siglo XIV el monasterio caradignense estimuló el culto a las reliquias cidianas, en cuyo contexto se redactó el Epitafio épico del Cid y, posiblemente, se encargara o elaborara, a partir de un ejemplar tomado en préstamo, el códice con la copia de 1325–1330 en el que se conserva el Cantar de mio Cid. En el claustro nuevo una lápida recuerda el lugar que ocupaba su sepulcro.
En la explanada situada frente a la fachada principal, en la que aparece una imagen ecuestre del Cid Campeador, hay una estatua del Sagrado Corazón, y a la izquierda un monolito con leyenda alusiva al caballo Babieca. Coincide con el lugar donde una creencia tradicional considera que fue sepultado el animal.
En el monasterio se conserva la bodega románica más antigua de España en uso comercial, donde se elabora el tinto Valdevegón con uva de La Rioja. Y también un licor llamado Tizona del Cid, hecho con unas 30 hierbas que maceran en barricas de roble. En 2016 se convierte en el primer monasterio español en producir cerveza trapense, la cerveza Cardeña.
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasterio_de_San_Pedro_de_Cardeña
monasteriosanpedrodecardena.blogspot.com
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyenda_de_Cardeña
en.caminodelcid.org/places/monastery-of-san-pedro-de-card...
Cerveza Cardeña - Monasterio de San Pedro de Cardeña (valdevegon.com)
The monastery of San Pedro de Cardeña is a Trappist abbey located in the municipality of Castrillo del Val, 10 km from the center of Burgos (Spain). Currently, it is considered as BIC (Asset of Cultural Interest). It was declared a Historic-Artistic Monument belonging to the National Artistic Treasure by decree of June 3, 1931. In 2015, in the approval by Unesco of the extension of the Camino de Santiago in Spain to «Roads of Santiago de Compostela: French Way and Roads Northern Spain ", Spain sent as documentation a" Retrospective Inventory - Associated Components "in which the monastery of San Pedro de Cardeña is listed in No. 979.
The monastery will have been founded before 902 when the count of Lantarón and Cerezo, Gonzalo Téllez and his wife, Flámula, made the first documented donation to the monastery on September 24 of that year of a serna in Pedernales and some salt eras.
In the 9th or 10th centuries its monks were martyred by the Muslims, canonized in 1603 and known as the "Martyrs of Cardeña." The monastery enjoyed great popularity with a large influx of devotees, among whom were King Felipe III of Spain and his wife, Queen Doña Margarita of Austria. One of his precious relics, the head of his abbot San Esteban, was transferred to the Monastery of Celanova; There are also two urns in the Monastery of La Huelgas and another in the Cathedral of Burgos.
Every year, on August 6, the anniversary of the martyrdom, the ground of the cloister where the martyrs were buried was stained a reddish color that looked like blood. The miraculous prodigy, widely witnessed, is repeated until the end of the fourteenth century. In 1674, once the new Herrerian-style cloister was erected, the event was reproduced, with the appearance of Archbishop Enrique de Peralta, who, greatly impressed, commissioned a study, involving doctors and theologians. He collected the liquid, it coagulated when put in boiling water.
On February 1, 1967, a violent fire destroyed three-quarters of the monastery, inhabited since 1942 by the Trappist Abbey of Our Lady of the Martyrs.
The prosperity of the monastery in the high medieval era is reflected in the quality of its scriptorium, in which the monk Endura carried out extraordinary works.
The Beatus of San Pedro de Cardeña was made between the years 1175 and 1180, it has 290 pages and 51 miniatures. 127 pages are in the National Archaeological Museum of Madrid, two in the Francisco de Zabálburu Library, also in Madrid (where the Cartulary of San Pedro de Cardeña is also found), one in the Diocesan Museum of Gerona and another fifteen in the Museum Metropolitan of Art of New York.
From the chapter house, which dates from the 13th century, you can see through large windows the Romanesque cloister, which dates from the 12th century. Composed of semicircular arches on unique columns that rest on robust shafts and crowned with capitals that imitate the Corinthian style. The arches in their decoration are reminiscent of those of the Cordoba mosque due to their polychrome, alternating white and red colors. On the left wall are some ancient stones whose inscription recalls the tragic event.
To build this church with three naves, the Romanesque was destroyed, although fortunately the tower, a legitimate Cidian memory, was saved. Rebuilt in the 16th century, it consists of three naves, with an attached chapel, called the El Cid Chapel, since he was buried there, and remained before his transfer to the Burgos Cathedral. The facade of the church is in the Baroque style.
On the right side of the Gothic church, there is a baroque chapel dating from 1753 to which the remains of the Cid Campeador and his wife Jimena were transferred. On the walls of this room called "Capilla de los Héroes", there are 29 niches with inscriptions of the names of kings and relatives of the Cid.
According to the Cantar de mio Cid and later traditions, before going into exile, Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar left in San Pedro de Cardeña, under the protection of Abbot Sancho (who the critic has identified with Sisebuto de Cardeña attributing a confusion to the author of the Cantar ), his wife Doña Jimena and their daughters, although this fact is not attested by historical evidence. In the first exile in 1081, Rodrigo Díaz's properties were not alienated from him, and the Cid family was able to continue residing in his houses. In the second, in 1089, the family was imprisoned by order of Alfonso VI in a castle, perhaps Gormaz, to meet with the Campeador shortly after.
The burial of the Cid in San Pedro de Cardeña was not due to the personal will of Rodrigo Díaz. Upon his death in 1099 he was buried in the cathedral of Valencia, so that only in 1102, after Jimena Díaz had to leave the Levantine square, were his remains transferred to the Cardenian monastery. His body remained there for some years, embalmed and seated on a bench in the presbytery. From that moment on, a series of hagiographic narratives were generated there, which around 1280 constituted a corpus known as the Leyenda de Cardeña whose purpose was to link the Cid with the Cardeña monastery, with which in life he had had little relationship. These legendary materials were incorporated into the Sanchina Version of the Estoria de España or Chronicle of Twenty Kings, which can be dated between 1282 and 1284. In the 14th century, the Caradignense monastery stimulated the cult of Cidian relics, in which context the Epitaph was written. epic of the Cid and, possibly, the codex with the copy of 1325–1330 in which the Cantar de mio Cid is preserved, was commissioned or elaborated from a borrowed copy. In the new cloister a tombstone recalls the place occupied by his tomb.
On the esplanade in front of the main façade, in which an equestrian image of the Cid Campeador appears, there is a statue of the Sacred Heart, and on the left a monolith with a legend alluding to the Babieca horse. It coincides with the place where a traditional belief considers that the animal was buried.
The monastery houses the oldest Romanesque winery in Spain in commercial use, where the red Valdevegón is made with grapes from La Rioja. And also a liqueur called Tizona del Cid, made with about 30 herbs that are macerated in oak barrels. In 2016 it became the first Spanish monastery to produce Trappist beer, Cardeña beer.
Tree tips illuminated by low light, in contrast with the darker rushes on the opposite shore of Grey's Creek. The image is an inverted reflection.
song form ERIC MOO
小時候 天空沒盡頭
Da la da la da la da la 風越過港口
心在飄 美夢在逍遙
Da la da la da la da la 到天涯海角
直到長大以後 我沒改變世界
世界也沒輕易放棄我
心卻很累很累 只想好好地睡
很多的痛往前飛
經過後 爸爸他看著我 給我他的灑脫
我們心中什麼也沒說
回家後 忘了當初為何 想要出去走走
懵懵懂懂點滴在心頭
小時候 天空沒盡頭
Da la da la da la da la 風越過港口
心在飄 美夢在逍遙
Da la da la da la da la 到天涯海角
直到長大以後 我沒改變世界
世界也沒輕易放棄我
心卻很累很累 只想好好地睡
很多的痛往前飛
經過後 爸爸他看著我 給我他的灑脫
我們心中什麼也沒說
回家後 忘了當初為何 想要出去走走
懵懵懂懂點滴在心頭
經過後 爸爸他看著我 給我他的灑脫
我們心中什麼也沒說
回家後 忘了當初為何 想要出去走走
懵懵懂懂點滴在心頭