View allAll Photos Tagged Refinement
Reconciliation means refinement, to me. Coming to Regen this week I felt very conscious of the relationships that need reconciling in my life. That awareness terrifies me. The first relationship needing growth and spurring is my own with Christ. I need accountability. I need community. Regen always provides, God always provides.
"The [shipping] container's simple form and noble proportions are the natural end product of years of refinement in the harshest physical and economic environments." - Jones, Partners: Architecture
Art by Jones, Partners: Architecture
TEDxHapjeong 2nd Refinement 2014년 11월 14일 TEDx합정 2번째 이야기가 에코브릿지 커피에서 진행되었습니다. 컨텐츠의 "정제"라는 주제를 가지고 현업의 편집자, 마케터, 사진작가, MD 분과 함께 진행된 이번 TEDx는 다양한 관점으로 해석되고 있는 컨텐츠에 대한 깊이있는 이해와 관점을 공유할 수 있는 시간이었습니다!
TEDxHapjeong 2nd Refinement 2014년 11월 14일 TEDx합정 2번째 이야기가 에코브릿지 커피에서 진행되었습니다. 컨텐츠의 "정제"라는 주제를 가지고 현업의 편집자, 마케터, 사진작가, MD 분과 함께 진행된 이번 TEDx는 다양한 관점으로 해석되고 있는 컨텐츠에 대한 깊이있는 이해와 관점을 공유할 수 있는 시간이었습니다!
One of the 3 registered Koenigsegg Ageras in Singapore. This Chilli Red Agera RS 'Refinement' has been upgraded with the Koenigsegg One:1's 1Megawatt powertrain and exhaust, an RSR active rear wing, additional canards and a roof scoop.
The Orange Collection
The Zoute Sale - Bonhams
Estimated : € 60.000 - 90.000
Sold for € 94.300
Zoute Grand Prix 2023
Knokke - Zoute
België - Belgium
October 2023
"The Aston Martin DB9 is a thoroughbred sports car with GT levels of comfort and refinement. Combining Aston Martin's unique character with an uncompromising design philosophy, the DB9 was borne out of a synthesis of traditional craftsmanship, high-tech manufacturing, modern components and use of the finest materials." - Aston Martin.
Launched in 2003 as successor to the DB7, the DB9 was the first model to be built at Aston Martin's new factory at Gaydon, Warwickshire. Like its predecessor, the DB9 was styled by Ian Callum, with finishing touches applied by Henrik Fisker. State-of-the-art manufacturing techniques were employed in making the aluminium/composite body, which was robotically assembled using a combination of self-piercing rivets and adhesive. Although some 25% lighter than that of the DB7, this advanced bodyshell possesses double the structural stiffness.
The DB9 was powered by a development of the 5.9-litre, 48-valve, V12 engine found in the DB7 Vantage producing 470bhp, an output sufficient to propel the aerodynamic coupé to a top speed of 306km/h (190mph) with 60mph attainable from a standing start in a neck-snapping 4.8 seconds. The aluminium engine was mounted as far back as possible in the chassis, while the transmission/final drive was positioned ahead of the rear axle, resulting in 85% of the car's mass being sited between the axles and a perfect 50/50 front/rear weight distribution. Transmission options were a six-speed manual or six-speed 'Touchtronic 2' semi-automatic.
Inside the DB9 one finds the typically elegant, luxurious and supremely comfortable hand crafted interior traditionally associated with Aston Martin, featuring primarily wood and leather trim as well as the latest in modern technology, subtly deployed. Although scheduled for a slightly higher production level than previous Aston Martins, the DB9 remained an exclusive product affordable only by a privileged few. Its price at launch was £111,000, with the Volante convertible some £14,000 more. Production ceased in 2016.
Commissioned from Aston Martin by our vendor, the DB9 Volante offered here is one of eight different models forming the Orange Special Limited Edition Collection, all of which are finished in unique Orange No.1 paintwork. Built to Swiss specifications, the car comes with a certificate of authenticity from Aston Martin; a copy of the sales invoice; a (photocopy) Swiss Carte Grise; photocopy EC Certificate of Conformity; and a detailed list of its money-no-object specification. The DB9 has recently benefited from recommissioning by noted marque specialists Stratton Motor Company.
PRIVILEGE Series 5, is a concentration of elegance, refinement and sailing power on the water Always in partnership with the technical expertise of the naval architect Marc Lombard and the aesthetics perception of the famous Yachts Designer Franck Darnet and Bureau Veritas signature approval Privilege Marine is the only shipyard to have signed an agreement with Bureau Veritas for regular inspections and visits to oversee every yacht produced for its specific quality Privilège Series 5 offers wonderful sailing ability, one level salon and cockpit, extra space in living areas, amazing 20’ bedroom, larger openings, evolution of rig, and new style to the layout of the cockpit and interiors allowing for choices…customization! All Privilege models employ real wood interiors attesting to their well known reputation for everlasting luxury and prestige Over 600 Privilege catamarans are sailing worldwide As your exclusive Privilege Dealer for North America Please contact us for more information
Refinement of the draft,
- Change of the Title font
- Added information
- Additional Snow
- Patterned Background
Porsche 964
The Zoute Sale - Bonhams
Estimated : € 80.000 - 120.000
Sold for € 17.500
Zoute Grand Prix 2023
Knokke - Zoute
België - Belgium
October 2023
Paul Frère, declared that the Porsche 911 Turbo offered "the finest blend of ultimate performance and refinement I have ever come across..."
Much of the Porsche 911's development had resulted from the factory's racing programme, and it was the then Group 4 homologation rules, which required 400 road cars to be built, which spurred the development of 'Project 930' - the legendary 911 Turbo. In production from April 1975, the Turbo married a KKK turbocharger to the 3.0-litre Carrera RSR engine, in road trim a combination that delivered 260bhp for a top speed of 250km/h. But the Turbo wasn't just about top speed, it was also the best-equipped 911 and amazingly flexible - hence only four speeds in the gearbox - being capable of racing from a standstill to 161km/h in 14 seconds.
What set the 911 Turbo apart from its peers was the relaxed way this stupefying performance was delivered. Comparing the Turbo to similarly quick 'he-man' cars such as the Holman & Moody-tuned Cobra 427 and the Ford GT40, Motor's Roger Bell reckoned what made the Porsche so different was that it "hurls you forward with similar velocity but in an uncannily quiet and effortless way. To be shoved so hard in the back that you need high-back seats to keep your head on, yet neither to feel nor hear anything more than a muffled hum, is a very odd sensation indeed in a car".
The Turbo's characteristic flared wheelarches and 'tea tray' rear spoiler had already been seen on the Carrera model, while the interior was the most luxurious yet seen in a 911, featuring leather upholstery, air conditioning and electric windows. For 1978 the Turbo's engine was enlarged to 3.3 litres, gaining an inter-cooler in the process; power increased to 300bhp and the top speed of what was the fastest-accelerating road car of its day went up to 257km/h. More refined than hitherto yet retaining its high performance edge, the Porsche 911 Turbo sold in the thousands, becoming the definitive sports car of its age.
Representing a major step forward for the 911, the new Carrera 4 and Carrera 2 - coded named '964' - were launched in 1989, the former marking the first time that four-wheel drive had been seen on a series-production 911. Porsche had experimented with four-wheel drive on the 959 supercar, and many of the lessons learned from the latter influenced the design of the 964's chassis and suspension. Face-lifted but retaining that familiar shape, the Carreras had been given a more extensive work-over mechanically, 87% of parts being claimed as entirely new. Although the normally aspirated duo shared the same 3.6-litre, 247bhp, air-cooled flat-six engine, the Turbo initially kept its existing 3.3-litre unit, which now developed 320bhp. Power-assisted steering (another 911 'first'), anti-lock brakes and a five-speed manual transmission were standard.
Finished in the rare Stone Grey Metallic livery, this 964 Turbo 3.3 was delivered new in Belgium via the Belgian Porsche importer D'Ieteren and first registered in June 1992. It was optioned from the factory with a desirable sunroof, Porsche CD10 Radio, draped leather front and rear seats. The options can be found on the factory sticker (still in place under the hood) and in the original service book. In February 1996, the Porsche was sold to Will Tura, a famous Belgian artist, who enjoyed the car for over 100,000 kilometres before selling it to the current lady owner in August 2007 (invoice on file).
The current owner has enjoyed her 964 Turbo for the past 16 years and approximately 27,000 kilometres. The car has always been well maintained and driven with care, and has never been taken off the road – indeed, every year the car passed the Belgian technical inspection. The lovely original interior is presented in beautiful condition, belying the 192,000 kilometres recorded; indeed, it is impressive how clean it still is, testimony of the 964's outstanding build quality. The car has recently been resprayed to correct the minor spots of corrosion typically found around the front and rear windscreens. There is increasing interest in these late air-cooled models, making this lovely 964 Turbo 3.3 a very interesting car worthy of close inspection.
TEDxHapjeong 2nd Refinement 2014년 11월 14일 TEDx합정 2번째 이야기가 에코브릿지 커피에서 진행되었습니다. 컨텐츠의 "정제"라는 주제를 가지고 현업의 편집자, 마케터, 사진작가, MD 분과 함께 진행된 이번 TEDx는 다양한 관점으로 해석되고 있는 컨텐츠에 대한 깊이있는 이해와 관점을 공유할 수 있는 시간이었습니다!
TEDxHapjeong 2nd Refinement 2014년 11월 14일 TEDx합정 2번째 이야기가 에코브릿지 커피에서 진행되었습니다. 컨텐츠의 "정제"라는 주제를 가지고 현업의 편집자, 마케터, 사진작가, MD 분과 함께 진행된 이번 TEDx는 다양한 관점으로 해석되고 있는 컨텐츠에 대한 깊이있는 이해와 관점을 공유할 수 있는 시간이었습니다!
TEDxHapjeong 2nd Refinement 2014년 11월 14일 TEDx합정 2번째 이야기가 에코브릿지 커피에서 진행되었습니다. 컨텐츠의 "정제"라는 주제를 가지고 현업의 편집자, 마케터, 사진작가, MD 분과 함께 진행된 이번 TEDx는 다양한 관점으로 해석되고 있는 컨텐츠에 대한 깊이있는 이해와 관점을 공유할 수 있는 시간이었습니다!
One of the 3 registered Koenigsegg Ageras in Singapore. This Chilli Red Agera RS 'Refinement' has been upgraded with the Koenigsegg One:1's 1Megawatt powertrain and exhaust, an RSR active rear wing, additional canards and a roof scoop.
One of the 3 registered Koenigsegg Ageras in Singapore. This Chilli Red Agera RS 'Refinement' has been upgraded with the Koenigsegg One:1's 1Megawatt powertrain and exhaust, an RSR active rear wing, additional canards and a roof scoop.
TEDxHapjeong 2nd Refinement 2014년 11월 14일 TEDx합정 2번째 이야기가 에코브릿지 커피에서 진행되었습니다. 컨텐츠의 "정제"라는 주제를 가지고 현업의 편집자, 마케터, 사진작가, MD 분과 함께 진행된 이번 TEDx는 다양한 관점으로 해석되고 있는 컨텐츠에 대한 깊이있는 이해와 관점을 공유할 수 있는 시간이었습니다!
en.godfootsteps.org/testimonies/experience-trials-and-ref...
Christian Testimonies: Why Does God Let Us Experience Trials and Refinement?
By Li Tong
I couldn’t help but weep as I read God’s words—I was gutted and felt pained, as well as embarrassed. I saw that my perspective on faith was all wrong, and that it was just to seek blessings and grace. When God blessed me, I enthusiastically went out and shared the gospel and expended myself and feared neither difficulties nor exhaustion. But when difficulties cropped up in my family, I started living in weakness and negativity, developing complaints about God and blaming Him for not protecting my family. I put up a wall against God in my heart. I had to do some soul-searching, asking myself, “My hard work isn’t to repay God’s love but is just in exchange for God’s blessings—isn’t that conducting a transaction with God? How could that kind of faith—full of incorrect motivations and adulteration—gain God’s approval? I was constantly breathing in the very breath of God, enjoying the sun and rain that He created, and living off of the bounties of the earth made by Him, but I had no thoughts of repaying God for anything. Instead, I just made constant demands of God. Isn’t that completely lacking in reason?” Only then did I see how despicable and contemptible that kind of faith in God is—I absolutely was not standing in the position of a created being in worship of God. I also came to understand that in order to be obedient to God, I had to first stand in the position of a created being, and no matter what the Creator does, whether He gives or takes away, I had to obey and submit without arguing my case. Only that is the kind of reason that a created being should possess. Once I understood that I resolved to God that no matter what happened in my husband’s or my son’s work situations, I would be willing to submit to God’s orchestrations and arrangements and not complain about God. Once I realized all of this I felt much freer and gradually came out of my negative state. I was no longer disturbed or constrained by these issues, but was able to calmly work and expend myself for the Lord.
Image Source: The Church of Almighty God
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TEDxHapjeong 2nd Refinement 2014년 11월 14일 TEDx합정 2번째 이야기가 에코브릿지 커피에서 진행되었습니다. 컨텐츠의 "정제"라는 주제를 가지고 현업의 편집자, 마케터, 사진작가, MD 분과 함께 진행된 이번 TEDx는 다양한 관점으로 해석되고 있는 컨텐츠에 대한 깊이있는 이해와 관점을 공유할 수 있는 시간이었습니다!
needs some refinement but its nice, this was out of about half a dozen of shots I took at around 9pm, considering it was raining and very cold I'm glad i got even one ok looking image
A Blue Angels flight demonstration exhibits choreographed refinements of skills possessed by all naval aviators. It includes the graceful aerobatic maneuvers of the four-plane Diamond Formation, in concert with the fast-paced, high-performance maneuvers of its two Solo Pilots. Finally, the team illustrates the pinnacle of precision flying, performing maneuvers locked as a unit in the renowned, six-jet Delta Formation.
+++ DISCLAIMER +++
Nothing you see here is real, even though the model, the conversion or the presented background story might be based on historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
The SAAB B31 was a Swedish jet-powered multirole aircraft, originally designed to serve as a tactical bomber, ground attack, reconnaissance and interceptor aircraft. In the aftermath of the Second World War, Sweden set about the rebuilding and modernization of its armed forces. Regarding aviation, jet propulsion had been identified as the powerplant of the future, and experience with the SAAB 21R, which had been converted from a propeller-pusher aircraft into a jet-powered fighter and attack aircraft in 1947, bolstered confidence in the home industry’s competence. The Saab 21R was only an interim solution, though. One hundred and twenty-four aircraft were planned but this number was reduced to only 64 and they were mainly used as fighter-bombers. The Flygvapnet’s standard post-war bomber, the Saab 18, a twin piston-engine design from 1944, was outdated, too, and its performance was regarded as inadequate for the Fifties. This led to a major development initiative for modern jet aircraft for the Flygvapnet in 1946, which spawned the Saab 29 ‘Tunnan’ fighter and the Saab B31 light bomber. Both aircraft were initially designed around the de Havilland Goblin turbojet of British origin, but when the more powerful de Havilland Ghost became available, this was chosen as the standard powerplant. Both aircraft incorporated such modern features as swept wings or ejection seats.
The Saab B31 was originally developed as a straightforward tactical bomber replacement for the Saab 18, called the Saab B31, which would carry its free-fall ordnance internally in a bomb bay. The Saab B31 had a streamlined, drop-shaped fuselage. A crew of two were envisioned, the pilot and a navigator/bomb aimer. They would sit in separate cabins, a generously glazed nose section with an optical bombsight and a navigational/bomb aiming radar in a shallow blister underneath, and in a fighter-type cockpit on top of the hull, respectively. Swept wings were planned that would offer a good compromise between speed benefits and range/lift. Due to the aircraft’s size and weight, two de Havilland Ghost engines were required, but integrating these bulky centrifugal flow engines with a relatively large diameter turned out to be a design challenge.
Several layouts were evaluated, including engines buried in the rear fuselage with side air intakes, or engines mounted in wing root fairings with individual exhausts at the wings’ trailing edge. Eventually the Saab B31’s powerplants were directly mounted in nacelles under slightly swept (20°) shoulder wings, what made access and maintenance easy and kept the fuselage free for a huge fuel capacity, a generous bomb bay, and a conventional tricycle main landing gear. The latter’s tread width was quite narrow, though, which might have caused handling problems, so that during the bomber’s design refinements the landing gear arrangement was radically changed into a tandem layout. It eventually comprised of two main struts featuring large low-pressure twin wheels, supported by small outrigger wheels that semi-retracted into fairings under the bulbous engine nacelles. While unusual, this arrangement had the side benefit that the bomb bay could be lengthened and the fuel capacity in the fuselage could be increased without a center of gravity shift, with the rear/main landing gear strut well placed further aft, well behind the aircraft’s center of gravity. This, however, prevented normal rotation upon take-off, so that the front strut was lengthened to provide the aircraft with an imminent positive angle of attack while rolling, giving the Saab B31 a distinctive nose-up stance on the ground.
The enlarged bomb bay could hold up to four free-fall 340 kg bombs, the B31’s primary weapon. Additional ordinance, typically two further single bombs of up to 500 kg caliber, pods with unguided missiles, or drop tanks to extend range, could be carried on a pair of hard points outside of the engine nacelles. The maximum total payload was 2.400 kg. No offensive or defensive guns were carried, the B31 was supposed to rely only on speed and agility. Large air brakes on the aircraft’s flanks were introduced to prevent the exceeding of the B31’s design speed limit of Mach 0.9 in a dive, and they also helped to slow down the aircraft upon landing. To reduce the landing run length further a brake parachute was housed in an extended teardrop fairing on the fin that also held the swept horizontal stabilizers.
Overall, the Saab B31 reminded vaguely of the Soviet Yak-120/25 (NATO code Flashlight A) and of the French Sud-Ouest SO.4050 Vautour, which were both under development at the same time. Beyond the original tactical bomber role that was supposed to supersede the Swedish B 18, the Saab B31 was also intended to fulfill night/all-weather reconnaissance missions, outfitted with a camera and sensor pallet in the bomb bay and flash bombs on the wing hardpoints. Furthermore, the aircraft was proposed to become, in a second step, the basis for a jet-powered long-range all-weather fighter, a type of aircraft that was direly needed by Flygvapnet during the late Forties. The situation was so severe and urgent that the Swedish Air Force did not want to wait for a J31 development and had to procure sixty radar-equipped de Havilland Mosquito NF.30 night fighters from Great Britain as a hasty stopgap solution – a totally outdated model in the late Forties, but it was the best and only readily available off-the-rack solution.
In parallel, both engine and aircraft technology underwent dramatic developments and literally made leaps: In December 1948, an initial contract for the design and mockup of Saab's newly proposed P.1150 design was issued, a modern swept-wing design that already represented the next, transonic fighter aircraft generation. The resulting aircraft would become the Saab 32 ‘Lansen’ and it literally overtook the B31’s intended role as the Saab 18 bomber and attack aircraft replacement. However, a modern all-weather fighter with long range and a powerful radar was still not on the horizon, and, consequently, the Saab B31’s original bomber/reconnaissance version was dropped completely in favor of an optimized interceptor derivative with a powerful on-board radar: the J31. This was, however, also just a stopgap solution until an all-weather fighter version of the favored Saab 32 would be ready for service, so that a single aircraft type would take over multiple military roles and therewith simplify production, maintenance and logistics.
From that point on the Saab B31 was re-designed and optimized for a principal fighter role, with an attack capability as a secondary capability. However, due to its bomber origins and its intended mission profile the J31 was not intended to be a typical sleek and nimble dogfighter (that was the contemporary Saab 29’s role as a day fighter, even though a radar-equipped version of the Tunnan was on Saab’s drawing boards, too, yet not realized because compact systems were not available), but rather as a standoff night fighter which would loiter on station and patrol the air space, search for targets and then identify and engage them.
The bomber’s large air brakes were a welcome feature to position the approaching fighter behind a potential slower target, which were primarily relatively cumbersome bombers that would come in at medium to high altitude and at subsonic speed. This mission profile heavily influenced the J31 design and also set boundaries that were later hard to overcome and develop the aircraft’s potential further. While the light bomber basis would meet the required demands concerning range, speed and limited agility, the obligatory radar and its periphery to fulfill the N/AW fighter mission led to a major re-design of the forward fuselage. A large radar dish under a solid nose radome now occupied the formerly glazed nose section, and the radar operator was placed together with the pilot in a new pressurized side-by-side cockpit under a common canopy. A large and relatively flat forward windshield was used; while not conducive to high-speed flight, it provided distortion-free external visibility, something that was particularly valued for a night fighter at that time. Both pilot and navigator/radar operator had full steering equipment, what also made a dedicated trainer version unnecessary. Both sticks were extendable so that more force could be exerted upon it by the pilot as a fallback measure in the event of a hydraulic failure. Bleed air from the engines was used to de-ice the wings’ and tail surfaces’ leading edges and the engines’ air intakes, so that the aircraft could operate even in harsh climatic conditions.
Radar and fire control system for the J31 were created and produced by Ericsson and called “Gryning” (= Dawn). The system was quite advanced for the time even though complex: a combination of three different radars, each performing separate functions. The system comprised a search radar, a tracking radar, both located in the nose under a huge mutual radome, and a tail warning radar with a separate, smaller antenna. The search radar covered the front hemisphere and could detect aircraft at distances up to 35 kilometres (about 20 miles) away while the tracking radar could achieve a weapons lock up to 4 km (2.5 miles) away. Additionally, the Gryning system had a limited look-down capability, being able to detect aircraft that flew underneath the J31 at an altitude of down to 800 m (2.600 ft). The tail-mounted surveillance radar was effective up to 15 km (almost 10 miles) away. The complexity of this vacuum tube-based radar system, produced before the advent of semiconductor electronics, required a lot of internal space and intensive maintenance to keep it operating properly – and it would have been much too big or heavy to fit into the more modern but also more slender Saab 32 airframe.
The armament was changed, too. While the B31 bomber was intended to carry no guns at all the fighter derivative was now armed with four 20 mm cannon in the lower nose, plus two retractable unguided air-to-air missile racks in the former bomb bay in tandem, carrying a total of 96 projectiles, which were supposed to be fired singly, short bursts or in one or more massive salvoes against bomber formations, covering a huge field of fire and ensuring a takedown even with a single hit. This core armament was complemented by a pair of underwing hardpoints outside of the engine nacelles which could carry pods with further 18 unguided missiles each, iron bombs of up to 500 kg calibre for a secondary attack capability, or 570 l drop tanks to extend the J31’s range and loiter time.
An initial order for three prototypes was placed by the Swedish government, and on 16 October 1950, the first J31, even though still lacking the radar, conducted its maiden flight. The flight test program proceeded relatively smoothly, but the performance was rather poor for a fighter. More powerful engines were required, but choices for Saab were very limited. The use of the Saab 29’s indigenous afterburner variant of the Ghost (which was by then license-produced in Sweden as the Svenska Flygmotor RM2) was deemed inefficient for the large aircraft, so that attempts were made to improve the Ghost’s dry thrust for the J31 without an increased fuel consumption through reheat. This new indigenous engine variant became the RM2F (“förstärkt” = “powered-up”), which provided 5,400 lbf (24.02 kN) of thrust with water-alcohol injection instead of the RM2’s original dry 5,000 lbf (22 kN) maximum thrust. The tank for the required water-alcohol mixture was carried in the rear half of the former bomb bay and replaced one of the unguided missile racks. These were hardly ever used operationally, though, and soon completely removed, replaced by a second water-alcohol tank, which gave the aircraft enough endurance of 30 minutes at the increased thrust output level.
A follow-on order for six pre-production aircraft was soon received, which were still equipped with the weaker original RM2 and designated J31A. These machines were delivered to F 1 Västmanland Flygflottilj at Hässlö air base in Central Sweden, which just had been converted from a bomber to a night fighter unit, having been equipped with the J 30 Mosquitos. There the J31 was evaluated against the J30 until early 1951 and deemed superior in almost every aspect. With these satisfactory results, a full production order for 54 more aircraft was placed in mid-1951. These machines were now outfitted with more powerful RM2F engines and other refinements and designated J31B. This became the type’s operational main variant. All were delivered to F 1 where they were exclusively operated and gradually replaced the J 30s. In service the J31 received the unofficial nickname “Val” (= Whale), due to its bulky yet streamlined shape, but it was officially never adopted.
During regular maintenance in the following two years, the six early J31As received the stronger RM2F, together with the second water-alcohol tank as well as some avionics updates and were accordingly re-designated J31Bs. Further updates included wipers for the windscreen (a serious issue esp. at slow speed and while taxiing) and two smaller brake parachutes instead of the single large original one.
All J31s were delivered in a natural metal finish and retained it throughout their career; only two machines ever received camouflage during trials, but this measure was deemed unnecessary for the aircraft due to their role. Some aircraft of F 1’s 3rd squadron and operated by the unit’s staff flight had the aircrafts’ fins painted in dark green, though, to improve the contrast to the tactical code letters’ colour, yellow or white, respectively. The J31s’ radomes were made from fiberglass and originally tinted in opaque black. During maintenance and after damage, however, some machines received newly produced replacement fairings which were untinted/semi-transparent.
The only major update the J31B received was rolled out starting in 1958, when the IR-guided Rb24 (AIM-9B Sidewinder AAM) was introduced in the Swedish Air Force. Together with the J29 Tunnan fighters the J31s were outfitted to carry launch rails on the wing hardpoints – even though only a single pair could be carried in total. This, however, markedly improved the type’s combat efficiency, and it would take until the Saab 35F in 1965 with its Rb27/28 Falcon missiles to introduce more capable guided anti-aircraft missiles. Since the Rb24s extended the J31’s weapon range considerably, a potential gun upgrade with 30 mm cannons was not executed and Saab’s resources rather allocated into the Saab 32’s development.
Even though the J31B was a capable night and all-weather fighter for its time, it was limited due to its outdated weaponry and quickly superseded by advancing radar, engine and aerodynamic technologies. It did its job but lacked development and performance potential – and it was a large and complicated aircraft that required lots of maintenance. However, the J31 turned out to be a very stable and robust weapon platform, and it was quite popular among the crews because of the spacious cockpit, even though the field of view on the ground was very limited, due to the tall landing gear front leg, and several J31s were involved in taxiing accidents. Due to its twin engines and radar intercept operator, pilots gained more confidence on long missions in the remote northern areas of. Sweden, esp. on mission over open water.
When the Saab 32’s fighter version, the J 32B, eventually became operational in 1958, it was clear that the heavy and highly limited twin-engine J31B would not remain in service for much longer. By 1963 all machines had been retired from frontline service, initially stored in reserve but scrapped by 1970. Two machines remained operational, though: as flying test beds for the Swedish Air Force’s Försökscentralen (FC) at Malmen AB, where they served until 1981 – primarily to test radar and missile guidance systems, and as radar targets for war games and anti-aircraft unit trainings.
General characteristics:
Crew: 2
Length: 15,76 m (51 ft 7 1/2 in)
Wingspan: 16.96 m (55 ft 2/3 in)
Height: 4,21 m (13 ft 9 1/2 in)
Wing area: 45 m2 (480 sq ft)
Empty weight: 9,000 kg (19,823 lb)
Gross weight: 17,500 kg (38,546 lb)
….Max takeoff weight: 19,000 kg (41,850 lb)
Fuel capacity: 5,100 L (1,350 US gal / 1,120 imp gal) maximum internal fuel
plus 2x 570 L (150 US gal, 120 imp gal) optional drop-tanks
Powerplant:
2× Svenska Flygmotor RM2F centrifugal-flow turbojet engine (Rolls Royce Ghost), each with
4,750 lbf (21.1 kN) dry thrust at 10,250 rpm and
5,400 lbf (24.02 kN) with temporary water-alcohol injection
Performance:
Maximum speed: 1,090 km/h (677 mph, 588 kn; Mach 0.9) at 10,000 ft (3,000 m)
Cruise speed: 732 km/h (455 mph, 395 kn)
Stall speed: 150 km/h (92.8 mph, 80.6 kn) with approach power
Combat range: 1.850 km (1,145 mi, 995 nmi) on internals
Ferry range: 2.200 km (1,375 mi, 1,195 nmi) with 2× 570 l drop-tanks
Service ceiling: 16,200 m (53,062 ft)
Rate of climb: 40 m/s (7.681 ft/min)
Wing loading: 87.1 lb/sq ft (388 kg/m²)
Thrust/weight: 0.32
Armament:
4× 20 mm (0.79 in) akan m/47C (license produced Hispano Mark V) autocannon with 220 RPG
48× 75 mm (3.0 in) srak m/55 (Bofors 75 mm (3.0 in) rocket "Frida") unguided air-to-air missiles
with contact fuze high-capacity warhead on retractable rack in ventral bay
(not used operationally, later completely deleted in favor of a second water-alcohol tank)
2× wet underwing hardpoints outside of the engine nacelles for 600 kg (1.321 lb) each;
alternatively a pair of Rb24 (AIM9-B Sidewinder) IR-guided air-to-air missiles
The model and its assembly:
While it does not look spectacular, the J31 (actually my second use of this designation for a Swedish Fifties all-weather fighter, the first was an A.W. Meteor NF.14, but the “31” was lent from the Spitfire PR.XIX in Swedish service as S31) was a major creation feat. It all started with a discussion with fellow Swedish board member Pellson at whatifmodellers.com about Saab prototypes, esp. the early designs. That made me wonder about a twin-jet engine aircraft, something that could replace the Saab 18 bombers much like the BAC Canberra with the RAF’s Mosquito – and looking at similar international projects of the time like the Soviet Il-29 and Yak-25 as well as the French S.O. 4050 Vautour I thought that something similar could work well for Sweden, too.
My concept started with a primary light bomber and attack role, much like the B18 and the Canberra, with the outlook to develop a radar-bearing all-weather fighter from it, which was direly needed in Sweden in the Mid-Fifties and led to the procurement of two interim types in real life, the J30 (Mosquito night fighter) and the J33 (Venom night fighter), while plans were made to equip the J29 with a radar and the Saab 32 already on the drawing boards, even though the latter’s fighter version would be delayed well into the Sixties.
The core of the build was a leftover fuselage from a Matchbox F3D Skyknight – from an incomplete kit that came OOB with one of its three sprue trees double (even though in different colours!). The canopy was also still there, and now I eventually found a good use for it. However, not much more would be taken over from the Skyknight, because the overall layout would be much different, dictated by the bulky centrifugal flow engines that were (only) available to Sweden in the late Forties and which also powered the successful J29 Tunnan. The engines could, due to their diameter and the need for ducts, not be buried in the fuselage, so that they would go under the wings, directly attached to them as in the Il-29 and Vautour. The wings would be slightly swept (around 20°), as a compromise between modernism (as on the J29) and good range/endurance, and shoulder-mounted for good ground clearance and to avoid FOP (an issue of the Yak-25).
Since the engine pods should not be too large and bulky I decided that the main wheels would not retract into them (à la Il-28) and rather follow the Vautour route: with a tandem arrangement retracting into the fuselage and with small outrigger wheels. This had, for the original bomber version, the benefit, that the internal bomb bay could become longer than with a more conventional tricycle landing gear arrangement that would full retract into the hull, much like the Douglas A3D/B.66, with a wider track. And it would look more exotic, too.
With this concept I started a donor parts safari and started work on the fuselage. First major feat was to clean the F3D’s flanks from its original engine fairings – thankfully the Matchbox kit provides them as separate parts, so omitting them was simple, but there were enough major recesses and areas beyond the F3D’s basically teardrop shape hull that had to be filled and PSRed, including the original wing attachment points in the hull’s middle.
Another issue was the cockpit, which was missing through the double sprues. I was lucky to find an original Matchbox F3D tub in the spare box, from my first Skyknight build ever in the late Eighties (then built as a Vietnam era EF-10). New seats were procured as well as two (ugly) pilot figures and a dashboard from an Italeri Tornado IDS. However, the cockpit would later cause some more trouble…
The nose was generously filled with steel balls to keep it down (you never know…), and once the hull was closed, I implanted a new rear landing gear well. In the meantime, I kept searching for engine nacelle and wing parts – both turned out to be challenging. Not that I had not enough material to choose from, but I wanted to make the parts to be as authentic as possible – the nacelles conveying a centrifugal engine inside (see the Gloster Meteor for reference), and the light wing sweep angle as well as the desire for a not-too-modern look made the wing choice really hard.
The nacelles were completed first. I remembered some leftover parts from a Matchbox Meteor night fighter, mainly the intakes, which would be perfect. But the rest of the nacelles took a while to materialize. Eventually I found engine pods from a Hobbycraft Su-25, which are separate pieces. They had a more or less square diameter shape, but their size was good and so I combined them with the round (and bigger!) Meteor NF.14 intakes, after having added trimmed-down intake cones from a Trumpeter Il-28 inside, and PSRing the different shapes into something …more natural. Even though outrigger wheels would later be added I omitted eventual wells at this point, because I had to define the stance through the tandem main wheels first, and this was still tbd.
The wing donors became a lengthy affair. At one point I became so desperate that I tried to use the wing tips from a VEB Plasticart 1:100 Tu-20/95 bomber, but that failed (thankfully!) because the parts turned out to be warped and simply too ugly for the build. I did not find any suitable material in The Stash™, tested wings from an A-6 and an F-14, nothing worked well. I eventually procured – in a forlorn move – a vintage Revell 1:113 B-47 kit. Horrible thing, but its outer wings were useful, even though they required massive modifications. Their roots were cut away to reduce span and their angle was set at about 20°; the slender tips were also cut off, resulting in an almost trapezoid shape with a slightly extended wing chord at the trailing edge of the roots. Lots of PSR was required to improve the surface and to fill some gaps from the OOB engine pod attachment points of the B-47. Ugh.
At that point I had also already found a good fin: from an Academy/Minicraft 1:144 B-1B bomber! This not only offered a very Fifties-esque round and swept shape, it also had suitable attachment points for the stabilizers for a cruciform tail, which appeared necessary due to the engines’ wing position. As a side benefit, I could use the B-47’s wing tips as stabilizers, even though they had to be PSRed a lot, too.
To attach the new wings to the F3D fuselage I made cutouts at shoulder height, but the engine pods were first mounted and PSRed under the wings. More putty and sanding mess, but it was worthwhile.
In the meantime I worked on the landing gear and used parts from the ugly VEB Plasticart Tu-20/95 to scratch a tandem layout with twin wheels and a significant nose-up stance (due to the rear wheels’ position beyond the aircraft’s centre of gravity). Once this was settled and the wings in place I could work on the outrigger wheels. These were procured from a Matchbox 1:72 Sea Harrier and mounted in scratched fairings under the engine pods, so that they could semi-retract. With the ground clearance defined by the main wheels a suitable position and length for the outriggers could be found, and in the end the J31 has a proper stance with all four legs on the ground.
Painting and markings:
I like to apply simple liveries to weird builds, and for the J31 I settled upon a NMF finish – which was typical for the contemporary J29 Tunnan fighters, too. Only the reconnaissance versions as well as the fighters of as single operational unit were ever camouflaged (in dark green and dark blue). The only other realistic cammo option would have been the standard Swedish uniform dark green over blue grey. But bare metal appeared IMHO much better suited.
As a non-standard measure the model received an overall thin coat of grey primer, primarily to identify dents and notches on its many PSRed surface areas – a good move, because a lot of small flaws could be identified and treated before a final overall coat with “White Aluminium” from a rattle can (Duplicolor, RAL 9006) was applied and details like the radome, antennae (both in black) and the landing gear and its wells (in a light bronze tone, seen on Saab 29s and 32s) were painted in detail. I think the silver underlines the J31’s clean lines well?
The model received a light black ink washing, less for true weathering but to emphasize engraved details and for a “cloudier” look of the NMF surfaces. This was further enhanced through a careful treatment with grinded graphite (which adds a truly metallic shine to the paint), and since a lot of surface details were lost through PSR I did some manual panel-shading with different silver tones and re-created panel lines all over the hull with a soft pencil, mostly free-handedly. Quite simple, but it improves the overall impression a lot.
Decals were puzzled together. The Swedish roundels came from a generic TL-Modellbau sheet, the “T” on the tail was scratched from generic white and blue stripes from the same manufacturer. The blue band around the nose was made with the same material, plus a white “T” – inspired by tactical markings from some J29s from the Fifties. Some stencils were collected from the scrap box, and black walkway borders added to the wings’ upper surfaces and the spine behind the cockpit. As a side benefit these hide some lingering inconsistencies on the wing surfaces well.
Finally, the model was sealed with semi-gloss acrylic varnish (Italeri) for a shiny finish, except for the radomes, which became matt.
It might not look spectacular or exciting, but I am quite proud of this “second” J31, because it not only was a major kitbashing project, it also conveys the Fifties “look and feel” I wanted to catch, like its contemporaries S.O. 4050 Vautour, Yak-25, or even the stillborn Baade Ba-152 airliner. From that point it turned out very well, and going for a simple NMF livery was IMHO also a good move – the J31 has a certain “space age” look? At least, this is what you can get when you combine major parts from F3D, B-47. B1, Il-28, Su-25, Tu-95 and a Gloster Meteor… 😉
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TEDxHapjeong 2nd Refinement 2014년 11월 14일 TEDx합정 2번째 이야기가 에코브릿지 커피에서 진행되었습니다. 컨텐츠의 "정제"라는 주제를 가지고 현업의 편집자, 마케터, 사진작가, MD 분과 함께 진행된 이번 TEDx는 다양한 관점으로 해석되고 있는 컨텐츠에 대한 깊이있는 이해와 관점을 공유할 수 있는 시간이었습니다!
TEDxHapjeong 2nd Refinement 2014년 11월 14일 TEDx합정 2번째 이야기가 에코브릿지 커피에서 진행되었습니다. 컨텐츠의 "정제"라는 주제를 가지고 현업의 편집자, 마케터, 사진작가, MD 분과 함께 진행된 이번 TEDx는 다양한 관점으로 해석되고 있는 컨텐츠에 대한 깊이있는 이해와 관점을 공유할 수 있는 시간이었습니다!
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