GOVERNOR TOMBLIN PRESENTS $9.3 MILLION IN GRANTS

 

TO LOCAL GROUPS, COMMUNITY JUSTICE PROGRAMS

   

CHARLESTON, W.Va. (September 9, 2016) – Gov. Earl Ray Tomblin today presented more than $9.3 million in grant funding to community support groups and justice programs across the state. This funding will be used to develop new programming and enhance existing initiatives to support West Virginia’s communities and state justice system.

   

“With this needed funding, community programs from all corners of our state will be better equipped to serve children and families and further strengthen West Virginia’s justice system.” Gov. Tomblin said. “We are expanding direct services to victims of crime, putting programs in place to help at-risk youth get back on track and preparing parents with the life skills they need to foster a healthy, nurturing environment to raise their families.”

   

The total grant funding was allocated as follows:

   

$7,023,255 in Victims of Crime Act/Victim Assistance Grants - 75 grantees;

$529, 254 in Justice Reinvestment Treatment Supervision Grants - 4 grantees;

$1,203,175 in Justice Assistance Grants - 34 grantees;

$543,222 in Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Grants - 18 grantees.

  

Victims of Crime Act/Victim Assistance Grants:

BARBOUR

Barbour County Commission $38,936.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Assistance Coordinator in the Barbour County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Barbour County.

BERKELEY, JEFFERSON, MORGAN

Children's Home Society of West Virginia $35,576.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Family Advocate to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Jefferson, Berkeley, and Morgan Counties.

BROOKE, HANCOCK

A Child's Place CASA, Ltd. $25,090.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a part-time CASA Volunteer Coordinator and Program Director to provide direct services to victims of child abuse and neglect in Brooke and Hancock Counties.

CABELL

Cabell County Commission $129,895.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of three full-time Victim Advocates and two part-time Victim Advocates in the Cabell County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Cabell County.

CABELL, WAYNE, KANAWHA, PUTNAM

TEAM for West Virginia Children, Inc. $192,075.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time CASA Coordinator for Cabell County, a

Cabell/Wayne CASA Volunteer Coordinator, a Kanawha/Boone/Lincoln Volunteer Coordinator and a

Putnam/Cabell Volunteer Coordinator to provide direct services to child abuse and neglect victims in Cabell, Wayne, Putnam and Kanawha Counties.

CABELL, WAYNE, LINCOLN

Family Service a Division of Goodwill, Inc. $61,748.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of three part-time Victim Therapists to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child abuse in Cabell, Lincoln, and Wayne Counties.

CABELL, WAYNE, LINCOLN

CONTACT Huntington Inc. $143,338.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Wayne & Lincoln County Advocate, Campus Victim Advocate, and Community Victim Advocate, and for a part-time Victim Advocate to provide direct services to victims of sexual assault in Cabell, Wayne, and Lincoln.

CABELL, WAYNE, PUTNAM, LINCOLN, MASON

Branches Domestic Violence Shelter, Inc. $292,641.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time Social Worker, a Mason County Advocate, a

Putnam County Advocate, a Lincoln County Advocate, Wayne County Advocate, Evening Advocate, Case Manager, and part-time Putnam County Advocate to provide direct services to domestic violence victims in Cabell, Lincoln, Putnam, Wayne, and Mason Counties.

GREENBRIER

Greenbrier County Commission $54,685.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Services Coordinator in the Greenbrier County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Greenbrier County.

GREENBRIER, MONROE, POCAHONTAS

Child and Youth Advocacy Center $88,469.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Family Advocate and full-time Forensic Interviewer, and a portion of the salaries of a full-time Therapist and Program Director to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Greenbrier, Pocahontas, and Monroe Counties.

GREENBRIER, MONROE, POCAHONTAS

Family Refuge Center $168,120.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of the full-time Lead Shelter Advocate, a Daytime Shelter

Advocate, Overnight Shelter Advocate, Monroe County Advocate, Pocahontas County Advocate, and part-time Weekend Shelter Advocate, and Victim Advocate to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence and sexual assault in Greenbrier, Monroe, and Pocahontas Counties.

GREENBRIER, POCAHONTAS

CASA of the Eleventh Judicial Circuit, Inc. $42,424.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the part-time salary of a Volunteer Coordinator and full-time Program Director to provide direct services to victims of child abuse in Greenbrier and Pocahontas Counties.

HANCOCK, BROOKE

CHANGE, Inc. $54,285.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate and part-time Victim Advocate to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence in Brooke and Hancock Counties.

HANCOCK, BROOKE, OHIO

Hancock County Commission $125,979.00

These funds will provide for the full-time salaries of a Hancock County Advocate, a Brooke County Advocate, and a portion of the salary of a full-time Ohio County Advocate to provide direct services to crime victims in Brooke, Hancock, and Ohio Counties.

HARRISON

Harrison County CASA Program, Inc. $42,907.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time Volunteer Coordinator and the Program Director to provide direct services to victims of child abuse and neglect in Harrison County.

HARRISON, DODDRIDGE

Harrison County Child Advocacy Center $40,991.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Family Advocate to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Harrison County.

JACKSON

Jackson County Commission $35,000.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Jackson County Sheriff's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Jackson County.

JACKSON, ROANE, CALHOUN

CASA of the Fifth Judicial Circuit, Inc. $46,101.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of the Program Director and two Volunteer Coordinators to provide direct services to child abuse and neglect victims in Jackson, Roane, and Calhoun Counties.

JEFFERSON

Jefferson County Commission $67,104.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of two full-time Victim Advocates in the Jefferson County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Jefferson County.

JEFFERSON, BERKELEY, MORGAN

Shenandoah Women's Center, Inc. $355,035.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time Jefferson County Outreach Advocate, and two Shelter

Advocates, and a portion of the salaries for a full-time Morgan County Outreach Advocate, a Jefferson County Outreach Advocate, two Berkeley County Outreach Advocates, Evening and Weekend Shelter Advocate positions, and two part-time Counselors to provide direct services to child victims, victims of domestic violence, and sexual assault in Berkeley, Jefferson, and Morgan Counties.

CASA of the Eastern Panhandle, Inc. $103,218.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a Senior Volunteer Coordinator, two Volunteer Coordinators, and a part-time Volunteer Coordinator to provide direct services to victims of child abuse and neglect in Berkeley, Jefferson, and Morgan Counties.

KANAWHA

City of Charleston $36,600.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Victim Services Coordinator in the Charleston Police Department to provide direct services to crime victims in the City of Charleston.

CAMC Health Education & Research Institute $105,966.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Family Advocate and a portion of the salary of a full-time Social Worker/Forensic Interviewer to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Kanawha County.

Kanawha County Commission $67,360.00

These funds will provide for the salary of two full-time Victim Advocates and portion of the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Kanawha County.

Kanawha County Commission $83,353.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of two full-time Victim Advocates in the Kanawha County Sheriff's Department to provide direct services to crime victims in Kanawha County.

KANAWHA, CLAY, BOONE

YWCA of Charleston, WV, Inc. $184,189.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time Racial Justice/Court Advocate, a Boone County

Coordinator, a part-time Clay County Coordinator and a portion of the salaries for three full-time Court Advocate positions, Youth Services Coordinator, and a Contracted Counselor to provide direct services to domestic violence victims in Kanawha, Clay, and Boone Counties.

KANAWHA, PUTNAM, JACKSON, BOONE

Family Counseling Connection $208,311.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time REACH Director, three REACH Sexual Violence Victim Specialist, a Victim Support Specialist, and seven Victim Therapist positions and a portion of two Sexual Violence Victim Specialists to provide direct services to victims of sexual violence, child abuse, and domestic violence in Kanawha, Boone, Jackson, and Putnam Counties.

LEWIS

Lewis County Commission $38,942.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Lewis County Prosecutor's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Lewis County.

LOGAN

Logan County Commission $48,498.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time and a part-time Victim Advocate in the Logan County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Logan County.

Logan County Commission $36,500.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Services Coordinator in the Logan County Sheriff's Department to provide direct services to crime victims in Logan County.

LOGAN, MINGO

The Logan County Child Advocacy Center, Inc. $46,748.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a part-time Mingo County Advocate and Child & Youth Forensic Interviewer and for a portion of the salary for a full-time Logan County Family Advocate to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Logan and Mingo Counties.

MARION

CASA of Marion County $46,069.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of the salaries for a Program Director and Volunteer Coordinator to provide direct services to victims of child abuse and neglect in Marion County.

Marion County Commission $45,278.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Assistance Coordinator in the Marion County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Marion County.

MARION, DODDRIDGE, GILMER, HARRISON, LEWIS

Task Force on Domestic Violence, "HOPE, Inc." $338,084.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time Family Therapist, Marion County Case

Manager, Children's Case Manager, Lewis County Case Manager, Harrison County Case Manager, Harrison

County Case Manager/Outreach Coordinator, Gilmer County Case Manager, Marion County Victim Advocate, Harrison County Victim Advocate, Doddridge County Case Manager, and Family Therapist and a portion of the salary for a part-time Marion County Case Manager to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child victims in Doddridge, Gilmer, Harrison, Lewis, and Marion Counties.

MARSHALL, WETZEL, TYLER, OHIO

CASA for Children Inc. $58,805.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of the Program Director, a Ohio County Volunteer Coordinator, and a Volunteer Coordinator in the 2nd Circuit to provide direct services to child abuse and neglect victims in Ohio, Marshall, Tyler, and Wetzel Counties.

MASON

Mason County Commission $29,830.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Mason County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Mason County.

MCDOWELL

Stop the Hurt, Inc., Children's Advocacy Center $34,436.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Family Advocate to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in McDowell County.

MCDOWELL, MERCER, WYOMING

Stop Abusive Family Environments, Inc. $257,416.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time McDowell County Advocate, a part-time

Wyoming County Victim Advocate, Resident Program Coordinator, Advocate Coordinator, Night Shelter Advocate, Evening Shelter Advocate, Weekend Shelter Advocate, Case Worker, Administrator, and for the salaries of two full-time Mercer County Advocates and Wyoming County Advocate to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child victims in McDowell, Mercer, and Wyoming Counties.

MERCER

Child Protect of Mercer County, Inc. $70,220.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Family Advocate, part-time Forensic Interviewer and a portion of a Contract Therapist to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Mercer County.

MERCER, MCDOWELL

ChildLaw Services, Inc. $16,000.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a part-time Victim Advocate/Counselor to provide direct services to child victims of abuse and neglect and children who witness domestic violence in Mercer and McDowell Counties.

MINERAL

Mineral County Court Appointed Special Advocates $49,686.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of the Program Director and for the salary of a full-time Volunteer Coordinator to provide direct services to victims of child abuse and neglect in Mineral County.

MINERAL, GRANT, HAMPSHIRE

Family Crisis Center, Inc. $55,000.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time Grant County Victim Advocate, a Mineral County Advocate, and a part-time Hampshire County Victim Advocate to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence in Mineral, Grant, and Hampshire Counties.

MINERAL, HAMPSHIRE, PENDLETON

Burlington United Methodist Family Services, Inc. $20,982.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Forensic Interviewer to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Hampshire, Mineral, and Pendleton Counties.

MINGO

Mingo County Commission $22,100.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Assistance Coordinator in the Mingo County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Mingo County.

MINGO, LOGAN

Tug Valley Recovery Shelter $89,434.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time Logan/Mingo County Victim Advocate, a part-time Court Advocate, a full-time Logan County Advocate and a part-time Mingo County Advocate to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child victims in Mingo and Logan Counties.

MONONGALIA

Monongalia County Commission $78,544.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time and two part-time Victim Assistance Coordinators in the Monongalia County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Monongalia County.

Monongalia County Child Advocacy Center, Inc. $17,302.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Family Advocate to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Monongalia County.

MONONGALIA, PRESTON

Monongalia County Youth Services Center / CASA for Kids $42,649.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time Preston County Volunteer Coordinator, a full-time Monongalia County Volunteer Coordinator, and a portion of the salary for the Program Director to provide direct services to victims of child abuse and neglect in Preston and Monongalia Counties.

MONONGALIA, PRESTON, TAYLOR

The Rape & Domestic Violence Information Center, Inc. $177,082.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time Monongalia County Victim Advocate, Case Manager,

Taylor County Victim Advocate and for a portion of the salary for a full-time Outreach Advocate for Monongalia, Preston, and Taylor Counties to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child abuse in Monongalia, Preston, and Taylor Counties.

OHIO

Ohio County Commission $35,242.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Victim Assistance Coordinator in the Ohio County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Ohio County.

OHIO, BROOKE, HANCOCK, MARSHALL, WETZEL

Upper Ohio Valley Sexual Assault Help Center $161,670.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time Adult Victim Advocate and a Child Victim Advocate, and the part-time salaries of three Victim Advocates and a licensed Counselor/Therapist to provide direct services to adult and child victims of sexual assault in Hancock, Brooke, Ohio, Marshall, and Wetzel Counties.

OHIO, MARSHALL

Harmony House, Inc. $46,323.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Child and Family Advocate and a portion of the salary of a Child and Family Therapist to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Ohio and Marshall Counties.

OHIO, MARSHALL, WETZEL

Young Womens Christian Associaton of Wheeling, WV $153,405.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time Child Advocate, Ohio County Advocate, Marshall County Advocate, and Wetzel County Advocate, a part-time Employment Advocate, and a portion of the salaries of a

full-time Shelter Advocate and Wetzel County Advocate to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child victims in Ohio, Marshall, and Wetzel Counties.

PRESTON

Preston County Commission $35,125.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Preston County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Preston County.

PUTNAM

Putnam County Commission $34,000.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Putnam County Sheriff's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Putnam County.

Putnam County Commission $48,784.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary for a full-time Victim Liaison and provide for the salary of a part-time Victim Liaison in the Putnam County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Putnam County.

RALEIGH, FAYETTE, NICHOLAS, SUMMERS

Comprehensive Women's Service Council, Inc. $432,866.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time Summers County Advocate, Nicholas County Advocate, Raleigh County Advocate in the Beckley Police Department, and Raleigh County Shelter Advocate and for a

portion of the salaries for a full-time Evening Shelter Advocate, Weekend Shelter Advocate, Night Shelter

Advocate, Day Shelter Advocate, and for a portion of the salaries of a part-time Underserved Populations

Advocate, Raleigh County Victim Services Advocate, Fayette County Advocate, Nicholas County Advocate, and

Weekend Shelter Advocate, and for a portion of two Contractual Adult and Child Therapist to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child abuse in Raleigh, Fayette, Nicholas, and Summers Counties.

RALEIGH, FAYETTE, WYOMING

Just For Kids Child Advocacy Center $76,250.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Family Advocate, Forensic Interviewer, and Counselor to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Fayette, Raleigh, and Wyoming Counties.

RANDOLPH

Randolph County Commission $40,436.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Victim Services Coordinator in the Randolph County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide services to crime victims in Randolph County.

RANDOLPH, TUCKER

Randolph-Tucker Children's Advocacy Center $65,222.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time Family Advocate and part-time Forensic Interviewer and for the salary of a part-time Tucker County Child and Family Advocate to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Randolph and Tucker Counties.

RANDOLPH, UPSHUR, TUCKER, BRAXTON, WEBSTER, BARBOUR

Women's Aid in Crisis $396,775.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries for a full-time Barbour County Outreach Coordinator,

Braxton County Outreach Coordinator, Tucker County Outreach Coordinator, Upshur County Outreach

Coordinator, Webster County Outreach Coordinator, Randolph County Legal Advocate, Randolph County Victim Advocate, and two Shelter Managers and a Contracted Counselor to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence, child victims, and sexual assault victims in Randolph, Barbour, Tucker, Upshur, Webster, and Braxton Counties.

ROANE

Roane County Commission $22,068.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Roane County Prosecuting Attorney's office to provide direct services to crime victims in Roane County.

SUMMERS

REACHH-Family Resource Center $15,715.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a part-time Family Advocate and Forensic Interviewer to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Summers County.

TYLER

Tyler County Commission $37,920.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Tyler County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Tyler County.

UPSHUR

Upshur County Commission $34,662.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Upshur County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Upshur County.

UPSHUR, LEWIS

Mountain CAP of West Virginia, Inc., a CAC $32,574.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Family Advocate to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Upshur and Lewis Counties.

WETZEL

Wetzel County Commission $40,000.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Wetzel County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Wetzel County.

WOOD

Wood County Commission $83,126.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of two full-time Victim Advocates in the Wood County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Wood County.

WOOD, CALHOUN, JACKSON, LOGAN, WIRT

Harmony Mental Health, Inc. $138,450.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time Social Worker and Counselor, and Contractual Counseling to provide services to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child abuse in Calhoun, Jackson, Wirt, and Wood Counties.

WOOD, JACKSON, RITCHIE, PLEASANTS, WIRT

Family Crisis Intervention Center $224,087.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of three part-time Shelter Advocates, three full-tim Shelter

Advocates, Legal Advocate, Sexual Assault Advocate, Ritchie County Advocate, Wirt County Advocate, Pleasants County Advocate, and part-time Jackson County Advocate to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence in Jackson, Ritchie, Wirt, Pleasants, and Wood Counties.

WOOD, WIRT, PLEASANTS, RITCHIE

Voices for Children Foundation - CASA Program $51,939.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the Program Director’s salary to provide direct services to child abuse and neglect victims in Wood, Wirt, Pleasants, and Ritchie Counties.

WYOMING

Wyoming County Commission $30,114.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Wyoming County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Wyoming County.

STATEWIDE

West Virginia Division of Corrections $81,158.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a Victim Services Specialist to provide direct services to the crime victims of inmates under the custody of the Division of Corrections.

Legal Aid of West Virginia, Inc. $216,890.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of three full-time Attorneys to provide emergency legal services to victims of crime in West Virginia.

Mothers Against Drunk Driving West Virginia $39,453.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time statewide Victim Advocate to provide direct services and support to victims of Driving Under the Influence cases throughout the State of West Virginia.

Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Grants:

BARBOUR

Barbour County Commission $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the position of a Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) in Philip Barbour High School.

CABELL

City of Barboursville $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the position of a Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) in Barboursville Middle School.

DODDRIDGE

Doddridge County Commission $40,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) positions in Doddridge County High and Dordddridge County Middle Schools.

HARDY

Hardy County Commission $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the position of a Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) in East Hardy High School.

HARRISON

Harrison County Commission $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the position of a Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) in South Harrison High School.

KANAWHA

HOPE Community Development Corporation $60,000.00

These funds will be utilized to implement the Disproportionate Minority Reduction Cycle in Kanawha County.

Kanawha County Commission $25,000.00

These funds will be utilzed to support the Project INTER-CEPT Program (Interventions Needed To End Recidivism-Critical Entry Point Treatment) in Kanawha County.

Partnership of African American Churches $60,000.00

These funds will be utilized to decrease Disproportionate MinortyContact in Kanawha County by expanding current initiatives between law enforcement, clergy, youth and families, including public defenders and prosecuting attorneys.

LOGAN

Logan County Commission $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the position of a Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) in Man High School.

MONONGALIA

Monongalia County Commission $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the VOICES II, a deliquency prevention program that focuses on at-risk and delinquent female teens.

Monongalia County Child Advocacy Center $18,612.00

These funds will be utilized to provide Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to child vicitims of abuse in Monongalia County.

Monongalia County Commission $60,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support a countywide Disproportionate Minorty Contact Reduction Initiative by utlizing an evidence-based intervention model to prevent at-risk minority youth’s involvement in the criminal justice system.

Morgantown Police Department $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the position of a Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) in Mountaineer Middle School.

Mountaineer Boys and Girls Club $45,000.00

These funds will be utilized to implement the Disproportionate Minorty Reduction Cycle in Monongalia County.

MORGAN

Morgan County Commission $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support a school and community based program that provides a school-based violence prevention curriculum and a developmental asset program to cultivate youth strengths and self-esteem.

Morgan County Commission $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the position of a Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) in Berkeley Springs High School.

STATEWIDE

West Virginia Child Advocacy Network $23,592.00

These funds will be utilized to assess and improve the data tracking and evaluation on both a statewide and local program level, and assist local Child Advocacy centers with data-informed strategic planning, interrupting the cycle of abuse and preventing adverse lifetime outcomes.

West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals $31,018.00

These funds will be utilized to provide current juvenile justice probation data to the State of West Virginia, the Federal Government, West Virginia Division of Justice and Community Services, the State Advisory Group and the citizens of West Virginia through the maintenance and daily management of the Juvenile Section of the Offender Case Management System. Funding will also provide analysis and a statewide report on the Juvenile Justice system as well as the collection of juvenile data and analysis to provide the numbers to create the DMC ratio.

Justice Assistance Grants:

BRAXTON

Braxton County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Braxton County High School.

CABELL

Cabell County Commission $69,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

GREENBRIER

Greenbrier County Commission $23,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

HAMPSHIRE

Hampshire County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Hampshire County High School.

HANCOCK

Hancock County Commission $40,000.00

Funds will provide for two Prevention Resource Officers (PRO) at Oak Glen High School and Weir High School.

Hancock County Commission $46,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

HARRISON

City of Bridgeport $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Bridgeport High School.

City of Bridgeport $46,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

City of Clarksburg $20,000.00

Funds will provide for one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Robert C. Byrd High School.

JACKSON

City of Ripley $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Ripley High School.

City of Ravenswood $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Ravenswood High School.

KANAWHA

City of South Charleston $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at South Charleston High School.

City of Charleston $69,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

City of Dunbar $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Dunbar Middle School.

City of Charleston $40,000.00

Funds will provide for two Prevention Resource Officers (PRO) at Capitol High School and Stonewall Jackson Middle School.

LEWIS

Lewis County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Lewis County High School.

LOGAN

Logan County Commission $46,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force and salary for one Prosecutor to work closely with the Drug Task Force.

MARSHALL

Marshall County Commission $23,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

MERCER

City of Bluefield $46,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

MINERAL

Mineral County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Frankfort High School.

MONROE

Monroe County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at James Monroe High School.

OHIO

Ohio County Commission $46,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

City of Wheeling $40,000.00

Funds will provide for two Prevention Resource Officers (PRO) at Bridge Street Middle School and Triadelphia Middle School.

PUTNAM

Putnam County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Poca High School.

City of Winfield $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Winfield High School.

City of Nitro $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support a Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Nitro High School.

RALEIGH

City of Beckley Police Department $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Woodrow Wilson High School.

ROANE

Roane County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Roane County High School.

TAYLOR

City of Grafton $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Grafton High School.

UPSHUR

Upshur County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Buckhannon-Upshur Middle School.

WETZEL

Wetzel County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Valley High School.

WOOD

City of Vienna $46,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries for a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

City of Williamstown $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Williamstown High School.

STATEWIDE

West Virginia State Police $223,175.00

Funds will provide for officer overtime to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

Justice Reinvestment Treatment Supervision Grants:

BERKELEY, JEFFERSON, MORGAN

Jefferson Day Report Center, Inc. $140,998.00

These funds will be utilized to support the ongoing work through the Justice Reinvestment Treatment Supervision Program.

CABELL

Prestera Center for Mental HealthServices, Inc. $134,514.00

These funds will be utilized to support the ongoing work through the Justice Reinvestment Treatment Supervision Program.

HARRISON

Harrison County Commission $125,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the ongoing work through the Justice Reinvestment Treatment Supervision Program.

United Summit Center, Inc. $118,753.00

These funds will be utilized to support the ongoing work through the JusticGOVERNOR TOMBLIN PRESENTS $9.3 MILLION IN GRANTS

 

TO LOCAL GROUPS, COMMUNITY JUSTICE PROGRAMS

   

CHARLESTON, W.Va. (September 9, 2016) – Gov. Earl Ray Tomblin today presented more than $9.3 million in grant funding to community support groups and justice programs across the state. This funding will be used to develop new programming and enhance existing initiatives to support West Virginia’s communities and state justice system.

   

“With this needed funding, community programs from all corners of our state will be better equipped to serve children and families and further strengthen West Virginia’s justice system.” Gov. Tomblin said. “We are expanding direct services to victims of crime, putting programs in place to help at-risk youth get back on track and preparing parents with the life skills they need to foster a healthy, nurturing environment to raise their families.”

   

The total grant funding was allocated as follows:

   

$7,023,255 in Victims of Crime Act/Victim Assistance Grants - 75 grantees;

$529, 254 in Justice Reinvestment Treatment Supervision Grants - 4 grantees;

$1,203,175 in Justice Assistance Grants - 34 grantees;

$543,222 in Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Grants - 18 grantees.

  

Photos available for media use. All photos should be attributed “Photo courtesy of Office of the Governor.”

GOVERNOR TOMBLIN PRESENTS $9.3 MILLION IN GRANTS

 

TO LOCAL GROUPS, COMMUNITY JUSTICE PROGRAMS

   

CHARLESTON, W.Va. (September 9, 2016) – Gov. Earl Ray Tomblin today presented more than $9.3 million in grant funding to community support groups and justice programs across the state. This funding will be used to develop new programming and enhance existing initiatives to support West Virginia’s communities and state justice system.

   

“With this needed funding, community programs from all corners of our state will be better equipped to serve children and families and further strengthen West Virginia’s justice system.” Gov. Tomblin said. “We are expanding direct services to victims of crime, putting programs in place to help at-risk youth get back on track and preparing parents with the life skills they need to foster a healthy, nurturing environment to raise their families.”

   

The total grant funding was allocated as follows:

   

$7,023,255 in Victims of Crime Act/Victim Assistance Grants - 75 grantees;

$529, 254 in Justice Reinvestment Treatment Supervision Grants - 4 grantees;

$1,203,175 in Justice Assistance Grants - 34 grantees;

$543,222 in Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Grants - 18 grantees.

  

Victims of Crime Act/Victim Assistance Grants:

BARBOUR

Barbour County Commission $38,936.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Assistance Coordinator in the Barbour County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Barbour County.

BERKELEY, JEFFERSON, MORGAN

Children's Home Society of West Virginia $35,576.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Family Advocate to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Jefferson, Berkeley, and Morgan Counties.

BROOKE, HANCOCK

A Child's Place CASA, Ltd. $25,090.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a part-time CASA Volunteer Coordinator and Program Director to provide direct services to victims of child abuse and neglect in Brooke and Hancock Counties.

CABELL

Cabell County Commission $129,895.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of three full-time Victim Advocates and two part-time Victim Advocates in the Cabell County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Cabell County.

CABELL, WAYNE, KANAWHA, PUTNAM

TEAM for West Virginia Children, Inc. $192,075.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time CASA Coordinator for Cabell County, a

Cabell/Wayne CASA Volunteer Coordinator, a Kanawha/Boone/Lincoln Volunteer Coordinator and a

Putnam/Cabell Volunteer Coordinator to provide direct services to child abuse and neglect victims in Cabell, Wayne, Putnam and Kanawha Counties.

CABELL, WAYNE, LINCOLN

Family Service a Division of Goodwill, Inc. $61,748.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of three part-time Victim Therapists to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child abuse in Cabell, Lincoln, and Wayne Counties.

CABELL, WAYNE, LINCOLN

CONTACT Huntington Inc. $143,338.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Wayne & Lincoln County Advocate, Campus Victim Advocate, and Community Victim Advocate, and for a part-time Victim Advocate to provide direct services to victims of sexual assault in Cabell, Wayne, and Lincoln.

CABELL, WAYNE, PUTNAM, LINCOLN, MASON

Branches Domestic Violence Shelter, Inc. $292,641.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time Social Worker, a Mason County Advocate, a

Putnam County Advocate, a Lincoln County Advocate, Wayne County Advocate, Evening Advocate, Case Manager, and part-time Putnam County Advocate to provide direct services to domestic violence victims in Cabell, Lincoln, Putnam, Wayne, and Mason Counties.

GREENBRIER

Greenbrier County Commission $54,685.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Services Coordinator in the Greenbrier County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Greenbrier County.

GREENBRIER, MONROE, POCAHONTAS

Child and Youth Advocacy Center $88,469.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Family Advocate and full-time Forensic Interviewer, and a portion of the salaries of a full-time Therapist and Program Director to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Greenbrier, Pocahontas, and Monroe Counties.

GREENBRIER, MONROE, POCAHONTAS

Family Refuge Center $168,120.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of the full-time Lead Shelter Advocate, a Daytime Shelter

Advocate, Overnight Shelter Advocate, Monroe County Advocate, Pocahontas County Advocate, and part-time Weekend Shelter Advocate, and Victim Advocate to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence and sexual assault in Greenbrier, Monroe, and Pocahontas Counties.

GREENBRIER, POCAHONTAS

CASA of the Eleventh Judicial Circuit, Inc. $42,424.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the part-time salary of a Volunteer Coordinator and full-time Program Director to provide direct services to victims of child abuse in Greenbrier and Pocahontas Counties.

HANCOCK, BROOKE

CHANGE, Inc. $54,285.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate and part-time Victim Advocate to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence in Brooke and Hancock Counties.

HANCOCK, BROOKE, OHIO

Hancock County Commission $125,979.00

These funds will provide for the full-time salaries of a Hancock County Advocate, a Brooke County Advocate, and a portion of the salary of a full-time Ohio County Advocate to provide direct services to crime victims in Brooke, Hancock, and Ohio Counties.

HARRISON

Harrison County CASA Program, Inc. $42,907.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time Volunteer Coordinator and the Program Director to provide direct services to victims of child abuse and neglect in Harrison County.

HARRISON, DODDRIDGE

Harrison County Child Advocacy Center $40,991.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Family Advocate to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Harrison County.

JACKSON

Jackson County Commission $35,000.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Jackson County Sheriff's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Jackson County.

JACKSON, ROANE, CALHOUN

CASA of the Fifth Judicial Circuit, Inc. $46,101.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of the Program Director and two Volunteer Coordinators to provide direct services to child abuse and neglect victims in Jackson, Roane, and Calhoun Counties.

JEFFERSON

Jefferson County Commission $67,104.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of two full-time Victim Advocates in the Jefferson County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Jefferson County.

JEFFERSON, BERKELEY, MORGAN

Shenandoah Women's Center, Inc. $355,035.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time Jefferson County Outreach Advocate, and two Shelter

Advocates, and a portion of the salaries for a full-time Morgan County Outreach Advocate, a Jefferson County Outreach Advocate, two Berkeley County Outreach Advocates, Evening and Weekend Shelter Advocate positions, and two part-time Counselors to provide direct services to child victims, victims of domestic violence, and sexual assault in Berkeley, Jefferson, and Morgan Counties.

CASA of the Eastern Panhandle, Inc. $103,218.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a Senior Volunteer Coordinator, two Volunteer Coordinators, and a part-time Volunteer Coordinator to provide direct services to victims of child abuse and neglect in Berkeley, Jefferson, and Morgan Counties.

KANAWHA

City of Charleston $36,600.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Victim Services Coordinator in the Charleston Police Department to provide direct services to crime victims in the City of Charleston.

CAMC Health Education & Research Institute $105,966.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Family Advocate and a portion of the salary of a full-time Social Worker/Forensic Interviewer to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Kanawha County.

Kanawha County Commission $67,360.00

These funds will provide for the salary of two full-time Victim Advocates and portion of the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Kanawha County.

Kanawha County Commission $83,353.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of two full-time Victim Advocates in the Kanawha County Sheriff's Department to provide direct services to crime victims in Kanawha County.

KANAWHA, CLAY, BOONE

YWCA of Charleston, WV, Inc. $184,189.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time Racial Justice/Court Advocate, a Boone County

Coordinator, a part-time Clay County Coordinator and a portion of the salaries for three full-time Court Advocate positions, Youth Services Coordinator, and a Contracted Counselor to provide direct services to domestic violence victims in Kanawha, Clay, and Boone Counties.

KANAWHA, PUTNAM, JACKSON, BOONE

Family Counseling Connection $208,311.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time REACH Director, three REACH Sexual Violence Victim Specialist, a Victim Support Specialist, and seven Victim Therapist positions and a portion of two Sexual Violence Victim Specialists to provide direct services to victims of sexual violence, child abuse, and domestic violence in Kanawha, Boone, Jackson, and Putnam Counties.

LEWIS

Lewis County Commission $38,942.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Lewis County Prosecutor's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Lewis County.

LOGAN

Logan County Commission $48,498.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time and a part-time Victim Advocate in the Logan County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Logan County.

Logan County Commission $36,500.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Services Coordinator in the Logan County Sheriff's Department to provide direct services to crime victims in Logan County.

LOGAN, MINGO

The Logan County Child Advocacy Center, Inc. $46,748.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a part-time Mingo County Advocate and Child & Youth Forensic Interviewer and for a portion of the salary for a full-time Logan County Family Advocate to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Logan and Mingo Counties.

MARION

CASA of Marion County $46,069.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of the salaries for a Program Director and Volunteer Coordinator to provide direct services to victims of child abuse and neglect in Marion County.

Marion County Commission $45,278.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Assistance Coordinator in the Marion County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Marion County.

MARION, DODDRIDGE, GILMER, HARRISON, LEWIS

Task Force on Domestic Violence, "HOPE, Inc." $338,084.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time Family Therapist, Marion County Case

Manager, Children's Case Manager, Lewis County Case Manager, Harrison County Case Manager, Harrison

County Case Manager/Outreach Coordinator, Gilmer County Case Manager, Marion County Victim Advocate, Harrison County Victim Advocate, Doddridge County Case Manager, and Family Therapist and a portion of the salary for a part-time Marion County Case Manager to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child victims in Doddridge, Gilmer, Harrison, Lewis, and Marion Counties.

MARSHALL, WETZEL, TYLER, OHIO

CASA for Children Inc. $58,805.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of the Program Director, a Ohio County Volunteer Coordinator, and a Volunteer Coordinator in the 2nd Circuit to provide direct services to child abuse and neglect victims in Ohio, Marshall, Tyler, and Wetzel Counties.

MASON

Mason County Commission $29,830.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Mason County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Mason County.

MCDOWELL

Stop the Hurt, Inc., Children's Advocacy Center $34,436.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Family Advocate to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in McDowell County.

MCDOWELL, MERCER, WYOMING

Stop Abusive Family Environments, Inc. $257,416.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time McDowell County Advocate, a part-time

Wyoming County Victim Advocate, Resident Program Coordinator, Advocate Coordinator, Night Shelter Advocate, Evening Shelter Advocate, Weekend Shelter Advocate, Case Worker, Administrator, and for the salaries of two full-time Mercer County Advocates and Wyoming County Advocate to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child victims in McDowell, Mercer, and Wyoming Counties.

MERCER

Child Protect of Mercer County, Inc. $70,220.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Family Advocate, part-time Forensic Interviewer and a portion of a Contract Therapist to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Mercer County.

MERCER, MCDOWELL

ChildLaw Services, Inc. $16,000.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a part-time Victim Advocate/Counselor to provide direct services to child victims of abuse and neglect and children who witness domestic violence in Mercer and McDowell Counties.

MINERAL

Mineral County Court Appointed Special Advocates $49,686.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of the Program Director and for the salary of a full-time Volunteer Coordinator to provide direct services to victims of child abuse and neglect in Mineral County.

MINERAL, GRANT, HAMPSHIRE

Family Crisis Center, Inc. $55,000.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time Grant County Victim Advocate, a Mineral County Advocate, and a part-time Hampshire County Victim Advocate to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence in Mineral, Grant, and Hampshire Counties.

MINERAL, HAMPSHIRE, PENDLETON

Burlington United Methodist Family Services, Inc. $20,982.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Forensic Interviewer to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Hampshire, Mineral, and Pendleton Counties.

MINGO

Mingo County Commission $22,100.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Assistance Coordinator in the Mingo County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Mingo County.

MINGO, LOGAN

Tug Valley Recovery Shelter $89,434.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time Logan/Mingo County Victim Advocate, a part-time Court Advocate, a full-time Logan County Advocate and a part-time Mingo County Advocate to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child victims in Mingo and Logan Counties.

MONONGALIA

Monongalia County Commission $78,544.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time and two part-time Victim Assistance Coordinators in the Monongalia County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Monongalia County.

Monongalia County Child Advocacy Center, Inc. $17,302.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Family Advocate to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Monongalia County.

MONONGALIA, PRESTON

Monongalia County Youth Services Center / CASA for Kids $42,649.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time Preston County Volunteer Coordinator, a full-time Monongalia County Volunteer Coordinator, and a portion of the salary for the Program Director to provide direct services to victims of child abuse and neglect in Preston and Monongalia Counties.

MONONGALIA, PRESTON, TAYLOR

The Rape & Domestic Violence Information Center, Inc. $177,082.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time Monongalia County Victim Advocate, Case Manager,

Taylor County Victim Advocate and for a portion of the salary for a full-time Outreach Advocate for Monongalia, Preston, and Taylor Counties to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child abuse in Monongalia, Preston, and Taylor Counties.

OHIO

Ohio County Commission $35,242.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Victim Assistance Coordinator in the Ohio County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Ohio County.

OHIO, BROOKE, HANCOCK, MARSHALL, WETZEL

Upper Ohio Valley Sexual Assault Help Center $161,670.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time Adult Victim Advocate and a Child Victim Advocate, and the part-time salaries of three Victim Advocates and a licensed Counselor/Therapist to provide direct services to adult and child victims of sexual assault in Hancock, Brooke, Ohio, Marshall, and Wetzel Counties.

OHIO, MARSHALL

Harmony House, Inc. $46,323.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Child and Family Advocate and a portion of the salary of a Child and Family Therapist to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Ohio and Marshall Counties.

OHIO, MARSHALL, WETZEL

Young Womens Christian Associaton of Wheeling, WV $153,405.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time Child Advocate, Ohio County Advocate, Marshall County Advocate, and Wetzel County Advocate, a part-time Employment Advocate, and a portion of the salaries of a

full-time Shelter Advocate and Wetzel County Advocate to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child victims in Ohio, Marshall, and Wetzel Counties.

PRESTON

Preston County Commission $35,125.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Preston County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Preston County.

PUTNAM

Putnam County Commission $34,000.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Putnam County Sheriff's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Putnam County.

Putnam County Commission $48,784.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary for a full-time Victim Liaison and provide for the salary of a part-time Victim Liaison in the Putnam County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Putnam County.

RALEIGH, FAYETTE, NICHOLAS, SUMMERS

Comprehensive Women's Service Council, Inc. $432,866.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time Summers County Advocate, Nicholas County Advocate, Raleigh County Advocate in the Beckley Police Department, and Raleigh County Shelter Advocate and for a

portion of the salaries for a full-time Evening Shelter Advocate, Weekend Shelter Advocate, Night Shelter

Advocate, Day Shelter Advocate, and for a portion of the salaries of a part-time Underserved Populations

Advocate, Raleigh County Victim Services Advocate, Fayette County Advocate, Nicholas County Advocate, and

Weekend Shelter Advocate, and for a portion of two Contractual Adult and Child Therapist to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child abuse in Raleigh, Fayette, Nicholas, and Summers Counties.

RALEIGH, FAYETTE, WYOMING

Just For Kids Child Advocacy Center $76,250.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Family Advocate, Forensic Interviewer, and Counselor to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Fayette, Raleigh, and Wyoming Counties.

RANDOLPH

Randolph County Commission $40,436.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Victim Services Coordinator in the Randolph County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide services to crime victims in Randolph County.

RANDOLPH, TUCKER

Randolph-Tucker Children's Advocacy Center $65,222.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time Family Advocate and part-time Forensic Interviewer and for the salary of a part-time Tucker County Child and Family Advocate to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Randolph and Tucker Counties.

RANDOLPH, UPSHUR, TUCKER, BRAXTON, WEBSTER, BARBOUR

Women's Aid in Crisis $396,775.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries for a full-time Barbour County Outreach Coordinator,

Braxton County Outreach Coordinator, Tucker County Outreach Coordinator, Upshur County Outreach

Coordinator, Webster County Outreach Coordinator, Randolph County Legal Advocate, Randolph County Victim Advocate, and two Shelter Managers and a Contracted Counselor to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence, child victims, and sexual assault victims in Randolph, Barbour, Tucker, Upshur, Webster, and Braxton Counties.

ROANE

Roane County Commission $22,068.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Roane County Prosecuting Attorney's office to provide direct services to crime victims in Roane County.

SUMMERS

REACHH-Family Resource Center $15,715.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a part-time Family Advocate and Forensic Interviewer to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Summers County.

TYLER

Tyler County Commission $37,920.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Tyler County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Tyler County.

UPSHUR

Upshur County Commission $34,662.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Upshur County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Upshur County.

UPSHUR, LEWIS

Mountain CAP of West Virginia, Inc., a CAC $32,574.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Family Advocate to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Upshur and Lewis Counties.

WETZEL

Wetzel County Commission $40,000.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Wetzel County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Wetzel County.

WOOD

Wood County Commission $83,126.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of two full-time Victim Advocates in the Wood County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Wood County.

WOOD, CALHOUN, JACKSON, LOGAN, WIRT

Harmony Mental Health, Inc. $138,450.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time Social Worker and Counselor, and Contractual Counseling to provide services to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child abuse in Calhoun, Jackson, Wirt, and Wood Counties.

WOOD, JACKSON, RITCHIE, PLEASANTS, WIRT

Family Crisis Intervention Center $224,087.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of three part-time Shelter Advocates, three full-tim Shelter

Advocates, Legal Advocate, Sexual Assault Advocate, Ritchie County Advocate, Wirt County Advocate, Pleasants County Advocate, and part-time Jackson County Advocate to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence in Jackson, Ritchie, Wirt, Pleasants, and Wood Counties.

WOOD, WIRT, PLEASANTS, RITCHIE

Voices for Children Foundation - CASA Program $51,939.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the Program Director’s salary to provide direct services to child abuse and neglect victims in Wood, Wirt, Pleasants, and Ritchie Counties.

WYOMING

Wyoming County Commission $30,114.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Wyoming County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Wyoming County.

STATEWIDE

West Virginia Division of Corrections $81,158.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a Victim Services Specialist to provide direct services to the crime victims of inmates under the custody of the Division of Corrections.

Legal Aid of West Virginia, Inc. $216,890.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of three full-time Attorneys to provide emergency legal services to victims of crime in West Virginia.

Mothers Against Drunk Driving West Virginia $39,453.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time statewide Victim Advocate to provide direct services and support to victims of Driving Under the Influence cases throughout the State of West Virginia.

Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Grants:

BARBOUR

Barbour County Commission $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the position of a Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) in Philip Barbour High School.

CABELL

City of Barboursville $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the position of a Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) in Barboursville Middle School.

DODDRIDGE

Doddridge County Commission $40,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) positions in Doddridge County High and Dordddridge County Middle Schools.

HARDY

Hardy County Commission $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the position of a Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) in East Hardy High School.

HARRISON

Harrison County Commission $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the position of a Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) in South Harrison High School.

KANAWHA

HOPE Community Development Corporation $60,000.00

These funds will be utilized to implement the Disproportionate Minority Reduction Cycle in Kanawha County.

Kanawha County Commission $25,000.00

These funds will be utilzed to support the Project INTER-CEPT Program (Interventions Needed To End Recidivism-Critical Entry Point Treatment) in Kanawha County.

Partnership of African American Churches $60,000.00

These funds will be utilized to decrease Disproportionate MinortyContact in Kanawha County by expanding current initiatives between law enforcement, clergy, youth and families, including public defenders and prosecuting attorneys.

LOGAN

Logan County Commission $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the position of a Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) in Man High School.

MONONGALIA

Monongalia County Commission $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the VOICES II, a deliquency prevention program that focuses on at-risk and delinquent female teens.

Monongalia County Child Advocacy Center $18,612.00

These funds will be utilized to provide Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to child vicitims of abuse in Monongalia County.

Monongalia County Commission $60,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support a countywide Disproportionate Minorty Contact Reduction Initiative by utlizing an evidence-based intervention model to prevent at-risk minority youth’s involvement in the criminal justice system.

Morgantown Police Department $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the position of a Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) in Mountaineer Middle School.

Mountaineer Boys and Girls Club $45,000.00

These funds will be utilized to implement the Disproportionate Minorty Reduction Cycle in Monongalia County.

MORGAN

Morgan County Commission $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support a school and community based program that provides a school-based violence prevention curriculum and a developmental asset program to cultivate youth strengths and self-esteem.

Morgan County Commission $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the position of a Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) in Berkeley Springs High School.

STATEWIDE

West Virginia Child Advocacy Network $23,592.00

These funds will be utilized to assess and improve the data tracking and evaluation on both a statewide and local program level, and assist local Child Advocacy centers with data-informed strategic planning, interrupting the cycle of abuse and preventing adverse lifetime outcomes.

West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals $31,018.00

These funds will be utilized to provide current juvenile justice probation data to the State of West Virginia, the Federal Government, West Virginia Division of Justice and Community Services, the State Advisory Group and the citizens of West Virginia through the maintenance and daily management of the Juvenile Section of the Offender Case Management System. Funding will also provide analysis and a statewide report on the Juvenile Justice system as well as the collection of juvenile data and analysis to provide the numbers to create the DMC ratio.

Justice Assistance Grants:

BRAXTON

Braxton County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Braxton County High School.

CABELL

Cabell County Commission $69,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

GREENBRIER

Greenbrier County Commission $23,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

HAMPSHIRE

Hampshire County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Hampshire County High School.

HANCOCK

Hancock County Commission $40,000.00

Funds will provide for two Prevention Resource Officers (PRO) at Oak Glen High School and Weir High School.

Hancock County Commission $46,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

HARRISON

City of Bridgeport $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Bridgeport High School.

City of Bridgeport $46,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

City of Clarksburg $20,000.00

Funds will provide for one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Robert C. Byrd High School.

JACKSON

City of Ripley $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Ripley High School.

City of Ravenswood $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Ravenswood High School.

KANAWHA

City of South Charleston $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at South Charleston High School.

City of Charleston $69,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

City of Dunbar $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Dunbar Middle School.

City of Charleston $40,000.00

Funds will provide for two Prevention Resource Officers (PRO) at Capitol High School and Stonewall Jackson Middle School.

LEWIS

Lewis County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Lewis County High School.

LOGAN

Logan County Commission $46,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force and salary for one Prosecutor to work closely with the Drug Task Force.

MARSHALL

Marshall County Commission $23,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

MERCER

City of Bluefield $46,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

MINERAL

Mineral County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Frankfort High School.

MONROE

Monroe County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at James Monroe High School.

OHIO

Ohio County Commission $46,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

City of Wheeling $40,000.00

Funds will provide for two Prevention Resource Officers (PRO) at Bridge Street Middle School and Triadelphia Middle School.

PUTNAM

Putnam County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Poca High School.

City of Winfield $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Winfield High School.

City of Nitro $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support a Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Nitro High School.

RALEIGH

City of Beckley Police Department $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Woodrow Wilson High School.

ROANE

Roane County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Roane County High School.

TAYLOR

City of Grafton $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Grafton High School.

UPSHUR

Upshur County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Buckhannon-Upshur Middle School.

WETZEL

Wetzel County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Valley High School.

WOOD

City of Vienna $46,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries for a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

City of Williamstown $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Williamstown High School.

STATEWIDE

West Virginia State Police $223,175.00

Funds will provide for officer overtime to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

Justice Reinvestment Treatment Supervision Grants:

BERKELEY, JEFFERSON, MORGAN

Jefferson Day Report Center, Inc. $140,998.00

These funds will be utilized to support the ongoing work through the Justice Reinvestment Treatment Supervision Program.

CABELL

Prestera Center for Mental HealthServices, Inc. $134,514.00

These funds will be utilized to support the ongoing work through the Justice Reinvestment Treatment Supervision Program.

HARRISON

Harrison County Commission $125,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the ongoing work through the Justice Reinvestment Treatment Supervision Program.

United Summit Center, Inc. $118,753.00

These funds will be utilized to support the ongoing work through the JusticGOVERNOR TOMBLIN PRESENTS $9.3 MILLION IN GRANTS

 

TO LOCAL GROUPS, COMMUNITY JUSTICE PROGRAMS

   

CHARLESTON, W.Va. (September 9, 2016) – Gov. Earl Ray Tomblin today presented more than $9.3 million in grant funding to community support groups and justice programs across the state. This funding will be used to develop new programming and enhance existing initiatives to support West Virginia’s communities and state justice system.

   

“With this needed funding, community programs from all corners of our state will be better equipped to serve children and families and further strengthen West Virginia’s justice system.” Gov. Tomblin said. “We are expanding direct services to victims of crime, putting programs in place to help at-risk youth get back on track and preparing parents with the life skills they need to foster a healthy, nurturing environment to raise their families.”

   

The total grant funding was allocated as follows:

   

$7,023,255 in Victims of Crime Act/Victim Assistance Grants - 75 grantees;

$529, 254 in Justice Reinvestment Treatment Supervision Grants - 4 grantees;

$1,203,175 in Justice Assistance Grants - 34 grantees;

$543,222 in Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Grants - 18 grantees.

  

Photos available for media use. All photos should be attributed “Photo courtesy of Office of the Governor.”

The horse (Equus caballus) is a domesticated, one-toed, hoofed mammal. It belongs to the taxonomic family Equidae and is one of two extant subspecies of Equus ferus. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature, close to Eohippus, into the large, single-toed animal of today. Humans began domesticating horses around 4000 BCE, and their domestication is believed to have been widespread by 3000 BCE. Horses in the subspecies caballus are domesticated, although some domesticated populations live in the wild as feral horses. These feral populations are not true wild horses, which are horses that never have been domesticated. There is an extensive, specialized vocabulary used to describe equine-related concepts, covering everything from anatomy to life stages, size, colors, markings, breeds, locomotion, and behavior.

 

Horses are adapted to run, allowing them to quickly escape predators, and possess an excellent sense of balance and a strong fight-or-flight response. Related to this need to flee from predators in the wild is an unusual trait: horses are able to sleep both standing up and lying down, with younger horses tending to sleep significantly more than adults. Female horses, called mares, carry their young for approximately 11 months and a young horse, called a foal, can stand and run shortly following birth. Most domesticated horses begin training under a saddle or in a harness between the ages of two and four. They reach full adult development by age five, and have an average lifespan of between 25 and 30 years.

 

Horse breeds are loosely divided into three categories based on general temperament: spirited "hot bloods" with speed and endurance; "cold bloods", such as draft horses and some ponies, suitable for slow, heavy work; and "warmbloods", developed from crosses between hot bloods and cold bloods, often focusing on creating breeds for specific riding purposes, particularly in Europe. There are more than 300 breeds of horse in the world today, developed for many different uses.

 

Horses and humans interact in a wide variety of sport competitions and non-competitive recreational pursuits as well as in working activities such as police work, agriculture, entertainment, and therapy. Horses were historically used in warfare, from which a wide variety of riding and driving techniques developed, using many different styles of equipment and methods of control. Many products are derived from horses, including meat, milk, hide, hair, bone, and pharmaceuticals extracted from the urine of pregnant mares. Humans provide domesticated horses with food, water, and shelter, as well as attention from specialists such as veterinarians and farriers.

 

Lifespan and life stages

Depending on breed, management and environment, the modern domestic horse has a life expectancy of 25 to 30 years. Uncommonly, a few animals live into their 40s and, occasionally, beyond. The oldest verifiable record was "Old Billy", a 19th-century horse that lived to the age of 62. In modern times, Sugar Puff, who had been listed in Guinness World Records as the world's oldest living pony, died in 2007 at age 56.

 

Regardless of a horse or pony's actual birth date, for most competition purposes a year is added to its age each January 1 of each year in the Northern Hemisphere and each August 1 in the Southern Hemisphere. The exception is in endurance riding, where the minimum age to compete is based on the animal's actual calendar age.

 

The following terminology is used to describe horses of various ages:

 

Foal

A horse of either sex less than one year old. A nursing foal is sometimes called a suckling, and a foal that has been weaned is called a weanling. Most domesticated foals are weaned at five to seven months of age, although foals can be weaned at four months with no adverse physical effects.

Yearling

A horse of either sex that is between one and two years old.

Colt

A male horse under the age of four. A common terminology error is to call any young horse a "colt", when the term actually only refers to young male horses.

Filly

A female horse under the age of four.

Mare

A female horse four years old and older.

Stallion

A non-castrated male horse four years old and older.The term "horse" is sometimes used colloquially to refer specifically to a stallion.

Gelding

A castrated male horse of any age.

In horse racing, these definitions may differ: For example, in the British Isles, Thoroughbred horse racing defines colts and fillies as less than five years old. However, Australian Thoroughbred racing defines colts and fillies as less than four years old.

 

Size and measurement

The height of horses is measured at the highest point of the withers, where the neck meets the back. This point is used because it is a stable point of the anatomy, unlike the head or neck, which move up and down in relation to the body of the horse.

 

Size varies greatly among horse breeds, as with this full-sized horse and small pony.

In English-speaking countries, the height of horses is often stated in units of hands and inches: one hand is equal to 4 inches (101.6 mm). The height is expressed as the number of full hands, followed by a point, then the number of additional inches, and ending with the abbreviation "h" or "hh" (for "hands high"). Thus, a horse described as "15.2 h" is 15 hands plus 2 inches, for a total of 62 inches (157.5 cm) in height.

 

The size of horses varies by breed, but also is influenced by nutrition. Light-riding horses usually range in height from 14 to 16 hands (56 to 64 inches, 142 to 163 cm) and can weigh from 380 to 550 kilograms (840 to 1,210 lb). Larger-riding horses usually start at about 15.2 hands (62 inches, 157 cm) and often are as tall as 17 hands (68 inches, 173 cm), weighing from 500 to 600 kilograms (1,100 to 1,320 lb). Heavy or draft horses are usually at least 16 hands (64 inches, 163 cm) high and can be as tall as 18 hands (72 inches, 183 cm) high. They can weigh from about 700 to 1,000 kilograms (1,540 to 2,200 lb).

 

The largest horse in recorded history was probably a Shire horse named Mammoth, who was born in 1848. He stood 21.2 1⁄4 hands (86.25 inches, 219 cm) high and his peak weight was estimated at 1,524 kilograms (3,360 lb). The record holder for the smallest horse ever is Thumbelina, a fully mature miniature horse affected by dwarfism. She was 43 centimetres; 4.1 hands (17 in) tall and weighed 26 kg (57 lb).

 

Ponies

Main article: Pony

Ponies are taxonomically the same animals as horses. The distinction between a horse and pony is commonly drawn on the basis of height, especially for competition purposes. However, height alone is not dispositive; the difference between horses and ponies may also include aspects of phenotype, including conformation and temperament.

 

The traditional standard for height of a horse or a pony at maturity is 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm). An animal 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm) or over is usually considered to be a horse and one less than 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm) a pony, but there are many exceptions to the traditional standard. In Australia, ponies are considered to be those under 14 hands (56 inches, 142 cm). For competition in the Western division of the United States Equestrian Federation, the cutoff is 14.1 hands (57 inches, 145 cm). The International Federation for Equestrian Sports, the world governing body for horse sport, uses metric measurements and defines a pony as being any horse measuring less than 148 centimetres (58.27 in) at the withers without shoes, which is just over 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm), and 149 centimetres (58.66 in; 14.2+1⁄2 hands), with shoes.

 

Height is not the sole criterion for distinguishing horses from ponies. Breed registries for horses that typically produce individuals both under and over 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm) consider all animals of that breed to be horses regardless of their height. Conversely, some pony breeds may have features in common with horses, and individual animals may occasionally mature at over 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm), but are still considered to be ponies.

 

Ponies often exhibit thicker manes, tails, and overall coat. They also have proportionally shorter legs, wider barrels, heavier bone, shorter and thicker necks, and short heads with broad foreheads. They may have calmer temperaments than horses and also a high level of intelligence that may or may not be used to cooperate with human handlers. Small size, by itself, is not an exclusive determinant. For example, the Shetland pony which averages 10 hands (40 inches, 102 cm), is considered a pony. Conversely, breeds such as the Falabella and other miniature horses, which can be no taller than 76 centimetres; 7.2 hands (30 in), are classified by their registries as very small horses, not ponies.

 

Genetics

Horses have 64 chromosomes. The horse genome was sequenced in 2007. It contains 2.7 billion DNA base pairs, which is larger than the dog genome, but smaller than the human genome or the bovine genome.

 

Colors and markings

Horses exhibit a diverse array of coat colors and distinctive markings, described by a specialized vocabulary. Often, a horse is classified first by its coat color, before breed or sex. Horses of the same color may be distinguished from one another by white markings, which, along with various spotting patterns, are inherited separately from coat color.

 

Many genes that create horse coat colors and patterns have been identified. Current genetic tests can identify at least 13 different alleles influencing coat color, and research continues to discover new genes linked to specific traits. The basic coat colors of chestnut and black are determined by the gene controlled by the Melanocortin 1 receptor, also known as the "extension gene" or "red factor", as its recessive form is "red" (chestnut) and its dominant form is black. Additional genes control suppression of black color to point coloration that results in a bay, spotting patterns such as pinto or leopard, dilution genes such as palomino or dun, as well as greying, and all the other factors that create the many possible coat colors found in horses.

 

Horses that have a white coat color are often mislabeled; a horse that looks "white" is usually a middle-aged or older gray. Grays are born a darker shade, get lighter as they age, but usually keep black skin underneath their white hair coat (with the exception of pink skin under white markings). The only horses properly called white are born with a predominantly white hair coat and pink skin, a fairly rare occurrence. Different and unrelated genetic factors can produce white coat colors in horses, including several different alleles of dominant white and the sabino-1 gene. However, there are no "albino" horses, defined as having both pink skin and red eyes.

 

Reproduction and development

Gestation lasts approximately 340 days, with an average range 320–370 days, and usually results in one foal; twins are rare. Horses are a precocial species, and foals are capable of standing and running within a short time following birth. Foals are usually born in the spring. The estrous cycle of a mare occurs roughly every 19–22 days and occurs from early spring into autumn. Most mares enter an anestrus period during the winter and thus do not cycle in this period. Foals are generally weaned from their mothers between four and six months of age.

 

Horses, particularly colts, are sometimes physically capable of reproduction at about 18 months, but domesticated horses are rarely allowed to breed before the age of three, especially females. Horses four years old are considered mature, although the skeleton normally continues to develop until the age of six; maturation also depends on the horse's size, breed, sex, and quality of care. Larger horses have larger bones; therefore, not only do the bones take longer to form bone tissue, but the epiphyseal plates are larger and take longer to convert from cartilage to bone. These plates convert after the other parts of the bones, and are crucial to development.

 

Depending on maturity, breed, and work expected, horses are usually put under saddle and trained to be ridden between the ages of two and four. Although Thoroughbred race horses are put on the track as young as the age of two in some countries, horses specifically bred for sports such as dressage are generally not put under saddle until they are three or four years old, because their bones and muscles are not solidly developed. For endurance riding competition, horses are not deemed mature enough to compete until they are a full 60 calendar months (five years) old.

 

Anatomy

The horse skeleton averages 205 bones. A significant difference between the horse skeleton and that of a human is the lack of a collarbone—the horse's forelimbs are attached to the spinal column by a powerful set of muscles, tendons, and ligaments that attach the shoulder blade to the torso. The horse's four legs and hooves are also unique structures. Their leg bones are proportioned differently from those of a human. For example, the body part that is called a horse's "knee" is actually made up of the carpal bones that correspond to the human wrist. Similarly, the hock contains bones equivalent to those in the human ankle and heel. The lower leg bones of a horse correspond to the bones of the human hand or foot, and the fetlock (incorrectly called the "ankle") is actually the proximal sesamoid bones between the cannon bones (a single equivalent to the human metacarpal or metatarsal bones) and the proximal phalanges, located where one finds the "knuckles" of a human. A horse also has no muscles in its legs below the knees and hocks, only skin, hair, bone, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and the assorted specialized tissues that make up the hoof.

 

Hooves

Main articles: Horse hoof, Horseshoe, and Farrier

The critical importance of the feet and legs is summed up by the traditional adage, "no foot, no horse". The horse hoof begins with the distal phalanges, the equivalent of the human fingertip or tip of the toe, surrounded by cartilage and other specialized, blood-rich soft tissues such as the laminae. The exterior hoof wall and horn of the sole is made of keratin, the same material as a human fingernail. The result is that a horse, weighing on average 500 kilograms (1,100 lb), travels on the same bones as would a human on tiptoe. For the protection of the hoof under certain conditions, some horses have horseshoes placed on their feet by a professional farrier. The hoof continually grows, and in most domesticated horses needs to be trimmed (and horseshoes reset, if used) every five to eight weeks, though the hooves of horses in the wild wear down and regrow at a rate suitable for their terrain.

 

Teeth

Main article: Horse teeth

Horses are adapted to grazing. In an adult horse, there are 12 incisors at the front of the mouth, adapted to biting off the grass or other vegetation. There are 24 teeth adapted for chewing, the premolars and molars, at the back of the mouth. Stallions and geldings have four additional teeth just behind the incisors, a type of canine teeth called "tushes". Some horses, both male and female, will also develop one to four very small vestigial teeth in front of the molars, known as "wolf" teeth, which are generally removed because they can interfere with the bit. There is an empty interdental space between the incisors and the molars where the bit rests directly on the gums, or "bars" of the horse's mouth when the horse is bridled.

 

An estimate of a horse's age can be made from looking at its teeth. The teeth continue to erupt throughout life and are worn down by grazing. Therefore, the incisors show changes as the horse ages; they develop a distinct wear pattern, changes in tooth shape, and changes in the angle at which the chewing surfaces meet. This allows a very rough estimate of a horse's age, although diet and veterinary care can also affect the rate of tooth wear.

 

Digestion

Main articles: Equine digestive system and Equine nutrition

Horses are herbivores with a digestive system adapted to a forage diet of grasses and other plant material, consumed steadily throughout the day. Therefore, compared to humans, they have a relatively small stomach but very long intestines to facilitate a steady flow of nutrients. A 450-kilogram (990 lb) horse will eat 7 to 11 kilograms (15 to 24 lb) of food per day and, under normal use, drink 38 to 45 litres (8.4 to 9.9 imp gal; 10 to 12 US gal) of water. Horses are not ruminants, they have only one stomach, like humans, but unlike humans, they can digest cellulose, a major component of grass. Horses are hindgut fermenters. Cellulose fermentation by symbiotic bacteria occurs in the cecum, or "water gut", which food goes through before reaching the large intestine. Horses cannot vomit, so digestion problems can quickly cause colic, a leading cause of death. Horses do not have a gallbladder; however, they seem to tolerate high amounts of fat in their diet despite lack of a gallbladder.

 

Senses

The horses' senses are based on their status as prey animals, where they must be aware of their surroundings at all times. They have the largest eyes of any land mammal, and are lateral-eyed, meaning that their eyes are positioned on the sides of their heads. This means that horses have a range of vision of more than 350°, with approximately 65° of this being binocular vision and the remaining 285° monocular vision. Horses have excellent day and night vision, but they have two-color, or dichromatic vision; their color vision is somewhat like red-green color blindness in humans, where certain colors, especially red and related colors, appear as a shade of green.

 

Their sense of smell, while much better than that of humans, is not quite as good as that of a dog. It is believed to play a key role in the social interactions of horses as well as detecting other key scents in the environment. Horses have two olfactory centers. The first system is in the nostrils and nasal cavity, which analyze a wide range of odors. The second, located under the nasal cavity, are the vomeronasal organs, also called Jacobson's organs. These have a separate nerve pathway to the brain and appear to primarily analyze pheromones.

 

A horse's hearing is good, and the pinna of each ear can rotate up to 180°, giving the potential for 360° hearing without having to move the head. Noise impacts the behavior of horses and certain kinds of noise may contribute to stress: a 2013 study in the UK indicated that stabled horses were calmest in a quiet setting, or if listening to country or classical music, but displayed signs of nervousness when listening to jazz or rock music. This study also recommended keeping music under a volume of 21 decibels. An Australian study found that stabled racehorses listening to talk radio had a higher rate of gastric ulcers than horses listening to music, and racehorses stabled where a radio was played had a higher overall rate of ulceration than horses stabled where there was no radio playing.

 

Horses have a great sense of balance, due partly to their ability to feel their footing and partly to highly developed proprioception—the unconscious sense of where the body and limbs are at all times. A horse's sense of touch is well-developed. The most sensitive areas are around the eyes, ears, and nose. Horses are able to sense contact as subtle as an insect landing anywhere on the body.

 

Horses have an advanced sense of taste, which allows them to sort through fodder and choose what they would most like to eat, and their prehensile lips can easily sort even small grains. Horses generally will not eat poisonous plants, however, there are exceptions; horses will occasionally eat toxic amounts of poisonous plants even when there is adequate healthy food.

 

Movement

All horses move naturally with four basic gaits:

the four-beat walk, which averages 6.4 kilometres per hour (4.0 mph);

the two-beat trot or jog at 13 to 19 kilometres per hour (8.1 to 11.8 mph) (faster for harness racing horses);

the canter or lope, a three-beat gait that is 19 to 24 kilometres per hour (12 to 15 mph);

the gallop, which averages 40 to 48 kilometres per hour (25 to 30 mph), but the world record for a horse galloping over a short, sprint distance is 70.76 kilometres per hour (43.97 mph).

Besides these basic gaits, some horses perform a two-beat pace, instead of the trot. There also are several four-beat 'ambling' gaits that are approximately the speed of a trot or pace, though smoother to ride. These include the lateral rack, running walk, and tölt as well as the diagonal fox trot. Ambling gaits are often genetic in some breeds, known collectively as gaited horses. These horses replace the trot with one of the ambling gaits.

 

Behavior

Horses are prey animals with a strong fight-or-flight response. Their first reaction to a threat is to startle and usually flee, although they will stand their ground and defend themselves when flight is impossible or if their young are threatened. They also tend to be curious; when startled, they will often hesitate an instant to ascertain the cause of their fright, and may not always flee from something that they perceive as non-threatening. Most light horse riding breeds were developed for speed, agility, alertness and endurance; natural qualities that extend from their wild ancestors. However, through selective breeding, some breeds of horses are quite docile, particularly certain draft horses.

  

Horses fighting as part of herd dominance behaviour

Horses are herd animals, with a clear hierarchy of rank, led by a dominant individual, usually a mare. They are also social creatures that are able to form companionship attachments to their own species and to other animals, including humans. They communicate in various ways, including vocalizations such as nickering or whinnying, mutual grooming, and body language. Many horses will become difficult to manage if they are isolated, but with training, horses can learn to accept a human as a companion, and thus be comfortable away from other horses. However, when confined with insufficient companionship, exercise, or stimulation, individuals may develop stable vices, an assortment of bad habits, mostly stereotypies of psychological origin, that include wood chewing, wall kicking, "weaving" (rocking back and forth), and other problems.

 

Intelligence and learning

Studies have indicated that horses perform a number of cognitive tasks on a daily basis, meeting mental challenges that include food procurement and identification of individuals within a social system. They also have good spatial discrimination abilities. They are naturally curious and apt to investigate things they have not seen before. Studies have assessed equine intelligence in areas such as problem solving, speed of learning, and memory. Horses excel at simple learning, but also are able to use more advanced cognitive abilities that involve categorization and concept learning. They can learn using habituation, desensitization, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning, and positive and negative reinforcement. One study has indicated that horses can differentiate between "more or less" if the quantity involved is less than four.

 

Domesticated horses may face greater mental challenges than wild horses, because they live in artificial environments that prevent instinctive behavior whilst also learning tasks that are not natural. Horses are animals of habit that respond well to regimentation, and respond best when the same routines and techniques are used consistently. One trainer believes that "intelligent" horses are reflections of intelligent trainers who effectively use response conditioning techniques and positive reinforcement to train in the style that best fits with an individual animal's natural inclinations.

 

Temperament

Horses are mammals, and as such are warm-blooded, or endothermic creatures, as opposed to cold-blooded, or poikilothermic animals. However, these words have developed a separate meaning in the context of equine terminology, used to describe temperament, not body temperature. For example, the "hot-bloods", such as many race horses, exhibit more sensitivity and energy, while the "cold-bloods", such as most draft breeds, are quieter and calmer. Sometimes "hot-bloods" are classified as "light horses" or "riding horses", with the "cold-bloods" classified as "draft horses" or "work horses".

 

a sepia-toned engraving from an old book, showing 11 horses of different breeds and sizes in nine different illustrations

Illustration of assorted breeds; slim, light hotbloods, medium-sized warmbloods and draft and pony-type coldblood breeds

"Hot blooded" breeds include "oriental horses" such as the Akhal-Teke, Arabian horse, Barb, and now-extinct Turkoman horse, as well as the Thoroughbred, a breed developed in England from the older oriental breeds. Hot bloods tend to be spirited, bold, and learn quickly. They are bred for agility and speed. They tend to be physically refined—thin-skinned, slim, and long-legged. The original oriental breeds were brought to Europe from the Middle East and North Africa when European breeders wished to infuse these traits into racing and light cavalry horses.

 

Muscular, heavy draft horses are known as "cold bloods", as they are bred not only for strength, but also to have the calm, patient temperament needed to pull a plow or a heavy carriage full of people. They are sometimes nicknamed "gentle giants". Well-known draft breeds include the Belgian and the Clydesdale. Some, like the Percheron, are lighter and livelier, developed to pull carriages or to plow large fields in drier climates. Others, such as the Shire, are slower and more powerful, bred to plow fields with heavy, clay-based soils. The cold-blooded group also includes some pony breeds.

 

"Warmblood" breeds, such as the Trakehner or Hanoverian, developed when European carriage and war horses were crossed with Arabians or Thoroughbreds, producing a riding horse with more refinement than a draft horse, but greater size and milder temperament than a lighter breed. Certain pony breeds with warmblood characteristics have been developed for smaller riders. Warmbloods are considered a "light horse" or "riding horse".

 

Today, the term "Warmblood" refers to a specific subset of sport horse breeds that are used for competition in dressage and show jumping. Strictly speaking, the term "warm blood" refers to any cross between cold-blooded and hot-blooded breeds. Examples include breeds such as the Irish Draught or the Cleveland Bay. The term was once used to refer to breeds of light riding horse other than Thoroughbreds or Arabians, such as the Morgan horse.

 

Sleep patterns

When horses lie down to sleep, others in the herd remain standing, awake, or in a light doze, keeping watch.

Horses are able to sleep both standing up and lying down. In an adaptation from life in the wild, horses are able to enter light sleep by using a "stay apparatus" in their legs, allowing them to doze without collapsing. Horses sleep better when in groups because some animals will sleep while others stand guard to watch for predators. A horse kept alone will not sleep well because its instincts are to keep a constant eye out for danger.

 

Unlike humans, horses do not sleep in a solid, unbroken period of time, but take many short periods of rest. Horses spend four to fifteen hours a day in standing rest, and from a few minutes to several hours lying down. Total sleep time in a 24-hour period may range from several minutes to a couple of hours, mostly in short intervals of about 15 minutes each. The average sleep time of a domestic horse is said to be 2.9 hours per day.

 

Horses must lie down to reach REM sleep. They only have to lie down for an hour or two every few days to meet their minimum REM sleep requirements. However, if a horse is never allowed to lie down, after several days it will become sleep-deprived, and in rare cases may suddenly collapse as it involuntarily slips into REM sleep while still standing. This condition differs from narcolepsy, although horses may also suffer from that disorder.

 

Taxonomy and evolution

The horse adapted to survive in areas of wide-open terrain with sparse vegetation, surviving in an ecosystem where other large grazing animals, especially ruminants, could not. Horses and other equids are odd-toed ungulates of the order Perissodactyla, a group of mammals dominant during the Tertiary period. In the past, this order contained 14 families, but only three—Equidae (the horse and related species), Tapiridae (the tapir), and Rhinocerotidae (the rhinoceroses)—have survived to the present day.

 

The earliest known member of the family Equidae was the Hyracotherium, which lived between 45 and 55 million years ago, during the Eocene period. It had 4 toes on each front foot, and 3 toes on each back foot. The extra toe on the front feet soon disappeared with the Mesohippus, which lived 32 to 37 million years ago. Over time, the extra side toes shrank in size until they vanished. All that remains of them in modern horses is a set of small vestigial bones on the leg below the knee, known informally as splint bones. Their legs also lengthened as their toes disappeared until they were a hooved animal capable of running at great speed. By about 5 million years ago, the modern Equus had evolved. Equid teeth also evolved from browsing on soft, tropical plants to adapt to browsing of drier plant material, then to grazing of tougher plains grasses. Thus proto-horses changed from leaf-eating forest-dwellers to grass-eating inhabitants of semi-arid regions worldwide, including the steppes of Eurasia and the Great Plains of North America.

 

By about 15,000 years ago, Equus ferus was a widespread holarctic species. Horse bones from this time period, the late Pleistocene, are found in Europe, Eurasia, Beringia, and North America. Yet between 10,000 and 7,600 years ago, the horse became extinct in North America. The reasons for this extinction are not fully known, but one theory notes that extinction in North America paralleled human arrival. Another theory points to climate change, noting that approximately 12,500 years ago, the grasses characteristic of a steppe ecosystem gave way to shrub tundra, which was covered with unpalatable plants.

 

Wild species surviving into modern times

Three tan-colored horses with upright manes. Two horses nip and paw at each other, while the third moves towards the camera. They stand in an open, rocky grassland, with forests in the distance.

 

Main article: Wild horse

A truly wild horse is a species or subspecies with no ancestors that were ever successfully domesticated. Therefore, most "wild" horses today are actually feral horses, animals that escaped or were turned loose from domestic herds and the descendants of those animals. Only two wild subspecies, the tarpan and the Przewalski's horse, survived into recorded history and only the latter survives today.

 

The Przewalski's horse (Equus ferus przewalskii), named after the Russian explorer Nikolai Przhevalsky, is a rare Asian animal. It is also known as the Mongolian wild horse; Mongolian people know it as the taki, and the Kyrgyz people call it a kirtag. The subspecies was presumed extinct in the wild between 1969 and 1992, while a small breeding population survived in zoos around the world. In 1992, it was reestablished in the wild by the conservation efforts of numerous zoos. Today, a small wild breeding population exists in Mongolia. There are additional animals still maintained at zoos throughout the world.

 

The question of whether the Przewalski's horse was ever domesticated was challenged in 2018 when DNA studies of horses found at Botai culture sites revealed captured animals with DNA markers of an ancestor to the Przewalski's horse. The study concluded that the Botai animals appear to have been an independent domestication attempt and apparently unsuccessful, as these genetic markers do not appear in modern domesticated horses. However, the question of whether all Przewalski's horses descend from this population is also unresolved, as only one of seven modern Przewalski's horses in the study shared this ancestry.

 

The tarpan or European wild horse (Equus ferus ferus) was found in Europe and much of Asia. It survived into the historical era, but became extinct in 1909, when the last captive died in a Russian zoo. Thus, the genetic line was lost. Attempts have been made to recreate the tarpan, which resulted in horses with outward physical similarities, but nonetheless descended from domesticated ancestors and not true wild horses.

 

Periodically, populations of horses in isolated areas are speculated to be relict populations of wild horses, but generally have been proven to be feral or domestic. For example, the Riwoche horse of Tibet was proposed as such, but testing did not reveal genetic differences from domesticated horses. Similarly, the Sorraia of Portugal was proposed as a direct descendant of the Tarpan on the basis of shared characteristics, but genetic studies have shown that the Sorraia is more closely related to other horse breeds, and that the outward similarity is an unreliable measure of relatedness.

 

Other modern equids

Main article: Equus (genus)

Besides the horse, there are six other species of genus Equus in the Equidae family. These are the ass or donkey, Equus asinus; the mountain zebra, Equus zebra; plains zebra, Equus quagga; Grévy's Zebra, Equus grevyi; the kiang, Equus kiang; and the onager, Equus hemionus.

 

Horses can crossbreed with other members of their genus. The most common hybrid is the mule, a cross between a "jack" (male donkey) and a mare. A related hybrid, a hinny, is a cross between a stallion and a "jenny" (female donkey). Other hybrids include the zorse, a cross between a zebra and a horse. With rare exceptions, most hybrids are sterile and cannot reproduce.

 

Main articles: History of horse domestication theories and Domestication of the horse

Domestication of the horse most likely took place in central Asia prior to 3500 BCE. Two major sources of information are used to determine where and when the horse was first domesticated and how the domesticated horse spread around the world. The first source is based on palaeological and archaeological discoveries; the second source is a comparison of DNA obtained from modern horses to that from bones and teeth of ancient horse remains.

 

The earliest archaeological evidence for the domestication of the horse comes from sites in Ukraine and Kazakhstan, dating to approximately 4000–3500 BCE. By 3000 BCE, the horse was completely domesticated and by 2000 BCE there was a sharp increase in the number of horse bones found in human settlements in northwestern Europe, indicating the spread of domesticated horses throughout the continent. The most recent, but most irrefutable evidence of domestication comes from sites where horse remains were interred with chariots in graves of the Sintashta and Petrovka cultures c. 2100 BCE.

 

A 2021 genetic study suggested that most modern domestic horses descend from the lower Volga-Don region. Ancient horse genomes indicate that these populations influenced almost all local populations as they expanded rapidly throughout Eurasia, beginning about 4,200 years ago. It also shows that certain adaptations were strongly selected due to riding, and that equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots spread with the horse itself.

 

Domestication is also studied by using the genetic material of present-day horses and comparing it with the genetic material present in the bones and teeth of horse remains found in archaeological and palaeological excavations. The variation in the genetic material shows that very few wild stallions contributed to the domestic horse, while many mares were part of early domesticated herds. This is reflected in the difference in genetic variation between the DNA that is passed on along the paternal, or sire line (Y-chromosome) versus that passed on along the maternal, or dam line (mitochondrial DNA). There are very low levels of Y-chromosome variability, but a great deal of genetic variation in mitochondrial DNA. There is also regional variation in mitochondrial DNA due to the inclusion of wild mares in domestic herds. Another characteristic of domestication is an increase in coat color variation. In horses, this increased dramatically between 5000 and 3000 BCE.

 

Before the availability of DNA techniques to resolve the questions related to the domestication of the horse, various hypotheses were proposed. One classification was based on body types and conformation, suggesting the presence of four basic prototypes that had adapted to their environment prior to domestication. Another hypothesis held that the four prototypes originated from a single wild species and that all different body types were entirely a result of selective breeding after domestication. However, the lack of a detectable substructure in the horse has resulted in a rejection of both hypotheses.

 

Main article: Feral horse

Feral horses are born and live in the wild, but are descended from domesticated animals. Many populations of feral horses exist throughout the world. Studies of feral herds have provided useful insights into the behavior of prehistoric horses, as well as greater understanding of the instincts and behaviors that drive horses that live in domesticated conditions.

 

There are also semi-feral horses in many parts of the world, such as Dartmoor and the New Forest in the UK, where the animals are all privately owned but live for significant amounts of time in "wild" conditions on undeveloped, often public, lands. Owners of such animals often pay a fee for grazing rights.

 

Main articles: Horse breed, List of horse breeds, and Horse breeding

The concept of purebred bloodstock and a controlled, written breed registry has come to be particularly significant and important in modern times. Sometimes purebred horses are incorrectly or inaccurately called "thoroughbreds". Thoroughbred is a specific breed of horse, while a "purebred" is a horse (or any other animal) with a defined pedigree recognized by a breed registry. Horse breeds are groups of horses with distinctive characteristics that are transmitted consistently to their offspring, such as conformation, color, performance ability, or disposition. These inherited traits result from a combination of natural crosses and artificial selection methods. Horses have been selectively bred since their domestication. An early example of people who practiced selective horse breeding were the Bedouin, who had a reputation for careful practices, keeping extensive pedigrees of their Arabian horses and placing great value upon pure bloodlines. These pedigrees were originally transmitted via an oral tradition. In the 14th century, Carthusian monks of southern Spain kept meticulous pedigrees of bloodstock lineages still found today in the Andalusian horse.

 

Breeds developed due to a need for "form to function", the necessity to develop certain characteristics in order to perform a particular type of work. Thus, a powerful but refined breed such as the Andalusian developed as riding horses with an aptitude for dressage. Heavy draft horses were developed out of a need to perform demanding farm work and pull heavy wagons. Other horse breeds had been developed specifically for light agricultural work, carriage and road work, various sport disciplines, or simply as pets. Some breeds developed through centuries of crossing other breeds, while others descended from a single foundation sire, or other limited or restricted foundation bloodstock. One of the earliest formal registries was General Stud Book for Thoroughbreds, which began in 1791 and traced back to the foundation bloodstock for the breed. There are more than 300 horse breeds in the world today.

 

Interaction with humans

Worldwide, horses play a role within human cultures and have done so for millennia. Horses are used for leisure activities, sports, and working purposes. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that in 2008, there were almost 59,000,000 horses in the world, with around 33,500,000 in the Americas, 13,800,000 in Asia and 6,300,000 in Europe and smaller portions in Africa and Oceania. There are estimated to be 9,500,000 horses in the United States alone. The American Horse Council estimates that horse-related activities have a direct impact on the economy of the United States of over $39 billion, and when indirect spending is considered, the impact is over $102 billion. In a 2004 "poll" conducted by Animal Planet, more than 50,000 viewers from 73 countries voted for the horse as the world's 4th favorite animal.

 

Communication between human and horse is paramount in any equestrian activity; to aid this process horses are usually ridden with a saddle on their backs to assist the rider with balance and positioning, and a bridle or related headgear to assist the rider in maintaining control. Sometimes horses are ridden without a saddle, and occasionally, horses are trained to perform without a bridle or other headgear. Many horses are also driven, which requires a harness, bridle, and some type of vehicle.

 

Main articles: Equestrianism, Horse racing, Horse training, and Horse tack

Historically, equestrians honed their skills through games and races. Equestrian sports provided entertainment for crowds and honed the excellent horsemanship that was needed in battle. Many sports, such as dressage, eventing, and show jumping, have origins in military training, which were focused on control and balance of both horse and rider. Other sports, such as rodeo, developed from practical skills such as those needed on working ranches and stations. Sport hunting from horseback evolved from earlier practical hunting techniques. Horse racing of all types evolved from impromptu competitions between riders or drivers. All forms of competition, requiring demanding and specialized skills from both horse and rider, resulted in the systematic development of specialized breeds and equipment for each sport. The popularity of equestrian sports through the centuries has resulted in the preservation of skills that would otherwise have disappeared after horses stopped being used in combat.

 

Horses are trained to be ridden or driven in a variety of sporting competitions. Examples include show jumping, dressage, three-day eventing, competitive driving, endurance riding, gymkhana, rodeos, and fox hunting. Horse shows, which have their origins in medieval European fairs, are held around the world. They host a huge range of classes, covering all of the mounted and harness disciplines, as well as "In-hand" classes where the horses are led, rather than ridden, to be evaluated on their conformation. The method of judging varies with the discipline, but winning usually depends on style and ability of both horse and rider. Sports such as polo do not judge the horse itself, but rather use the horse as a partner for human competitors as a necessary part of the game. Although the horse requires specialized training to participate, the details of its performance are not judged, only the result of the rider's actions—be it getting a ball through a goal or some other task. Examples of these sports of partnership between human and horse include jousting, in which the main goal is for one rider to unseat the other, and buzkashi, a team game played throughout Central Asia, the aim being to capture a goat carcass while on horseback.

 

Horse racing is an equestrian sport and major international industry, watched in almost every nation of the world. There are three types: "flat" racing; steeplechasing, i.e. racing over jumps; and harness racing, where horses trot or pace while pulling a driver in a small, light cart known as a sulky. A major part of horse racing's economic importance lies in the gambling associated with it.

 

Work

There are certain jobs that horses do very well, and no technology has yet developed to fully replace them. For example, mounted police horses are still effective for certain types of patrol duties and crowd control. Cattle ranches still require riders on horseback to round up cattle that are scattered across remote, rugged terrain. Search and rescue organizations in some countries depend upon mounted teams to locate people, particularly hikers and children, and to provide disaster relief assistance. Horses can also be used in areas where it is necessary to avoid vehicular disruption to delicate soil, such as nature reserves. They may also be the only form of transport allowed in wilderness areas. Horses are quieter than motorized vehicles. Law enforcement officers such as park rangers or game wardens may use horses for patrols, and horses or mules may also be used for clearing trails or other work in areas of rough terrain where vehicles are less effective.

 

Although machinery has replaced horses in many parts of the world, an estimated 100 million horses, donkeys and mules are still used for agriculture and transportation in less developed areas. This number includes around 27 million working animals in Africa alone. Some land management practices such as cultivating and logging can be efficiently performed with horses. In agriculture, less fossil fuel is used and increased environmental conservation occurs over time with the use of draft animals such as horses. Logging with horses can result in reduced damage to soil structure and less damage to trees due to more selective logging.

 

Main article: Horses in warfare

Horses have been used in warfare for most of recorded history. The first archaeological evidence of horses used in warfare dates to between 4000 and 3000 BCE, and the use of horses in warfare was widespread by the end of the Bronze Age. Although mechanization has largely replaced the horse as a weapon of war, horses are still seen today in limited military uses, mostly for ceremonial purposes, or for reconnaissance and transport activities in areas of rough terrain where motorized vehicles are ineffective. Horses have been used in the 21st century by the Janjaweed militias in the War in Darfur.

 

Entertainment and culture

Modern horses are often used to reenact many of their historical work purposes. Horses are used, complete with equipment that is authentic or a meticulously recreated replica, in various live action historical reenactments of specific periods of history, especially recreations of famous battles. Horses are also used to preserve cultural traditions and for ceremonial purposes. Countries such as the United Kingdom still use horse-drawn carriages to convey royalty and other VIPs to and from certain culturally significant events. Public exhibitions are another example, such as the Budweiser Clydesdales, seen in parades and other public settings, a team of draft horses that pull a beer wagon similar to that used before the invention of the modern motorized truck.

 

Horses are frequently used in television, films and literature. They are sometimes featured as a major character in films about particular animals, but also used as visual elements that assure the accuracy of historical stories. Both live horses and iconic images of horses are used in advertising to promote a variety of products. The horse frequently appears in coats of arms in heraldry, in a variety of poses and equipment. The mythologies of many cultures, including Greco-Roman, Hindu, Islamic, and Germanic, include references to both normal horses and those with wings or additional limbs, and multiple myths also call upon the horse to draw the chariots of the Moon and Sun. The horse also appears in the 12-year cycle of animals in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar.

 

Horses serve as the inspiration for many modern automobile names and logos, including the Ford Pinto, Ford Bronco, Ford Mustang, Hyundai Equus, Hyundai Pony, Mitsubishi Starion, Subaru Brumby, Mitsubishi Colt/Dodge Colt, Pinzgauer, Steyr-Puch Haflinger, Pegaso, Porsche, Rolls-Royce Camargue, Ferrari, Carlsson, Kamaz, Corre La Licorne, Iran Khodro, Eicher, and Baojun. Indian TVS Motor Company also uses a horse on their motorcycles & scooters.

 

Therapeutic use

People of all ages with physical and mental disabilities obtain beneficial results from an association with horses. Therapeutic riding is used to mentally and physically stimulate disabled persons and help them improve their lives through improved balance and coordination, increased self-confidence, and a greater feeling of freedom and independence. The benefits of equestrian activity for people with disabilities has also been recognized with the addition of equestrian events to the Paralympic Games and recognition of para-equestrian events by the International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI). Hippotherapy and therapeutic horseback riding are names for different physical, occupational, and speech therapy treatment strategies that use equine movement. In hippotherapy, a therapist uses the horse's movement to improve their patient's cognitive, coordination, balance, and fine motor skills, whereas therapeutic horseback riding uses specific riding skills.

 

Horses also provide psychological benefits to people whether they actually ride or not. "Equine-assisted" or "equine-facilitated" therapy is a form of experiential psychotherapy that uses horses as companion animals to assist people with mental illness, including anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, mood disorders, behavioral difficulties, and those who are going through major life changes. There are also experimental programs using horses in prison settings. Exposure to horses appears to improve the behavior of inmates and help reduce recidivism when they leave.

 

Products

Horses are raw material for many products made by humans throughout history, including byproducts from the slaughter of horses as well as materials collected from living horses.

 

Products collected from living horses include mare's milk, used by people with large horse herds, such as the Mongols, who let it ferment to produce kumis. Horse blood was once used as food by the Mongols and other nomadic tribes, who found it a convenient source of nutrition when traveling. Drinking their own horses' blood allowed the Mongols to ride for extended periods of time without stopping to eat. The drug Premarin is a mixture of estrogens extracted from the urine of pregnant mares (pregnant mares' urine), and was previously a widely used drug for hormone replacement therapy. The tail hair of horses can be used for making bows for string instruments such as the violin, viola, cello, and double bass.

 

Horse meat has been used as food for humans and carnivorous animals throughout the ages. Approximately 5 million horses are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide. It is eaten in many parts of the world, though consumption is taboo in some cultures, and a subject of political controversy in others. Horsehide leather has been used for boots, gloves, jackets, baseballs, and baseball gloves. Horse hooves can also be used to produce animal glue. Horse bones can be used to make implements. Specifically, in Italian cuisine, the horse tibia is sharpened into a probe called a spinto, which is used to test the readiness of a (pig) ham as it cures. In Asia, the saba is a horsehide vessel used in the production of kumis.

 

Main article: Horse care

Checking teeth and other physical examinations are an important part of horse care.

Horses are grazing animals, and their major source of nutrients is good-quality forage from hay or pasture. They can consume approximately 2% to 2.5% of their body weight in dry feed each day. Therefore, a 450-kilogram (990 lb) adult horse could eat up to 11 kilograms (24 lb) of food. Sometimes, concentrated feed such as grain is fed in addition to pasture or hay, especially when the animal is very active. When grain is fed, equine nutritionists recommend that 50% or more of the animal's diet by weight should still be forage.

 

Horses require a plentiful supply of clean water, a minimum of 38 to 45 litres (10 to 12 US gal) per day. Although horses are adapted to live outside, they require shelter from the wind and precipitation, which can range from a simple shed or shelter to an elaborate stable.

 

Horses require routine hoof care from a farrier, as well as vaccinations to protect against various diseases, and dental examinations from a veterinarian or a specialized equine dentist. If horses are kept inside in a barn, they require regular daily exercise for their physical health and mental well-being. When turned outside, they require well-maintained, sturdy fences to be safely contained. Regular grooming is also helpful to help the horse maintain good health of the hair coat and underlying skin.

 

Climate change

As of 2019, there are around 17 million horses in the world. Healthy body temperature for adult horses is in the range between 37.5 and 38.5 °C (99.5 and 101.3 °F), which they can maintain while ambient temperatures are between 5 and 25 °C (41 and 77 °F). However, strenuous exercise increases core body temperature by 1 °C (1.8 °F)/minute, as 80% of the energy used by equine muscles is released as heat. Along with bovines and primates, equines are the only animal group which use sweating as their primary method of thermoregulation: in fact, it can account for up to 70% of their heat loss, and horses sweat three times more than humans while undergoing comparably strenuous physical activity. Unlike humans, this sweat is created not by eccrine glands but by apocrine glands. In hot conditions, horses during three hours of moderate-intersity exercise can loss 30 to 35 L of water and 100g of sodium, 198 g of choloride and 45 g of potassium. In another difference from humans, their sweat is hypertonic, and contains a protein called latherin, which enables it to spread across their body easier, and to foam, rather than to drip off. These adaptations are partly to compensate for their lower body surface-to-mass ratio, which makes it more difficult for horses to passively radiate heat. Yet, prolonged exposure to very hot and/or humid conditions will lead to consequences such as anhidrosis, heat stroke, or brain damage, potentially culminating in death if not addressed with measures like cold water applications. Additionally, around 10% of incidents associated with horse transport have been attributed to heat stress. These issues are expected to worsen in the future.

 

African horse sickness (AHS) is a viral illness with a mortality close to 90% in horses, and 50% in mules. A midge, Culicoides imicola, is the primary vector of AHS, and its spread is expected to benefit from climate change. The spillover of Hendra virus from its flying fox hosts to horses is also likely to increase, as future warming would expand the hosts' geographic range. It has been estimated that under the "moderate" and high climate change scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, the number of threatened horses would increase by 110,000 and 165,000, respectively, or by 175 and 260%

EFICACIA TERAPÉUTICA DE LAS SALES DE SCHÜSSLER

Las Sales de Schüssler son doce sales minerales que se hallan en el organismo humano -en mayor o menor medida- y son imprescindibles para su correcto funcionamiento por lo que la carencia de una o varias de ellas puede propiciar la aparición de una serie de disfunciones y trastornos que acaben provocando algunas de las llamadas enfermedades. De ahí que a propuesta del médico alemán Wilhelm Heinrich Schüssler hoy se utilicen terapéuticamente de forma homeopática para armonizar el metabolismo y estimular su capacidad autocurativa logrando cada una de ellas la mejora de funciones metabólicas específicas. Con la ventaja de que no hay peligro de excederse en la dosis ya que el cuerpo sólo aprovecha lo que necesita y el resto lo expulsa. No hay pues efectos secundarios iatrogénicos y no se conocen contraindicaciones. Se trata, en suma, de un remedio centenario, natural, de utilidad contrastada y completamente inocuo que se puede utilizar como preventivo o como complemento de cualquier otra terapia o tratamiento.

    

SCHÜSSLER, UN PIONERO DE LA MEDICINA

    

Corría la segunda mitad del siglo XIX cuando el “padre” de la Homeopatía, el Dr. Samuel Hahnemann, descubrió experimentalmente la utilidad de las llamadas sales inorgánicas para la recuperación de la salud; sin embargo, no llegó a precisar su empleo terapéutico. Por eso años más tarde retomaría esas investigaciones completándolas el doctor Wilhelm Heinrich Schüssler y de ahí que lleven su nombre. Es más, a él se atribuye el desarrollo de lo que en la actualidad se conoce como Bioquímica, es decir, la ciencia que estudia la composición y estructura química de los seres vivos y la dinámica de sus procesos metabólicos. Hoy, además de tenerle por un pionero, muchos profesionales de la salud le consideran un revolucionario de la Medicina de su tiempo ya que consiguió dar con un nuevo método de prevención y tratamiento de las enfermedades que, basándose en los principios propios de la Homeopatía, limitó a sólo 12 los más de 1.000 remedios que la misma utiliza.

En cuanto a su método de estudio cabe explicar que el doctor alemán se basó en el análisis pormenorizado de las cenizas en que quedan convertidos los distintos tejidos humanos tras su incineración constatando así que todos ellos están básicamente compuestos por 12 sales inorgánicas esenciales para las células y además que cada tejido del cuerpo tiene una base mineral diferente. Concluyendo, como resultado de sus investigaciones, que si los tejidos no reciben la cantidad adecuada de cada una de esas sales se desequilibra el metabolismo celular provocando la aparición de muy diversas dolencias. Coligiendo luego, mediante experiencia clínica, que dichas dolencias desaparecen cuando los tejidos reciben de nuevo las sales requeridas en cantidades muy pequeñas.

“Para Schüssler–explica Günther Heepen, médico, psicoterapeuta y presidente de la Sociedad Bioquímica Alemana- si se mantiene una adecuada nutrición la actividad celular será normal y no habrá enfermedad. Y para nutrirse las células humanas necesitan compuestos orgánicos complejos y las sustancias inorgánicas o minerales que él determinó. Es decir, la deficiencia de una sal mineral impide que las células asimilen y utilicen los compuestos orgánicos y, por tanto, desde esta concepción, los déficits de sales inorgánicas son la causa última de la enfermedad. Por lo que mediante el aporte de esas sales minerales puede restablecerse la nutrición y el metabolismo celulares y, con ello, la salud”.

Así lo dejó escrito el propio Schüssler cuando en 1874 dio a conocer los principios de su terapéutica –basada en los postulados homeopáticos sobre asimilación y similitud de sustancias- a través de la obra Una terapéutica abreviada fundamentada en la histología y la patología celular. En ella puede leerse que:“...si en el curso de una enfermedad se retrasa la curación espontánea se deben entonces administrar las sales minerales adecuadas, en forma molecular. Estas moléculas pasan a la sangre a través de la mucosa bucal y desencadenan en el foco de la enfermedad un vivo movimiento molecular; es decir, se pone en marcha de nuevo el intercambio de sustancias entre las células sanas y las enfermas lo que hace que se produzca la curación”.

En suma, cada sal inorgánica actúa como agente funcional fisiológico del organismo pues su aporte faculta a las células para aumentar su capacidad de absorción de las sales contenidas en los alimentos y así, restablecido el equilibrio molecular, devolver al organismo la salud. Con la ventaja añadida de que la afinidad de cada tejido con una sal determinada permite que ésta llegue directamente al órgano, hueso, músculo, etc., que se encuentra debilitado por su carencia.

En resumen, para Schüssler cualquier expresión fisiológica -incluidas las facultades intelectuales y las motivaciones psíquicas o emocionales- está íntimamente relacionada con los cambios químicos que se producen fuera y dentro de las células, y se debe a la carencia de una o varias de estas sales. De ahí que los profesionales de la salud que aplican el método del médico alemán recomienden suplementar la dieta con una o varias de estas sales para suplir carencias concretas de la persona y, además, desencadenar una serie de reacciones en su organismo que le acaben devolviendo al estado de equilibrio interno y, por tanto, de salud.

    

LAS 12 SALES DE SCHÜSSLER

    

Como decimos, el doctor Schüssler centró su terapéutica en las 12 sales minerales que componen la sangre y los tejidos humanos estableciendo de cada una de ellas una clínica y unas indicaciones que más de un siglo después siguen sorprendiendo por su exactitud. Y es que el repertorio bioquímico de este investigador alemán proporciona –según los cada vez más profesionales de la salud que retoman sus postulados- grandes y muy diversas posibilidades terapéuticas para prevenir y tratar numerosas dolencias de forma completamente natural y sin riesgo de ningún tipo.

¿Y cuáles son esas doce sales tan necesarias y beneficiosas para el organismo? Pues las que enumeramos a continuación aunque ya advertimos que por cuestión de espacio sólo hacemos una breve reseña de las propiedades e indicaciones más importantes de cada una remitiendo a los lectores interesados en ampliar los datos a los numerosos documentos publicados sobre ellas:

    

Natrium muriaticum, Natrum muriatica o Cloruro de sodio

    

Es la sal sódica más importante pues es absolutamente vital para el buen funcionamiento de músculos y nervios además de estar presente en huesos, tejidos cartilaginosos, estómago y riñón. Es imprescindible en el metabolismo hídrico de las células, la presión osmótica y el equilibrio ácido-base e interviene en la excitabilidad nerviosa, en la neoformación celular, en la hematopoyesis (es decir, en la formación o producción de elementos celulares de la sangre), en la producción de jugos gástricos y en la estimulación del metabolismo de la piel y las mucosas. Está especialmente indicada en casos de abatimiento, acné, adelgazamiento, alergias, amigdalitis, anemia, anorexia, artritis, artrosis, asma, astenia, atonía intestinal, blefaritis, caída del cabello, cálculos renales, cáncer de boca, caspa, catarro gastrointestinal con diarrea acuosa, catarro mucoso con secreción serosa, cefaleas, depresión, deshidratación, difteria, dispepsia ácida, dolor de cabeza menstrual, dolor reumático, eczema, edemas, encías sangrantes, enfermedades de la piel, entumecimiento de las extremidades, erupciones exudativas en piel, estreñimiento, excitabilidad nerviosa, falta de concentración, fatiga mental, fiebre, gastroenteritis aguda, gonorrea, halitosis, hemorroides, hernia de hiato, herpes recidivante, hipertensión, hongos, hipo, hipoacidez, impotencia, insolación, insomnio, lagrimeo, laringitis, lipotimia, padrastros, palpitaciones, paperas, pérdida de memoria, pérdida de peso, prurito vaginal, pulso débil, rinitis crónica, rinofaringitis, seborrea, sed constante, sequedad de la piel, sinusitis y verrugas, entre otras dolencias.

    

Natrum phosphoricum, Natrum phosphoricao Fosfato de sodio

    

Localizada en las células nerviosas, los músculos, los hematíes y el tejido conectivo ayuda a eliminar el ácido úrico, participa en el metabolismo del ácido láctico, neutraliza la acidez del organismo, resulta un buen remedio para las inflamaciones de las mucosas (en general disminuye la tendencia a la inflamación), neutraliza los efectos tóxicos de los radicales libres, evita la descalcificación y tiene una suave acción purgante además de purificar la sangre. Su carencia puede provocar trastornos digestivos -entre otros problemas- y se recomienda su uso en casos de acidez estomacal, aftas, agujetas y acúmulo de ácido láctico en los músculos, ardor de estómago, artritis con acumulaciones ácidas, cálculos renales, catarro nasofaríngeo, cólicos gástricos e intestinales, conjuntivitis, deseo sexual extinguido, deshidratación, diabetes, diarrea fermentativa, digestiones difíciles, dolor abdominal o de espalda, eructos acompañados de acidez, espasmos causados por acidez estomacal, estados febriles con una transpiración de olor ácida, esterilidad, exceso de ácido láctico, faringitis, fiebre, flatulencia, gastritis, gota, gusto ácido, hernia de hiato, hiperacidez, hiperuricemia, hongos, lumbago, náuseas, parásitos intestinales, reflujo ácido, reumatismo, sueño intranquilo, trastornos renales y biliares, trastornos del metabolismo de las grasas y vómitos.

    

Natrium sulphuricum, Natrum sulphuricao Sulfato de sodio

    

Localizada en los líquidos intersticiales esta sal de efecto descongestivo y detoxificante del organismo en general es un eficaz activador del flujo biliar y de la función hepática. Se encarga de eliminar el exceso de líquidos del cuerpo. De ahí que sea la sal bioquímica de elección en dolencias que afecten a los órganos de excreción y de drenaje (hígado, vesícula biliar, riñón, vejiga, etc.) y que se la recomiende en casos de asma, bronquitis crónica, colecistitis, congestión hepática, congestión pulmonar pasiva, conmoción cerebral, diarrea, edemas, erupciones cutáneas, fiebre intermitente, hemofilia, hepatopatías, heridas, infección exudativa gripal con edema y congestión, inflamación de las vías biliares, inflamaciones e infecciones de los dedos cerca de la uña, micción involuntaria, molestias reumáticas con hidrartrosis, paludismo, psicosis, sarpullidos, trastornos hepáticos y biliares, tumores benignos en el ano, úlceras exudativas de las piernas, uretritis crónica, verrugas y vómitos biliosos.

    

Kalium muriaticum, Kali muriaticao Cloruro de potasio

    

Forma parte de todas las células. Posee efectos específicos sobre la excitabilidad nerviosa y muscular ocasionando su déficit graves alteraciones de la musculatura lisa y estriada además de catarro, congestión bronquial y reumatismo articular. Actúa como activador metabólico e interviene en la síntesis proteica, especialmente de fibrina que sirve de unión y soporte de todas las partes del cuerpo, en especial de las articulaciones. Está indicada en la segunda fase de los procesos inflamatorios y es el remedio de elección en caso de lesiones de la piel o de las mucosas. Además regula los mecanismos de eliminación del agua del organismo, se encarga del funcionamiento de músculos y nervios, y participa en la secreción de ácido en el estómago. Asimismo, como interviene en los procesos de asimilación su carencia puede provocar desnutrición, pérdida de peso y dificultades en el aprendizaje y la comprensión intelectual. Las principales indicaciones de esta sal son acné, abscesos, amigdalitis, ampollas, aftas, blefaroconjuntivitis, bronquitis, caída del cabello, cáncer de la boca, caspa, cataratas, cefaleas, cistitis, diarreas, difteria, edemas articulares, efectos secundarios de las vacunas, eructos, escarlatina y fiebres eruptivas, estomatitis, estreñimiento, faringitis, fiebre puerperal, fiebre reumática, flatulencia, forúnculos, fotofobia, hemorroides sangrantes, hepatopatías, hinchazones glandulares, indigestiones, inflamaciones de la garganta, nariz y oídos, juanetes, laringitis, lupus, meningitis, náuseas, neumonía, paperas, pleuritis fibrinosa, problemas respiratorios, pulmonías, quemaduras, resfriado con obstrucción nasal, reumatismo, rinitis aguda y crónica, secreciones con pus, sinusitis, sueño intranquilo, tendovaginitis y verrugas, por mencionar sólo algunas.

    

Kalium phosphoricum, Kali phosphoricao Fosfato de potasio

    

Es importante para las células hemáticas, musculares y nerviosas en las cuales su déficit produce una marcada hipofunción acompañada de trastornos psíquicos y pérdida de memoria. Esta sustancia es la encargada de que la actividad nerviosa y muscular funcione correctamente. Además distribuye los iones de potasio en el organismo y previene la degeneración y atrofia celulares. En cuanto a sus indicaciones, se recomienda para casos de agotamiento psicofísico, amenaza de aborto, amigdalitis, anemia, angina de pecho, anorexia, ansiedad, apatía, asma, atrofia muscular progresiva, calambres, cáncer de boca, cardiopatías, ciática, convulsiones, debilidad corporal y psíquica, demencia senil, depresión, diabetes, diarreas, dispepsia, dolor de los dientes, dolor muscular, encías sangrantes, enterocolitis, enuresis, esclerosis múltiple, estados infecciosos e inflamatorios con secreción fétida, estomatitis, estrés, fiebre tifoidea, halitosis, hemiplejía, hemorragias, hernia de hiato, herpes simple y zoster, hipotensión, impotencia sexual, incontinencia urinaria, insomnio, jaquecas nerviosas, lumbalgias, nerviosismo, neurastenia, oídos sensibles, otitis, paraplejía, paresias, pérdida de memoria, pulso débil, sonambulismo, tics nerviosos, úlcera estomacal, vértigo y zumbido de oídos, entre otros.

    

Kalium sulphuricum, Kali sulphuricao Sulfato de potasio

    

Forma parte de la epidermis, de las células epiteliales mucosas, de los huesos, de los músculos y de las uñas. Participa en el transporte del oxígeno a las células y de sustancias de desecho a los órganos de expulsión. Además se considera imprescindible en el tratamiento de patologías dermatológicas y hepáticas, estimula los procesos de desintoxicación y está indicada para tratar las inflamaciones con secreciones mucopurulentas. Es útil en casos de acné, angina de pecho, asma, bronquitis crónica, caída del pelo, caspa, cataratas, catarros purulentos crónicos, conjuntivitis, descamación de la epidermis, dermatitis, eczema, epitelioma, escalofríos, escarlatina y fiebres eruptivas, forúnculos, hemiplejía, hemorroides, hepatitis, hiperuricemia, indigestión, inflamación crónica de la membrana nasal, inflamación de la pelvis renal, menstruación escasa y dolorosa, náuseas, nefritis, palpitaciones nocturnas, psoriasis, pulso débil, reumatismo articular doloroso, rinitis, seborrea, sequedad de los labios y trastornos de las uñas.

    

Calcium fluoratum, Calcarea fluorica o Fluoruro de calcio

    

Está presente en el esmalte dental, los huesos, las células epidérmicas y las fibras elásticas del tejido conectivo en el que produce un efecto de sostén, de mantenimiento de la elasticidad y de reabsorción de endurecimientos vasculares. Además también es necesaria para fabricar y dar consistencia a las uñas y para que se fije el calcio en los huesos. Actúa como regulador del grado de tensión de los tejidos de tal forma que los ablanda si están endurecidos -como en el caso de las cicatrices- o los reafirma si están laxos -como ocurre con las varices o las hemorroides-. Esta sal está indicada en casos de pérdida de elasticidad de los vasos sanguíneos (hemorroides, varices, arteriosclerosis, etc.), enfermedades óseas y dentales (incluida la caries), problemas articulares, lesiones discales, debilidad corporal, envejecimiento cutáneo prematuro, endurecimiento tisular, raquitismo, trastornos cardiacos vasculares, hernias, cataratas, etc., es decir, procesos de relajamiento crónico de tejidos. Pero además se recomienda esta sal en casos de acné, aneurismas, arrugas, articulaciones dolorosas, bocio, cáncer, cansancio, cicatrices problemáticas, conjuntivitis, crujidos articulares, dientes que se mueven, encías sangrantes, esguinces, esmalte dental deficiente, estrías, exceso de capa córnea (queratina), fatiga crónica, fibromas, grietas de la piel y los labios, hemorragias nasales, hernia discal, inflamación nudosa de la glándula mamaria, lengua agrietada, lumbago, lupus, luxaciones, osteomalacia (ablandamiento de los huesos), osteoporosis, pérdida de elasticidad vascular, pérdida de memoria y/o de capacidad intelectual, piel dura y agrietada, prostatitis, psoriasis, quistes sinoviales, reumatismo, sinusitis, trastornos cardiovasculares y respiratorios, tos con expectoración, tumores de los huesos, tumores glandulares, úlceras de la boca, úlceras varicosas, uñas deformadas, verrugas endurecidas y vómitos.

    

Calcium phosphoricum, Calcarea phosphorica o Fosfato de calcio

    

Es la sal más abundante del organismo. Actúa sobre todos los tejidos corporales -en los que fortalece su estructura- además de sobre las membranas celulares -haciéndolas más permeables al intercambio de materiales-. Resulta imprescindible durante las épocas de crecimiento y desarrollo así como en casos de fracturas porque favorece la recuperación al acelerar el proceso de soldadura del hueso. Tiene también acción coagulante sobre la sangre, interviene en la formación de los glóbulos rojos, es necesaria para un adecuado aprovechamiento del calcio y promueve el crecimiento suministrando la base principal para los nuevos tejidos además de ser un excelente tónico con el que recuperarse más rápidamente tras una enfermedad aguda. Indicada en el tratamiento de alteraciones de tipo nervioso, amenorrea, amígdalas inflamadas, anemia, ansiedad, artrosis, asma, astenia, ausencia de apetito, bocio, calambres, cataratas, cefaleas, ciática, convalecencia, coxalgia, debilidad de la columna vertebral, debilidad física, diarrea, embarazo, enfermedades óseas y dentales, enuresis, esguinces, flatulencia, fotofobia, fracturas óseas, hemorragias nasales frecuentes, hernia abdominal, herpes zoster, hiposecreción ácida del estómago, huesos pequeños y débiles, incontinencia urinaria, mala memoria, nefritis, ojos resecos e inflamados, osteoporosis, otitis crónica en los niños, palpitaciones, procesos pulmonares, raquitismo, retrasos en la dentición, trastornos del sueño, trastornos menstruales, vegetaciones y vértigo, entre otras dolencias.

    

Calcium Sulphuricum,calcarea sulphurica o sulfato de calcio

    

Se encuentra en la bilis y en los aminoácidos –principales constituyentes de las proteínas- y es responsable de la estimulación necesaria para que el organismo pueda producir hormonas y enzimas. Además activa la curación de heridas o lesiones que supuran, se asocia a los procesos de desintoxicación del organismo, purifica la sangre (contribuye a eliminar de ella los corpúsculos ya gastados) y estimula el metabolismo del tejido conjuntivo. Tradicionalmente se considera adecuada para tratar abscesos, acné juvenil, alergias de la piel, amigdalitis, bronquitis, catarros con mucosidad espesa, cistitis, conjuntivitis, diarrea, eczema e hinchazón glandular, enfermedades del hígado, enfermedades eruptivas, estados catarrales crónicos con pus, fiebre, fístulas en el ano, forúnculos, gota, heridas que tardan en curar, herpes zoster, inflamación de la vejiga, irritación labial, otitis, prostatitis, quemaduras, reumatismos localizados con infecciones focales de la región nasofaríngea y ótica, rinitis, sarpullidos, sinusitis, supuraciones, trastornos pulmonares crónicos y úlceras (incluidas las corneales).

    

Magnesium phosphoricum, Magnesia phosphorica o Fosfato de magnesio

    

Forma parte del cerebro, los hematíes, el hígado y la tiroides, y participa en los sistemas óseo, muscular y nervioso. De hecho su principal propiedad es la de amortiguar los impulsos que los nervios envían a los músculos. Esto significa que si hay carencia de esta sal podremos sufrir espasmos y cólicos de órganos huecos como, por ejemplo, la vesícula biliar. Se trata pues de una sal antiespasmódica. Además es analgésica, antialergénica, antitrombótica, hipocolesterolemiante, cardioprotectora e interviene en múltiples procesos enzimáticos.

Se considera adecuada para casos de agotamiento nervioso, angina de pecho, ansiedad, asma bronquial, ataxia locomotriz, bostezos espasmódicos, calambres, caspa, cervicalgia, ciática, colecistitis, cólicos, convulsiones, cuadros espasmódicos acompañados de intenso dolor, diarreas acuosas con dolor abdominal, dismenorrea, dispepsias, dolor de muelas, dolores nerviosos espasmódicos, enuresis, epilepsia, esclerosis múltiple, espasmos dolorosos, estreñimiento, excitabilidad neuromuscular y cardiaca, falta de olfato, fiebres, flatulencia, fotofobia, herpes simple y zoster, hipo, insomnio, jaquecas fuertes, lagrimeo, meteorismo, migrañas, neuralgias, opresión cardiaca, palpitación espasmódica del corazón, Parkinson, retención de orina, tartamudeo, tos convulsiva, trastornos menstruales y zumbido de oídos, entre otras situaciones.

    

Ferrum phosphoricum o Fosfato de hierro

    

Es la principal ayuda bioquímica de la sangre y de los órganos hematopoyéticos. Es imprescindible para la síntesis de hemoglobina, de la que supone tres cuartas partes del total. Tiene la propiedad de atraer al oxígeno con lo que contribuye a que este gas se fije a la sangre para que las células del organismo estén más oxigenadas. Así, aumenta el nivel de energía de la persona además de potenciar su sistema inmune. Asimismo estimula la formación de glóbulos rojos, es el remedio principal para la primera fase de procesos inflamatorios y febriles, se le considera muy importante en los procesos de crecimiento, gestación y lactancia y es un excelente tónico general para el organismo. Sus principales indicaciones son alergias, anemia, abscesos, afecciones de garganta, amigdalitis, aneurisma, bronquitis, bronconeumonía, catarros nasales, cistitis, congestión pulmonar, conjuntivitis, contusiones, dificultades de concentración, dolor de oídos, enuresis, epilepsia, estreñimiento, faringitis, fiebre, gota, gastritis catarral con vómitos, hemorragias, heridas, hernia abdominal, incontinencia urinaria, infecciones diversas, inflamaciones agudas, laringitis, meningitis, neumonía, orina en sangre, orzuelos, otitis, pérdida de apetito, resfriados, ronquera, sarampión, sequedad vaginal, síntomas reumatoides, sobrecarga física, sofocos de la menopausia, sordera, supuración de oídos, tics nerviosos y tos, entre otras.

    

Silícea u Óxido de silicio

    

La Sílícea forma parte de pulmones, ganglios linfáticos y glándulas suprarrenales pero también es componente del tejido conectivo. De hecho es fundamental para la constitución de la piel, las uñas, el cabello, las mucosas y los huesos teniendo funciones importantes en estas estructuras como son activar la formación de colágeno (es decir, de la proteína necesaria para el desarrollo de cartílagos, tendones, tejido conjuntivo y huesos así como dar resistencia al cabello y a las uñas), aumentar la capacidad de resistencia mecánica de los tejidos e intervenir en la absorción del calcio de los alimentos para su posterior fijación en los huesos. Además estimula la fagocitosis frente a las infecciones y activa la reabsorción de hematomas y derrames. Asimismo tiene la propiedad de descongestionar las zonas del cuerpo bloqueadas por sustancias de desecho y hacer que éstas sean arrastradas hasta la superficie corporal permitiendo así que el organismo elimine pus en casos de procesos infecciosos. De ahí que se la considere el remedio principal en casos de supuración –de hecho, se ha denominado a esta sal como el “bisturí homeopático”- pero también de fístulas óseas, caries y orzuelos. También está indicada en abscesos, acné, amigdalitis frecuentes, anemia, arteriosclerosis, artrosis, astenias física y psíquica, ataxia locomotriz, blefaritis, bocio, bronquitis crónica, bulimia, caída del cabello, cáncer, cefalalgia, constipación, convulsiones, coxalgia, demencia senil, dermatosis, derrames, desmineralización, dientes flojos, difteria, dismenorrea, efectos indeseables de la vacunación, enuresis, epilepsia, esterilidad, exceso de apetito, falta de atención, fístulas en el ano, fisura anal, furunculosis, gonorrea, hematomas, hemorroides, hipersensibilidad al frío, hiperuricemia, inflamación e infección de los dedos cerca de la uña, incontinencia de orina, jaquecas, lepra, mala cicatrización, mastoiditis, neurastenia, otitis aguda y crónica, parasitosis intestinal, pezones agrietados, piorrea, problemas del crecimiento, propensión a la supuración, prostatitis, prurito vaginal, quistes sebáceos, raquitismo, reumatismo crónico, sinusitis, sonambulismo, sordera, sífilis, tos, tuberculosis, tumores mamarios, úlceras bucales, úlcera varicosa, uñas quebradizas, uretritis crónica, varices, vegetaciones, vértigos y verrugas.

    

¿CÓMO TOMARLAS?

    

El propio doctor Schüssler observó que tomar habitualmente de forma homeopática estas sales prevenía la manifestación de muy distintas enfermedades y aliviaba numerosas alteraciones biológicas o dolencias. Y estableció una serie de pautas e indicaciones que, más de un siglo de intensa experiencia después, siguen constituyendo una guía terapéutica de notable sencillez cuyos remedios producen los resultados esperados de forma natural e inocua. Como en su momento explicó deben tomarse al menos 15 minutos antes de las comidas o una hora después. Y durante el tratamiento evitar la ingesta de grasa saturada, los estimulantes fuertes y los alimentos fritos o muy condimentados además de enriquecer la dieta con suficiente fruta y verdura. Lo más frecuente es encontrar las sales en forma de comprimidos que se deben dejar disolver en la boca sin necesidad de agua u otro líquido. Es importante que se dejen disolver lentamente para que la mucosa bucal absorba mejor las sales y lleguen lo más directamente a la sangre evitando el tránsito por el tracto gastrointestinal.

Cuando se necesite tomar más de una sal lo adecuado es alternarlas: un día una, otro día otra. Aunque como las concentraciones en las que se emplean son infinitesimales y no hay interacciones entre ellas pueden tomarse las doce juntas ya que el organismo sólo asimilará las que necesita.

Eso sí, tenga paciencia. El tratamiento debe seguirse durante un tiempo prolongado para recuperar el equilibrio perdido aunque, obviamente, la rapidez con que se logre dependerá de la gravedad e intensidad de la alteración. En todo caso recuerde que se trata de un tratamiento natural, efectivo y sin efectos secundarios. Y que, lentamente, puede mejorar considerablemente su salud.

Fuente: Discovery Salud

GOVERNOR TOMBLIN PRESENTS $9.3 MILLION IN GRANTS

 

TO LOCAL GROUPS, COMMUNITY JUSTICE PROGRAMS

   

CHARLESTON, W.Va. (September 9, 2016) – Gov. Earl Ray Tomblin today presented more than $9.3 million in grant funding to community support groups and justice programs across the state. This funding will be used to develop new programming and enhance existing initiatives to support West Virginia’s communities and state justice system.

   

“With this needed funding, community programs from all corners of our state will be better equipped to serve children and families and further strengthen West Virginia’s justice system.” Gov. Tomblin said. “We are expanding direct services to victims of crime, putting programs in place to help at-risk youth get back on track and preparing parents with the life skills they need to foster a healthy, nurturing environment to raise their families.”

   

The total grant funding was allocated as follows:

   

$7,023,255 in Victims of Crime Act/Victim Assistance Grants - 75 grantees;

$529, 254 in Justice Reinvestment Treatment Supervision Grants - 4 grantees;

$1,203,175 in Justice Assistance Grants - 34 grantees;

$543,222 in Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Grants - 18 grantees.

  

Victims of Crime Act/Victim Assistance Grants:

BARBOUR

Barbour County Commission $38,936.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Assistance Coordinator in the Barbour County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Barbour County.

BERKELEY, JEFFERSON, MORGAN

Children's Home Society of West Virginia $35,576.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Family Advocate to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Jefferson, Berkeley, and Morgan Counties.

BROOKE, HANCOCK

A Child's Place CASA, Ltd. $25,090.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a part-time CASA Volunteer Coordinator and Program Director to provide direct services to victims of child abuse and neglect in Brooke and Hancock Counties.

CABELL

Cabell County Commission $129,895.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of three full-time Victim Advocates and two part-time Victim Advocates in the Cabell County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Cabell County.

CABELL, WAYNE, KANAWHA, PUTNAM

TEAM for West Virginia Children, Inc. $192,075.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time CASA Coordinator for Cabell County, a

Cabell/Wayne CASA Volunteer Coordinator, a Kanawha/Boone/Lincoln Volunteer Coordinator and a

Putnam/Cabell Volunteer Coordinator to provide direct services to child abuse and neglect victims in Cabell, Wayne, Putnam and Kanawha Counties.

CABELL, WAYNE, LINCOLN

Family Service a Division of Goodwill, Inc. $61,748.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of three part-time Victim Therapists to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child abuse in Cabell, Lincoln, and Wayne Counties.

CABELL, WAYNE, LINCOLN

CONTACT Huntington Inc. $143,338.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Wayne & Lincoln County Advocate, Campus Victim Advocate, and Community Victim Advocate, and for a part-time Victim Advocate to provide direct services to victims of sexual assault in Cabell, Wayne, and Lincoln.

CABELL, WAYNE, PUTNAM, LINCOLN, MASON

Branches Domestic Violence Shelter, Inc. $292,641.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time Social Worker, a Mason County Advocate, a

Putnam County Advocate, a Lincoln County Advocate, Wayne County Advocate, Evening Advocate, Case Manager, and part-time Putnam County Advocate to provide direct services to domestic violence victims in Cabell, Lincoln, Putnam, Wayne, and Mason Counties.

GREENBRIER

Greenbrier County Commission $54,685.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Services Coordinator in the Greenbrier County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Greenbrier County.

GREENBRIER, MONROE, POCAHONTAS

Child and Youth Advocacy Center $88,469.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Family Advocate and full-time Forensic Interviewer, and a portion of the salaries of a full-time Therapist and Program Director to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Greenbrier, Pocahontas, and Monroe Counties.

GREENBRIER, MONROE, POCAHONTAS

Family Refuge Center $168,120.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of the full-time Lead Shelter Advocate, a Daytime Shelter

Advocate, Overnight Shelter Advocate, Monroe County Advocate, Pocahontas County Advocate, and part-time Weekend Shelter Advocate, and Victim Advocate to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence and sexual assault in Greenbrier, Monroe, and Pocahontas Counties.

GREENBRIER, POCAHONTAS

CASA of the Eleventh Judicial Circuit, Inc. $42,424.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the part-time salary of a Volunteer Coordinator and full-time Program Director to provide direct services to victims of child abuse in Greenbrier and Pocahontas Counties.

HANCOCK, BROOKE

CHANGE, Inc. $54,285.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate and part-time Victim Advocate to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence in Brooke and Hancock Counties.

HANCOCK, BROOKE, OHIO

Hancock County Commission $125,979.00

These funds will provide for the full-time salaries of a Hancock County Advocate, a Brooke County Advocate, and a portion of the salary of a full-time Ohio County Advocate to provide direct services to crime victims in Brooke, Hancock, and Ohio Counties.

HARRISON

Harrison County CASA Program, Inc. $42,907.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time Volunteer Coordinator and the Program Director to provide direct services to victims of child abuse and neglect in Harrison County.

HARRISON, DODDRIDGE

Harrison County Child Advocacy Center $40,991.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Family Advocate to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Harrison County.

JACKSON

Jackson County Commission $35,000.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Jackson County Sheriff's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Jackson County.

JACKSON, ROANE, CALHOUN

CASA of the Fifth Judicial Circuit, Inc. $46,101.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of the Program Director and two Volunteer Coordinators to provide direct services to child abuse and neglect victims in Jackson, Roane, and Calhoun Counties.

JEFFERSON

Jefferson County Commission $67,104.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of two full-time Victim Advocates in the Jefferson County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Jefferson County.

JEFFERSON, BERKELEY, MORGAN

Shenandoah Women's Center, Inc. $355,035.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time Jefferson County Outreach Advocate, and two Shelter

Advocates, and a portion of the salaries for a full-time Morgan County Outreach Advocate, a Jefferson County Outreach Advocate, two Berkeley County Outreach Advocates, Evening and Weekend Shelter Advocate positions, and two part-time Counselors to provide direct services to child victims, victims of domestic violence, and sexual assault in Berkeley, Jefferson, and Morgan Counties.

CASA of the Eastern Panhandle, Inc. $103,218.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a Senior Volunteer Coordinator, two Volunteer Coordinators, and a part-time Volunteer Coordinator to provide direct services to victims of child abuse and neglect in Berkeley, Jefferson, and Morgan Counties.

KANAWHA

City of Charleston $36,600.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Victim Services Coordinator in the Charleston Police Department to provide direct services to crime victims in the City of Charleston.

CAMC Health Education & Research Institute $105,966.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Family Advocate and a portion of the salary of a full-time Social Worker/Forensic Interviewer to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Kanawha County.

Kanawha County Commission $67,360.00

These funds will provide for the salary of two full-time Victim Advocates and portion of the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Kanawha County.

Kanawha County Commission $83,353.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of two full-time Victim Advocates in the Kanawha County Sheriff's Department to provide direct services to crime victims in Kanawha County.

KANAWHA, CLAY, BOONE

YWCA of Charleston, WV, Inc. $184,189.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time Racial Justice/Court Advocate, a Boone County

Coordinator, a part-time Clay County Coordinator and a portion of the salaries for three full-time Court Advocate positions, Youth Services Coordinator, and a Contracted Counselor to provide direct services to domestic violence victims in Kanawha, Clay, and Boone Counties.

KANAWHA, PUTNAM, JACKSON, BOONE

Family Counseling Connection $208,311.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time REACH Director, three REACH Sexual Violence Victim Specialist, a Victim Support Specialist, and seven Victim Therapist positions and a portion of two Sexual Violence Victim Specialists to provide direct services to victims of sexual violence, child abuse, and domestic violence in Kanawha, Boone, Jackson, and Putnam Counties.

LEWIS

Lewis County Commission $38,942.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Lewis County Prosecutor's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Lewis County.

LOGAN

Logan County Commission $48,498.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time and a part-time Victim Advocate in the Logan County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Logan County.

Logan County Commission $36,500.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Services Coordinator in the Logan County Sheriff's Department to provide direct services to crime victims in Logan County.

LOGAN, MINGO

The Logan County Child Advocacy Center, Inc. $46,748.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a part-time Mingo County Advocate and Child & Youth Forensic Interviewer and for a portion of the salary for a full-time Logan County Family Advocate to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Logan and Mingo Counties.

MARION

CASA of Marion County $46,069.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of the salaries for a Program Director and Volunteer Coordinator to provide direct services to victims of child abuse and neglect in Marion County.

Marion County Commission $45,278.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Assistance Coordinator in the Marion County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Marion County.

MARION, DODDRIDGE, GILMER, HARRISON, LEWIS

Task Force on Domestic Violence, "HOPE, Inc." $338,084.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time Family Therapist, Marion County Case

Manager, Children's Case Manager, Lewis County Case Manager, Harrison County Case Manager, Harrison

County Case Manager/Outreach Coordinator, Gilmer County Case Manager, Marion County Victim Advocate, Harrison County Victim Advocate, Doddridge County Case Manager, and Family Therapist and a portion of the salary for a part-time Marion County Case Manager to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child victims in Doddridge, Gilmer, Harrison, Lewis, and Marion Counties.

MARSHALL, WETZEL, TYLER, OHIO

CASA for Children Inc. $58,805.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of the Program Director, a Ohio County Volunteer Coordinator, and a Volunteer Coordinator in the 2nd Circuit to provide direct services to child abuse and neglect victims in Ohio, Marshall, Tyler, and Wetzel Counties.

MASON

Mason County Commission $29,830.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Mason County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Mason County.

MCDOWELL

Stop the Hurt, Inc., Children's Advocacy Center $34,436.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Family Advocate to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in McDowell County.

MCDOWELL, MERCER, WYOMING

Stop Abusive Family Environments, Inc. $257,416.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time McDowell County Advocate, a part-time

Wyoming County Victim Advocate, Resident Program Coordinator, Advocate Coordinator, Night Shelter Advocate, Evening Shelter Advocate, Weekend Shelter Advocate, Case Worker, Administrator, and for the salaries of two full-time Mercer County Advocates and Wyoming County Advocate to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child victims in McDowell, Mercer, and Wyoming Counties.

MERCER

Child Protect of Mercer County, Inc. $70,220.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Family Advocate, part-time Forensic Interviewer and a portion of a Contract Therapist to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Mercer County.

MERCER, MCDOWELL

ChildLaw Services, Inc. $16,000.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a part-time Victim Advocate/Counselor to provide direct services to child victims of abuse and neglect and children who witness domestic violence in Mercer and McDowell Counties.

MINERAL

Mineral County Court Appointed Special Advocates $49,686.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of the Program Director and for the salary of a full-time Volunteer Coordinator to provide direct services to victims of child abuse and neglect in Mineral County.

MINERAL, GRANT, HAMPSHIRE

Family Crisis Center, Inc. $55,000.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time Grant County Victim Advocate, a Mineral County Advocate, and a part-time Hampshire County Victim Advocate to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence in Mineral, Grant, and Hampshire Counties.

MINERAL, HAMPSHIRE, PENDLETON

Burlington United Methodist Family Services, Inc. $20,982.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Forensic Interviewer to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Hampshire, Mineral, and Pendleton Counties.

MINGO

Mingo County Commission $22,100.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Assistance Coordinator in the Mingo County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Mingo County.

MINGO, LOGAN

Tug Valley Recovery Shelter $89,434.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time Logan/Mingo County Victim Advocate, a part-time Court Advocate, a full-time Logan County Advocate and a part-time Mingo County Advocate to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child victims in Mingo and Logan Counties.

MONONGALIA

Monongalia County Commission $78,544.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time and two part-time Victim Assistance Coordinators in the Monongalia County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Monongalia County.

Monongalia County Child Advocacy Center, Inc. $17,302.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Family Advocate to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Monongalia County.

MONONGALIA, PRESTON

Monongalia County Youth Services Center / CASA for Kids $42,649.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time Preston County Volunteer Coordinator, a full-time Monongalia County Volunteer Coordinator, and a portion of the salary for the Program Director to provide direct services to victims of child abuse and neglect in Preston and Monongalia Counties.

MONONGALIA, PRESTON, TAYLOR

The Rape & Domestic Violence Information Center, Inc. $177,082.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time Monongalia County Victim Advocate, Case Manager,

Taylor County Victim Advocate and for a portion of the salary for a full-time Outreach Advocate for Monongalia, Preston, and Taylor Counties to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child abuse in Monongalia, Preston, and Taylor Counties.

OHIO

Ohio County Commission $35,242.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Victim Assistance Coordinator in the Ohio County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Ohio County.

OHIO, BROOKE, HANCOCK, MARSHALL, WETZEL

Upper Ohio Valley Sexual Assault Help Center $161,670.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time Adult Victim Advocate and a Child Victim Advocate, and the part-time salaries of three Victim Advocates and a licensed Counselor/Therapist to provide direct services to adult and child victims of sexual assault in Hancock, Brooke, Ohio, Marshall, and Wetzel Counties.

OHIO, MARSHALL

Harmony House, Inc. $46,323.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Child and Family Advocate and a portion of the salary of a Child and Family Therapist to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Ohio and Marshall Counties.

OHIO, MARSHALL, WETZEL

Young Womens Christian Associaton of Wheeling, WV $153,405.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time Child Advocate, Ohio County Advocate, Marshall County Advocate, and Wetzel County Advocate, a part-time Employment Advocate, and a portion of the salaries of a

full-time Shelter Advocate and Wetzel County Advocate to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child victims in Ohio, Marshall, and Wetzel Counties.

PRESTON

Preston County Commission $35,125.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Preston County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Preston County.

PUTNAM

Putnam County Commission $34,000.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Putnam County Sheriff's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Putnam County.

Putnam County Commission $48,784.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary for a full-time Victim Liaison and provide for the salary of a part-time Victim Liaison in the Putnam County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Putnam County.

RALEIGH, FAYETTE, NICHOLAS, SUMMERS

Comprehensive Women's Service Council, Inc. $432,866.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time Summers County Advocate, Nicholas County Advocate, Raleigh County Advocate in the Beckley Police Department, and Raleigh County Shelter Advocate and for a

portion of the salaries for a full-time Evening Shelter Advocate, Weekend Shelter Advocate, Night Shelter

Advocate, Day Shelter Advocate, and for a portion of the salaries of a part-time Underserved Populations

Advocate, Raleigh County Victim Services Advocate, Fayette County Advocate, Nicholas County Advocate, and

Weekend Shelter Advocate, and for a portion of two Contractual Adult and Child Therapist to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child abuse in Raleigh, Fayette, Nicholas, and Summers Counties.

RALEIGH, FAYETTE, WYOMING

Just For Kids Child Advocacy Center $76,250.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Family Advocate, Forensic Interviewer, and Counselor to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Fayette, Raleigh, and Wyoming Counties.

RANDOLPH

Randolph County Commission $40,436.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Victim Services Coordinator in the Randolph County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide services to crime victims in Randolph County.

RANDOLPH, TUCKER

Randolph-Tucker Children's Advocacy Center $65,222.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time Family Advocate and part-time Forensic Interviewer and for the salary of a part-time Tucker County Child and Family Advocate to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Randolph and Tucker Counties.

RANDOLPH, UPSHUR, TUCKER, BRAXTON, WEBSTER, BARBOUR

Women's Aid in Crisis $396,775.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries for a full-time Barbour County Outreach Coordinator,

Braxton County Outreach Coordinator, Tucker County Outreach Coordinator, Upshur County Outreach

Coordinator, Webster County Outreach Coordinator, Randolph County Legal Advocate, Randolph County Victim Advocate, and two Shelter Managers and a Contracted Counselor to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence, child victims, and sexual assault victims in Randolph, Barbour, Tucker, Upshur, Webster, and Braxton Counties.

ROANE

Roane County Commission $22,068.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Roane County Prosecuting Attorney's office to provide direct services to crime victims in Roane County.

SUMMERS

REACHH-Family Resource Center $15,715.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a part-time Family Advocate and Forensic Interviewer to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Summers County.

TYLER

Tyler County Commission $37,920.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Tyler County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Tyler County.

UPSHUR

Upshur County Commission $34,662.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Upshur County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Upshur County.

UPSHUR, LEWIS

Mountain CAP of West Virginia, Inc., a CAC $32,574.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Family Advocate to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Upshur and Lewis Counties.

WETZEL

Wetzel County Commission $40,000.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Wetzel County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Wetzel County.

WOOD

Wood County Commission $83,126.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of two full-time Victim Advocates in the Wood County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Wood County.

WOOD, CALHOUN, JACKSON, LOGAN, WIRT

Harmony Mental Health, Inc. $138,450.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time Social Worker and Counselor, and Contractual Counseling to provide services to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child abuse in Calhoun, Jackson, Wirt, and Wood Counties.

WOOD, JACKSON, RITCHIE, PLEASANTS, WIRT

Family Crisis Intervention Center $224,087.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of three part-time Shelter Advocates, three full-tim Shelter

Advocates, Legal Advocate, Sexual Assault Advocate, Ritchie County Advocate, Wirt County Advocate, Pleasants County Advocate, and part-time Jackson County Advocate to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence in Jackson, Ritchie, Wirt, Pleasants, and Wood Counties.

WOOD, WIRT, PLEASANTS, RITCHIE

Voices for Children Foundation - CASA Program $51,939.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the Program Director’s salary to provide direct services to child abuse and neglect victims in Wood, Wirt, Pleasants, and Ritchie Counties.

WYOMING

Wyoming County Commission $30,114.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Wyoming County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Wyoming County.

STATEWIDE

West Virginia Division of Corrections $81,158.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a Victim Services Specialist to provide direct services to the crime victims of inmates under the custody of the Division of Corrections.

Legal Aid of West Virginia, Inc. $216,890.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of three full-time Attorneys to provide emergency legal services to victims of crime in West Virginia.

Mothers Against Drunk Driving West Virginia $39,453.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time statewide Victim Advocate to provide direct services and support to victims of Driving Under the Influence cases throughout the State of West Virginia.

Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Grants:

BARBOUR

Barbour County Commission $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the position of a Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) in Philip Barbour High School.

CABELL

City of Barboursville $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the position of a Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) in Barboursville Middle School.

DODDRIDGE

Doddridge County Commission $40,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) positions in Doddridge County High and Dordddridge County Middle Schools.

HARDY

Hardy County Commission $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the position of a Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) in East Hardy High School.

HARRISON

Harrison County Commission $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the position of a Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) in South Harrison High School.

KANAWHA

HOPE Community Development Corporation $60,000.00

These funds will be utilized to implement the Disproportionate Minority Reduction Cycle in Kanawha County.

Kanawha County Commission $25,000.00

These funds will be utilzed to support the Project INTER-CEPT Program (Interventions Needed To End Recidivism-Critical Entry Point Treatment) in Kanawha County.

Partnership of African American Churches $60,000.00

These funds will be utilized to decrease Disproportionate MinortyContact in Kanawha County by expanding current initiatives between law enforcement, clergy, youth and families, including public defenders and prosecuting attorneys.

LOGAN

Logan County Commission $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the position of a Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) in Man High School.

MONONGALIA

Monongalia County Commission $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the VOICES II, a deliquency prevention program that focuses on at-risk and delinquent female teens.

Monongalia County Child Advocacy Center $18,612.00

These funds will be utilized to provide Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to child vicitims of abuse in Monongalia County.

Monongalia County Commission $60,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support a countywide Disproportionate Minorty Contact Reduction Initiative by utlizing an evidence-based intervention model to prevent at-risk minority youth’s involvement in the criminal justice system.

Morgantown Police Department $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the position of a Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) in Mountaineer Middle School.

Mountaineer Boys and Girls Club $45,000.00

These funds will be utilized to implement the Disproportionate Minorty Reduction Cycle in Monongalia County.

MORGAN

Morgan County Commission $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support a school and community based program that provides a school-based violence prevention curriculum and a developmental asset program to cultivate youth strengths and self-esteem.

Morgan County Commission $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the position of a Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) in Berkeley Springs High School.

STATEWIDE

West Virginia Child Advocacy Network $23,592.00

These funds will be utilized to assess and improve the data tracking and evaluation on both a statewide and local program level, and assist local Child Advocacy centers with data-informed strategic planning, interrupting the cycle of abuse and preventing adverse lifetime outcomes.

West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals $31,018.00

These funds will be utilized to provide current juvenile justice probation data to the State of West Virginia, the Federal Government, West Virginia Division of Justice and Community Services, the State Advisory Group and the citizens of West Virginia through the maintenance and daily management of the Juvenile Section of the Offender Case Management System. Funding will also provide analysis and a statewide report on the Juvenile Justice system as well as the collection of juvenile data and analysis to provide the numbers to create the DMC ratio.

Justice Assistance Grants:

BRAXTON

Braxton County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Braxton County High School.

CABELL

Cabell County Commission $69,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

GREENBRIER

Greenbrier County Commission $23,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

HAMPSHIRE

Hampshire County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Hampshire County High School.

HANCOCK

Hancock County Commission $40,000.00

Funds will provide for two Prevention Resource Officers (PRO) at Oak Glen High School and Weir High School.

Hancock County Commission $46,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

HARRISON

City of Bridgeport $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Bridgeport High School.

City of Bridgeport $46,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

City of Clarksburg $20,000.00

Funds will provide for one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Robert C. Byrd High School.

JACKSON

City of Ripley $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Ripley High School.

City of Ravenswood $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Ravenswood High School.

KANAWHA

City of South Charleston $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at South Charleston High School.

City of Charleston $69,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

City of Dunbar $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Dunbar Middle School.

City of Charleston $40,000.00

Funds will provide for two Prevention Resource Officers (PRO) at Capitol High School and Stonewall Jackson Middle School.

LEWIS

Lewis County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Lewis County High School.

LOGAN

Logan County Commission $46,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force and salary for one Prosecutor to work closely with the Drug Task Force.

MARSHALL

Marshall County Commission $23,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

MERCER

City of Bluefield $46,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

MINERAL

Mineral County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Frankfort High School.

MONROE

Monroe County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at James Monroe High School.

OHIO

Ohio County Commission $46,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

City of Wheeling $40,000.00

Funds will provide for two Prevention Resource Officers (PRO) at Bridge Street Middle School and Triadelphia Middle School.

PUTNAM

Putnam County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Poca High School.

City of Winfield $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Winfield High School.

City of Nitro $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support a Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Nitro High School.

RALEIGH

City of Beckley Police Department $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Woodrow Wilson High School.

ROANE

Roane County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Roane County High School.

TAYLOR

City of Grafton $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Grafton High School.

UPSHUR

Upshur County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Buckhannon-Upshur Middle School.

WETZEL

Wetzel County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Valley High School.

WOOD

City of Vienna $46,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries for a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

City of Williamstown $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Williamstown High School.

STATEWIDE

West Virginia State Police $223,175.00

Funds will provide for officer overtime to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

Justice Reinvestment Treatment Supervision Grants:

BERKELEY, JEFFERSON, MORGAN

Jefferson Day Report Center, Inc. $140,998.00

These funds will be utilized to support the ongoing work through the Justice Reinvestment Treatment Supervision Program.

CABELL

Prestera Center for Mental HealthServices, Inc. $134,514.00

These funds will be utilized to support the ongoing work through the Justice Reinvestment Treatment Supervision Program.

HARRISON

Harrison County Commission $125,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the ongoing work through the Justice Reinvestment Treatment Supervision Program.

United Summit Center, Inc. $118,753.00

These funds will be utilized to support the ongoing work through the JusticGOVERNOR TOMBLIN PRESENTS $9.3 MILLION IN GRANTS

 

TO LOCAL GROUPS, COMMUNITY JUSTICE PROGRAMS

   

CHARLESTON, W.Va. (September 9, 2016) – Gov. Earl Ray Tomblin today presented more than $9.3 million in grant funding to community support groups and justice programs across the state. This funding will be used to develop new programming and enhance existing initiatives to support West Virginia’s communities and state justice system.

   

“With this needed funding, community programs from all corners of our state will be better equipped to serve children and families and further strengthen West Virginia’s justice system.” Gov. Tomblin said. “We are expanding direct services to victims of crime, putting programs in place to help at-risk youth get back on track and preparing parents with the life skills they need to foster a healthy, nurturing environment to raise their families.”

   

The total grant funding was allocated as follows:

   

$7,023,255 in Victims of Crime Act/Victim Assistance Grants - 75 grantees;

$529, 254 in Justice Reinvestment Treatment Supervision Grants - 4 grantees;

$1,203,175 in Justice Assistance Grants - 34 grantees;

$543,222 in Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Grants - 18 grantees.

  

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psychopath check list pclr test

 

psychopath test pclr

 

please score yourself 0 1 2 3 on each of the 20 items and record your score as a comment on the total score image

 

The PCL-R is a clinical rating scale (rated by a psychologist or other professional) of 20 items. Each of the items in the PCL-R is scored on a three-point scale according to specific criteria through file information and a semi-structured interview. A value of 0 is assigned if the item does not apply, 1 if it applies somewhat, and 2 if it fully applies. In addition to lifestyle and criminal behavior the checklist assesses glib and superficial charm, grandiosity, need for stimulation, pathological lying, conning and manipulating, lack of remorse, callousness, poor behavioral controls, impulsivity, irresponsibility, failure to accept responsibility for one's own actions and so forth. The scores are used to predict risk for criminal re-offence and probability of rehabilitation.

 

The current edition of the PCL-R officially lists four factors (1.a, 1.b, 2.a, and 2.b), which summarize the 20 assessed areas via factor analysis. The previous edition of the PCL-R[5] listed two factors. Factor 1 is labelled "selfish, callous and remorseless use of others". Factor 2 is labelled as "chronically unstable, antisocial and socially deviant lifestyle". There is a high risk of recidivism and currently small likelihood of rehabilitation for those who are labelled as having "psychopathy" on the basis of the PCL-R ratings in the manual for the test, although treatment research is ongoing.

 

PCL-R Factors 1a and 1b are correlated with narcissistic personality disorder and histrionic personality disorder. They are associated with extraversion and positive affect. Factor 1, the so-called core personality traits of psychopathy, may even be beneficial for the psychopath (in terms of nondeviant social functioning).

 

PCL-R Factors 2a and 2b are particularly strongly correlated to antisocial personality disorder and criminality and are associated with reactive anger, criminality, and impulsive violence. The target group for the PCL-R is convicted criminals. The quality of ratings may depend on how much background information is available and whether the person rated is honest and forthright.

 

[edit] The two factorsFactor 1: Personality "Aggressive narcissism"

 

Glibness/superficial charm

Grandiose sense of self-worth

Pathological lying

Cunning/manipulative

Lack of remorse or guilt

Shallow affect (genuine emotion is short-lived and egocentric)

Callousness; lack of empathy

Failure to accept responsibility for own actions

Factor 2: Case history "Socially deviant lifestyle".

 

Need for stimulation/proneness to boredom

Parasitic lifestyle

Poor behavioral control

Lack of realistic long-term goals

Impulsivity

Irresponsibility

Juvenile delinquency

Early behavior problems

Revocation of conditional release

Traits not correlated with either factor

 

Promiscuous sexual behavior

Many short-term marital relationships

Criminal versatility

Acquired behavioural sociopathy/sociological conditioning (Item 21: a newly identified trait i.e. a person relying on sociological strategies and tricks to deceive)

Early factor analysis of the PCL-R indicated it consisted of two factors. Factor 1 captures traits dealing with the interpersonal and affective deficits of psychopathy (e.g. shallow affect, superficial charm, manipulativeness, lack of empathy) whereas Factor 2 dealt with symptoms relating to antisocial behaviour (e.g. criminal versatility, impulsiveness, irresponsibility, poor behaviour controls, juvenile delinquency).

 

The two factors have been found by those following this theory to display different correlates. Factor 1 has been correlated with narcissistic personality disorder, low anxiety, low empathy, low stress reaction and low suicide risk but high scores on scales of achievement and well-being. In addition, the use of item response theory analysis of female offender PCL-R scores indicates factor 1 items are more important in measuring and generalizing the construct of psychopathy in women than factor 2 items.

 

In contrast, Factor 2 was found to be related to antisocial personality disorder, social deviance, sensation seeking, low socio-economic status[6] and high risk of suicide. The two factors are nonetheless highly correlated and there are strong indications they do result from a single underlying disorder. However, research has failed to replicate the two-factor model in female samples.

 

Recent statistical analysis using confirmatory factor analysis by Cooke and Michie indicated a three-factor structure, with those items from factor 2 strictly relating to antisocial behaviour (criminal versatility, juvenile delinquency, revocation of conditional release, early behavioural problems and poor behavioural controls) removed from the final model. The remaining items are divided into three factors: Arrogant and Deceitful Interpersonal Style, Deficient Affective Experience and Impulsive and Irresponsible Behavioural Style.

 

In the most recent edition of the PCL-R, Hare adds a fourth antisocial behaviour factor, consisting of those Factor 2 items excluded in the previous model. Again, these models are presumed to be hierarchical with a single unified psychopathy disorder underlying the distinct but correlated factors.

 

The Cooke & Michie hierarchical ‘three’-factor model has severe statistical problems—i.e., it actually contains ten factors and results in impossible parameters (negative variances)—as well as conceptual problems. Hare and colleagues have published detailed critiques of the Cooke & Michie model. New evidence, across a range of samples and diverse measures, now supports a four-factor model of the psychopathy construct,] which represents the Interpersonal, Affective, Lifestyle, and overt Antisocial features of the personality disorder.

 

Diagnostic criteria and PCL-R assessmentPsychopathy is most commonly assessed with the PCL-R, which is a clinical rating scale with 20 items. Each of the items in the PCL-R is scored on a three-point (0, 1, 2) scale according to two factors. PCL-R Factor 2 is associated with reactive anger, anxiety, increased risk of suicide, criminality, and impulsive violence.

 

PCL-R Factor 1, in contrast, is associated with extraversion and positive affect. Factor 1, the so-called core personality traits of psychopathy, may even be beneficial for the psychopath (in terms of nondeviant social functioning). A psychopath will score high on both factors, whereas someone with APD will score high only on Factor 2.

 

Both case history and a semi-structured interview are used in the analysis.

    

The horse (Equus caballus) is a domesticated, one-toed, hoofed mammal. It belongs to the taxonomic family Equidae and is one of two extant subspecies of Equus ferus. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature, close to Eohippus, into the large, single-toed animal of today. Humans began domesticating horses around 4000 BCE, and their domestication is believed to have been widespread by 3000 BCE. Horses in the subspecies caballus are domesticated, although some domesticated populations live in the wild as feral horses. These feral populations are not true wild horses, which are horses that never have been domesticated. There is an extensive, specialized vocabulary used to describe equine-related concepts, covering everything from anatomy to life stages, size, colors, markings, breeds, locomotion, and behavior.

 

Horses are adapted to run, allowing them to quickly escape predators, and possess an excellent sense of balance and a strong fight-or-flight response. Related to this need to flee from predators in the wild is an unusual trait: horses are able to sleep both standing up and lying down, with younger horses tending to sleep significantly more than adults. Female horses, called mares, carry their young for approximately 11 months and a young horse, called a foal, can stand and run shortly following birth. Most domesticated horses begin training under a saddle or in a harness between the ages of two and four. They reach full adult development by age five, and have an average lifespan of between 25 and 30 years.

 

Horse breeds are loosely divided into three categories based on general temperament: spirited "hot bloods" with speed and endurance; "cold bloods", such as draft horses and some ponies, suitable for slow, heavy work; and "warmbloods", developed from crosses between hot bloods and cold bloods, often focusing on creating breeds for specific riding purposes, particularly in Europe. There are more than 300 breeds of horse in the world today, developed for many different uses.

 

Horses and humans interact in a wide variety of sport competitions and non-competitive recreational pursuits as well as in working activities such as police work, agriculture, entertainment, and therapy. Horses were historically used in warfare, from which a wide variety of riding and driving techniques developed, using many different styles of equipment and methods of control. Many products are derived from horses, including meat, milk, hide, hair, bone, and pharmaceuticals extracted from the urine of pregnant mares. Humans provide domesticated horses with food, water, and shelter, as well as attention from specialists such as veterinarians and farriers.

 

Lifespan and life stages

Depending on breed, management and environment, the modern domestic horse has a life expectancy of 25 to 30 years. Uncommonly, a few animals live into their 40s and, occasionally, beyond. The oldest verifiable record was "Old Billy", a 19th-century horse that lived to the age of 62. In modern times, Sugar Puff, who had been listed in Guinness World Records as the world's oldest living pony, died in 2007 at age 56.

 

Regardless of a horse or pony's actual birth date, for most competition purposes a year is added to its age each January 1 of each year in the Northern Hemisphere and each August 1 in the Southern Hemisphere. The exception is in endurance riding, where the minimum age to compete is based on the animal's actual calendar age.

 

The following terminology is used to describe horses of various ages:

 

Foal

A horse of either sex less than one year old. A nursing foal is sometimes called a suckling, and a foal that has been weaned is called a weanling. Most domesticated foals are weaned at five to seven months of age, although foals can be weaned at four months with no adverse physical effects.

Yearling

A horse of either sex that is between one and two years old.

Colt

A male horse under the age of four. A common terminology error is to call any young horse a "colt", when the term actually only refers to young male horses.

Filly

A female horse under the age of four.

Mare

A female horse four years old and older.

Stallion

A non-castrated male horse four years old and older.The term "horse" is sometimes used colloquially to refer specifically to a stallion.

Gelding

A castrated male horse of any age.

In horse racing, these definitions may differ: For example, in the British Isles, Thoroughbred horse racing defines colts and fillies as less than five years old. However, Australian Thoroughbred racing defines colts and fillies as less than four years old.

 

Size and measurement

The height of horses is measured at the highest point of the withers, where the neck meets the back. This point is used because it is a stable point of the anatomy, unlike the head or neck, which move up and down in relation to the body of the horse.

 

Size varies greatly among horse breeds, as with this full-sized horse and small pony.

In English-speaking countries, the height of horses is often stated in units of hands and inches: one hand is equal to 4 inches (101.6 mm). The height is expressed as the number of full hands, followed by a point, then the number of additional inches, and ending with the abbreviation "h" or "hh" (for "hands high"). Thus, a horse described as "15.2 h" is 15 hands plus 2 inches, for a total of 62 inches (157.5 cm) in height.

 

The size of horses varies by breed, but also is influenced by nutrition. Light-riding horses usually range in height from 14 to 16 hands (56 to 64 inches, 142 to 163 cm) and can weigh from 380 to 550 kilograms (840 to 1,210 lb). Larger-riding horses usually start at about 15.2 hands (62 inches, 157 cm) and often are as tall as 17 hands (68 inches, 173 cm), weighing from 500 to 600 kilograms (1,100 to 1,320 lb). Heavy or draft horses are usually at least 16 hands (64 inches, 163 cm) high and can be as tall as 18 hands (72 inches, 183 cm) high. They can weigh from about 700 to 1,000 kilograms (1,540 to 2,200 lb).

 

The largest horse in recorded history was probably a Shire horse named Mammoth, who was born in 1848. He stood 21.2 1⁄4 hands (86.25 inches, 219 cm) high and his peak weight was estimated at 1,524 kilograms (3,360 lb). The record holder for the smallest horse ever is Thumbelina, a fully mature miniature horse affected by dwarfism. She was 43 centimetres; 4.1 hands (17 in) tall and weighed 26 kg (57 lb).

 

Ponies

Main article: Pony

Ponies are taxonomically the same animals as horses. The distinction between a horse and pony is commonly drawn on the basis of height, especially for competition purposes. However, height alone is not dispositive; the difference between horses and ponies may also include aspects of phenotype, including conformation and temperament.

 

The traditional standard for height of a horse or a pony at maturity is 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm). An animal 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm) or over is usually considered to be a horse and one less than 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm) a pony, but there are many exceptions to the traditional standard. In Australia, ponies are considered to be those under 14 hands (56 inches, 142 cm). For competition in the Western division of the United States Equestrian Federation, the cutoff is 14.1 hands (57 inches, 145 cm). The International Federation for Equestrian Sports, the world governing body for horse sport, uses metric measurements and defines a pony as being any horse measuring less than 148 centimetres (58.27 in) at the withers without shoes, which is just over 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm), and 149 centimetres (58.66 in; 14.2+1⁄2 hands), with shoes.

 

Height is not the sole criterion for distinguishing horses from ponies. Breed registries for horses that typically produce individuals both under and over 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm) consider all animals of that breed to be horses regardless of their height. Conversely, some pony breeds may have features in common with horses, and individual animals may occasionally mature at over 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm), but are still considered to be ponies.

 

Ponies often exhibit thicker manes, tails, and overall coat. They also have proportionally shorter legs, wider barrels, heavier bone, shorter and thicker necks, and short heads with broad foreheads. They may have calmer temperaments than horses and also a high level of intelligence that may or may not be used to cooperate with human handlers. Small size, by itself, is not an exclusive determinant. For example, the Shetland pony which averages 10 hands (40 inches, 102 cm), is considered a pony. Conversely, breeds such as the Falabella and other miniature horses, which can be no taller than 76 centimetres; 7.2 hands (30 in), are classified by their registries as very small horses, not ponies.

 

Genetics

Horses have 64 chromosomes. The horse genome was sequenced in 2007. It contains 2.7 billion DNA base pairs, which is larger than the dog genome, but smaller than the human genome or the bovine genome.

 

Colors and markings

Horses exhibit a diverse array of coat colors and distinctive markings, described by a specialized vocabulary. Often, a horse is classified first by its coat color, before breed or sex. Horses of the same color may be distinguished from one another by white markings, which, along with various spotting patterns, are inherited separately from coat color.

 

Many genes that create horse coat colors and patterns have been identified. Current genetic tests can identify at least 13 different alleles influencing coat color, and research continues to discover new genes linked to specific traits. The basic coat colors of chestnut and black are determined by the gene controlled by the Melanocortin 1 receptor, also known as the "extension gene" or "red factor", as its recessive form is "red" (chestnut) and its dominant form is black. Additional genes control suppression of black color to point coloration that results in a bay, spotting patterns such as pinto or leopard, dilution genes such as palomino or dun, as well as greying, and all the other factors that create the many possible coat colors found in horses.

 

Horses that have a white coat color are often mislabeled; a horse that looks "white" is usually a middle-aged or older gray. Grays are born a darker shade, get lighter as they age, but usually keep black skin underneath their white hair coat (with the exception of pink skin under white markings). The only horses properly called white are born with a predominantly white hair coat and pink skin, a fairly rare occurrence. Different and unrelated genetic factors can produce white coat colors in horses, including several different alleles of dominant white and the sabino-1 gene. However, there are no "albino" horses, defined as having both pink skin and red eyes.

 

Reproduction and development

Gestation lasts approximately 340 days, with an average range 320–370 days, and usually results in one foal; twins are rare. Horses are a precocial species, and foals are capable of standing and running within a short time following birth. Foals are usually born in the spring. The estrous cycle of a mare occurs roughly every 19–22 days and occurs from early spring into autumn. Most mares enter an anestrus period during the winter and thus do not cycle in this period. Foals are generally weaned from their mothers between four and six months of age.

 

Horses, particularly colts, are sometimes physically capable of reproduction at about 18 months, but domesticated horses are rarely allowed to breed before the age of three, especially females. Horses four years old are considered mature, although the skeleton normally continues to develop until the age of six; maturation also depends on the horse's size, breed, sex, and quality of care. Larger horses have larger bones; therefore, not only do the bones take longer to form bone tissue, but the epiphyseal plates are larger and take longer to convert from cartilage to bone. These plates convert after the other parts of the bones, and are crucial to development.

 

Depending on maturity, breed, and work expected, horses are usually put under saddle and trained to be ridden between the ages of two and four. Although Thoroughbred race horses are put on the track as young as the age of two in some countries, horses specifically bred for sports such as dressage are generally not put under saddle until they are three or four years old, because their bones and muscles are not solidly developed. For endurance riding competition, horses are not deemed mature enough to compete until they are a full 60 calendar months (five years) old.

 

Anatomy

The horse skeleton averages 205 bones. A significant difference between the horse skeleton and that of a human is the lack of a collarbone—the horse's forelimbs are attached to the spinal column by a powerful set of muscles, tendons, and ligaments that attach the shoulder blade to the torso. The horse's four legs and hooves are also unique structures. Their leg bones are proportioned differently from those of a human. For example, the body part that is called a horse's "knee" is actually made up of the carpal bones that correspond to the human wrist. Similarly, the hock contains bones equivalent to those in the human ankle and heel. The lower leg bones of a horse correspond to the bones of the human hand or foot, and the fetlock (incorrectly called the "ankle") is actually the proximal sesamoid bones between the cannon bones (a single equivalent to the human metacarpal or metatarsal bones) and the proximal phalanges, located where one finds the "knuckles" of a human. A horse also has no muscles in its legs below the knees and hocks, only skin, hair, bone, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and the assorted specialized tissues that make up the hoof.

 

Hooves

Main articles: Horse hoof, Horseshoe, and Farrier

The critical importance of the feet and legs is summed up by the traditional adage, "no foot, no horse". The horse hoof begins with the distal phalanges, the equivalent of the human fingertip or tip of the toe, surrounded by cartilage and other specialized, blood-rich soft tissues such as the laminae. The exterior hoof wall and horn of the sole is made of keratin, the same material as a human fingernail. The result is that a horse, weighing on average 500 kilograms (1,100 lb), travels on the same bones as would a human on tiptoe. For the protection of the hoof under certain conditions, some horses have horseshoes placed on their feet by a professional farrier. The hoof continually grows, and in most domesticated horses needs to be trimmed (and horseshoes reset, if used) every five to eight weeks, though the hooves of horses in the wild wear down and regrow at a rate suitable for their terrain.

 

Teeth

Main article: Horse teeth

Horses are adapted to grazing. In an adult horse, there are 12 incisors at the front of the mouth, adapted to biting off the grass or other vegetation. There are 24 teeth adapted for chewing, the premolars and molars, at the back of the mouth. Stallions and geldings have four additional teeth just behind the incisors, a type of canine teeth called "tushes". Some horses, both male and female, will also develop one to four very small vestigial teeth in front of the molars, known as "wolf" teeth, which are generally removed because they can interfere with the bit. There is an empty interdental space between the incisors and the molars where the bit rests directly on the gums, or "bars" of the horse's mouth when the horse is bridled.

 

An estimate of a horse's age can be made from looking at its teeth. The teeth continue to erupt throughout life and are worn down by grazing. Therefore, the incisors show changes as the horse ages; they develop a distinct wear pattern, changes in tooth shape, and changes in the angle at which the chewing surfaces meet. This allows a very rough estimate of a horse's age, although diet and veterinary care can also affect the rate of tooth wear.

 

Digestion

Main articles: Equine digestive system and Equine nutrition

Horses are herbivores with a digestive system adapted to a forage diet of grasses and other plant material, consumed steadily throughout the day. Therefore, compared to humans, they have a relatively small stomach but very long intestines to facilitate a steady flow of nutrients. A 450-kilogram (990 lb) horse will eat 7 to 11 kilograms (15 to 24 lb) of food per day and, under normal use, drink 38 to 45 litres (8.4 to 9.9 imp gal; 10 to 12 US gal) of water. Horses are not ruminants, they have only one stomach, like humans, but unlike humans, they can digest cellulose, a major component of grass. Horses are hindgut fermenters. Cellulose fermentation by symbiotic bacteria occurs in the cecum, or "water gut", which food goes through before reaching the large intestine. Horses cannot vomit, so digestion problems can quickly cause colic, a leading cause of death. Horses do not have a gallbladder; however, they seem to tolerate high amounts of fat in their diet despite lack of a gallbladder.

 

Senses

The horses' senses are based on their status as prey animals, where they must be aware of their surroundings at all times. They have the largest eyes of any land mammal, and are lateral-eyed, meaning that their eyes are positioned on the sides of their heads. This means that horses have a range of vision of more than 350°, with approximately 65° of this being binocular vision and the remaining 285° monocular vision. Horses have excellent day and night vision, but they have two-color, or dichromatic vision; their color vision is somewhat like red-green color blindness in humans, where certain colors, especially red and related colors, appear as a shade of green.

 

Their sense of smell, while much better than that of humans, is not quite as good as that of a dog. It is believed to play a key role in the social interactions of horses as well as detecting other key scents in the environment. Horses have two olfactory centers. The first system is in the nostrils and nasal cavity, which analyze a wide range of odors. The second, located under the nasal cavity, are the vomeronasal organs, also called Jacobson's organs. These have a separate nerve pathway to the brain and appear to primarily analyze pheromones.

 

A horse's hearing is good, and the pinna of each ear can rotate up to 180°, giving the potential for 360° hearing without having to move the head. Noise impacts the behavior of horses and certain kinds of noise may contribute to stress: a 2013 study in the UK indicated that stabled horses were calmest in a quiet setting, or if listening to country or classical music, but displayed signs of nervousness when listening to jazz or rock music. This study also recommended keeping music under a volume of 21 decibels. An Australian study found that stabled racehorses listening to talk radio had a higher rate of gastric ulcers than horses listening to music, and racehorses stabled where a radio was played had a higher overall rate of ulceration than horses stabled where there was no radio playing.

 

Horses have a great sense of balance, due partly to their ability to feel their footing and partly to highly developed proprioception—the unconscious sense of where the body and limbs are at all times. A horse's sense of touch is well-developed. The most sensitive areas are around the eyes, ears, and nose. Horses are able to sense contact as subtle as an insect landing anywhere on the body.

 

Horses have an advanced sense of taste, which allows them to sort through fodder and choose what they would most like to eat, and their prehensile lips can easily sort even small grains. Horses generally will not eat poisonous plants, however, there are exceptions; horses will occasionally eat toxic amounts of poisonous plants even when there is adequate healthy food.

 

Movement

All horses move naturally with four basic gaits:

the four-beat walk, which averages 6.4 kilometres per hour (4.0 mph);

the two-beat trot or jog at 13 to 19 kilometres per hour (8.1 to 11.8 mph) (faster for harness racing horses);

the canter or lope, a three-beat gait that is 19 to 24 kilometres per hour (12 to 15 mph);

the gallop, which averages 40 to 48 kilometres per hour (25 to 30 mph), but the world record for a horse galloping over a short, sprint distance is 70.76 kilometres per hour (43.97 mph).

Besides these basic gaits, some horses perform a two-beat pace, instead of the trot. There also are several four-beat 'ambling' gaits that are approximately the speed of a trot or pace, though smoother to ride. These include the lateral rack, running walk, and tölt as well as the diagonal fox trot. Ambling gaits are often genetic in some breeds, known collectively as gaited horses. These horses replace the trot with one of the ambling gaits.

 

Behavior

Horses are prey animals with a strong fight-or-flight response. Their first reaction to a threat is to startle and usually flee, although they will stand their ground and defend themselves when flight is impossible or if their young are threatened. They also tend to be curious; when startled, they will often hesitate an instant to ascertain the cause of their fright, and may not always flee from something that they perceive as non-threatening. Most light horse riding breeds were developed for speed, agility, alertness and endurance; natural qualities that extend from their wild ancestors. However, through selective breeding, some breeds of horses are quite docile, particularly certain draft horses.

  

Horses fighting as part of herd dominance behaviour

Horses are herd animals, with a clear hierarchy of rank, led by a dominant individual, usually a mare. They are also social creatures that are able to form companionship attachments to their own species and to other animals, including humans. They communicate in various ways, including vocalizations such as nickering or whinnying, mutual grooming, and body language. Many horses will become difficult to manage if they are isolated, but with training, horses can learn to accept a human as a companion, and thus be comfortable away from other horses. However, when confined with insufficient companionship, exercise, or stimulation, individuals may develop stable vices, an assortment of bad habits, mostly stereotypies of psychological origin, that include wood chewing, wall kicking, "weaving" (rocking back and forth), and other problems.

 

Intelligence and learning

Studies have indicated that horses perform a number of cognitive tasks on a daily basis, meeting mental challenges that include food procurement and identification of individuals within a social system. They also have good spatial discrimination abilities. They are naturally curious and apt to investigate things they have not seen before. Studies have assessed equine intelligence in areas such as problem solving, speed of learning, and memory. Horses excel at simple learning, but also are able to use more advanced cognitive abilities that involve categorization and concept learning. They can learn using habituation, desensitization, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning, and positive and negative reinforcement. One study has indicated that horses can differentiate between "more or less" if the quantity involved is less than four.

 

Domesticated horses may face greater mental challenges than wild horses, because they live in artificial environments that prevent instinctive behavior whilst also learning tasks that are not natural. Horses are animals of habit that respond well to regimentation, and respond best when the same routines and techniques are used consistently. One trainer believes that "intelligent" horses are reflections of intelligent trainers who effectively use response conditioning techniques and positive reinforcement to train in the style that best fits with an individual animal's natural inclinations.

 

Temperament

Horses are mammals, and as such are warm-blooded, or endothermic creatures, as opposed to cold-blooded, or poikilothermic animals. However, these words have developed a separate meaning in the context of equine terminology, used to describe temperament, not body temperature. For example, the "hot-bloods", such as many race horses, exhibit more sensitivity and energy, while the "cold-bloods", such as most draft breeds, are quieter and calmer. Sometimes "hot-bloods" are classified as "light horses" or "riding horses", with the "cold-bloods" classified as "draft horses" or "work horses".

 

a sepia-toned engraving from an old book, showing 11 horses of different breeds and sizes in nine different illustrations

Illustration of assorted breeds; slim, light hotbloods, medium-sized warmbloods and draft and pony-type coldblood breeds

"Hot blooded" breeds include "oriental horses" such as the Akhal-Teke, Arabian horse, Barb, and now-extinct Turkoman horse, as well as the Thoroughbred, a breed developed in England from the older oriental breeds. Hot bloods tend to be spirited, bold, and learn quickly. They are bred for agility and speed. They tend to be physically refined—thin-skinned, slim, and long-legged. The original oriental breeds were brought to Europe from the Middle East and North Africa when European breeders wished to infuse these traits into racing and light cavalry horses.

 

Muscular, heavy draft horses are known as "cold bloods", as they are bred not only for strength, but also to have the calm, patient temperament needed to pull a plow or a heavy carriage full of people. They are sometimes nicknamed "gentle giants". Well-known draft breeds include the Belgian and the Clydesdale. Some, like the Percheron, are lighter and livelier, developed to pull carriages or to plow large fields in drier climates. Others, such as the Shire, are slower and more powerful, bred to plow fields with heavy, clay-based soils. The cold-blooded group also includes some pony breeds.

 

"Warmblood" breeds, such as the Trakehner or Hanoverian, developed when European carriage and war horses were crossed with Arabians or Thoroughbreds, producing a riding horse with more refinement than a draft horse, but greater size and milder temperament than a lighter breed. Certain pony breeds with warmblood characteristics have been developed for smaller riders. Warmbloods are considered a "light horse" or "riding horse".

 

Today, the term "Warmblood" refers to a specific subset of sport horse breeds that are used for competition in dressage and show jumping. Strictly speaking, the term "warm blood" refers to any cross between cold-blooded and hot-blooded breeds. Examples include breeds such as the Irish Draught or the Cleveland Bay. The term was once used to refer to breeds of light riding horse other than Thoroughbreds or Arabians, such as the Morgan horse.

 

Sleep patterns

When horses lie down to sleep, others in the herd remain standing, awake, or in a light doze, keeping watch.

Horses are able to sleep both standing up and lying down. In an adaptation from life in the wild, horses are able to enter light sleep by using a "stay apparatus" in their legs, allowing them to doze without collapsing. Horses sleep better when in groups because some animals will sleep while others stand guard to watch for predators. A horse kept alone will not sleep well because its instincts are to keep a constant eye out for danger.

 

Unlike humans, horses do not sleep in a solid, unbroken period of time, but take many short periods of rest. Horses spend four to fifteen hours a day in standing rest, and from a few minutes to several hours lying down. Total sleep time in a 24-hour period may range from several minutes to a couple of hours, mostly in short intervals of about 15 minutes each. The average sleep time of a domestic horse is said to be 2.9 hours per day.

 

Horses must lie down to reach REM sleep. They only have to lie down for an hour or two every few days to meet their minimum REM sleep requirements. However, if a horse is never allowed to lie down, after several days it will become sleep-deprived, and in rare cases may suddenly collapse as it involuntarily slips into REM sleep while still standing. This condition differs from narcolepsy, although horses may also suffer from that disorder.

 

Taxonomy and evolution

The horse adapted to survive in areas of wide-open terrain with sparse vegetation, surviving in an ecosystem where other large grazing animals, especially ruminants, could not. Horses and other equids are odd-toed ungulates of the order Perissodactyla, a group of mammals dominant during the Tertiary period. In the past, this order contained 14 families, but only three—Equidae (the horse and related species), Tapiridae (the tapir), and Rhinocerotidae (the rhinoceroses)—have survived to the present day.

 

The earliest known member of the family Equidae was the Hyracotherium, which lived between 45 and 55 million years ago, during the Eocene period. It had 4 toes on each front foot, and 3 toes on each back foot. The extra toe on the front feet soon disappeared with the Mesohippus, which lived 32 to 37 million years ago. Over time, the extra side toes shrank in size until they vanished. All that remains of them in modern horses is a set of small vestigial bones on the leg below the knee, known informally as splint bones. Their legs also lengthened as their toes disappeared until they were a hooved animal capable of running at great speed. By about 5 million years ago, the modern Equus had evolved. Equid teeth also evolved from browsing on soft, tropical plants to adapt to browsing of drier plant material, then to grazing of tougher plains grasses. Thus proto-horses changed from leaf-eating forest-dwellers to grass-eating inhabitants of semi-arid regions worldwide, including the steppes of Eurasia and the Great Plains of North America.

 

By about 15,000 years ago, Equus ferus was a widespread holarctic species. Horse bones from this time period, the late Pleistocene, are found in Europe, Eurasia, Beringia, and North America. Yet between 10,000 and 7,600 years ago, the horse became extinct in North America. The reasons for this extinction are not fully known, but one theory notes that extinction in North America paralleled human arrival. Another theory points to climate change, noting that approximately 12,500 years ago, the grasses characteristic of a steppe ecosystem gave way to shrub tundra, which was covered with unpalatable plants.

 

Wild species surviving into modern times

Three tan-colored horses with upright manes. Two horses nip and paw at each other, while the third moves towards the camera. They stand in an open, rocky grassland, with forests in the distance.

 

Main article: Wild horse

A truly wild horse is a species or subspecies with no ancestors that were ever successfully domesticated. Therefore, most "wild" horses today are actually feral horses, animals that escaped or were turned loose from domestic herds and the descendants of those animals. Only two wild subspecies, the tarpan and the Przewalski's horse, survived into recorded history and only the latter survives today.

 

The Przewalski's horse (Equus ferus przewalskii), named after the Russian explorer Nikolai Przhevalsky, is a rare Asian animal. It is also known as the Mongolian wild horse; Mongolian people know it as the taki, and the Kyrgyz people call it a kirtag. The subspecies was presumed extinct in the wild between 1969 and 1992, while a small breeding population survived in zoos around the world. In 1992, it was reestablished in the wild by the conservation efforts of numerous zoos. Today, a small wild breeding population exists in Mongolia. There are additional animals still maintained at zoos throughout the world.

 

The question of whether the Przewalski's horse was ever domesticated was challenged in 2018 when DNA studies of horses found at Botai culture sites revealed captured animals with DNA markers of an ancestor to the Przewalski's horse. The study concluded that the Botai animals appear to have been an independent domestication attempt and apparently unsuccessful, as these genetic markers do not appear in modern domesticated horses. However, the question of whether all Przewalski's horses descend from this population is also unresolved, as only one of seven modern Przewalski's horses in the study shared this ancestry.

 

The tarpan or European wild horse (Equus ferus ferus) was found in Europe and much of Asia. It survived into the historical era, but became extinct in 1909, when the last captive died in a Russian zoo. Thus, the genetic line was lost. Attempts have been made to recreate the tarpan, which resulted in horses with outward physical similarities, but nonetheless descended from domesticated ancestors and not true wild horses.

 

Periodically, populations of horses in isolated areas are speculated to be relict populations of wild horses, but generally have been proven to be feral or domestic. For example, the Riwoche horse of Tibet was proposed as such, but testing did not reveal genetic differences from domesticated horses. Similarly, the Sorraia of Portugal was proposed as a direct descendant of the Tarpan on the basis of shared characteristics, but genetic studies have shown that the Sorraia is more closely related to other horse breeds, and that the outward similarity is an unreliable measure of relatedness.

 

Other modern equids

Main article: Equus (genus)

Besides the horse, there are six other species of genus Equus in the Equidae family. These are the ass or donkey, Equus asinus; the mountain zebra, Equus zebra; plains zebra, Equus quagga; Grévy's Zebra, Equus grevyi; the kiang, Equus kiang; and the onager, Equus hemionus.

 

Horses can crossbreed with other members of their genus. The most common hybrid is the mule, a cross between a "jack" (male donkey) and a mare. A related hybrid, a hinny, is a cross between a stallion and a "jenny" (female donkey). Other hybrids include the zorse, a cross between a zebra and a horse. With rare exceptions, most hybrids are sterile and cannot reproduce.

 

Main articles: History of horse domestication theories and Domestication of the horse

Domestication of the horse most likely took place in central Asia prior to 3500 BCE. Two major sources of information are used to determine where and when the horse was first domesticated and how the domesticated horse spread around the world. The first source is based on palaeological and archaeological discoveries; the second source is a comparison of DNA obtained from modern horses to that from bones and teeth of ancient horse remains.

 

The earliest archaeological evidence for the domestication of the horse comes from sites in Ukraine and Kazakhstan, dating to approximately 4000–3500 BCE. By 3000 BCE, the horse was completely domesticated and by 2000 BCE there was a sharp increase in the number of horse bones found in human settlements in northwestern Europe, indicating the spread of domesticated horses throughout the continent. The most recent, but most irrefutable evidence of domestication comes from sites where horse remains were interred with chariots in graves of the Sintashta and Petrovka cultures c. 2100 BCE.

 

A 2021 genetic study suggested that most modern domestic horses descend from the lower Volga-Don region. Ancient horse genomes indicate that these populations influenced almost all local populations as they expanded rapidly throughout Eurasia, beginning about 4,200 years ago. It also shows that certain adaptations were strongly selected due to riding, and that equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots spread with the horse itself.

 

Domestication is also studied by using the genetic material of present-day horses and comparing it with the genetic material present in the bones and teeth of horse remains found in archaeological and palaeological excavations. The variation in the genetic material shows that very few wild stallions contributed to the domestic horse, while many mares were part of early domesticated herds. This is reflected in the difference in genetic variation between the DNA that is passed on along the paternal, or sire line (Y-chromosome) versus that passed on along the maternal, or dam line (mitochondrial DNA). There are very low levels of Y-chromosome variability, but a great deal of genetic variation in mitochondrial DNA. There is also regional variation in mitochondrial DNA due to the inclusion of wild mares in domestic herds. Another characteristic of domestication is an increase in coat color variation. In horses, this increased dramatically between 5000 and 3000 BCE.

 

Before the availability of DNA techniques to resolve the questions related to the domestication of the horse, various hypotheses were proposed. One classification was based on body types and conformation, suggesting the presence of four basic prototypes that had adapted to their environment prior to domestication. Another hypothesis held that the four prototypes originated from a single wild species and that all different body types were entirely a result of selective breeding after domestication. However, the lack of a detectable substructure in the horse has resulted in a rejection of both hypotheses.

 

Main article: Feral horse

Feral horses are born and live in the wild, but are descended from domesticated animals. Many populations of feral horses exist throughout the world. Studies of feral herds have provided useful insights into the behavior of prehistoric horses, as well as greater understanding of the instincts and behaviors that drive horses that live in domesticated conditions.

 

There are also semi-feral horses in many parts of the world, such as Dartmoor and the New Forest in the UK, where the animals are all privately owned but live for significant amounts of time in "wild" conditions on undeveloped, often public, lands. Owners of such animals often pay a fee for grazing rights.

 

Main articles: Horse breed, List of horse breeds, and Horse breeding

The concept of purebred bloodstock and a controlled, written breed registry has come to be particularly significant and important in modern times. Sometimes purebred horses are incorrectly or inaccurately called "thoroughbreds". Thoroughbred is a specific breed of horse, while a "purebred" is a horse (or any other animal) with a defined pedigree recognized by a breed registry. Horse breeds are groups of horses with distinctive characteristics that are transmitted consistently to their offspring, such as conformation, color, performance ability, or disposition. These inherited traits result from a combination of natural crosses and artificial selection methods. Horses have been selectively bred since their domestication. An early example of people who practiced selective horse breeding were the Bedouin, who had a reputation for careful practices, keeping extensive pedigrees of their Arabian horses and placing great value upon pure bloodlines. These pedigrees were originally transmitted via an oral tradition. In the 14th century, Carthusian monks of southern Spain kept meticulous pedigrees of bloodstock lineages still found today in the Andalusian horse.

 

Breeds developed due to a need for "form to function", the necessity to develop certain characteristics in order to perform a particular type of work. Thus, a powerful but refined breed such as the Andalusian developed as riding horses with an aptitude for dressage. Heavy draft horses were developed out of a need to perform demanding farm work and pull heavy wagons. Other horse breeds had been developed specifically for light agricultural work, carriage and road work, various sport disciplines, or simply as pets. Some breeds developed through centuries of crossing other breeds, while others descended from a single foundation sire, or other limited or restricted foundation bloodstock. One of the earliest formal registries was General Stud Book for Thoroughbreds, which began in 1791 and traced back to the foundation bloodstock for the breed. There are more than 300 horse breeds in the world today.

 

Interaction with humans

Worldwide, horses play a role within human cultures and have done so for millennia. Horses are used for leisure activities, sports, and working purposes. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that in 2008, there were almost 59,000,000 horses in the world, with around 33,500,000 in the Americas, 13,800,000 in Asia and 6,300,000 in Europe and smaller portions in Africa and Oceania. There are estimated to be 9,500,000 horses in the United States alone. The American Horse Council estimates that horse-related activities have a direct impact on the economy of the United States of over $39 billion, and when indirect spending is considered, the impact is over $102 billion. In a 2004 "poll" conducted by Animal Planet, more than 50,000 viewers from 73 countries voted for the horse as the world's 4th favorite animal.

 

Communication between human and horse is paramount in any equestrian activity; to aid this process horses are usually ridden with a saddle on their backs to assist the rider with balance and positioning, and a bridle or related headgear to assist the rider in maintaining control. Sometimes horses are ridden without a saddle, and occasionally, horses are trained to perform without a bridle or other headgear. Many horses are also driven, which requires a harness, bridle, and some type of vehicle.

 

Main articles: Equestrianism, Horse racing, Horse training, and Horse tack

Historically, equestrians honed their skills through games and races. Equestrian sports provided entertainment for crowds and honed the excellent horsemanship that was needed in battle. Many sports, such as dressage, eventing, and show jumping, have origins in military training, which were focused on control and balance of both horse and rider. Other sports, such as rodeo, developed from practical skills such as those needed on working ranches and stations. Sport hunting from horseback evolved from earlier practical hunting techniques. Horse racing of all types evolved from impromptu competitions between riders or drivers. All forms of competition, requiring demanding and specialized skills from both horse and rider, resulted in the systematic development of specialized breeds and equipment for each sport. The popularity of equestrian sports through the centuries has resulted in the preservation of skills that would otherwise have disappeared after horses stopped being used in combat.

 

Horses are trained to be ridden or driven in a variety of sporting competitions. Examples include show jumping, dressage, three-day eventing, competitive driving, endurance riding, gymkhana, rodeos, and fox hunting. Horse shows, which have their origins in medieval European fairs, are held around the world. They host a huge range of classes, covering all of the mounted and harness disciplines, as well as "In-hand" classes where the horses are led, rather than ridden, to be evaluated on their conformation. The method of judging varies with the discipline, but winning usually depends on style and ability of both horse and rider. Sports such as polo do not judge the horse itself, but rather use the horse as a partner for human competitors as a necessary part of the game. Although the horse requires specialized training to participate, the details of its performance are not judged, only the result of the rider's actions—be it getting a ball through a goal or some other task. Examples of these sports of partnership between human and horse include jousting, in which the main goal is for one rider to unseat the other, and buzkashi, a team game played throughout Central Asia, the aim being to capture a goat carcass while on horseback.

 

Horse racing is an equestrian sport and major international industry, watched in almost every nation of the world. There are three types: "flat" racing; steeplechasing, i.e. racing over jumps; and harness racing, where horses trot or pace while pulling a driver in a small, light cart known as a sulky. A major part of horse racing's economic importance lies in the gambling associated with it.

 

Work

There are certain jobs that horses do very well, and no technology has yet developed to fully replace them. For example, mounted police horses are still effective for certain types of patrol duties and crowd control. Cattle ranches still require riders on horseback to round up cattle that are scattered across remote, rugged terrain. Search and rescue organizations in some countries depend upon mounted teams to locate people, particularly hikers and children, and to provide disaster relief assistance. Horses can also be used in areas where it is necessary to avoid vehicular disruption to delicate soil, such as nature reserves. They may also be the only form of transport allowed in wilderness areas. Horses are quieter than motorized vehicles. Law enforcement officers such as park rangers or game wardens may use horses for patrols, and horses or mules may also be used for clearing trails or other work in areas of rough terrain where vehicles are less effective.

 

Although machinery has replaced horses in many parts of the world, an estimated 100 million horses, donkeys and mules are still used for agriculture and transportation in less developed areas. This number includes around 27 million working animals in Africa alone. Some land management practices such as cultivating and logging can be efficiently performed with horses. In agriculture, less fossil fuel is used and increased environmental conservation occurs over time with the use of draft animals such as horses. Logging with horses can result in reduced damage to soil structure and less damage to trees due to more selective logging.

 

Main article: Horses in warfare

Horses have been used in warfare for most of recorded history. The first archaeological evidence of horses used in warfare dates to between 4000 and 3000 BCE, and the use of horses in warfare was widespread by the end of the Bronze Age. Although mechanization has largely replaced the horse as a weapon of war, horses are still seen today in limited military uses, mostly for ceremonial purposes, or for reconnaissance and transport activities in areas of rough terrain where motorized vehicles are ineffective. Horses have been used in the 21st century by the Janjaweed militias in the War in Darfur.

 

Entertainment and culture

Modern horses are often used to reenact many of their historical work purposes. Horses are used, complete with equipment that is authentic or a meticulously recreated replica, in various live action historical reenactments of specific periods of history, especially recreations of famous battles. Horses are also used to preserve cultural traditions and for ceremonial purposes. Countries such as the United Kingdom still use horse-drawn carriages to convey royalty and other VIPs to and from certain culturally significant events. Public exhibitions are another example, such as the Budweiser Clydesdales, seen in parades and other public settings, a team of draft horses that pull a beer wagon similar to that used before the invention of the modern motorized truck.

 

Horses are frequently used in television, films and literature. They are sometimes featured as a major character in films about particular animals, but also used as visual elements that assure the accuracy of historical stories. Both live horses and iconic images of horses are used in advertising to promote a variety of products. The horse frequently appears in coats of arms in heraldry, in a variety of poses and equipment. The mythologies of many cultures, including Greco-Roman, Hindu, Islamic, and Germanic, include references to both normal horses and those with wings or additional limbs, and multiple myths also call upon the horse to draw the chariots of the Moon and Sun. The horse also appears in the 12-year cycle of animals in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar.

 

Horses serve as the inspiration for many modern automobile names and logos, including the Ford Pinto, Ford Bronco, Ford Mustang, Hyundai Equus, Hyundai Pony, Mitsubishi Starion, Subaru Brumby, Mitsubishi Colt/Dodge Colt, Pinzgauer, Steyr-Puch Haflinger, Pegaso, Porsche, Rolls-Royce Camargue, Ferrari, Carlsson, Kamaz, Corre La Licorne, Iran Khodro, Eicher, and Baojun. Indian TVS Motor Company also uses a horse on their motorcycles & scooters.

 

Therapeutic use

People of all ages with physical and mental disabilities obtain beneficial results from an association with horses. Therapeutic riding is used to mentally and physically stimulate disabled persons and help them improve their lives through improved balance and coordination, increased self-confidence, and a greater feeling of freedom and independence. The benefits of equestrian activity for people with disabilities has also been recognized with the addition of equestrian events to the Paralympic Games and recognition of para-equestrian events by the International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI). Hippotherapy and therapeutic horseback riding are names for different physical, occupational, and speech therapy treatment strategies that use equine movement. In hippotherapy, a therapist uses the horse's movement to improve their patient's cognitive, coordination, balance, and fine motor skills, whereas therapeutic horseback riding uses specific riding skills.

 

Horses also provide psychological benefits to people whether they actually ride or not. "Equine-assisted" or "equine-facilitated" therapy is a form of experiential psychotherapy that uses horses as companion animals to assist people with mental illness, including anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, mood disorders, behavioral difficulties, and those who are going through major life changes. There are also experimental programs using horses in prison settings. Exposure to horses appears to improve the behavior of inmates and help reduce recidivism when they leave.

 

Products

Horses are raw material for many products made by humans throughout history, including byproducts from the slaughter of horses as well as materials collected from living horses.

 

Products collected from living horses include mare's milk, used by people with large horse herds, such as the Mongols, who let it ferment to produce kumis. Horse blood was once used as food by the Mongols and other nomadic tribes, who found it a convenient source of nutrition when traveling. Drinking their own horses' blood allowed the Mongols to ride for extended periods of time without stopping to eat. The drug Premarin is a mixture of estrogens extracted from the urine of pregnant mares (pregnant mares' urine), and was previously a widely used drug for hormone replacement therapy. The tail hair of horses can be used for making bows for string instruments such as the violin, viola, cello, and double bass.

 

Horse meat has been used as food for humans and carnivorous animals throughout the ages. Approximately 5 million horses are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide. It is eaten in many parts of the world, though consumption is taboo in some cultures, and a subject of political controversy in others. Horsehide leather has been used for boots, gloves, jackets, baseballs, and baseball gloves. Horse hooves can also be used to produce animal glue. Horse bones can be used to make implements. Specifically, in Italian cuisine, the horse tibia is sharpened into a probe called a spinto, which is used to test the readiness of a (pig) ham as it cures. In Asia, the saba is a horsehide vessel used in the production of kumis.

 

Main article: Horse care

Checking teeth and other physical examinations are an important part of horse care.

Horses are grazing animals, and their major source of nutrients is good-quality forage from hay or pasture. They can consume approximately 2% to 2.5% of their body weight in dry feed each day. Therefore, a 450-kilogram (990 lb) adult horse could eat up to 11 kilograms (24 lb) of food. Sometimes, concentrated feed such as grain is fed in addition to pasture or hay, especially when the animal is very active. When grain is fed, equine nutritionists recommend that 50% or more of the animal's diet by weight should still be forage.

 

Horses require a plentiful supply of clean water, a minimum of 38 to 45 litres (10 to 12 US gal) per day. Although horses are adapted to live outside, they require shelter from the wind and precipitation, which can range from a simple shed or shelter to an elaborate stable.

 

Horses require routine hoof care from a farrier, as well as vaccinations to protect against various diseases, and dental examinations from a veterinarian or a specialized equine dentist. If horses are kept inside in a barn, they require regular daily exercise for their physical health and mental well-being. When turned outside, they require well-maintained, sturdy fences to be safely contained. Regular grooming is also helpful to help the horse maintain good health of the hair coat and underlying skin.

 

Climate change

As of 2019, there are around 17 million horses in the world. Healthy body temperature for adult horses is in the range between 37.5 and 38.5 °C (99.5 and 101.3 °F), which they can maintain while ambient temperatures are between 5 and 25 °C (41 and 77 °F). However, strenuous exercise increases core body temperature by 1 °C (1.8 °F)/minute, as 80% of the energy used by equine muscles is released as heat. Along with bovines and primates, equines are the only animal group which use sweating as their primary method of thermoregulation: in fact, it can account for up to 70% of their heat loss, and horses sweat three times more than humans while undergoing comparably strenuous physical activity. Unlike humans, this sweat is created not by eccrine glands but by apocrine glands. In hot conditions, horses during three hours of moderate-intersity exercise can loss 30 to 35 L of water and 100g of sodium, 198 g of choloride and 45 g of potassium. In another difference from humans, their sweat is hypertonic, and contains a protein called latherin, which enables it to spread across their body easier, and to foam, rather than to drip off. These adaptations are partly to compensate for their lower body surface-to-mass ratio, which makes it more difficult for horses to passively radiate heat. Yet, prolonged exposure to very hot and/or humid conditions will lead to consequences such as anhidrosis, heat stroke, or brain damage, potentially culminating in death if not addressed with measures like cold water applications. Additionally, around 10% of incidents associated with horse transport have been attributed to heat stress. These issues are expected to worsen in the future.

 

African horse sickness (AHS) is a viral illness with a mortality close to 90% in horses, and 50% in mules. A midge, Culicoides imicola, is the primary vector of AHS, and its spread is expected to benefit from climate change. The spillover of Hendra virus from its flying fox hosts to horses is also likely to increase, as future warming would expand the hosts' geographic range. It has been estimated that under the "moderate" and high climate change scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, the number of threatened horses would increase by 110,000 and 165,000, respectively, or by 175 and 260%

GOVERNOR TOMBLIN PRESENTS $9.3 MILLION IN GRANTS

 

TO LOCAL GROUPS, COMMUNITY JUSTICE PROGRAMS

   

CHARLESTON, W.Va. (September 9, 2016) – Gov. Earl Ray Tomblin today presented more than $9.3 million in grant funding to community support groups and justice programs across the state. This funding will be used to develop new programming and enhance existing initiatives to support West Virginia’s communities and state justice system.

   

“With this needed funding, community programs from all corners of our state will be better equipped to serve children and families and further strengthen West Virginia’s justice system.” Gov. Tomblin said. “We are expanding direct services to victims of crime, putting programs in place to help at-risk youth get back on track and preparing parents with the life skills they need to foster a healthy, nurturing environment to raise their families.”

   

The total grant funding was allocated as follows:

   

$7,023,255 in Victims of Crime Act/Victim Assistance Grants - 75 grantees;

$529, 254 in Justice Reinvestment Treatment Supervision Grants - 4 grantees;

$1,203,175 in Justice Assistance Grants - 34 grantees;

$543,222 in Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Grants - 18 grantees.

  

Victims of Crime Act/Victim Assistance Grants:

BARBOUR

Barbour County Commission $38,936.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Assistance Coordinator in the Barbour County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Barbour County.

BERKELEY, JEFFERSON, MORGAN

Children's Home Society of West Virginia $35,576.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Family Advocate to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Jefferson, Berkeley, and Morgan Counties.

BROOKE, HANCOCK

A Child's Place CASA, Ltd. $25,090.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a part-time CASA Volunteer Coordinator and Program Director to provide direct services to victims of child abuse and neglect in Brooke and Hancock Counties.

CABELL

Cabell County Commission $129,895.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of three full-time Victim Advocates and two part-time Victim Advocates in the Cabell County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Cabell County.

CABELL, WAYNE, KANAWHA, PUTNAM

TEAM for West Virginia Children, Inc. $192,075.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time CASA Coordinator for Cabell County, a

Cabell/Wayne CASA Volunteer Coordinator, a Kanawha/Boone/Lincoln Volunteer Coordinator and a

Putnam/Cabell Volunteer Coordinator to provide direct services to child abuse and neglect victims in Cabell, Wayne, Putnam and Kanawha Counties.

CABELL, WAYNE, LINCOLN

Family Service a Division of Goodwill, Inc. $61,748.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of three part-time Victim Therapists to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child abuse in Cabell, Lincoln, and Wayne Counties.

CABELL, WAYNE, LINCOLN

CONTACT Huntington Inc. $143,338.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Wayne & Lincoln County Advocate, Campus Victim Advocate, and Community Victim Advocate, and for a part-time Victim Advocate to provide direct services to victims of sexual assault in Cabell, Wayne, and Lincoln.

CABELL, WAYNE, PUTNAM, LINCOLN, MASON

Branches Domestic Violence Shelter, Inc. $292,641.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time Social Worker, a Mason County Advocate, a

Putnam County Advocate, a Lincoln County Advocate, Wayne County Advocate, Evening Advocate, Case Manager, and part-time Putnam County Advocate to provide direct services to domestic violence victims in Cabell, Lincoln, Putnam, Wayne, and Mason Counties.

GREENBRIER

Greenbrier County Commission $54,685.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Services Coordinator in the Greenbrier County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Greenbrier County.

GREENBRIER, MONROE, POCAHONTAS

Child and Youth Advocacy Center $88,469.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Family Advocate and full-time Forensic Interviewer, and a portion of the salaries of a full-time Therapist and Program Director to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Greenbrier, Pocahontas, and Monroe Counties.

GREENBRIER, MONROE, POCAHONTAS

Family Refuge Center $168,120.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of the full-time Lead Shelter Advocate, a Daytime Shelter

Advocate, Overnight Shelter Advocate, Monroe County Advocate, Pocahontas County Advocate, and part-time Weekend Shelter Advocate, and Victim Advocate to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence and sexual assault in Greenbrier, Monroe, and Pocahontas Counties.

GREENBRIER, POCAHONTAS

CASA of the Eleventh Judicial Circuit, Inc. $42,424.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the part-time salary of a Volunteer Coordinator and full-time Program Director to provide direct services to victims of child abuse in Greenbrier and Pocahontas Counties.

HANCOCK, BROOKE

CHANGE, Inc. $54,285.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate and part-time Victim Advocate to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence in Brooke and Hancock Counties.

HANCOCK, BROOKE, OHIO

Hancock County Commission $125,979.00

These funds will provide for the full-time salaries of a Hancock County Advocate, a Brooke County Advocate, and a portion of the salary of a full-time Ohio County Advocate to provide direct services to crime victims in Brooke, Hancock, and Ohio Counties.

HARRISON

Harrison County CASA Program, Inc. $42,907.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time Volunteer Coordinator and the Program Director to provide direct services to victims of child abuse and neglect in Harrison County.

HARRISON, DODDRIDGE

Harrison County Child Advocacy Center $40,991.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Family Advocate to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Harrison County.

JACKSON

Jackson County Commission $35,000.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Jackson County Sheriff's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Jackson County.

JACKSON, ROANE, CALHOUN

CASA of the Fifth Judicial Circuit, Inc. $46,101.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of the Program Director and two Volunteer Coordinators to provide direct services to child abuse and neglect victims in Jackson, Roane, and Calhoun Counties.

JEFFERSON

Jefferson County Commission $67,104.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of two full-time Victim Advocates in the Jefferson County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Jefferson County.

JEFFERSON, BERKELEY, MORGAN

Shenandoah Women's Center, Inc. $355,035.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time Jefferson County Outreach Advocate, and two Shelter

Advocates, and a portion of the salaries for a full-time Morgan County Outreach Advocate, a Jefferson County Outreach Advocate, two Berkeley County Outreach Advocates, Evening and Weekend Shelter Advocate positions, and two part-time Counselors to provide direct services to child victims, victims of domestic violence, and sexual assault in Berkeley, Jefferson, and Morgan Counties.

CASA of the Eastern Panhandle, Inc. $103,218.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a Senior Volunteer Coordinator, two Volunteer Coordinators, and a part-time Volunteer Coordinator to provide direct services to victims of child abuse and neglect in Berkeley, Jefferson, and Morgan Counties.

KANAWHA

City of Charleston $36,600.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Victim Services Coordinator in the Charleston Police Department to provide direct services to crime victims in the City of Charleston.

CAMC Health Education & Research Institute $105,966.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Family Advocate and a portion of the salary of a full-time Social Worker/Forensic Interviewer to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Kanawha County.

Kanawha County Commission $67,360.00

These funds will provide for the salary of two full-time Victim Advocates and portion of the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Kanawha County.

Kanawha County Commission $83,353.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of two full-time Victim Advocates in the Kanawha County Sheriff's Department to provide direct services to crime victims in Kanawha County.

KANAWHA, CLAY, BOONE

YWCA of Charleston, WV, Inc. $184,189.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time Racial Justice/Court Advocate, a Boone County

Coordinator, a part-time Clay County Coordinator and a portion of the salaries for three full-time Court Advocate positions, Youth Services Coordinator, and a Contracted Counselor to provide direct services to domestic violence victims in Kanawha, Clay, and Boone Counties.

KANAWHA, PUTNAM, JACKSON, BOONE

Family Counseling Connection $208,311.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time REACH Director, three REACH Sexual Violence Victim Specialist, a Victim Support Specialist, and seven Victim Therapist positions and a portion of two Sexual Violence Victim Specialists to provide direct services to victims of sexual violence, child abuse, and domestic violence in Kanawha, Boone, Jackson, and Putnam Counties.

LEWIS

Lewis County Commission $38,942.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Lewis County Prosecutor's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Lewis County.

LOGAN

Logan County Commission $48,498.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time and a part-time Victim Advocate in the Logan County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Logan County.

Logan County Commission $36,500.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Services Coordinator in the Logan County Sheriff's Department to provide direct services to crime victims in Logan County.

LOGAN, MINGO

The Logan County Child Advocacy Center, Inc. $46,748.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a part-time Mingo County Advocate and Child & Youth Forensic Interviewer and for a portion of the salary for a full-time Logan County Family Advocate to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Logan and Mingo Counties.

MARION

CASA of Marion County $46,069.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of the salaries for a Program Director and Volunteer Coordinator to provide direct services to victims of child abuse and neglect in Marion County.

Marion County Commission $45,278.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Assistance Coordinator in the Marion County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Marion County.

MARION, DODDRIDGE, GILMER, HARRISON, LEWIS

Task Force on Domestic Violence, "HOPE, Inc." $338,084.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time Family Therapist, Marion County Case

Manager, Children's Case Manager, Lewis County Case Manager, Harrison County Case Manager, Harrison

County Case Manager/Outreach Coordinator, Gilmer County Case Manager, Marion County Victim Advocate, Harrison County Victim Advocate, Doddridge County Case Manager, and Family Therapist and a portion of the salary for a part-time Marion County Case Manager to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child victims in Doddridge, Gilmer, Harrison, Lewis, and Marion Counties.

MARSHALL, WETZEL, TYLER, OHIO

CASA for Children Inc. $58,805.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of the Program Director, a Ohio County Volunteer Coordinator, and a Volunteer Coordinator in the 2nd Circuit to provide direct services to child abuse and neglect victims in Ohio, Marshall, Tyler, and Wetzel Counties.

MASON

Mason County Commission $29,830.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Mason County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Mason County.

MCDOWELL

Stop the Hurt, Inc., Children's Advocacy Center $34,436.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Family Advocate to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in McDowell County.

MCDOWELL, MERCER, WYOMING

Stop Abusive Family Environments, Inc. $257,416.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time McDowell County Advocate, a part-time

Wyoming County Victim Advocate, Resident Program Coordinator, Advocate Coordinator, Night Shelter Advocate, Evening Shelter Advocate, Weekend Shelter Advocate, Case Worker, Administrator, and for the salaries of two full-time Mercer County Advocates and Wyoming County Advocate to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child victims in McDowell, Mercer, and Wyoming Counties.

MERCER

Child Protect of Mercer County, Inc. $70,220.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Family Advocate, part-time Forensic Interviewer and a portion of a Contract Therapist to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Mercer County.

MERCER, MCDOWELL

ChildLaw Services, Inc. $16,000.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a part-time Victim Advocate/Counselor to provide direct services to child victims of abuse and neglect and children who witness domestic violence in Mercer and McDowell Counties.

MINERAL

Mineral County Court Appointed Special Advocates $49,686.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of the Program Director and for the salary of a full-time Volunteer Coordinator to provide direct services to victims of child abuse and neglect in Mineral County.

MINERAL, GRANT, HAMPSHIRE

Family Crisis Center, Inc. $55,000.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time Grant County Victim Advocate, a Mineral County Advocate, and a part-time Hampshire County Victim Advocate to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence in Mineral, Grant, and Hampshire Counties.

MINERAL, HAMPSHIRE, PENDLETON

Burlington United Methodist Family Services, Inc. $20,982.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Forensic Interviewer to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Hampshire, Mineral, and Pendleton Counties.

MINGO

Mingo County Commission $22,100.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Assistance Coordinator in the Mingo County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Mingo County.

MINGO, LOGAN

Tug Valley Recovery Shelter $89,434.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time Logan/Mingo County Victim Advocate, a part-time Court Advocate, a full-time Logan County Advocate and a part-time Mingo County Advocate to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child victims in Mingo and Logan Counties.

MONONGALIA

Monongalia County Commission $78,544.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time and two part-time Victim Assistance Coordinators in the Monongalia County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Monongalia County.

Monongalia County Child Advocacy Center, Inc. $17,302.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Family Advocate to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Monongalia County.

MONONGALIA, PRESTON

Monongalia County Youth Services Center / CASA for Kids $42,649.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time Preston County Volunteer Coordinator, a full-time Monongalia County Volunteer Coordinator, and a portion of the salary for the Program Director to provide direct services to victims of child abuse and neglect in Preston and Monongalia Counties.

MONONGALIA, PRESTON, TAYLOR

The Rape & Domestic Violence Information Center, Inc. $177,082.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time Monongalia County Victim Advocate, Case Manager,

Taylor County Victim Advocate and for a portion of the salary for a full-time Outreach Advocate for Monongalia, Preston, and Taylor Counties to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child abuse in Monongalia, Preston, and Taylor Counties.

OHIO

Ohio County Commission $35,242.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Victim Assistance Coordinator in the Ohio County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Ohio County.

OHIO, BROOKE, HANCOCK, MARSHALL, WETZEL

Upper Ohio Valley Sexual Assault Help Center $161,670.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time Adult Victim Advocate and a Child Victim Advocate, and the part-time salaries of three Victim Advocates and a licensed Counselor/Therapist to provide direct services to adult and child victims of sexual assault in Hancock, Brooke, Ohio, Marshall, and Wetzel Counties.

OHIO, MARSHALL

Harmony House, Inc. $46,323.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Child and Family Advocate and a portion of the salary of a Child and Family Therapist to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Ohio and Marshall Counties.

OHIO, MARSHALL, WETZEL

Young Womens Christian Associaton of Wheeling, WV $153,405.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time Child Advocate, Ohio County Advocate, Marshall County Advocate, and Wetzel County Advocate, a part-time Employment Advocate, and a portion of the salaries of a

full-time Shelter Advocate and Wetzel County Advocate to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child victims in Ohio, Marshall, and Wetzel Counties.

PRESTON

Preston County Commission $35,125.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Preston County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Preston County.

PUTNAM

Putnam County Commission $34,000.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Putnam County Sheriff's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Putnam County.

Putnam County Commission $48,784.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary for a full-time Victim Liaison and provide for the salary of a part-time Victim Liaison in the Putnam County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Putnam County.

RALEIGH, FAYETTE, NICHOLAS, SUMMERS

Comprehensive Women's Service Council, Inc. $432,866.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time Summers County Advocate, Nicholas County Advocate, Raleigh County Advocate in the Beckley Police Department, and Raleigh County Shelter Advocate and for a

portion of the salaries for a full-time Evening Shelter Advocate, Weekend Shelter Advocate, Night Shelter

Advocate, Day Shelter Advocate, and for a portion of the salaries of a part-time Underserved Populations

Advocate, Raleigh County Victim Services Advocate, Fayette County Advocate, Nicholas County Advocate, and

Weekend Shelter Advocate, and for a portion of two Contractual Adult and Child Therapist to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child abuse in Raleigh, Fayette, Nicholas, and Summers Counties.

RALEIGH, FAYETTE, WYOMING

Just For Kids Child Advocacy Center $76,250.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Family Advocate, Forensic Interviewer, and Counselor to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Fayette, Raleigh, and Wyoming Counties.

RANDOLPH

Randolph County Commission $40,436.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Victim Services Coordinator in the Randolph County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide services to crime victims in Randolph County.

RANDOLPH, TUCKER

Randolph-Tucker Children's Advocacy Center $65,222.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of a full-time Family Advocate and part-time Forensic Interviewer and for the salary of a part-time Tucker County Child and Family Advocate to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Randolph and Tucker Counties.

RANDOLPH, UPSHUR, TUCKER, BRAXTON, WEBSTER, BARBOUR

Women's Aid in Crisis $396,775.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries for a full-time Barbour County Outreach Coordinator,

Braxton County Outreach Coordinator, Tucker County Outreach Coordinator, Upshur County Outreach

Coordinator, Webster County Outreach Coordinator, Randolph County Legal Advocate, Randolph County Victim Advocate, and two Shelter Managers and a Contracted Counselor to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence, child victims, and sexual assault victims in Randolph, Barbour, Tucker, Upshur, Webster, and Braxton Counties.

ROANE

Roane County Commission $22,068.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Roane County Prosecuting Attorney's office to provide direct services to crime victims in Roane County.

SUMMERS

REACHH-Family Resource Center $15,715.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a part-time Family Advocate and Forensic Interviewer to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Summers County.

TYLER

Tyler County Commission $37,920.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Tyler County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Tyler County.

UPSHUR

Upshur County Commission $34,662.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Upshur County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Upshur County.

UPSHUR, LEWIS

Mountain CAP of West Virginia, Inc., a CAC $32,574.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Family Advocate to provide direct services to child abuse victims and adult survivors of child sexual abuse in Upshur and Lewis Counties.

WETZEL

Wetzel County Commission $40,000.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Wetzel County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Wetzel County.

WOOD

Wood County Commission $83,126.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of two full-time Victim Advocates in the Wood County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Wood County.

WOOD, CALHOUN, JACKSON, LOGAN, WIRT

Harmony Mental Health, Inc. $138,450.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of a full-time Social Worker and Counselor, and Contractual Counseling to provide services to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and child abuse in Calhoun, Jackson, Wirt, and Wood Counties.

WOOD, JACKSON, RITCHIE, PLEASANTS, WIRT

Family Crisis Intervention Center $224,087.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salaries of three part-time Shelter Advocates, three full-tim Shelter

Advocates, Legal Advocate, Sexual Assault Advocate, Ritchie County Advocate, Wirt County Advocate, Pleasants County Advocate, and part-time Jackson County Advocate to provide direct services to victims of domestic violence in Jackson, Ritchie, Wirt, Pleasants, and Wood Counties.

WOOD, WIRT, PLEASANTS, RITCHIE

Voices for Children Foundation - CASA Program $51,939.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the Program Director’s salary to provide direct services to child abuse and neglect victims in Wood, Wirt, Pleasants, and Ritchie Counties.

WYOMING

Wyoming County Commission $30,114.00

These funds will provide for the salary of a full-time Victim Advocate in the Wyoming County Prosecuting Attorney's Office to provide direct services to crime victims in Wyoming County.

STATEWIDE

West Virginia Division of Corrections $81,158.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a Victim Services Specialist to provide direct services to the crime victims of inmates under the custody of the Division of Corrections.

Legal Aid of West Virginia, Inc. $216,890.00

These funds will provide for the salaries of three full-time Attorneys to provide emergency legal services to victims of crime in West Virginia.

Mothers Against Drunk Driving West Virginia $39,453.00

These funds will provide for a portion of the salary of a full-time statewide Victim Advocate to provide direct services and support to victims of Driving Under the Influence cases throughout the State of West Virginia.

Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Grants:

BARBOUR

Barbour County Commission $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the position of a Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) in Philip Barbour High School.

CABELL

City of Barboursville $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the position of a Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) in Barboursville Middle School.

DODDRIDGE

Doddridge County Commission $40,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) positions in Doddridge County High and Dordddridge County Middle Schools.

HARDY

Hardy County Commission $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the position of a Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) in East Hardy High School.

HARRISON

Harrison County Commission $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the position of a Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) in South Harrison High School.

KANAWHA

HOPE Community Development Corporation $60,000.00

These funds will be utilized to implement the Disproportionate Minority Reduction Cycle in Kanawha County.

Kanawha County Commission $25,000.00

These funds will be utilzed to support the Project INTER-CEPT Program (Interventions Needed To End Recidivism-Critical Entry Point Treatment) in Kanawha County.

Partnership of African American Churches $60,000.00

These funds will be utilized to decrease Disproportionate MinortyContact in Kanawha County by expanding current initiatives between law enforcement, clergy, youth and families, including public defenders and prosecuting attorneys.

LOGAN

Logan County Commission $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the position of a Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) in Man High School.

MONONGALIA

Monongalia County Commission $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the VOICES II, a deliquency prevention program that focuses on at-risk and delinquent female teens.

Monongalia County Child Advocacy Center $18,612.00

These funds will be utilized to provide Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to child vicitims of abuse in Monongalia County.

Monongalia County Commission $60,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support a countywide Disproportionate Minorty Contact Reduction Initiative by utlizing an evidence-based intervention model to prevent at-risk minority youth’s involvement in the criminal justice system.

Morgantown Police Department $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the position of a Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) in Mountaineer Middle School.

Mountaineer Boys and Girls Club $45,000.00

These funds will be utilized to implement the Disproportionate Minorty Reduction Cycle in Monongalia County.

MORGAN

Morgan County Commission $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support a school and community based program that provides a school-based violence prevention curriculum and a developmental asset program to cultivate youth strengths and self-esteem.

Morgan County Commission $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the position of a Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) in Berkeley Springs High School.

STATEWIDE

West Virginia Child Advocacy Network $23,592.00

These funds will be utilized to assess and improve the data tracking and evaluation on both a statewide and local program level, and assist local Child Advocacy centers with data-informed strategic planning, interrupting the cycle of abuse and preventing adverse lifetime outcomes.

West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals $31,018.00

These funds will be utilized to provide current juvenile justice probation data to the State of West Virginia, the Federal Government, West Virginia Division of Justice and Community Services, the State Advisory Group and the citizens of West Virginia through the maintenance and daily management of the Juvenile Section of the Offender Case Management System. Funding will also provide analysis and a statewide report on the Juvenile Justice system as well as the collection of juvenile data and analysis to provide the numbers to create the DMC ratio.

Justice Assistance Grants:

BRAXTON

Braxton County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Braxton County High School.

CABELL

Cabell County Commission $69,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

GREENBRIER

Greenbrier County Commission $23,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

HAMPSHIRE

Hampshire County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Hampshire County High School.

HANCOCK

Hancock County Commission $40,000.00

Funds will provide for two Prevention Resource Officers (PRO) at Oak Glen High School and Weir High School.

Hancock County Commission $46,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

HARRISON

City of Bridgeport $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Bridgeport High School.

City of Bridgeport $46,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

City of Clarksburg $20,000.00

Funds will provide for one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Robert C. Byrd High School.

JACKSON

City of Ripley $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Ripley High School.

City of Ravenswood $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Ravenswood High School.

KANAWHA

City of South Charleston $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at South Charleston High School.

City of Charleston $69,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

City of Dunbar $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Dunbar Middle School.

City of Charleston $40,000.00

Funds will provide for two Prevention Resource Officers (PRO) at Capitol High School and Stonewall Jackson Middle School.

LEWIS

Lewis County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Lewis County High School.

LOGAN

Logan County Commission $46,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force and salary for one Prosecutor to work closely with the Drug Task Force.

MARSHALL

Marshall County Commission $23,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

MERCER

City of Bluefield $46,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

MINERAL

Mineral County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Frankfort High School.

MONROE

Monroe County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at James Monroe High School.

OHIO

Ohio County Commission $46,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

City of Wheeling $40,000.00

Funds will provide for two Prevention Resource Officers (PRO) at Bridge Street Middle School and Triadelphia Middle School.

PUTNAM

Putnam County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Poca High School.

City of Winfield $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Winfield High School.

City of Nitro $20,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support a Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Nitro High School.

RALEIGH

City of Beckley Police Department $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Woodrow Wilson High School.

ROANE

Roane County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Roane County High School.

TAYLOR

City of Grafton $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Grafton High School.

UPSHUR

Upshur County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Buckhannon-Upshur Middle School.

WETZEL

Wetzel County Commission $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Valley High School.

WOOD

City of Vienna $46,000.00

Funds will provide for officer salaries for a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

City of Williamstown $20,000.00

Funds will provide one Prevention Resource Officer (PRO) at Williamstown High School.

STATEWIDE

West Virginia State Police $223,175.00

Funds will provide for officer overtime to continue a multi-jurisdictional drug and violent crime task force.

Justice Reinvestment Treatment Supervision Grants:

BERKELEY, JEFFERSON, MORGAN

Jefferson Day Report Center, Inc. $140,998.00

These funds will be utilized to support the ongoing work through the Justice Reinvestment Treatment Supervision Program.

CABELL

Prestera Center for Mental HealthServices, Inc. $134,514.00

These funds will be utilized to support the ongoing work through the Justice Reinvestment Treatment Supervision Program.

HARRISON

Harrison County Commission $125,000.00

These funds will be utilized to support the ongoing work through the Justice Reinvestment Treatment Supervision Program.

United Summit Center, Inc. $118,753.00

These funds will be utilized to support the ongoing work through the JusticGOVERNOR TOMBLIN PRESENTS $9.3 MILLION IN GRANTS

 

TO LOCAL GROUPS, COMMUNITY JUSTICE PROGRAMS

   

CHARLESTON, W.Va. (September 9, 2016) – Gov. Earl Ray Tomblin today presented more than $9.3 million in grant funding to community support groups and justice programs across the state. This funding will be used to develop new programming and enhance existing initiatives to support West Virginia’s communities and state justice system.

   

“With this needed funding, community programs from all corners of our state will be better equipped to serve children and families and further strengthen West Virginia’s justice system.” Gov. Tomblin said. “We are expanding direct services to victims of crime, putting programs in place to help at-risk youth get back on track and preparing parents with the life skills they need to foster a healthy, nurturing environment to raise their families.”

   

The total grant funding was allocated as follows:

   

$7,023,255 in Victims of Crime Act/Victim Assistance Grants - 75 grantees;

$529, 254 in Justice Reinvestment Treatment Supervision Grants - 4 grantees;

$1,203,175 in Justice Assistance Grants - 34 grantees;

$543,222 in Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Grants - 18 grantees.

  

Photos available for media use. All photos should be attributed “Photo courtesy of Office of the Governor.”

Concepción Arenal

De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepci%c3%b3n_Arenal

 

Concepción Arenal (Ferrol, La Coruña, 31 de enero de 1820 - Vigo, Pontevedra 4 de febrero de 1893) fue una escritora española.

 

Biografía

Nacida en una modesta casa del barrio conocido como Ferrol Vello, su padre, Ángel del Arenal, fue un eminente militar que sufrió muchas veces prisión por su ideología liberal y por estar en contra del régimen monárquico absolutista del rey Fernando VII. Consecuencia de las estancias en prisión, cayó enfermo y murió en 1829, quedando Concepción huérfana de padre a los 8 años. En 1829 marcha con su madre a Armaño (Cantabria), de quien recibió una férrea formación religiosa. En 1834 se trasladan a Madrid, donde Concepción estudia en un colegio para señoritas. Siete años después entra, contra la voluntad de su madre, como oyente en la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Central (actual Universidad Complutense de Madrid), vistiendo ropas masculinas, puesto que en la época la educación universitaria estaba vedada a las mujeres. Vestida también de hombre, Concepción participa en tertulias políticas y literarias, luchando así contra lo establecido en la época para la condición femenina.

 

Acabada la carrera, se casó en 1848 con el también abogado y escritor Fernando García Carrasco. Años después colaborarían juntos en el periódico liberal La Iberia, hasta que en 1857 Fernando murió de tuberculosis y Concepción se quedó sola y sin recursos. Forzada a vender sus posesiones en Armaño por las dificultades económicas que atravesaba, se trasladó a la casa del violinista Jesús de Monasterio en Potes (Cantabria), donde fundó en 1859 el grupo femenino de las Conferencias de San Vicente de Paúl para ayuda de los pobres. Dos años después, en 1861, la Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas la premió por su memoria La beneficencia, la filantropía y la caridad. Era la primera vez que la Academia premiaba a una mujer.

 

En 1863 se convierte también en la primera mujer que recibe el título de Visitadora de Cárceles de Mujeres, cargo que ostentó hasta 1865. Posteriormente publicó libros de poesía y ensayo como Cartas a los delincuentes (1865), Oda a la esclavitud (1866) —que fue premiada por la Sociedad Abolicionista de Madrid—, El reo, el pueblo y el verdugo o La ejecución de la pena de muerte (1867). En 1868, es nombrada Inspectora de Casas de Corrección de Mujeres, y tres años después, en 1871, comienza a colaborar con la revista La Voz de la Caridad, de Madrid, en la que escribe durante catorce años sobre las miserias del mundo que la rodea.

 

En 1872 funda la Constructora Benéfica, una sociedad que se dedica a la construcción de casas baratas para obreros. Posteriormente también colabora organizando en España la Cruz Roja del Socorro, para los heridos de las guerras carlistas, poniéndose al frente de un hospital de campaña para los heridos de guerra en Miranda de Ebro. En 1877 publica Estudios Penitenciarios.

 

Con Concepción Arenal nace el feminismo en España, pues desde joven luchó por romper los cánones establecidos para la mujer, rebelándose contra la tradicional marginación del sexo femenino, y reivindicando la igualdad en todas las esferas sociales para la mujer.

 

Murió el 4 de febrero de 1893 en Vigo, donde fue enterrada. Es su epitafio el lema que la acompañó durante toda su vida: A la virtud, a una vida, a la ciencia. Sin embargo, su frase más celebre fue probablemente "Odia el delito y compadece al delincuente", que resume su visión de los delincuentes como el producto de una sociedad deprimida y represora.

 

Obra

•Fábulas en verso originales, Madrid, Tomás Fortanet. 1851.

•La beneficencia, la filantropía y la caridad, Madrid, Imprenta del Colegio de Sordo-Mudos y de Ciegos, 1861.

•Manual del visitador del pobre, Madrid, Imprenta de Tejado, 1863.

•Manuel du visiteur du pauvre, París, Ambroise Bray Libraire-Editeur, 1864.

•Cartas a los delincuentes, La Coruña, Imprenta del Hospicio, 1865.

•El reo, el pueblo y el verdugo, o la ejecución pública de la pena de muerte, Madrid, Establecimiento Tipográfico de Estrada, Díaz y López, 1867.

•La voz que clama en el desierto, La Coruña, Tipografía de la Casa de Misericordia, 1868.

•Examen de las bases aprobadas por las Cortes, para la reforma de las prisiones, Madrid, Imprenta de la Revista de Legislación, 1869.

•La mujer del porvenir. Artículos sobre las conferencias dominicales para la educación de la mujer, celebradas en el Paraninfo de la Universidad de Madrid, Sevilla-Madrid, Eduardo Perié-Félix Perié, 1869.

•Estudios penitenciarios, Madrid, Imprenta de T. Fortanet, 1877.

•La cárcel llamada Modelo, Madrid, Imprenta de T. Fortanet, 1877.

•Las colonias penales de la Australia y la pena de deportación, Madrid, Imprenta y Librería de Eduardo Martínez, 1877.

•"La récidive en Espagne", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 6 (junio de 1878), p. 575-586.

•Ensayo sobre el derecho de gentes, Madrid, Imprenta de la Revista de Legislación, 1879.

•"Hay Irlanda, pero no Cobden", La Ilustración Gallega y Asturiana, 34 (8 de diciembre de 1880), p. 418-419.

•"Mi vida. A... que me pedía con insistencia apuntes para escribir mi biografía", La Ilustración Gallega y Asturiana, 31 (8 de noviembre de 1880), p. 385.

•Cuadros de la guerra, Ávila, Imprenta de la Propaganda Literaria, 1880.

•La cuestión social. Cartas a un obrero y a un señor, Ávila, Imprenta de la Propaganda Literaria, 1880.

•La instrucción del pueblo, Madrid, Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas (Tip. Guttenberg), 1881.

•"Lettre à M. Le Directeur General de L’Administration Pénitentiaire D’Espagne", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 4 (abril de 1883), p. 468-475.

•La mujer de su casa, Madrid, Gras y Compañía Editores, 1883.

•"Idea del cielo", en Almanaque de las damas para 1885, Puerto Rico, Imprenta y Librería de José González Font, 1884.

•"Clinique criminelle", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, nº 7 (noviembre de 1886), p. 857-866.

•"Psychologie comparée du délinquant", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 5 (mayo de 1886), p. 647-655.

•"La educación de la mujer", Boletín de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza, T. XVI (1892), p. 305-312.

•El delito colectivo, Madrid, La España Moderna, 1892.

•Manuel du visiteur du prisonnier, París, Au Secrétariat de l’Oeuvre des Libérées de Saint-Lazare, 1893.

•El visitador del preso, Madrid, La España Moderna, 1894.

•Obras Completas, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1894-1913.

•"Estado actual de la mujer en España", Boletín de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza, T. XIX (1895 ), p. 239-252.

•Informes presentados en los Congresos Penitenciarios de Estocolmo, Roma, San Petersburgo y Amberes, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1896.

•El pauperismo, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1897.

•"A Méndez Núñez", en Vigo y Doña Concepción Arenal. El libro de la velada (10 de septiembre de 1897), Madrid, Establecimiento Tipográfico de la viuda e hijos de Manuel Tello, 1898.

•La igualdad social y política y sus relaciones con la libertad, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1898.

•"Juicio crítico de las obras de Feijoo", en Antología popular, Buenos Aires, Editorial Galicia, 1966.

•Dios y libertad, Pontevedra, Diputación Provincial, 1996.

  

Mécanique surpuissante grâce à une grande liberté de la réglementation, la "Superproduction" fut créée pour être une formule spectaculaire des circuits.

 

Elle devait être néanmoins dérivée d'un modèle de production régulière. C'est pourquoi Patrick Landon, en charge du projet dès fin 1984, réalisa rapidement une voiture plus proche de la Renault 5 Turbo 2 que de la Maxi 5 Turbo. Dès 1985, une Renault 5 Turbo "Production" remporta un certain succès entre les mains de Jean-Louis Bousquet, qui récidiva l'année suivante en terminant 4ème du championnat avec deux victoires, et permit à Renault de s'adjuger la seconde place au classement constructeurs avec l'aide de Jean Ragnotti. Pour 1987, trois voiture furent préparées (Bousquet, Ragnotti, Comas) et redéfinies pour davantage de stabilité. Cette voiture encore mieux affûtée remporta avec Erik Comas le championnat de Superproduction, les Renault franchissant six fois la ligne d'arrivée en tête.

 

Modèle exposé :

-Année : 1987

-Moteur : 4 cylindres en ligne 1.419 cm3, 370 ch, turbocompresseur

-Transmission : aux roues arrière, boîte 5 rapports + MA

-Freins : disques ventilés sur les quatre roues

-Dimensions : longueur = 3.66 m - largeur = 1.75 m - poids = 1.020 kg

-Vitesse maxi : de 190 à 274 km/h selon rapport de pont

lack of realistic goals

 

psychopath test pclr

 

please score yourself 0 1 2 3 on each of the 20 items and record your score as a comment on the total score image

 

The PCL-R is a clinical rating scale (rated by a psychologist or other professional) of 20 items. Each of the items in the PCL-R is scored on a three-point scale according to specific criteria through file information and a semi-structured interview. A value of 0 is assigned if the item does not apply, 1 if it applies somewhat, and 2 if it fully applies. In addition to lifestyle and criminal behavior the checklist assesses glib and superficial charm, grandiosity, need for stimulation, pathological lying, conning and manipulating, lack of remorse, callousness, poor behavioral controls, impulsivity, irresponsibility, failure to accept responsibility for one's own actions and so forth. The scores are used to predict risk for criminal re-offence and probability of rehabilitation.

 

The current edition of the PCL-R officially lists four factors (1.a, 1.b, 2.a, and 2.b), which summarize the 20 assessed areas via factor analysis. The previous edition of the PCL-R[5] listed two factors. Factor 1 is labelled "selfish, callous and remorseless use of others". Factor 2 is labelled as "chronically unstable, antisocial and socially deviant lifestyle". There is a high risk of recidivism and currently small likelihood of rehabilitation for those who are labelled as having "psychopathy" on the basis of the PCL-R ratings in the manual for the test, although treatment research is ongoing.

 

PCL-R Factors 1a and 1b are correlated with narcissistic personality disorder and histrionic personality disorder. They are associated with extraversion and positive affect. Factor 1, the so-called core personality traits of psychopathy, may even be beneficial for the psychopath (in terms of nondeviant social functioning).

 

PCL-R Factors 2a and 2b are particularly strongly correlated to antisocial personality disorder and criminality and are associated with reactive anger, criminality, and impulsive violence. The target group for the PCL-R is convicted criminals. The quality of ratings may depend on how much background information is available and whether the person rated is honest and forthright.

 

[edit] The two factorsFactor 1: Personality "Aggressive narcissism"

 

Glibness/superficial charm

Grandiose sense of self-worth

Pathological lying

Cunning/manipulative

Lack of remorse or guilt

Shallow affect (genuine emotion is short-lived and egocentric)

Callousness; lack of empathy

Failure to accept responsibility for own actions

Factor 2: Case history "Socially deviant lifestyle".

 

Need for stimulation/proneness to boredom

Parasitic lifestyle

Poor behavioral control

Lack of realistic long-term goals

Impulsivity

Irresponsibility

Juvenile delinquency

Early behavior problems

Revocation of conditional release

Traits not correlated with either factor

 

Promiscuous sexual behavior

Many short-term marital relationships

Criminal versatility

Acquired behavioural sociopathy/sociological conditioning (Item 21: a newly identified trait i.e. a person relying on sociological strategies and tricks to deceive)

Early factor analysis of the PCL-R indicated it consisted of two factors. Factor 1 captures traits dealing with the interpersonal and affective deficits of psychopathy (e.g. shallow affect, superficial charm, manipulativeness, lack of empathy) whereas Factor 2 dealt with symptoms relating to antisocial behaviour (e.g. criminal versatility, impulsiveness, irresponsibility, poor behaviour controls, juvenile delinquency).

 

The two factors have been found by those following this theory to display different correlates. Factor 1 has been correlated with narcissistic personality disorder, low anxiety, low empathy, low stress reaction and low suicide risk but high scores on scales of achievement and well-being. In addition, the use of item response theory analysis of female offender PCL-R scores indicates factor 1 items are more important in measuring and generalizing the construct of psychopathy in women than factor 2 items.

 

In contrast, Factor 2 was found to be related to antisocial personality disorder, social deviance, sensation seeking, low socio-economic status[6] and high risk of suicide. The two factors are nonetheless highly correlated and there are strong indications they do result from a single underlying disorder. However, research has failed to replicate the two-factor model in female samples.

 

Recent statistical analysis using confirmatory factor analysis by Cooke and Michie indicated a three-factor structure, with those items from factor 2 strictly relating to antisocial behaviour (criminal versatility, juvenile delinquency, revocation of conditional release, early behavioural problems and poor behavioural controls) removed from the final model. The remaining items are divided into three factors: Arrogant and Deceitful Interpersonal Style, Deficient Affective Experience and Impulsive and Irresponsible Behavioural Style.

 

In the most recent edition of the PCL-R, Hare adds a fourth antisocial behaviour factor, consisting of those Factor 2 items excluded in the previous model. Again, these models are presumed to be hierarchical with a single unified psychopathy disorder underlying the distinct but correlated factors.

 

The Cooke & Michie hierarchical ‘three’-factor model has severe statistical problems—i.e., it actually contains ten factors and results in impossible parameters (negative variances)—as well as conceptual problems. Hare and colleagues have published detailed critiques of the Cooke & Michie model. New evidence, across a range of samples and diverse measures, now supports a four-factor model of the psychopathy construct,] which represents the Interpersonal, Affective, Lifestyle, and overt Antisocial features of the personality disorder.

 

Diagnostic criteria and PCL-R assessmentPsychopathy is most commonly assessed with the PCL-R, which is a clinical rating scale with 20 items. Each of the items in the PCL-R is scored on a three-point (0, 1, 2) scale according to two factors. PCL-R Factor 2 is associated with reactive anger, anxiety, increased risk of suicide, criminality, and impulsive violence.

 

PCL-R Factor 1, in contrast, is associated with extraversion and positive affect. Factor 1, the so-called core personality traits of psychopathy, may even be beneficial for the psychopath (in terms of nondeviant social functioning). A psychopath will score high on both factors, whereas someone with APD will score high only on Factor 2.

 

Both case history and a semi-structured interview are used in the analysis.

    

Concepción Arenal

De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepci%c3%b3n_Arenal

 

Concepción Arenal (Ferrol, La Coruña, 31 de enero de 1820 - Vigo, Pontevedra 4 de febrero de 1893) fue una escritora española.

 

Biografía

Nacida en una modesta casa del barrio conocido como Ferrol Vello, su padre, Ángel del Arenal, fue un eminente militar que sufrió muchas veces prisión por su ideología liberal y por estar en contra del régimen monárquico absolutista del rey Fernando VII. Consecuencia de las estancias en prisión, cayó enfermo y murió en 1829, quedando Concepción huérfana de padre a los 8 años. En 1829 marcha con su madre a Armaño (Cantabria), de quien recibió una férrea formación religiosa. En 1834 se trasladan a Madrid, donde Concepción estudia en un colegio para señoritas. Siete años después entra, contra la voluntad de su madre, como oyente en la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Central (actual Universidad Complutense de Madrid), vistiendo ropas masculinas, puesto que en la época la educación universitaria estaba vedada a las mujeres. Vestida también de hombre, Concepción participa en tertulias políticas y literarias, luchando así contra lo establecido en la época para la condición femenina.

 

Acabada la carrera, se casó en 1848 con el también abogado y escritor Fernando García Carrasco. Años después colaborarían juntos en el periódico liberal La Iberia, hasta que en 1857 Fernando murió de tuberculosis y Concepción se quedó sola y sin recursos. Forzada a vender sus posesiones en Armaño por las dificultades económicas que atravesaba, se trasladó a la casa del violinista Jesús de Monasterio en Potes (Cantabria), donde fundó en 1859 el grupo femenino de las Conferencias de San Vicente de Paúl para ayuda de los pobres. Dos años después, en 1861, la Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas la premió por su memoria La beneficencia, la filantropía y la caridad. Era la primera vez que la Academia premiaba a una mujer.

 

En 1863 se convierte también en la primera mujer que recibe el título de Visitadora de Cárceles de Mujeres, cargo que ostentó hasta 1865. Posteriormente publicó libros de poesía y ensayo como Cartas a los delincuentes (1865), Oda a la esclavitud (1866) —que fue premiada por la Sociedad Abolicionista de Madrid—, El reo, el pueblo y el verdugo o La ejecución de la pena de muerte (1867). En 1868, es nombrada Inspectora de Casas de Corrección de Mujeres, y tres años después, en 1871, comienza a colaborar con la revista La Voz de la Caridad, de Madrid, en la que escribe durante catorce años sobre las miserias del mundo que la rodea.

 

En 1872 funda la Constructora Benéfica, una sociedad que se dedica a la construcción de casas baratas para obreros. Posteriormente también colabora organizando en España la Cruz Roja del Socorro, para los heridos de las guerras carlistas, poniéndose al frente de un hospital de campaña para los heridos de guerra en Miranda de Ebro. En 1877 publica Estudios Penitenciarios.

 

Con Concepción Arenal nace el feminismo en España, pues desde joven luchó por romper los cánones establecidos para la mujer, rebelándose contra la tradicional marginación del sexo femenino, y reivindicando la igualdad en todas las esferas sociales para la mujer.

 

Murió el 4 de febrero de 1893 en Vigo, donde fue enterrada. Es su epitafio el lema que la acompañó durante toda su vida: A la virtud, a una vida, a la ciencia. Sin embargo, su frase más celebre fue probablemente "Odia el delito y compadece al delincuente", que resume su visión de los delincuentes como el producto de una sociedad deprimida y represora.

 

Obra

•Fábulas en verso originales, Madrid, Tomás Fortanet. 1851.

•La beneficencia, la filantropía y la caridad, Madrid, Imprenta del Colegio de Sordo-Mudos y de Ciegos, 1861.

•Manual del visitador del pobre, Madrid, Imprenta de Tejado, 1863.

•Manuel du visiteur du pauvre, París, Ambroise Bray Libraire-Editeur, 1864.

•Cartas a los delincuentes, La Coruña, Imprenta del Hospicio, 1865.

•El reo, el pueblo y el verdugo, o la ejecución pública de la pena de muerte, Madrid, Establecimiento Tipográfico de Estrada, Díaz y López, 1867.

•La voz que clama en el desierto, La Coruña, Tipografía de la Casa de Misericordia, 1868.

•Examen de las bases aprobadas por las Cortes, para la reforma de las prisiones, Madrid, Imprenta de la Revista de Legislación, 1869.

•La mujer del porvenir. Artículos sobre las conferencias dominicales para la educación de la mujer, celebradas en el Paraninfo de la Universidad de Madrid, Sevilla-Madrid, Eduardo Perié-Félix Perié, 1869.

•Estudios penitenciarios, Madrid, Imprenta de T. Fortanet, 1877.

•La cárcel llamada Modelo, Madrid, Imprenta de T. Fortanet, 1877.

•Las colonias penales de la Australia y la pena de deportación, Madrid, Imprenta y Librería de Eduardo Martínez, 1877.

•"La récidive en Espagne", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 6 (junio de 1878), p. 575-586.

•Ensayo sobre el derecho de gentes, Madrid, Imprenta de la Revista de Legislación, 1879.

•"Hay Irlanda, pero no Cobden", La Ilustración Gallega y Asturiana, 34 (8 de diciembre de 1880), p. 418-419.

•"Mi vida. A... que me pedía con insistencia apuntes para escribir mi biografía", La Ilustración Gallega y Asturiana, 31 (8 de noviembre de 1880), p. 385.

•Cuadros de la guerra, Ávila, Imprenta de la Propaganda Literaria, 1880.

•La cuestión social. Cartas a un obrero y a un señor, Ávila, Imprenta de la Propaganda Literaria, 1880.

•La instrucción del pueblo, Madrid, Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas (Tip. Guttenberg), 1881.

•"Lettre à M. Le Directeur General de L’Administration Pénitentiaire D’Espagne", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 4 (abril de 1883), p. 468-475.

•La mujer de su casa, Madrid, Gras y Compañía Editores, 1883.

•"Idea del cielo", en Almanaque de las damas para 1885, Puerto Rico, Imprenta y Librería de José González Font, 1884.

•"Clinique criminelle", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, nº 7 (noviembre de 1886), p. 857-866.

•"Psychologie comparée du délinquant", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 5 (mayo de 1886), p. 647-655.

•"La educación de la mujer", Boletín de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza, T. XVI (1892), p. 305-312.

•El delito colectivo, Madrid, La España Moderna, 1892.

•Manuel du visiteur du prisonnier, París, Au Secrétariat de l’Oeuvre des Libérées de Saint-Lazare, 1893.

•El visitador del preso, Madrid, La España Moderna, 1894.

•Obras Completas, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1894-1913.

•"Estado actual de la mujer en España", Boletín de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza, T. XIX (1895 ), p. 239-252.

•Informes presentados en los Congresos Penitenciarios de Estocolmo, Roma, San Petersburgo y Amberes, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1896.

•El pauperismo, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1897.

•"A Méndez Núñez", en Vigo y Doña Concepción Arenal. El libro de la velada (10 de septiembre de 1897), Madrid, Establecimiento Tipográfico de la viuda e hijos de Manuel Tello, 1898.

•La igualdad social y política y sus relaciones con la libertad, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1898.

•"Juicio crítico de las obras de Feijoo", en Antología popular, Buenos Aires, Editorial Galicia, 1966.

•Dios y libertad, Pontevedra, Diputación Provincial, 1996.

  

Concepción Arenal

De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepci%c3%b3n_Arenal

 

Concepción Arenal (Ferrol, La Coruña, 31 de enero de 1820 - Vigo, Pontevedra 4 de febrero de 1893) fue una escritora española.

 

Biografía

Nacida en una modesta casa del barrio conocido como Ferrol Vello, su padre, Ángel del Arenal, fue un eminente militar que sufrió muchas veces prisión por su ideología liberal y por estar en contra del régimen monárquico absolutista del rey Fernando VII. Consecuencia de las estancias en prisión, cayó enfermo y murió en 1829, quedando Concepción huérfana de padre a los 8 años. En 1829 marcha con su madre a Armaño (Cantabria), de quien recibió una férrea formación religiosa. En 1834 se trasladan a Madrid, donde Concepción estudia en un colegio para señoritas. Siete años después entra, contra la voluntad de su madre, como oyente en la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Central (actual Universidad Complutense de Madrid), vistiendo ropas masculinas, puesto que en la época la educación universitaria estaba vedada a las mujeres. Vestida también de hombre, Concepción participa en tertulias políticas y literarias, luchando así contra lo establecido en la época para la condición femenina.

 

Acabada la carrera, se casó en 1848 con el también abogado y escritor Fernando García Carrasco. Años después colaborarían juntos en el periódico liberal La Iberia, hasta que en 1857 Fernando murió de tuberculosis y Concepción se quedó sola y sin recursos. Forzada a vender sus posesiones en Armaño por las dificultades económicas que atravesaba, se trasladó a la casa del violinista Jesús de Monasterio en Potes (Cantabria), donde fundó en 1859 el grupo femenino de las Conferencias de San Vicente de Paúl para ayuda de los pobres. Dos años después, en 1861, la Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas la premió por su memoria La beneficencia, la filantropía y la caridad. Era la primera vez que la Academia premiaba a una mujer.

 

En 1863 se convierte también en la primera mujer que recibe el título de Visitadora de Cárceles de Mujeres, cargo que ostentó hasta 1865. Posteriormente publicó libros de poesía y ensayo como Cartas a los delincuentes (1865), Oda a la esclavitud (1866) —que fue premiada por la Sociedad Abolicionista de Madrid—, El reo, el pueblo y el verdugo o La ejecución de la pena de muerte (1867). En 1868, es nombrada Inspectora de Casas de Corrección de Mujeres, y tres años después, en 1871, comienza a colaborar con la revista La Voz de la Caridad, de Madrid, en la que escribe durante catorce años sobre las miserias del mundo que la rodea.

 

En 1872 funda la Constructora Benéfica, una sociedad que se dedica a la construcción de casas baratas para obreros. Posteriormente también colabora organizando en España la Cruz Roja del Socorro, para los heridos de las guerras carlistas, poniéndose al frente de un hospital de campaña para los heridos de guerra en Miranda de Ebro. En 1877 publica Estudios Penitenciarios.

 

Con Concepción Arenal nace el feminismo en España, pues desde joven luchó por romper los cánones establecidos para la mujer, rebelándose contra la tradicional marginación del sexo femenino, y reivindicando la igualdad en todas las esferas sociales para la mujer.

 

Murió el 4 de febrero de 1893 en Vigo, donde fue enterrada. Es su epitafio el lema que la acompañó durante toda su vida: A la virtud, a una vida, a la ciencia. Sin embargo, su frase más celebre fue probablemente "Odia el delito y compadece al delincuente", que resume su visión de los delincuentes como el producto de una sociedad deprimida y represora.

 

Obra

•Fábulas en verso originales, Madrid, Tomás Fortanet. 1851.

•La beneficencia, la filantropía y la caridad, Madrid, Imprenta del Colegio de Sordo-Mudos y de Ciegos, 1861.

•Manual del visitador del pobre, Madrid, Imprenta de Tejado, 1863.

•Manuel du visiteur du pauvre, París, Ambroise Bray Libraire-Editeur, 1864.

•Cartas a los delincuentes, La Coruña, Imprenta del Hospicio, 1865.

•El reo, el pueblo y el verdugo, o la ejecución pública de la pena de muerte, Madrid, Establecimiento Tipográfico de Estrada, Díaz y López, 1867.

•La voz que clama en el desierto, La Coruña, Tipografía de la Casa de Misericordia, 1868.

•Examen de las bases aprobadas por las Cortes, para la reforma de las prisiones, Madrid, Imprenta de la Revista de Legislación, 1869.

•La mujer del porvenir. Artículos sobre las conferencias dominicales para la educación de la mujer, celebradas en el Paraninfo de la Universidad de Madrid, Sevilla-Madrid, Eduardo Perié-Félix Perié, 1869.

•Estudios penitenciarios, Madrid, Imprenta de T. Fortanet, 1877.

•La cárcel llamada Modelo, Madrid, Imprenta de T. Fortanet, 1877.

•Las colonias penales de la Australia y la pena de deportación, Madrid, Imprenta y Librería de Eduardo Martínez, 1877.

•"La récidive en Espagne", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 6 (junio de 1878), p. 575-586.

•Ensayo sobre el derecho de gentes, Madrid, Imprenta de la Revista de Legislación, 1879.

•"Hay Irlanda, pero no Cobden", La Ilustración Gallega y Asturiana, 34 (8 de diciembre de 1880), p. 418-419.

•"Mi vida. A... que me pedía con insistencia apuntes para escribir mi biografía", La Ilustración Gallega y Asturiana, 31 (8 de noviembre de 1880), p. 385.

•Cuadros de la guerra, Ávila, Imprenta de la Propaganda Literaria, 1880.

•La cuestión social. Cartas a un obrero y a un señor, Ávila, Imprenta de la Propaganda Literaria, 1880.

•La instrucción del pueblo, Madrid, Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas (Tip. Guttenberg), 1881.

•"Lettre à M. Le Directeur General de L’Administration Pénitentiaire D’Espagne", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 4 (abril de 1883), p. 468-475.

•La mujer de su casa, Madrid, Gras y Compañía Editores, 1883.

•"Idea del cielo", en Almanaque de las damas para 1885, Puerto Rico, Imprenta y Librería de José González Font, 1884.

•"Clinique criminelle", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, nº 7 (noviembre de 1886), p. 857-866.

•"Psychologie comparée du délinquant", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 5 (mayo de 1886), p. 647-655.

•"La educación de la mujer", Boletín de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza, T. XVI (1892), p. 305-312.

•El delito colectivo, Madrid, La España Moderna, 1892.

•Manuel du visiteur du prisonnier, París, Au Secrétariat de l’Oeuvre des Libérées de Saint-Lazare, 1893.

•El visitador del preso, Madrid, La España Moderna, 1894.

•Obras Completas, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1894-1913.

•"Estado actual de la mujer en España", Boletín de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza, T. XIX (1895 ), p. 239-252.

•Informes presentados en los Congresos Penitenciarios de Estocolmo, Roma, San Petersburgo y Amberes, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1896.

•El pauperismo, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1897.

•"A Méndez Núñez", en Vigo y Doña Concepción Arenal. El libro de la velada (10 de septiembre de 1897), Madrid, Establecimiento Tipográfico de la viuda e hijos de Manuel Tello, 1898.

•La igualdad social y política y sus relaciones con la libertad, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1898.

•"Juicio crítico de las obras de Feijoo", en Antología popular, Buenos Aires, Editorial Galicia, 1966.

•Dios y libertad, Pontevedra, Diputación Provincial, 1996.

  

The United States has the HIGEST RATE OF INCARCERATION IN THE WORLD - 2 million in prison, 4.9 million under supervision.

 

Blacks make up 40% of the current jail population. At any given time 12% of black males 25-29 years old are in jail (for white males it is less than 2%)! Over a lifetime, 1 in 3 black males go to prison – that means for a black male it is more likely that he will go to jail than college, army or be in the labor market.

 

This is a reality that has truly permeated into the mindsets of black males. Working in the South Bronx and Bed-Stuy – I felt like 90% of my job and time was devoted to talking to my students ( who were completely qualified and intelligent students) about imagining themselves in college or in a job they would be happy doing. I worked with youth in after-school programs that focused on helping students complete their GED’s or attend colleges– so they were obviously there on voluntarily and were self-selected motivated students, but most of them they had some kind of minor criminal record that they thought marked them for the rest of their life that would prevent them from getting that “dream” job or into a 4-year university Well according to this book I am reading by Devah Pager, Marked, my students were right on with their assessment.

 

And this assessment even greatly affected my black and Latino students with NO criminal record – there is a collective stigma that they experience day in and day out. It is the everyday stare that reminds them of their race and not of their skills/qualifications. These collective stigmas do contribute to self-fulfilling prophecies that prevent them from living the kind of life they dream of. I really struggled with talking to my students about this reality - of being a black male with or without a record. On one end they were right about the discrimination they faced but on the other end I didn't want them to fulfill society's expectations. It was a struggle for all of us to see the bullshit they went through from looking for that summer job to save up for a college they already got into to trying to get a callback for a job that they were over-qualified to work.

 

My students understood the rise in procedural equality, where race is erased as a marker of inequality and replaced with a rise in normative beliefs in individualism, where failure to “succeed” in life is attributed to an individual’s incapacity to be a “functioning” citizen. In this case black males in particular are seen an failed individuals. And even worse, institutions, like prisons, are structured to cement race as a category but at the same time we pretend race doesn’t matter because we are in a phase of equality for all. Hence we often here the argument among white conservative AND well-off blacks who have “made it” that black males need to stop making excuses for failure and “pull themselves up by their own bootstrap. Again – this is a return to conservative take on the culture of poverty argument. So sadly – black males experience most strongly institutional racism and racial discrimination. this is a book to be assigned to all black students living in the US - and I wish it was published earlier.

 

Pager’s book on the effects of mass incarceration of black males in the US is one of the best books I've read on this topic. She creates an experiment that reveals that race is a stronger marker of discrimination than crime for black males. She creates identical resumes with and without criminal records - and not surprisingly the ex-offenders received half the callbacks of equally qualified without criminal backgrounds. She then creates identical resumes and criminal records for white and black males to go into the labor market for job searches. Of course, white males received more callbacks then black males with the SAME job qualifications and criminal background. So race and criminal background clearly marks black males. But the worse part is that black males with NO criminal background received LESS callbacks then white males with a criminal background. Clearly for black males - race is still a marker for finding jobs - even MORE so than a criminal background. How can this be? Pager explains that it is these micro-level interactions of social stigma on black males as violent, drug users, unmotivated, liars, and uneducated that leads to a collective stigmatization of ALL black males, which then leads to macro-level stratification. “For blacks, everyday life achievements take longer, require more effort, and impose greater financial and psychic costs.’ Pg 149

Pager also traces this changes on the discursive, belief and policy level of incarceration. The discourse has shifted from crime being a result of structural alienation and issues to a individual level where crime is an indicator of moral corruption. Then on a belief level, there is a general shift in popular thought that criminal offenders could be reformed to that they would inevitably repeat the crime - hence the shift from reform to recidivism. And ”Whereas once prison was seen as a last resort for offenders, it now represents one of the dominant strategies for dealing with the problem of urban social disorder.” Pg 21 With the combination of a change in beliefs and discourse, the practice of treating criminal changed in policies and treatment. Across the country, all 50 states increased prison time with the mandate of minimum sentencing. Budgets for parole programs decreased while caseloads for parole officers increased. This led to a decrease in the parole officer's role in making sure the ex-offender could enter back into society with a steady job and stable living situation.

With all these changes in policies, beliefs and discourse there is a collective stigmatization of black males that leads to stratification of all blacks.

  

Pager argues that just as much as there is a rise in educational credentialism in finding jobs (where the more prestigious one’s education institution and degree the easier it is to find a job), there is also a rise in criminal credentialism in finding jobs. But in the latter, the crime credentialism is a negative outcome!!! The key in the credential society is that credentials are NOT related to actual skill levels!!! It is arbitrary and based on social networks and social-cultural capital. Therefore her experiment confirms the credentials of crime have long-term effects that may in the end perpetuate crimes and social inequality. “Finding steady, quality employment is one of the strongest predictors of desistance from crime, and yet incarceration itself reduces the opportunities for ex-offenders to find work. This vicious cycle suggests that current “crime control” policies may in fact exacerbate the very conditions that lead to crime in the first place.” 160

 

The horse (Equus caballus) is a domesticated, one-toed, hoofed mammal. It belongs to the taxonomic family Equidae and is one of two extant subspecies of Equus ferus. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature, close to Eohippus, into the large, single-toed animal of today. Humans began domesticating horses around 4000 BCE, and their domestication is believed to have been widespread by 3000 BCE. Horses in the subspecies caballus are domesticated, although some domesticated populations live in the wild as feral horses. These feral populations are not true wild horses, which are horses that never have been domesticated. There is an extensive, specialized vocabulary used to describe equine-related concepts, covering everything from anatomy to life stages, size, colors, markings, breeds, locomotion, and behavior.

 

Horses are adapted to run, allowing them to quickly escape predators, and possess an excellent sense of balance and a strong fight-or-flight response. Related to this need to flee from predators in the wild is an unusual trait: horses are able to sleep both standing up and lying down, with younger horses tending to sleep significantly more than adults. Female horses, called mares, carry their young for approximately 11 months and a young horse, called a foal, can stand and run shortly following birth. Most domesticated horses begin training under a saddle or in a harness between the ages of two and four. They reach full adult development by age five, and have an average lifespan of between 25 and 30 years.

 

Horse breeds are loosely divided into three categories based on general temperament: spirited "hot bloods" with speed and endurance; "cold bloods", such as draft horses and some ponies, suitable for slow, heavy work; and "warmbloods", developed from crosses between hot bloods and cold bloods, often focusing on creating breeds for specific riding purposes, particularly in Europe. There are more than 300 breeds of horse in the world today, developed for many different uses.

 

Horses and humans interact in a wide variety of sport competitions and non-competitive recreational pursuits as well as in working activities such as police work, agriculture, entertainment, and therapy. Horses were historically used in warfare, from which a wide variety of riding and driving techniques developed, using many different styles of equipment and methods of control. Many products are derived from horses, including meat, milk, hide, hair, bone, and pharmaceuticals extracted from the urine of pregnant mares. Humans provide domesticated horses with food, water, and shelter, as well as attention from specialists such as veterinarians and farriers.

 

Lifespan and life stages

Depending on breed, management and environment, the modern domestic horse has a life expectancy of 25 to 30 years. Uncommonly, a few animals live into their 40s and, occasionally, beyond. The oldest verifiable record was "Old Billy", a 19th-century horse that lived to the age of 62. In modern times, Sugar Puff, who had been listed in Guinness World Records as the world's oldest living pony, died in 2007 at age 56.

 

Regardless of a horse or pony's actual birth date, for most competition purposes a year is added to its age each January 1 of each year in the Northern Hemisphere and each August 1 in the Southern Hemisphere. The exception is in endurance riding, where the minimum age to compete is based on the animal's actual calendar age.

 

The following terminology is used to describe horses of various ages:

 

Foal

A horse of either sex less than one year old. A nursing foal is sometimes called a suckling, and a foal that has been weaned is called a weanling. Most domesticated foals are weaned at five to seven months of age, although foals can be weaned at four months with no adverse physical effects.

Yearling

A horse of either sex that is between one and two years old.

Colt

A male horse under the age of four. A common terminology error is to call any young horse a "colt", when the term actually only refers to young male horses.

Filly

A female horse under the age of four.

Mare

A female horse four years old and older.

Stallion

A non-castrated male horse four years old and older.The term "horse" is sometimes used colloquially to refer specifically to a stallion.

Gelding

A castrated male horse of any age.

In horse racing, these definitions may differ: For example, in the British Isles, Thoroughbred horse racing defines colts and fillies as less than five years old. However, Australian Thoroughbred racing defines colts and fillies as less than four years old.

 

Size and measurement

The height of horses is measured at the highest point of the withers, where the neck meets the back. This point is used because it is a stable point of the anatomy, unlike the head or neck, which move up and down in relation to the body of the horse.

 

Size varies greatly among horse breeds, as with this full-sized horse and small pony.

In English-speaking countries, the height of horses is often stated in units of hands and inches: one hand is equal to 4 inches (101.6 mm). The height is expressed as the number of full hands, followed by a point, then the number of additional inches, and ending with the abbreviation "h" or "hh" (for "hands high"). Thus, a horse described as "15.2 h" is 15 hands plus 2 inches, for a total of 62 inches (157.5 cm) in height.

 

The size of horses varies by breed, but also is influenced by nutrition. Light-riding horses usually range in height from 14 to 16 hands (56 to 64 inches, 142 to 163 cm) and can weigh from 380 to 550 kilograms (840 to 1,210 lb). Larger-riding horses usually start at about 15.2 hands (62 inches, 157 cm) and often are as tall as 17 hands (68 inches, 173 cm), weighing from 500 to 600 kilograms (1,100 to 1,320 lb). Heavy or draft horses are usually at least 16 hands (64 inches, 163 cm) high and can be as tall as 18 hands (72 inches, 183 cm) high. They can weigh from about 700 to 1,000 kilograms (1,540 to 2,200 lb).

 

The largest horse in recorded history was probably a Shire horse named Mammoth, who was born in 1848. He stood 21.2 1⁄4 hands (86.25 inches, 219 cm) high and his peak weight was estimated at 1,524 kilograms (3,360 lb). The record holder for the smallest horse ever is Thumbelina, a fully mature miniature horse affected by dwarfism. She was 43 centimetres; 4.1 hands (17 in) tall and weighed 26 kg (57 lb).

 

Ponies

Main article: Pony

Ponies are taxonomically the same animals as horses. The distinction between a horse and pony is commonly drawn on the basis of height, especially for competition purposes. However, height alone is not dispositive; the difference between horses and ponies may also include aspects of phenotype, including conformation and temperament.

 

The traditional standard for height of a horse or a pony at maturity is 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm). An animal 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm) or over is usually considered to be a horse and one less than 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm) a pony, but there are many exceptions to the traditional standard. In Australia, ponies are considered to be those under 14 hands (56 inches, 142 cm). For competition in the Western division of the United States Equestrian Federation, the cutoff is 14.1 hands (57 inches, 145 cm). The International Federation for Equestrian Sports, the world governing body for horse sport, uses metric measurements and defines a pony as being any horse measuring less than 148 centimetres (58.27 in) at the withers without shoes, which is just over 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm), and 149 centimetres (58.66 in; 14.2+1⁄2 hands), with shoes.

 

Height is not the sole criterion for distinguishing horses from ponies. Breed registries for horses that typically produce individuals both under and over 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm) consider all animals of that breed to be horses regardless of their height. Conversely, some pony breeds may have features in common with horses, and individual animals may occasionally mature at over 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm), but are still considered to be ponies.

 

Ponies often exhibit thicker manes, tails, and overall coat. They also have proportionally shorter legs, wider barrels, heavier bone, shorter and thicker necks, and short heads with broad foreheads. They may have calmer temperaments than horses and also a high level of intelligence that may or may not be used to cooperate with human handlers. Small size, by itself, is not an exclusive determinant. For example, the Shetland pony which averages 10 hands (40 inches, 102 cm), is considered a pony. Conversely, breeds such as the Falabella and other miniature horses, which can be no taller than 76 centimetres; 7.2 hands (30 in), are classified by their registries as very small horses, not ponies.

 

Genetics

Horses have 64 chromosomes. The horse genome was sequenced in 2007. It contains 2.7 billion DNA base pairs, which is larger than the dog genome, but smaller than the human genome or the bovine genome.

 

Colors and markings

Horses exhibit a diverse array of coat colors and distinctive markings, described by a specialized vocabulary. Often, a horse is classified first by its coat color, before breed or sex. Horses of the same color may be distinguished from one another by white markings, which, along with various spotting patterns, are inherited separately from coat color.

 

Many genes that create horse coat colors and patterns have been identified. Current genetic tests can identify at least 13 different alleles influencing coat color, and research continues to discover new genes linked to specific traits. The basic coat colors of chestnut and black are determined by the gene controlled by the Melanocortin 1 receptor, also known as the "extension gene" or "red factor", as its recessive form is "red" (chestnut) and its dominant form is black. Additional genes control suppression of black color to point coloration that results in a bay, spotting patterns such as pinto or leopard, dilution genes such as palomino or dun, as well as greying, and all the other factors that create the many possible coat colors found in horses.

 

Horses that have a white coat color are often mislabeled; a horse that looks "white" is usually a middle-aged or older gray. Grays are born a darker shade, get lighter as they age, but usually keep black skin underneath their white hair coat (with the exception of pink skin under white markings). The only horses properly called white are born with a predominantly white hair coat and pink skin, a fairly rare occurrence. Different and unrelated genetic factors can produce white coat colors in horses, including several different alleles of dominant white and the sabino-1 gene. However, there are no "albino" horses, defined as having both pink skin and red eyes.

 

Reproduction and development

Gestation lasts approximately 340 days, with an average range 320–370 days, and usually results in one foal; twins are rare. Horses are a precocial species, and foals are capable of standing and running within a short time following birth. Foals are usually born in the spring. The estrous cycle of a mare occurs roughly every 19–22 days and occurs from early spring into autumn. Most mares enter an anestrus period during the winter and thus do not cycle in this period. Foals are generally weaned from their mothers between four and six months of age.

 

Horses, particularly colts, are sometimes physically capable of reproduction at about 18 months, but domesticated horses are rarely allowed to breed before the age of three, especially females. Horses four years old are considered mature, although the skeleton normally continues to develop until the age of six; maturation also depends on the horse's size, breed, sex, and quality of care. Larger horses have larger bones; therefore, not only do the bones take longer to form bone tissue, but the epiphyseal plates are larger and take longer to convert from cartilage to bone. These plates convert after the other parts of the bones, and are crucial to development.

 

Depending on maturity, breed, and work expected, horses are usually put under saddle and trained to be ridden between the ages of two and four. Although Thoroughbred race horses are put on the track as young as the age of two in some countries, horses specifically bred for sports such as dressage are generally not put under saddle until they are three or four years old, because their bones and muscles are not solidly developed. For endurance riding competition, horses are not deemed mature enough to compete until they are a full 60 calendar months (five years) old.

 

Anatomy

The horse skeleton averages 205 bones. A significant difference between the horse skeleton and that of a human is the lack of a collarbone—the horse's forelimbs are attached to the spinal column by a powerful set of muscles, tendons, and ligaments that attach the shoulder blade to the torso. The horse's four legs and hooves are also unique structures. Their leg bones are proportioned differently from those of a human. For example, the body part that is called a horse's "knee" is actually made up of the carpal bones that correspond to the human wrist. Similarly, the hock contains bones equivalent to those in the human ankle and heel. The lower leg bones of a horse correspond to the bones of the human hand or foot, and the fetlock (incorrectly called the "ankle") is actually the proximal sesamoid bones between the cannon bones (a single equivalent to the human metacarpal or metatarsal bones) and the proximal phalanges, located where one finds the "knuckles" of a human. A horse also has no muscles in its legs below the knees and hocks, only skin, hair, bone, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and the assorted specialized tissues that make up the hoof.

 

Hooves

Main articles: Horse hoof, Horseshoe, and Farrier

The critical importance of the feet and legs is summed up by the traditional adage, "no foot, no horse". The horse hoof begins with the distal phalanges, the equivalent of the human fingertip or tip of the toe, surrounded by cartilage and other specialized, blood-rich soft tissues such as the laminae. The exterior hoof wall and horn of the sole is made of keratin, the same material as a human fingernail. The result is that a horse, weighing on average 500 kilograms (1,100 lb), travels on the same bones as would a human on tiptoe. For the protection of the hoof under certain conditions, some horses have horseshoes placed on their feet by a professional farrier. The hoof continually grows, and in most domesticated horses needs to be trimmed (and horseshoes reset, if used) every five to eight weeks, though the hooves of horses in the wild wear down and regrow at a rate suitable for their terrain.

 

Teeth

Main article: Horse teeth

Horses are adapted to grazing. In an adult horse, there are 12 incisors at the front of the mouth, adapted to biting off the grass or other vegetation. There are 24 teeth adapted for chewing, the premolars and molars, at the back of the mouth. Stallions and geldings have four additional teeth just behind the incisors, a type of canine teeth called "tushes". Some horses, both male and female, will also develop one to four very small vestigial teeth in front of the molars, known as "wolf" teeth, which are generally removed because they can interfere with the bit. There is an empty interdental space between the incisors and the molars where the bit rests directly on the gums, or "bars" of the horse's mouth when the horse is bridled.

 

An estimate of a horse's age can be made from looking at its teeth. The teeth continue to erupt throughout life and are worn down by grazing. Therefore, the incisors show changes as the horse ages; they develop a distinct wear pattern, changes in tooth shape, and changes in the angle at which the chewing surfaces meet. This allows a very rough estimate of a horse's age, although diet and veterinary care can also affect the rate of tooth wear.

 

Digestion

Main articles: Equine digestive system and Equine nutrition

Horses are herbivores with a digestive system adapted to a forage diet of grasses and other plant material, consumed steadily throughout the day. Therefore, compared to humans, they have a relatively small stomach but very long intestines to facilitate a steady flow of nutrients. A 450-kilogram (990 lb) horse will eat 7 to 11 kilograms (15 to 24 lb) of food per day and, under normal use, drink 38 to 45 litres (8.4 to 9.9 imp gal; 10 to 12 US gal) of water. Horses are not ruminants, they have only one stomach, like humans, but unlike humans, they can digest cellulose, a major component of grass. Horses are hindgut fermenters. Cellulose fermentation by symbiotic bacteria occurs in the cecum, or "water gut", which food goes through before reaching the large intestine. Horses cannot vomit, so digestion problems can quickly cause colic, a leading cause of death. Horses do not have a gallbladder; however, they seem to tolerate high amounts of fat in their diet despite lack of a gallbladder.

 

Senses

The horses' senses are based on their status as prey animals, where they must be aware of their surroundings at all times. They have the largest eyes of any land mammal, and are lateral-eyed, meaning that their eyes are positioned on the sides of their heads. This means that horses have a range of vision of more than 350°, with approximately 65° of this being binocular vision and the remaining 285° monocular vision. Horses have excellent day and night vision, but they have two-color, or dichromatic vision; their color vision is somewhat like red-green color blindness in humans, where certain colors, especially red and related colors, appear as a shade of green.

 

Their sense of smell, while much better than that of humans, is not quite as good as that of a dog. It is believed to play a key role in the social interactions of horses as well as detecting other key scents in the environment. Horses have two olfactory centers. The first system is in the nostrils and nasal cavity, which analyze a wide range of odors. The second, located under the nasal cavity, are the vomeronasal organs, also called Jacobson's organs. These have a separate nerve pathway to the brain and appear to primarily analyze pheromones.

 

A horse's hearing is good, and the pinna of each ear can rotate up to 180°, giving the potential for 360° hearing without having to move the head. Noise impacts the behavior of horses and certain kinds of noise may contribute to stress: a 2013 study in the UK indicated that stabled horses were calmest in a quiet setting, or if listening to country or classical music, but displayed signs of nervousness when listening to jazz or rock music. This study also recommended keeping music under a volume of 21 decibels. An Australian study found that stabled racehorses listening to talk radio had a higher rate of gastric ulcers than horses listening to music, and racehorses stabled where a radio was played had a higher overall rate of ulceration than horses stabled where there was no radio playing.

 

Horses have a great sense of balance, due partly to their ability to feel their footing and partly to highly developed proprioception—the unconscious sense of where the body and limbs are at all times. A horse's sense of touch is well-developed. The most sensitive areas are around the eyes, ears, and nose. Horses are able to sense contact as subtle as an insect landing anywhere on the body.

 

Horses have an advanced sense of taste, which allows them to sort through fodder and choose what they would most like to eat, and their prehensile lips can easily sort even small grains. Horses generally will not eat poisonous plants, however, there are exceptions; horses will occasionally eat toxic amounts of poisonous plants even when there is adequate healthy food.

 

Movement

All horses move naturally with four basic gaits:

the four-beat walk, which averages 6.4 kilometres per hour (4.0 mph);

the two-beat trot or jog at 13 to 19 kilometres per hour (8.1 to 11.8 mph) (faster for harness racing horses);

the canter or lope, a three-beat gait that is 19 to 24 kilometres per hour (12 to 15 mph);

the gallop, which averages 40 to 48 kilometres per hour (25 to 30 mph), but the world record for a horse galloping over a short, sprint distance is 70.76 kilometres per hour (43.97 mph).

Besides these basic gaits, some horses perform a two-beat pace, instead of the trot. There also are several four-beat 'ambling' gaits that are approximately the speed of a trot or pace, though smoother to ride. These include the lateral rack, running walk, and tölt as well as the diagonal fox trot. Ambling gaits are often genetic in some breeds, known collectively as gaited horses. These horses replace the trot with one of the ambling gaits.

 

Behavior

Horses are prey animals with a strong fight-or-flight response. Their first reaction to a threat is to startle and usually flee, although they will stand their ground and defend themselves when flight is impossible or if their young are threatened. They also tend to be curious; when startled, they will often hesitate an instant to ascertain the cause of their fright, and may not always flee from something that they perceive as non-threatening. Most light horse riding breeds were developed for speed, agility, alertness and endurance; natural qualities that extend from their wild ancestors. However, through selective breeding, some breeds of horses are quite docile, particularly certain draft horses.

  

Horses fighting as part of herd dominance behaviour

Horses are herd animals, with a clear hierarchy of rank, led by a dominant individual, usually a mare. They are also social creatures that are able to form companionship attachments to their own species and to other animals, including humans. They communicate in various ways, including vocalizations such as nickering or whinnying, mutual grooming, and body language. Many horses will become difficult to manage if they are isolated, but with training, horses can learn to accept a human as a companion, and thus be comfortable away from other horses. However, when confined with insufficient companionship, exercise, or stimulation, individuals may develop stable vices, an assortment of bad habits, mostly stereotypies of psychological origin, that include wood chewing, wall kicking, "weaving" (rocking back and forth), and other problems.

 

Intelligence and learning

Studies have indicated that horses perform a number of cognitive tasks on a daily basis, meeting mental challenges that include food procurement and identification of individuals within a social system. They also have good spatial discrimination abilities. They are naturally curious and apt to investigate things they have not seen before. Studies have assessed equine intelligence in areas such as problem solving, speed of learning, and memory. Horses excel at simple learning, but also are able to use more advanced cognitive abilities that involve categorization and concept learning. They can learn using habituation, desensitization, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning, and positive and negative reinforcement. One study has indicated that horses can differentiate between "more or less" if the quantity involved is less than four.

 

Domesticated horses may face greater mental challenges than wild horses, because they live in artificial environments that prevent instinctive behavior whilst also learning tasks that are not natural. Horses are animals of habit that respond well to regimentation, and respond best when the same routines and techniques are used consistently. One trainer believes that "intelligent" horses are reflections of intelligent trainers who effectively use response conditioning techniques and positive reinforcement to train in the style that best fits with an individual animal's natural inclinations.

 

Temperament

Horses are mammals, and as such are warm-blooded, or endothermic creatures, as opposed to cold-blooded, or poikilothermic animals. However, these words have developed a separate meaning in the context of equine terminology, used to describe temperament, not body temperature. For example, the "hot-bloods", such as many race horses, exhibit more sensitivity and energy, while the "cold-bloods", such as most draft breeds, are quieter and calmer. Sometimes "hot-bloods" are classified as "light horses" or "riding horses", with the "cold-bloods" classified as "draft horses" or "work horses".

 

a sepia-toned engraving from an old book, showing 11 horses of different breeds and sizes in nine different illustrations

Illustration of assorted breeds; slim, light hotbloods, medium-sized warmbloods and draft and pony-type coldblood breeds

"Hot blooded" breeds include "oriental horses" such as the Akhal-Teke, Arabian horse, Barb, and now-extinct Turkoman horse, as well as the Thoroughbred, a breed developed in England from the older oriental breeds. Hot bloods tend to be spirited, bold, and learn quickly. They are bred for agility and speed. They tend to be physically refined—thin-skinned, slim, and long-legged. The original oriental breeds were brought to Europe from the Middle East and North Africa when European breeders wished to infuse these traits into racing and light cavalry horses.

 

Muscular, heavy draft horses are known as "cold bloods", as they are bred not only for strength, but also to have the calm, patient temperament needed to pull a plow or a heavy carriage full of people. They are sometimes nicknamed "gentle giants". Well-known draft breeds include the Belgian and the Clydesdale. Some, like the Percheron, are lighter and livelier, developed to pull carriages or to plow large fields in drier climates. Others, such as the Shire, are slower and more powerful, bred to plow fields with heavy, clay-based soils. The cold-blooded group also includes some pony breeds.

 

"Warmblood" breeds, such as the Trakehner or Hanoverian, developed when European carriage and war horses were crossed with Arabians or Thoroughbreds, producing a riding horse with more refinement than a draft horse, but greater size and milder temperament than a lighter breed. Certain pony breeds with warmblood characteristics have been developed for smaller riders. Warmbloods are considered a "light horse" or "riding horse".

 

Today, the term "Warmblood" refers to a specific subset of sport horse breeds that are used for competition in dressage and show jumping. Strictly speaking, the term "warm blood" refers to any cross between cold-blooded and hot-blooded breeds. Examples include breeds such as the Irish Draught or the Cleveland Bay. The term was once used to refer to breeds of light riding horse other than Thoroughbreds or Arabians, such as the Morgan horse.

 

Sleep patterns

When horses lie down to sleep, others in the herd remain standing, awake, or in a light doze, keeping watch.

Horses are able to sleep both standing up and lying down. In an adaptation from life in the wild, horses are able to enter light sleep by using a "stay apparatus" in their legs, allowing them to doze without collapsing. Horses sleep better when in groups because some animals will sleep while others stand guard to watch for predators. A horse kept alone will not sleep well because its instincts are to keep a constant eye out for danger.

 

Unlike humans, horses do not sleep in a solid, unbroken period of time, but take many short periods of rest. Horses spend four to fifteen hours a day in standing rest, and from a few minutes to several hours lying down. Total sleep time in a 24-hour period may range from several minutes to a couple of hours, mostly in short intervals of about 15 minutes each. The average sleep time of a domestic horse is said to be 2.9 hours per day.

 

Horses must lie down to reach REM sleep. They only have to lie down for an hour or two every few days to meet their minimum REM sleep requirements. However, if a horse is never allowed to lie down, after several days it will become sleep-deprived, and in rare cases may suddenly collapse as it involuntarily slips into REM sleep while still standing. This condition differs from narcolepsy, although horses may also suffer from that disorder.

 

Taxonomy and evolution

The horse adapted to survive in areas of wide-open terrain with sparse vegetation, surviving in an ecosystem where other large grazing animals, especially ruminants, could not. Horses and other equids are odd-toed ungulates of the order Perissodactyla, a group of mammals dominant during the Tertiary period. In the past, this order contained 14 families, but only three—Equidae (the horse and related species), Tapiridae (the tapir), and Rhinocerotidae (the rhinoceroses)—have survived to the present day.

 

The earliest known member of the family Equidae was the Hyracotherium, which lived between 45 and 55 million years ago, during the Eocene period. It had 4 toes on each front foot, and 3 toes on each back foot. The extra toe on the front feet soon disappeared with the Mesohippus, which lived 32 to 37 million years ago. Over time, the extra side toes shrank in size until they vanished. All that remains of them in modern horses is a set of small vestigial bones on the leg below the knee, known informally as splint bones. Their legs also lengthened as their toes disappeared until they were a hooved animal capable of running at great speed. By about 5 million years ago, the modern Equus had evolved. Equid teeth also evolved from browsing on soft, tropical plants to adapt to browsing of drier plant material, then to grazing of tougher plains grasses. Thus proto-horses changed from leaf-eating forest-dwellers to grass-eating inhabitants of semi-arid regions worldwide, including the steppes of Eurasia and the Great Plains of North America.

 

By about 15,000 years ago, Equus ferus was a widespread holarctic species. Horse bones from this time period, the late Pleistocene, are found in Europe, Eurasia, Beringia, and North America. Yet between 10,000 and 7,600 years ago, the horse became extinct in North America. The reasons for this extinction are not fully known, but one theory notes that extinction in North America paralleled human arrival. Another theory points to climate change, noting that approximately 12,500 years ago, the grasses characteristic of a steppe ecosystem gave way to shrub tundra, which was covered with unpalatable plants.

 

Wild species surviving into modern times

Three tan-colored horses with upright manes. Two horses nip and paw at each other, while the third moves towards the camera. They stand in an open, rocky grassland, with forests in the distance.

 

Main article: Wild horse

A truly wild horse is a species or subspecies with no ancestors that were ever successfully domesticated. Therefore, most "wild" horses today are actually feral horses, animals that escaped or were turned loose from domestic herds and the descendants of those animals. Only two wild subspecies, the tarpan and the Przewalski's horse, survived into recorded history and only the latter survives today.

 

The Przewalski's horse (Equus ferus przewalskii), named after the Russian explorer Nikolai Przhevalsky, is a rare Asian animal. It is also known as the Mongolian wild horse; Mongolian people know it as the taki, and the Kyrgyz people call it a kirtag. The subspecies was presumed extinct in the wild between 1969 and 1992, while a small breeding population survived in zoos around the world. In 1992, it was reestablished in the wild by the conservation efforts of numerous zoos. Today, a small wild breeding population exists in Mongolia. There are additional animals still maintained at zoos throughout the world.

 

The question of whether the Przewalski's horse was ever domesticated was challenged in 2018 when DNA studies of horses found at Botai culture sites revealed captured animals with DNA markers of an ancestor to the Przewalski's horse. The study concluded that the Botai animals appear to have been an independent domestication attempt and apparently unsuccessful, as these genetic markers do not appear in modern domesticated horses. However, the question of whether all Przewalski's horses descend from this population is also unresolved, as only one of seven modern Przewalski's horses in the study shared this ancestry.

 

The tarpan or European wild horse (Equus ferus ferus) was found in Europe and much of Asia. It survived into the historical era, but became extinct in 1909, when the last captive died in a Russian zoo. Thus, the genetic line was lost. Attempts have been made to recreate the tarpan, which resulted in horses with outward physical similarities, but nonetheless descended from domesticated ancestors and not true wild horses.

 

Periodically, populations of horses in isolated areas are speculated to be relict populations of wild horses, but generally have been proven to be feral or domestic. For example, the Riwoche horse of Tibet was proposed as such, but testing did not reveal genetic differences from domesticated horses. Similarly, the Sorraia of Portugal was proposed as a direct descendant of the Tarpan on the basis of shared characteristics, but genetic studies have shown that the Sorraia is more closely related to other horse breeds, and that the outward similarity is an unreliable measure of relatedness.

 

Other modern equids

Main article: Equus (genus)

Besides the horse, there are six other species of genus Equus in the Equidae family. These are the ass or donkey, Equus asinus; the mountain zebra, Equus zebra; plains zebra, Equus quagga; Grévy's Zebra, Equus grevyi; the kiang, Equus kiang; and the onager, Equus hemionus.

 

Horses can crossbreed with other members of their genus. The most common hybrid is the mule, a cross between a "jack" (male donkey) and a mare. A related hybrid, a hinny, is a cross between a stallion and a "jenny" (female donkey). Other hybrids include the zorse, a cross between a zebra and a horse. With rare exceptions, most hybrids are sterile and cannot reproduce.

 

Main articles: History of horse domestication theories and Domestication of the horse

Domestication of the horse most likely took place in central Asia prior to 3500 BCE. Two major sources of information are used to determine where and when the horse was first domesticated and how the domesticated horse spread around the world. The first source is based on palaeological and archaeological discoveries; the second source is a comparison of DNA obtained from modern horses to that from bones and teeth of ancient horse remains.

 

The earliest archaeological evidence for the domestication of the horse comes from sites in Ukraine and Kazakhstan, dating to approximately 4000–3500 BCE. By 3000 BCE, the horse was completely domesticated and by 2000 BCE there was a sharp increase in the number of horse bones found in human settlements in northwestern Europe, indicating the spread of domesticated horses throughout the continent. The most recent, but most irrefutable evidence of domestication comes from sites where horse remains were interred with chariots in graves of the Sintashta and Petrovka cultures c. 2100 BCE.

 

A 2021 genetic study suggested that most modern domestic horses descend from the lower Volga-Don region. Ancient horse genomes indicate that these populations influenced almost all local populations as they expanded rapidly throughout Eurasia, beginning about 4,200 years ago. It also shows that certain adaptations were strongly selected due to riding, and that equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots spread with the horse itself.

 

Domestication is also studied by using the genetic material of present-day horses and comparing it with the genetic material present in the bones and teeth of horse remains found in archaeological and palaeological excavations. The variation in the genetic material shows that very few wild stallions contributed to the domestic horse, while many mares were part of early domesticated herds. This is reflected in the difference in genetic variation between the DNA that is passed on along the paternal, or sire line (Y-chromosome) versus that passed on along the maternal, or dam line (mitochondrial DNA). There are very low levels of Y-chromosome variability, but a great deal of genetic variation in mitochondrial DNA. There is also regional variation in mitochondrial DNA due to the inclusion of wild mares in domestic herds. Another characteristic of domestication is an increase in coat color variation. In horses, this increased dramatically between 5000 and 3000 BCE.

 

Before the availability of DNA techniques to resolve the questions related to the domestication of the horse, various hypotheses were proposed. One classification was based on body types and conformation, suggesting the presence of four basic prototypes that had adapted to their environment prior to domestication. Another hypothesis held that the four prototypes originated from a single wild species and that all different body types were entirely a result of selective breeding after domestication. However, the lack of a detectable substructure in the horse has resulted in a rejection of both hypotheses.

 

Main article: Feral horse

Feral horses are born and live in the wild, but are descended from domesticated animals. Many populations of feral horses exist throughout the world. Studies of feral herds have provided useful insights into the behavior of prehistoric horses, as well as greater understanding of the instincts and behaviors that drive horses that live in domesticated conditions.

 

There are also semi-feral horses in many parts of the world, such as Dartmoor and the New Forest in the UK, where the animals are all privately owned but live for significant amounts of time in "wild" conditions on undeveloped, often public, lands. Owners of such animals often pay a fee for grazing rights.

 

Main articles: Horse breed, List of horse breeds, and Horse breeding

The concept of purebred bloodstock and a controlled, written breed registry has come to be particularly significant and important in modern times. Sometimes purebred horses are incorrectly or inaccurately called "thoroughbreds". Thoroughbred is a specific breed of horse, while a "purebred" is a horse (or any other animal) with a defined pedigree recognized by a breed registry. Horse breeds are groups of horses with distinctive characteristics that are transmitted consistently to their offspring, such as conformation, color, performance ability, or disposition. These inherited traits result from a combination of natural crosses and artificial selection methods. Horses have been selectively bred since their domestication. An early example of people who practiced selective horse breeding were the Bedouin, who had a reputation for careful practices, keeping extensive pedigrees of their Arabian horses and placing great value upon pure bloodlines. These pedigrees were originally transmitted via an oral tradition. In the 14th century, Carthusian monks of southern Spain kept meticulous pedigrees of bloodstock lineages still found today in the Andalusian horse.

 

Breeds developed due to a need for "form to function", the necessity to develop certain characteristics in order to perform a particular type of work. Thus, a powerful but refined breed such as the Andalusian developed as riding horses with an aptitude for dressage. Heavy draft horses were developed out of a need to perform demanding farm work and pull heavy wagons. Other horse breeds had been developed specifically for light agricultural work, carriage and road work, various sport disciplines, or simply as pets. Some breeds developed through centuries of crossing other breeds, while others descended from a single foundation sire, or other limited or restricted foundation bloodstock. One of the earliest formal registries was General Stud Book for Thoroughbreds, which began in 1791 and traced back to the foundation bloodstock for the breed. There are more than 300 horse breeds in the world today.

 

Interaction with humans

Worldwide, horses play a role within human cultures and have done so for millennia. Horses are used for leisure activities, sports, and working purposes. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that in 2008, there were almost 59,000,000 horses in the world, with around 33,500,000 in the Americas, 13,800,000 in Asia and 6,300,000 in Europe and smaller portions in Africa and Oceania. There are estimated to be 9,500,000 horses in the United States alone. The American Horse Council estimates that horse-related activities have a direct impact on the economy of the United States of over $39 billion, and when indirect spending is considered, the impact is over $102 billion. In a 2004 "poll" conducted by Animal Planet, more than 50,000 viewers from 73 countries voted for the horse as the world's 4th favorite animal.

 

Communication between human and horse is paramount in any equestrian activity; to aid this process horses are usually ridden with a saddle on their backs to assist the rider with balance and positioning, and a bridle or related headgear to assist the rider in maintaining control. Sometimes horses are ridden without a saddle, and occasionally, horses are trained to perform without a bridle or other headgear. Many horses are also driven, which requires a harness, bridle, and some type of vehicle.

 

Main articles: Equestrianism, Horse racing, Horse training, and Horse tack

Historically, equestrians honed their skills through games and races. Equestrian sports provided entertainment for crowds and honed the excellent horsemanship that was needed in battle. Many sports, such as dressage, eventing, and show jumping, have origins in military training, which were focused on control and balance of both horse and rider. Other sports, such as rodeo, developed from practical skills such as those needed on working ranches and stations. Sport hunting from horseback evolved from earlier practical hunting techniques. Horse racing of all types evolved from impromptu competitions between riders or drivers. All forms of competition, requiring demanding and specialized skills from both horse and rider, resulted in the systematic development of specialized breeds and equipment for each sport. The popularity of equestrian sports through the centuries has resulted in the preservation of skills that would otherwise have disappeared after horses stopped being used in combat.

 

Horses are trained to be ridden or driven in a variety of sporting competitions. Examples include show jumping, dressage, three-day eventing, competitive driving, endurance riding, gymkhana, rodeos, and fox hunting. Horse shows, which have their origins in medieval European fairs, are held around the world. They host a huge range of classes, covering all of the mounted and harness disciplines, as well as "In-hand" classes where the horses are led, rather than ridden, to be evaluated on their conformation. The method of judging varies with the discipline, but winning usually depends on style and ability of both horse and rider. Sports such as polo do not judge the horse itself, but rather use the horse as a partner for human competitors as a necessary part of the game. Although the horse requires specialized training to participate, the details of its performance are not judged, only the result of the rider's actions—be it getting a ball through a goal or some other task. Examples of these sports of partnership between human and horse include jousting, in which the main goal is for one rider to unseat the other, and buzkashi, a team game played throughout Central Asia, the aim being to capture a goat carcass while on horseback.

 

Horse racing is an equestrian sport and major international industry, watched in almost every nation of the world. There are three types: "flat" racing; steeplechasing, i.e. racing over jumps; and harness racing, where horses trot or pace while pulling a driver in a small, light cart known as a sulky. A major part of horse racing's economic importance lies in the gambling associated with it.

 

Work

There are certain jobs that horses do very well, and no technology has yet developed to fully replace them. For example, mounted police horses are still effective for certain types of patrol duties and crowd control. Cattle ranches still require riders on horseback to round up cattle that are scattered across remote, rugged terrain. Search and rescue organizations in some countries depend upon mounted teams to locate people, particularly hikers and children, and to provide disaster relief assistance. Horses can also be used in areas where it is necessary to avoid vehicular disruption to delicate soil, such as nature reserves. They may also be the only form of transport allowed in wilderness areas. Horses are quieter than motorized vehicles. Law enforcement officers such as park rangers or game wardens may use horses for patrols, and horses or mules may also be used for clearing trails or other work in areas of rough terrain where vehicles are less effective.

 

Although machinery has replaced horses in many parts of the world, an estimated 100 million horses, donkeys and mules are still used for agriculture and transportation in less developed areas. This number includes around 27 million working animals in Africa alone. Some land management practices such as cultivating and logging can be efficiently performed with horses. In agriculture, less fossil fuel is used and increased environmental conservation occurs over time with the use of draft animals such as horses. Logging with horses can result in reduced damage to soil structure and less damage to trees due to more selective logging.

 

Main article: Horses in warfare

Horses have been used in warfare for most of recorded history. The first archaeological evidence of horses used in warfare dates to between 4000 and 3000 BCE, and the use of horses in warfare was widespread by the end of the Bronze Age. Although mechanization has largely replaced the horse as a weapon of war, horses are still seen today in limited military uses, mostly for ceremonial purposes, or for reconnaissance and transport activities in areas of rough terrain where motorized vehicles are ineffective. Horses have been used in the 21st century by the Janjaweed militias in the War in Darfur.

 

Entertainment and culture

Modern horses are often used to reenact many of their historical work purposes. Horses are used, complete with equipment that is authentic or a meticulously recreated replica, in various live action historical reenactments of specific periods of history, especially recreations of famous battles. Horses are also used to preserve cultural traditions and for ceremonial purposes. Countries such as the United Kingdom still use horse-drawn carriages to convey royalty and other VIPs to and from certain culturally significant events. Public exhibitions are another example, such as the Budweiser Clydesdales, seen in parades and other public settings, a team of draft horses that pull a beer wagon similar to that used before the invention of the modern motorized truck.

 

Horses are frequently used in television, films and literature. They are sometimes featured as a major character in films about particular animals, but also used as visual elements that assure the accuracy of historical stories. Both live horses and iconic images of horses are used in advertising to promote a variety of products. The horse frequently appears in coats of arms in heraldry, in a variety of poses and equipment. The mythologies of many cultures, including Greco-Roman, Hindu, Islamic, and Germanic, include references to both normal horses and those with wings or additional limbs, and multiple myths also call upon the horse to draw the chariots of the Moon and Sun. The horse also appears in the 12-year cycle of animals in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar.

 

Horses serve as the inspiration for many modern automobile names and logos, including the Ford Pinto, Ford Bronco, Ford Mustang, Hyundai Equus, Hyundai Pony, Mitsubishi Starion, Subaru Brumby, Mitsubishi Colt/Dodge Colt, Pinzgauer, Steyr-Puch Haflinger, Pegaso, Porsche, Rolls-Royce Camargue, Ferrari, Carlsson, Kamaz, Corre La Licorne, Iran Khodro, Eicher, and Baojun. Indian TVS Motor Company also uses a horse on their motorcycles & scooters.

 

Therapeutic use

People of all ages with physical and mental disabilities obtain beneficial results from an association with horses. Therapeutic riding is used to mentally and physically stimulate disabled persons and help them improve their lives through improved balance and coordination, increased self-confidence, and a greater feeling of freedom and independence. The benefits of equestrian activity for people with disabilities has also been recognized with the addition of equestrian events to the Paralympic Games and recognition of para-equestrian events by the International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI). Hippotherapy and therapeutic horseback riding are names for different physical, occupational, and speech therapy treatment strategies that use equine movement. In hippotherapy, a therapist uses the horse's movement to improve their patient's cognitive, coordination, balance, and fine motor skills, whereas therapeutic horseback riding uses specific riding skills.

 

Horses also provide psychological benefits to people whether they actually ride or not. "Equine-assisted" or "equine-facilitated" therapy is a form of experiential psychotherapy that uses horses as companion animals to assist people with mental illness, including anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, mood disorders, behavioral difficulties, and those who are going through major life changes. There are also experimental programs using horses in prison settings. Exposure to horses appears to improve the behavior of inmates and help reduce recidivism when they leave.

 

Products

Horses are raw material for many products made by humans throughout history, including byproducts from the slaughter of horses as well as materials collected from living horses.

 

Products collected from living horses include mare's milk, used by people with large horse herds, such as the Mongols, who let it ferment to produce kumis. Horse blood was once used as food by the Mongols and other nomadic tribes, who found it a convenient source of nutrition when traveling. Drinking their own horses' blood allowed the Mongols to ride for extended periods of time without stopping to eat. The drug Premarin is a mixture of estrogens extracted from the urine of pregnant mares (pregnant mares' urine), and was previously a widely used drug for hormone replacement therapy. The tail hair of horses can be used for making bows for string instruments such as the violin, viola, cello, and double bass.

 

Horse meat has been used as food for humans and carnivorous animals throughout the ages. Approximately 5 million horses are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide. It is eaten in many parts of the world, though consumption is taboo in some cultures, and a subject of political controversy in others. Horsehide leather has been used for boots, gloves, jackets, baseballs, and baseball gloves. Horse hooves can also be used to produce animal glue. Horse bones can be used to make implements. Specifically, in Italian cuisine, the horse tibia is sharpened into a probe called a spinto, which is used to test the readiness of a (pig) ham as it cures. In Asia, the saba is a horsehide vessel used in the production of kumis.

 

Main article: Horse care

Checking teeth and other physical examinations are an important part of horse care.

Horses are grazing animals, and their major source of nutrients is good-quality forage from hay or pasture. They can consume approximately 2% to 2.5% of their body weight in dry feed each day. Therefore, a 450-kilogram (990 lb) adult horse could eat up to 11 kilograms (24 lb) of food. Sometimes, concentrated feed such as grain is fed in addition to pasture or hay, especially when the animal is very active. When grain is fed, equine nutritionists recommend that 50% or more of the animal's diet by weight should still be forage.

 

Horses require a plentiful supply of clean water, a minimum of 38 to 45 litres (10 to 12 US gal) per day. Although horses are adapted to live outside, they require shelter from the wind and precipitation, which can range from a simple shed or shelter to an elaborate stable.

 

Horses require routine hoof care from a farrier, as well as vaccinations to protect against various diseases, and dental examinations from a veterinarian or a specialized equine dentist. If horses are kept inside in a barn, they require regular daily exercise for their physical health and mental well-being. When turned outside, they require well-maintained, sturdy fences to be safely contained. Regular grooming is also helpful to help the horse maintain good health of the hair coat and underlying skin.

 

Climate change

As of 2019, there are around 17 million horses in the world. Healthy body temperature for adult horses is in the range between 37.5 and 38.5 °C (99.5 and 101.3 °F), which they can maintain while ambient temperatures are between 5 and 25 °C (41 and 77 °F). However, strenuous exercise increases core body temperature by 1 °C (1.8 °F)/minute, as 80% of the energy used by equine muscles is released as heat. Along with bovines and primates, equines are the only animal group which use sweating as their primary method of thermoregulation: in fact, it can account for up to 70% of their heat loss, and horses sweat three times more than humans while undergoing comparably strenuous physical activity. Unlike humans, this sweat is created not by eccrine glands but by apocrine glands. In hot conditions, horses during three hours of moderate-intersity exercise can loss 30 to 35 L of water and 100g of sodium, 198 g of choloride and 45 g of potassium. In another difference from humans, their sweat is hypertonic, and contains a protein called latherin, which enables it to spread across their body easier, and to foam, rather than to drip off. These adaptations are partly to compensate for their lower body surface-to-mass ratio, which makes it more difficult for horses to passively radiate heat. Yet, prolonged exposure to very hot and/or humid conditions will lead to consequences such as anhidrosis, heat stroke, or brain damage, potentially culminating in death if not addressed with measures like cold water applications. Additionally, around 10% of incidents associated with horse transport have been attributed to heat stress. These issues are expected to worsen in the future.

 

African horse sickness (AHS) is a viral illness with a mortality close to 90% in horses, and 50% in mules. A midge, Culicoides imicola, is the primary vector of AHS, and its spread is expected to benefit from climate change. The spillover of Hendra virus from its flying fox hosts to horses is also likely to increase, as future warming would expand the hosts' geographic range. It has been estimated that under the "moderate" and high climate change scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, the number of threatened horses would increase by 110,000 and 165,000, respectively, or by 175 and 260%

Concepción Arenal

De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepci%c3%b3n_Arenal

 

Concepción Arenal (Ferrol, La Coruña, 31 de enero de 1820 - Vigo, Pontevedra 4 de febrero de 1893) fue una escritora española.

 

Biografía

Nacida en una modesta casa del barrio conocido como Ferrol Vello, su padre, Ángel del Arenal, fue un eminente militar que sufrió muchas veces prisión por su ideología liberal y por estar en contra del régimen monárquico absolutista del rey Fernando VII. Consecuencia de las estancias en prisión, cayó enfermo y murió en 1829, quedando Concepción huérfana de padre a los 8 años. En 1829 marcha con su madre a Armaño (Cantabria), de quien recibió una férrea formación religiosa. En 1834 se trasladan a Madrid, donde Concepción estudia en un colegio para señoritas. Siete años después entra, contra la voluntad de su madre, como oyente en la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Central (actual Universidad Complutense de Madrid), vistiendo ropas masculinas, puesto que en la época la educación universitaria estaba vedada a las mujeres. Vestida también de hombre, Concepción participa en tertulias políticas y literarias, luchando así contra lo establecido en la época para la condición femenina.

 

Acabada la carrera, se casó en 1848 con el también abogado y escritor Fernando García Carrasco. Años después colaborarían juntos en el periódico liberal La Iberia, hasta que en 1857 Fernando murió de tuberculosis y Concepción se quedó sola y sin recursos. Forzada a vender sus posesiones en Armaño por las dificultades económicas que atravesaba, se trasladó a la casa del violinista Jesús de Monasterio en Potes (Cantabria), donde fundó en 1859 el grupo femenino de las Conferencias de San Vicente de Paúl para ayuda de los pobres. Dos años después, en 1861, la Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas la premió por su memoria La beneficencia, la filantropía y la caridad. Era la primera vez que la Academia premiaba a una mujer.

 

En 1863 se convierte también en la primera mujer que recibe el título de Visitadora de Cárceles de Mujeres, cargo que ostentó hasta 1865. Posteriormente publicó libros de poesía y ensayo como Cartas a los delincuentes (1865), Oda a la esclavitud (1866) —que fue premiada por la Sociedad Abolicionista de Madrid—, El reo, el pueblo y el verdugo o La ejecución de la pena de muerte (1867). En 1868, es nombrada Inspectora de Casas de Corrección de Mujeres, y tres años después, en 1871, comienza a colaborar con la revista La Voz de la Caridad, de Madrid, en la que escribe durante catorce años sobre las miserias del mundo que la rodea.

 

En 1872 funda la Constructora Benéfica, una sociedad que se dedica a la construcción de casas baratas para obreros. Posteriormente también colabora organizando en España la Cruz Roja del Socorro, para los heridos de las guerras carlistas, poniéndose al frente de un hospital de campaña para los heridos de guerra en Miranda de Ebro. En 1877 publica Estudios Penitenciarios.

 

Con Concepción Arenal nace el feminismo en España, pues desde joven luchó por romper los cánones establecidos para la mujer, rebelándose contra la tradicional marginación del sexo femenino, y reivindicando la igualdad en todas las esferas sociales para la mujer.

 

Murió el 4 de febrero de 1893 en Vigo, donde fue enterrada. Es su epitafio el lema que la acompañó durante toda su vida: A la virtud, a una vida, a la ciencia. Sin embargo, su frase más celebre fue probablemente "Odia el delito y compadece al delincuente", que resume su visión de los delincuentes como el producto de una sociedad deprimida y represora.

 

Obra

•Fábulas en verso originales, Madrid, Tomás Fortanet. 1851.

•La beneficencia, la filantropía y la caridad, Madrid, Imprenta del Colegio de Sordo-Mudos y de Ciegos, 1861.

•Manual del visitador del pobre, Madrid, Imprenta de Tejado, 1863.

•Manuel du visiteur du pauvre, París, Ambroise Bray Libraire-Editeur, 1864.

•Cartas a los delincuentes, La Coruña, Imprenta del Hospicio, 1865.

•El reo, el pueblo y el verdugo, o la ejecución pública de la pena de muerte, Madrid, Establecimiento Tipográfico de Estrada, Díaz y López, 1867.

•La voz que clama en el desierto, La Coruña, Tipografía de la Casa de Misericordia, 1868.

•Examen de las bases aprobadas por las Cortes, para la reforma de las prisiones, Madrid, Imprenta de la Revista de Legislación, 1869.

•La mujer del porvenir. Artículos sobre las conferencias dominicales para la educación de la mujer, celebradas en el Paraninfo de la Universidad de Madrid, Sevilla-Madrid, Eduardo Perié-Félix Perié, 1869.

•Estudios penitenciarios, Madrid, Imprenta de T. Fortanet, 1877.

•La cárcel llamada Modelo, Madrid, Imprenta de T. Fortanet, 1877.

•Las colonias penales de la Australia y la pena de deportación, Madrid, Imprenta y Librería de Eduardo Martínez, 1877.

•"La récidive en Espagne", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 6 (junio de 1878), p. 575-586.

•Ensayo sobre el derecho de gentes, Madrid, Imprenta de la Revista de Legislación, 1879.

•"Hay Irlanda, pero no Cobden", La Ilustración Gallega y Asturiana, 34 (8 de diciembre de 1880), p. 418-419.

•"Mi vida. A... que me pedía con insistencia apuntes para escribir mi biografía", La Ilustración Gallega y Asturiana, 31 (8 de noviembre de 1880), p. 385.

•Cuadros de la guerra, Ávila, Imprenta de la Propaganda Literaria, 1880.

•La cuestión social. Cartas a un obrero y a un señor, Ávila, Imprenta de la Propaganda Literaria, 1880.

•La instrucción del pueblo, Madrid, Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas (Tip. Guttenberg), 1881.

•"Lettre à M. Le Directeur General de L’Administration Pénitentiaire D’Espagne", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 4 (abril de 1883), p. 468-475.

•La mujer de su casa, Madrid, Gras y Compañía Editores, 1883.

•"Idea del cielo", en Almanaque de las damas para 1885, Puerto Rico, Imprenta y Librería de José González Font, 1884.

•"Clinique criminelle", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, nº 7 (noviembre de 1886), p. 857-866.

•"Psychologie comparée du délinquant", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 5 (mayo de 1886), p. 647-655.

•"La educación de la mujer", Boletín de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza, T. XVI (1892), p. 305-312.

•El delito colectivo, Madrid, La España Moderna, 1892.

•Manuel du visiteur du prisonnier, París, Au Secrétariat de l’Oeuvre des Libérées de Saint-Lazare, 1893.

•El visitador del preso, Madrid, La España Moderna, 1894.

•Obras Completas, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1894-1913.

•"Estado actual de la mujer en España", Boletín de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza, T. XIX (1895 ), p. 239-252.

•Informes presentados en los Congresos Penitenciarios de Estocolmo, Roma, San Petersburgo y Amberes, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1896.

•El pauperismo, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1897.

•"A Méndez Núñez", en Vigo y Doña Concepción Arenal. El libro de la velada (10 de septiembre de 1897), Madrid, Establecimiento Tipográfico de la viuda e hijos de Manuel Tello, 1898.

•La igualdad social y política y sus relaciones con la libertad, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1898.

•"Juicio crítico de las obras de Feijoo", en Antología popular, Buenos Aires, Editorial Galicia, 1966.

•Dios y libertad, Pontevedra, Diputación Provincial, 1996.

  

April 18, 2018--New York City-- Governor Andrew M. Cuomo announced an Executive Order restoring voting rights to New Yorkers on parole at the National Action Network National Conference in New York City. This reform will restore the right to vote upon release from incarceration and reverse disenfranchisement for thousands of New Yorkers. Parole voting restrictions have a disproportionate impact on New Yorkers of color, with African Americans and Hispanic New Yorkers comprising 71 percent of the population so disenfranchised. Civic engagement is linked to reduced recidivism and this action will promote access to the democratic process and improve public safety for all New Yorkers.(Kevin P. Coughlin/Office of Governor Andrew M. Cuomo)

Concepción Arenal

De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepci%c3%b3n_Arenal

 

Concepción Arenal (Ferrol, La Coruña, 31 de enero de 1820 - Vigo, Pontevedra 4 de febrero de 1893) fue una escritora española.

 

Biografía

Nacida en una modesta casa del barrio conocido como Ferrol Vello, su padre, Ángel del Arenal, fue un eminente militar que sufrió muchas veces prisión por su ideología liberal y por estar en contra del régimen monárquico absolutista del rey Fernando VII. Consecuencia de las estancias en prisión, cayó enfermo y murió en 1829, quedando Concepción huérfana de padre a los 8 años. En 1829 marcha con su madre a Armaño (Cantabria), de quien recibió una férrea formación religiosa. En 1834 se trasladan a Madrid, donde Concepción estudia en un colegio para señoritas. Siete años después entra, contra la voluntad de su madre, como oyente en la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Central (actual Universidad Complutense de Madrid), vistiendo ropas masculinas, puesto que en la época la educación universitaria estaba vedada a las mujeres. Vestida también de hombre, Concepción participa en tertulias políticas y literarias, luchando así contra lo establecido en la época para la condición femenina.

 

Acabada la carrera, se casó en 1848 con el también abogado y escritor Fernando García Carrasco. Años después colaborarían juntos en el periódico liberal La Iberia, hasta que en 1857 Fernando murió de tuberculosis y Concepción se quedó sola y sin recursos. Forzada a vender sus posesiones en Armaño por las dificultades económicas que atravesaba, se trasladó a la casa del violinista Jesús de Monasterio en Potes (Cantabria), donde fundó en 1859 el grupo femenino de las Conferencias de San Vicente de Paúl para ayuda de los pobres. Dos años después, en 1861, la Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas la premió por su memoria La beneficencia, la filantropía y la caridad. Era la primera vez que la Academia premiaba a una mujer.

 

En 1863 se convierte también en la primera mujer que recibe el título de Visitadora de Cárceles de Mujeres, cargo que ostentó hasta 1865. Posteriormente publicó libros de poesía y ensayo como Cartas a los delincuentes (1865), Oda a la esclavitud (1866) —que fue premiada por la Sociedad Abolicionista de Madrid—, El reo, el pueblo y el verdugo o La ejecución de la pena de muerte (1867). En 1868, es nombrada Inspectora de Casas de Corrección de Mujeres, y tres años después, en 1871, comienza a colaborar con la revista La Voz de la Caridad, de Madrid, en la que escribe durante catorce años sobre las miserias del mundo que la rodea.

 

En 1872 funda la Constructora Benéfica, una sociedad que se dedica a la construcción de casas baratas para obreros. Posteriormente también colabora organizando en España la Cruz Roja del Socorro, para los heridos de las guerras carlistas, poniéndose al frente de un hospital de campaña para los heridos de guerra en Miranda de Ebro. En 1877 publica Estudios Penitenciarios.

 

Con Concepción Arenal nace el feminismo en España, pues desde joven luchó por romper los cánones establecidos para la mujer, rebelándose contra la tradicional marginación del sexo femenino, y reivindicando la igualdad en todas las esferas sociales para la mujer.

 

Murió el 4 de febrero de 1893 en Vigo, donde fue enterrada. Es su epitafio el lema que la acompañó durante toda su vida: A la virtud, a una vida, a la ciencia. Sin embargo, su frase más celebre fue probablemente "Odia el delito y compadece al delincuente", que resume su visión de los delincuentes como el producto de una sociedad deprimida y represora.

 

Obra

•Fábulas en verso originales, Madrid, Tomás Fortanet. 1851.

•La beneficencia, la filantropía y la caridad, Madrid, Imprenta del Colegio de Sordo-Mudos y de Ciegos, 1861.

•Manual del visitador del pobre, Madrid, Imprenta de Tejado, 1863.

•Manuel du visiteur du pauvre, París, Ambroise Bray Libraire-Editeur, 1864.

•Cartas a los delincuentes, La Coruña, Imprenta del Hospicio, 1865.

•El reo, el pueblo y el verdugo, o la ejecución pública de la pena de muerte, Madrid, Establecimiento Tipográfico de Estrada, Díaz y López, 1867.

•La voz que clama en el desierto, La Coruña, Tipografía de la Casa de Misericordia, 1868.

•Examen de las bases aprobadas por las Cortes, para la reforma de las prisiones, Madrid, Imprenta de la Revista de Legislación, 1869.

•La mujer del porvenir. Artículos sobre las conferencias dominicales para la educación de la mujer, celebradas en el Paraninfo de la Universidad de Madrid, Sevilla-Madrid, Eduardo Perié-Félix Perié, 1869.

•Estudios penitenciarios, Madrid, Imprenta de T. Fortanet, 1877.

•La cárcel llamada Modelo, Madrid, Imprenta de T. Fortanet, 1877.

•Las colonias penales de la Australia y la pena de deportación, Madrid, Imprenta y Librería de Eduardo Martínez, 1877.

•"La récidive en Espagne", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 6 (junio de 1878), p. 575-586.

•Ensayo sobre el derecho de gentes, Madrid, Imprenta de la Revista de Legislación, 1879.

•"Hay Irlanda, pero no Cobden", La Ilustración Gallega y Asturiana, 34 (8 de diciembre de 1880), p. 418-419.

•"Mi vida. A... que me pedía con insistencia apuntes para escribir mi biografía", La Ilustración Gallega y Asturiana, 31 (8 de noviembre de 1880), p. 385.

•Cuadros de la guerra, Ávila, Imprenta de la Propaganda Literaria, 1880.

•La cuestión social. Cartas a un obrero y a un señor, Ávila, Imprenta de la Propaganda Literaria, 1880.

•La instrucción del pueblo, Madrid, Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas (Tip. Guttenberg), 1881.

•"Lettre à M. Le Directeur General de L’Administration Pénitentiaire D’Espagne", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 4 (abril de 1883), p. 468-475.

•La mujer de su casa, Madrid, Gras y Compañía Editores, 1883.

•"Idea del cielo", en Almanaque de las damas para 1885, Puerto Rico, Imprenta y Librería de José González Font, 1884.

•"Clinique criminelle", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, nº 7 (noviembre de 1886), p. 857-866.

•"Psychologie comparée du délinquant", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 5 (mayo de 1886), p. 647-655.

•"La educación de la mujer", Boletín de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza, T. XVI (1892), p. 305-312.

•El delito colectivo, Madrid, La España Moderna, 1892.

•Manuel du visiteur du prisonnier, París, Au Secrétariat de l’Oeuvre des Libérées de Saint-Lazare, 1893.

•El visitador del preso, Madrid, La España Moderna, 1894.

•Obras Completas, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1894-1913.

•"Estado actual de la mujer en España", Boletín de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza, T. XIX (1895 ), p. 239-252.

•Informes presentados en los Congresos Penitenciarios de Estocolmo, Roma, San Petersburgo y Amberes, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1896.

•El pauperismo, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1897.

•"A Méndez Núñez", en Vigo y Doña Concepción Arenal. El libro de la velada (10 de septiembre de 1897), Madrid, Establecimiento Tipográfico de la viuda e hijos de Manuel Tello, 1898.

•La igualdad social y política y sus relaciones con la libertad, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1898.

•"Juicio crítico de las obras de Feijoo", en Antología popular, Buenos Aires, Editorial Galicia, 1966.

•Dios y libertad, Pontevedra, Diputación Provincial, 1996.

  

Concepción Arenal

De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepci%c3%b3n_Arenal

 

Concepción Arenal (Ferrol, La Coruña, 31 de enero de 1820 - Vigo, Pontevedra 4 de febrero de 1893) fue una escritora española.

 

Biografía

Nacida en una modesta casa del barrio conocido como Ferrol Vello, su padre, Ángel del Arenal, fue un eminente militar que sufrió muchas veces prisión por su ideología liberal y por estar en contra del régimen monárquico absolutista del rey Fernando VII. Consecuencia de las estancias en prisión, cayó enfermo y murió en 1829, quedando Concepción huérfana de padre a los 8 años. En 1829 marcha con su madre a Armaño (Cantabria), de quien recibió una férrea formación religiosa. En 1834 se trasladan a Madrid, donde Concepción estudia en un colegio para señoritas. Siete años después entra, contra la voluntad de su madre, como oyente en la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Central (actual Universidad Complutense de Madrid), vistiendo ropas masculinas, puesto que en la época la educación universitaria estaba vedada a las mujeres. Vestida también de hombre, Concepción participa en tertulias políticas y literarias, luchando así contra lo establecido en la época para la condición femenina.

 

Acabada la carrera, se casó en 1848 con el también abogado y escritor Fernando García Carrasco. Años después colaborarían juntos en el periódico liberal La Iberia, hasta que en 1857 Fernando murió de tuberculosis y Concepción se quedó sola y sin recursos. Forzada a vender sus posesiones en Armaño por las dificultades económicas que atravesaba, se trasladó a la casa del violinista Jesús de Monasterio en Potes (Cantabria), donde fundó en 1859 el grupo femenino de las Conferencias de San Vicente de Paúl para ayuda de los pobres. Dos años después, en 1861, la Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas la premió por su memoria La beneficencia, la filantropía y la caridad. Era la primera vez que la Academia premiaba a una mujer.

 

En 1863 se convierte también en la primera mujer que recibe el título de Visitadora de Cárceles de Mujeres, cargo que ostentó hasta 1865. Posteriormente publicó libros de poesía y ensayo como Cartas a los delincuentes (1865), Oda a la esclavitud (1866) —que fue premiada por la Sociedad Abolicionista de Madrid—, El reo, el pueblo y el verdugo o La ejecución de la pena de muerte (1867). En 1868, es nombrada Inspectora de Casas de Corrección de Mujeres, y tres años después, en 1871, comienza a colaborar con la revista La Voz de la Caridad, de Madrid, en la que escribe durante catorce años sobre las miserias del mundo que la rodea.

 

En 1872 funda la Constructora Benéfica, una sociedad que se dedica a la construcción de casas baratas para obreros. Posteriormente también colabora organizando en España la Cruz Roja del Socorro, para los heridos de las guerras carlistas, poniéndose al frente de un hospital de campaña para los heridos de guerra en Miranda de Ebro. En 1877 publica Estudios Penitenciarios.

 

Con Concepción Arenal nace el feminismo en España, pues desde joven luchó por romper los cánones establecidos para la mujer, rebelándose contra la tradicional marginación del sexo femenino, y reivindicando la igualdad en todas las esferas sociales para la mujer.

 

Murió el 4 de febrero de 1893 en Vigo, donde fue enterrada. Es su epitafio el lema que la acompañó durante toda su vida: A la virtud, a una vida, a la ciencia. Sin embargo, su frase más celebre fue probablemente "Odia el delito y compadece al delincuente", que resume su visión de los delincuentes como el producto de una sociedad deprimida y represora.

 

Obra

•Fábulas en verso originales, Madrid, Tomás Fortanet. 1851.

•La beneficencia, la filantropía y la caridad, Madrid, Imprenta del Colegio de Sordo-Mudos y de Ciegos, 1861.

•Manual del visitador del pobre, Madrid, Imprenta de Tejado, 1863.

•Manuel du visiteur du pauvre, París, Ambroise Bray Libraire-Editeur, 1864.

•Cartas a los delincuentes, La Coruña, Imprenta del Hospicio, 1865.

•El reo, el pueblo y el verdugo, o la ejecución pública de la pena de muerte, Madrid, Establecimiento Tipográfico de Estrada, Díaz y López, 1867.

•La voz que clama en el desierto, La Coruña, Tipografía de la Casa de Misericordia, 1868.

•Examen de las bases aprobadas por las Cortes, para la reforma de las prisiones, Madrid, Imprenta de la Revista de Legislación, 1869.

•La mujer del porvenir. Artículos sobre las conferencias dominicales para la educación de la mujer, celebradas en el Paraninfo de la Universidad de Madrid, Sevilla-Madrid, Eduardo Perié-Félix Perié, 1869.

•Estudios penitenciarios, Madrid, Imprenta de T. Fortanet, 1877.

•La cárcel llamada Modelo, Madrid, Imprenta de T. Fortanet, 1877.

•Las colonias penales de la Australia y la pena de deportación, Madrid, Imprenta y Librería de Eduardo Martínez, 1877.

•"La récidive en Espagne", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 6 (junio de 1878), p. 575-586.

•Ensayo sobre el derecho de gentes, Madrid, Imprenta de la Revista de Legislación, 1879.

•"Hay Irlanda, pero no Cobden", La Ilustración Gallega y Asturiana, 34 (8 de diciembre de 1880), p. 418-419.

•"Mi vida. A... que me pedía con insistencia apuntes para escribir mi biografía", La Ilustración Gallega y Asturiana, 31 (8 de noviembre de 1880), p. 385.

•Cuadros de la guerra, Ávila, Imprenta de la Propaganda Literaria, 1880.

•La cuestión social. Cartas a un obrero y a un señor, Ávila, Imprenta de la Propaganda Literaria, 1880.

•La instrucción del pueblo, Madrid, Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas (Tip. Guttenberg), 1881.

•"Lettre à M. Le Directeur General de L’Administration Pénitentiaire D’Espagne", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 4 (abril de 1883), p. 468-475.

•La mujer de su casa, Madrid, Gras y Compañía Editores, 1883.

•"Idea del cielo", en Almanaque de las damas para 1885, Puerto Rico, Imprenta y Librería de José González Font, 1884.

•"Clinique criminelle", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, nº 7 (noviembre de 1886), p. 857-866.

•"Psychologie comparée du délinquant", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 5 (mayo de 1886), p. 647-655.

•"La educación de la mujer", Boletín de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza, T. XVI (1892), p. 305-312.

•El delito colectivo, Madrid, La España Moderna, 1892.

•Manuel du visiteur du prisonnier, París, Au Secrétariat de l’Oeuvre des Libérées de Saint-Lazare, 1893.

•El visitador del preso, Madrid, La España Moderna, 1894.

•Obras Completas, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1894-1913.

•"Estado actual de la mujer en España", Boletín de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza, T. XIX (1895 ), p. 239-252.

•Informes presentados en los Congresos Penitenciarios de Estocolmo, Roma, San Petersburgo y Amberes, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1896.

•El pauperismo, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1897.

•"A Méndez Núñez", en Vigo y Doña Concepción Arenal. El libro de la velada (10 de septiembre de 1897), Madrid, Establecimiento Tipográfico de la viuda e hijos de Manuel Tello, 1898.

•La igualdad social y política y sus relaciones con la libertad, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1898.

•"Juicio crítico de las obras de Feijoo", en Antología popular, Buenos Aires, Editorial Galicia, 1966.

•Dios y libertad, Pontevedra, Diputación Provincial, 1996.

  

Concepción Arenal

De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepci%c3%b3n_Arenal

 

Concepción Arenal (Ferrol, La Coruña, 31 de enero de 1820 - Vigo, Pontevedra 4 de febrero de 1893) fue una escritora española.

 

Biografía

Nacida en una modesta casa del barrio conocido como Ferrol Vello, su padre, Ángel del Arenal, fue un eminente militar que sufrió muchas veces prisión por su ideología liberal y por estar en contra del régimen monárquico absolutista del rey Fernando VII. Consecuencia de las estancias en prisión, cayó enfermo y murió en 1829, quedando Concepción huérfana de padre a los 8 años. En 1829 marcha con su madre a Armaño (Cantabria), de quien recibió una férrea formación religiosa. En 1834 se trasladan a Madrid, donde Concepción estudia en un colegio para señoritas. Siete años después entra, contra la voluntad de su madre, como oyente en la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Central (actual Universidad Complutense de Madrid), vistiendo ropas masculinas, puesto que en la época la educación universitaria estaba vedada a las mujeres. Vestida también de hombre, Concepción participa en tertulias políticas y literarias, luchando así contra lo establecido en la época para la condición femenina.

 

Acabada la carrera, se casó en 1848 con el también abogado y escritor Fernando García Carrasco. Años después colaborarían juntos en el periódico liberal La Iberia, hasta que en 1857 Fernando murió de tuberculosis y Concepción se quedó sola y sin recursos. Forzada a vender sus posesiones en Armaño por las dificultades económicas que atravesaba, se trasladó a la casa del violinista Jesús de Monasterio en Potes (Cantabria), donde fundó en 1859 el grupo femenino de las Conferencias de San Vicente de Paúl para ayuda de los pobres. Dos años después, en 1861, la Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas la premió por su memoria La beneficencia, la filantropía y la caridad. Era la primera vez que la Academia premiaba a una mujer.

 

En 1863 se convierte también en la primera mujer que recibe el título de Visitadora de Cárceles de Mujeres, cargo que ostentó hasta 1865. Posteriormente publicó libros de poesía y ensayo como Cartas a los delincuentes (1865), Oda a la esclavitud (1866) —que fue premiada por la Sociedad Abolicionista de Madrid—, El reo, el pueblo y el verdugo o La ejecución de la pena de muerte (1867). En 1868, es nombrada Inspectora de Casas de Corrección de Mujeres, y tres años después, en 1871, comienza a colaborar con la revista La Voz de la Caridad, de Madrid, en la que escribe durante catorce años sobre las miserias del mundo que la rodea.

 

En 1872 funda la Constructora Benéfica, una sociedad que se dedica a la construcción de casas baratas para obreros. Posteriormente también colabora organizando en España la Cruz Roja del Socorro, para los heridos de las guerras carlistas, poniéndose al frente de un hospital de campaña para los heridos de guerra en Miranda de Ebro. En 1877 publica Estudios Penitenciarios.

 

Con Concepción Arenal nace el feminismo en España, pues desde joven luchó por romper los cánones establecidos para la mujer, rebelándose contra la tradicional marginación del sexo femenino, y reivindicando la igualdad en todas las esferas sociales para la mujer.

 

Murió el 4 de febrero de 1893 en Vigo, donde fue enterrada. Es su epitafio el lema que la acompañó durante toda su vida: A la virtud, a una vida, a la ciencia. Sin embargo, su frase más celebre fue probablemente "Odia el delito y compadece al delincuente", que resume su visión de los delincuentes como el producto de una sociedad deprimida y represora.

 

Obra

•Fábulas en verso originales, Madrid, Tomás Fortanet. 1851.

•La beneficencia, la filantropía y la caridad, Madrid, Imprenta del Colegio de Sordo-Mudos y de Ciegos, 1861.

•Manual del visitador del pobre, Madrid, Imprenta de Tejado, 1863.

•Manuel du visiteur du pauvre, París, Ambroise Bray Libraire-Editeur, 1864.

•Cartas a los delincuentes, La Coruña, Imprenta del Hospicio, 1865.

•El reo, el pueblo y el verdugo, o la ejecución pública de la pena de muerte, Madrid, Establecimiento Tipográfico de Estrada, Díaz y López, 1867.

•La voz que clama en el desierto, La Coruña, Tipografía de la Casa de Misericordia, 1868.

•Examen de las bases aprobadas por las Cortes, para la reforma de las prisiones, Madrid, Imprenta de la Revista de Legislación, 1869.

•La mujer del porvenir. Artículos sobre las conferencias dominicales para la educación de la mujer, celebradas en el Paraninfo de la Universidad de Madrid, Sevilla-Madrid, Eduardo Perié-Félix Perié, 1869.

•Estudios penitenciarios, Madrid, Imprenta de T. Fortanet, 1877.

•La cárcel llamada Modelo, Madrid, Imprenta de T. Fortanet, 1877.

•Las colonias penales de la Australia y la pena de deportación, Madrid, Imprenta y Librería de Eduardo Martínez, 1877.

•"La récidive en Espagne", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 6 (junio de 1878), p. 575-586.

•Ensayo sobre el derecho de gentes, Madrid, Imprenta de la Revista de Legislación, 1879.

•"Hay Irlanda, pero no Cobden", La Ilustración Gallega y Asturiana, 34 (8 de diciembre de 1880), p. 418-419.

•"Mi vida. A... que me pedía con insistencia apuntes para escribir mi biografía", La Ilustración Gallega y Asturiana, 31 (8 de noviembre de 1880), p. 385.

•Cuadros de la guerra, Ávila, Imprenta de la Propaganda Literaria, 1880.

•La cuestión social. Cartas a un obrero y a un señor, Ávila, Imprenta de la Propaganda Literaria, 1880.

•La instrucción del pueblo, Madrid, Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas (Tip. Guttenberg), 1881.

•"Lettre à M. Le Directeur General de L’Administration Pénitentiaire D’Espagne", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 4 (abril de 1883), p. 468-475.

•La mujer de su casa, Madrid, Gras y Compañía Editores, 1883.

•"Idea del cielo", en Almanaque de las damas para 1885, Puerto Rico, Imprenta y Librería de José González Font, 1884.

•"Clinique criminelle", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, nº 7 (noviembre de 1886), p. 857-866.

•"Psychologie comparée du délinquant", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 5 (mayo de 1886), p. 647-655.

•"La educación de la mujer", Boletín de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza, T. XVI (1892), p. 305-312.

•El delito colectivo, Madrid, La España Moderna, 1892.

•Manuel du visiteur du prisonnier, París, Au Secrétariat de l’Oeuvre des Libérées de Saint-Lazare, 1893.

•El visitador del preso, Madrid, La España Moderna, 1894.

•Obras Completas, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1894-1913.

•"Estado actual de la mujer en España", Boletín de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza, T. XIX (1895 ), p. 239-252.

•Informes presentados en los Congresos Penitenciarios de Estocolmo, Roma, San Petersburgo y Amberes, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1896.

•El pauperismo, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1897.

•"A Méndez Núñez", en Vigo y Doña Concepción Arenal. El libro de la velada (10 de septiembre de 1897), Madrid, Establecimiento Tipográfico de la viuda e hijos de Manuel Tello, 1898.

•La igualdad social y política y sus relaciones con la libertad, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1898.

•"Juicio crítico de las obras de Feijoo", en Antología popular, Buenos Aires, Editorial Galicia, 1966.

•Dios y libertad, Pontevedra, Diputación Provincial, 1996.

  

Concepción Arenal

De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepci%c3%b3n_Arenal

 

Concepción Arenal (Ferrol, La Coruña, 31 de enero de 1820 - Vigo, Pontevedra 4 de febrero de 1893) fue una escritora española.

 

Biografía

Nacida en una modesta casa del barrio conocido como Ferrol Vello, su padre, Ángel del Arenal, fue un eminente militar que sufrió muchas veces prisión por su ideología liberal y por estar en contra del régimen monárquico absolutista del rey Fernando VII. Consecuencia de las estancias en prisión, cayó enfermo y murió en 1829, quedando Concepción huérfana de padre a los 8 años. En 1829 marcha con su madre a Armaño (Cantabria), de quien recibió una férrea formación religiosa. En 1834 se trasladan a Madrid, donde Concepción estudia en un colegio para señoritas. Siete años después entra, contra la voluntad de su madre, como oyente en la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Central (actual Universidad Complutense de Madrid), vistiendo ropas masculinas, puesto que en la época la educación universitaria estaba vedada a las mujeres. Vestida también de hombre, Concepción participa en tertulias políticas y literarias, luchando así contra lo establecido en la época para la condición femenina.

 

Acabada la carrera, se casó en 1848 con el también abogado y escritor Fernando García Carrasco. Años después colaborarían juntos en el periódico liberal La Iberia, hasta que en 1857 Fernando murió de tuberculosis y Concepción se quedó sola y sin recursos. Forzada a vender sus posesiones en Armaño por las dificultades económicas que atravesaba, se trasladó a la casa del violinista Jesús de Monasterio en Potes (Cantabria), donde fundó en 1859 el grupo femenino de las Conferencias de San Vicente de Paúl para ayuda de los pobres. Dos años después, en 1861, la Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas la premió por su memoria La beneficencia, la filantropía y la caridad. Era la primera vez que la Academia premiaba a una mujer.

 

En 1863 se convierte también en la primera mujer que recibe el título de Visitadora de Cárceles de Mujeres, cargo que ostentó hasta 1865. Posteriormente publicó libros de poesía y ensayo como Cartas a los delincuentes (1865), Oda a la esclavitud (1866) —que fue premiada por la Sociedad Abolicionista de Madrid—, El reo, el pueblo y el verdugo o La ejecución de la pena de muerte (1867). En 1868, es nombrada Inspectora de Casas de Corrección de Mujeres, y tres años después, en 1871, comienza a colaborar con la revista La Voz de la Caridad, de Madrid, en la que escribe durante catorce años sobre las miserias del mundo que la rodea.

 

En 1872 funda la Constructora Benéfica, una sociedad que se dedica a la construcción de casas baratas para obreros. Posteriormente también colabora organizando en España la Cruz Roja del Socorro, para los heridos de las guerras carlistas, poniéndose al frente de un hospital de campaña para los heridos de guerra en Miranda de Ebro. En 1877 publica Estudios Penitenciarios.

 

Con Concepción Arenal nace el feminismo en España, pues desde joven luchó por romper los cánones establecidos para la mujer, rebelándose contra la tradicional marginación del sexo femenino, y reivindicando la igualdad en todas las esferas sociales para la mujer.

 

Murió el 4 de febrero de 1893 en Vigo, donde fue enterrada. Es su epitafio el lema que la acompañó durante toda su vida: A la virtud, a una vida, a la ciencia. Sin embargo, su frase más celebre fue probablemente "Odia el delito y compadece al delincuente", que resume su visión de los delincuentes como el producto de una sociedad deprimida y represora.

 

Obra

•Fábulas en verso originales, Madrid, Tomás Fortanet. 1851.

•La beneficencia, la filantropía y la caridad, Madrid, Imprenta del Colegio de Sordo-Mudos y de Ciegos, 1861.

•Manual del visitador del pobre, Madrid, Imprenta de Tejado, 1863.

•Manuel du visiteur du pauvre, París, Ambroise Bray Libraire-Editeur, 1864.

•Cartas a los delincuentes, La Coruña, Imprenta del Hospicio, 1865.

•El reo, el pueblo y el verdugo, o la ejecución pública de la pena de muerte, Madrid, Establecimiento Tipográfico de Estrada, Díaz y López, 1867.

•La voz que clama en el desierto, La Coruña, Tipografía de la Casa de Misericordia, 1868.

•Examen de las bases aprobadas por las Cortes, para la reforma de las prisiones, Madrid, Imprenta de la Revista de Legislación, 1869.

•La mujer del porvenir. Artículos sobre las conferencias dominicales para la educación de la mujer, celebradas en el Paraninfo de la Universidad de Madrid, Sevilla-Madrid, Eduardo Perié-Félix Perié, 1869.

•Estudios penitenciarios, Madrid, Imprenta de T. Fortanet, 1877.

•La cárcel llamada Modelo, Madrid, Imprenta de T. Fortanet, 1877.

•Las colonias penales de la Australia y la pena de deportación, Madrid, Imprenta y Librería de Eduardo Martínez, 1877.

•"La récidive en Espagne", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 6 (junio de 1878), p. 575-586.

•Ensayo sobre el derecho de gentes, Madrid, Imprenta de la Revista de Legislación, 1879.

•"Hay Irlanda, pero no Cobden", La Ilustración Gallega y Asturiana, 34 (8 de diciembre de 1880), p. 418-419.

•"Mi vida. A... que me pedía con insistencia apuntes para escribir mi biografía", La Ilustración Gallega y Asturiana, 31 (8 de noviembre de 1880), p. 385.

•Cuadros de la guerra, Ávila, Imprenta de la Propaganda Literaria, 1880.

•La cuestión social. Cartas a un obrero y a un señor, Ávila, Imprenta de la Propaganda Literaria, 1880.

•La instrucción del pueblo, Madrid, Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas (Tip. Guttenberg), 1881.

•"Lettre à M. Le Directeur General de L’Administration Pénitentiaire D’Espagne", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 4 (abril de 1883), p. 468-475.

•La mujer de su casa, Madrid, Gras y Compañía Editores, 1883.

•"Idea del cielo", en Almanaque de las damas para 1885, Puerto Rico, Imprenta y Librería de José González Font, 1884.

•"Clinique criminelle", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, nº 7 (noviembre de 1886), p. 857-866.

•"Psychologie comparée du délinquant", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 5 (mayo de 1886), p. 647-655.

•"La educación de la mujer", Boletín de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza, T. XVI (1892), p. 305-312.

•El delito colectivo, Madrid, La España Moderna, 1892.

•Manuel du visiteur du prisonnier, París, Au Secrétariat de l’Oeuvre des Libérées de Saint-Lazare, 1893.

•El visitador del preso, Madrid, La España Moderna, 1894.

•Obras Completas, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1894-1913.

•"Estado actual de la mujer en España", Boletín de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza, T. XIX (1895 ), p. 239-252.

•Informes presentados en los Congresos Penitenciarios de Estocolmo, Roma, San Petersburgo y Amberes, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1896.

•El pauperismo, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1897.

•"A Méndez Núñez", en Vigo y Doña Concepción Arenal. El libro de la velada (10 de septiembre de 1897), Madrid, Establecimiento Tipográfico de la viuda e hijos de Manuel Tello, 1898.

•La igualdad social y política y sus relaciones con la libertad, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1898.

•"Juicio crítico de las obras de Feijoo", en Antología popular, Buenos Aires, Editorial Galicia, 1966.

•Dios y libertad, Pontevedra, Diputación Provincial, 1996.

  

WILMINGTON, Del. (Wednesday, May 28, 2014) – Today, Lieutenant Governor Matt Denn, Chair of the Criminal Justice Council, and Chris Kervick, Executive Director of the Criminal Justice Council, announced the 2014 Byrne Grant recipients at a press conference at the Rick VanStory Resource Center in Wilmington.

 

This year’s Byrne Grants were awarded to seven non-profits agencies – representing all three counties – that specialized in the CJC’s priority areas of Re-entry and Recidivism Reduction for Adults and Juveniles, Juvenile Prevention and Intervention, and Reducing Homicide and Violent Crime. The total of all awards is $501,079.76 and 82% of funding is dedicated to re-entry services, up from 46% in 2007. The increase in re-entry funding reflects a decision by the CJC to concentrate its limited federal grant resources in this important area.

 

Lt. Governor Denn said, “These groups have proven track records of providing quality services that continue to make a difference in our communities. I am impressed with their plans to expand these much-needed programs in our state.”

 

“The Byrne Justice Assistance Grant is the cornerstone federal assistance program for the Criminal Justice Council,” said Executive Director Chris Kervick. “It allows the flexibility required to support local programs as they provide much needed services to the people who need them most. The Criminal Justice Council congratulates this year’s grant recipients and we look forward to working with the agencies to make each program successful.”

 

Rick VanStory Resource Center CEO Allen Conover said today, “We would like to thank the Delaware Criminal Justice Council for the opportunity to enhance our ability to provide essential services to individuals involved with the criminal justice system that are mentally ill and/or that suffer from substance abuse. We look forward to utilizing our collective experiences to assist others.”

 

Here is a list of recipients, the award amount, and short description of what the funding will be used for:

 

Boys & Girls Clubs at Oak Orchard/Riverdale: Stop It Before It Starts Prevention Program $50,930.00

Facilitating 2 curriculums: "Positive Action" on bullying, substance abuse, and suicide for 8 to 13 year-olds; and "Courage to Speak" on drug abuse prevention for parents. Grant will fund program facilitators, counselor, and educational equipment.

 

Courageous Hearts Equine Assisted Psychotherapy and Learning Center Equine Assisted Learning: Power Tools for Living Program $39,690.00

Providing therapeutic equine activities for at-risk youth. The program teaches youths to interact with and care for horses, and offers mental health counseling. Grant will cover salary for the director, bookkeeper, equine specialists, & therapist, as well as facility rental.

 

Dover Interfaith Mission for Housing, Inc.: Re-entry Opportunity and Recidivism Prevention $97,900.00

Provide shelter, job placement, case management, and counseling to former inmates.

 

The Hospitality School, Inc.: Culinary Arts & Restaurant Training Reducing Recidivism $69,933.00

Provide culinary training for hard-to-employ individuals, specially focusing on ex-offenders. This free, 14-week program also teaches soft skills & financial literacy, and includes an internship.

 

Rick VanStory Resource Centers: Case Management for Mental Health Offenders $115,711.76

Provide case management, mental health counseling, and substance abuse treatment to homeless former inmates. Program will operate in all counties.

 

Victims' Voices Heard: Victim Impact: Listen and Learn / Stand Down: Courage to Change $60,000.00

Implement two programs that involve group sessions at correctional institutions; one focuses on victim impact awareness and the other on setting and working toward re-entry goals.

 

The Way Home, Inc.: Expanding Way Home Case Management Services $66,915.00

Add to the agency's case management staff to serve inmates who are re-entering the community. Case manager will assist with employment, education, and basic needs.

 

Background: The Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance Grant (JAG) Program (42 U.S.C. 3751(a)) is the primary provider of federal criminal justice funding to state and local jurisdictions. JAG funds support all components of the criminal justice system from multijurisdictional drug and gang task forces to crime prevention and domestic violence programs, courts, corrections, treatment, and justice information sharing initiatives. JAG funded projects may address crime through the provision of services directly to individuals and/or communities and by improving the effectiveness and efficiency of criminal justice systems, processes, and procedures.

Concepción Arenal

De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepci%c3%b3n_Arenal

 

Concepción Arenal (Ferrol, La Coruña, 31 de enero de 1820 - Vigo, Pontevedra 4 de febrero de 1893) fue una escritora española.

 

Biografía

Nacida en una modesta casa del barrio conocido como Ferrol Vello, su padre, Ángel del Arenal, fue un eminente militar que sufrió muchas veces prisión por su ideología liberal y por estar en contra del régimen monárquico absolutista del rey Fernando VII. Consecuencia de las estancias en prisión, cayó enfermo y murió en 1829, quedando Concepción huérfana de padre a los 8 años. En 1829 marcha con su madre a Armaño (Cantabria), de quien recibió una férrea formación religiosa. En 1834 se trasladan a Madrid, donde Concepción estudia en un colegio para señoritas. Siete años después entra, contra la voluntad de su madre, como oyente en la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Central (actual Universidad Complutense de Madrid), vistiendo ropas masculinas, puesto que en la época la educación universitaria estaba vedada a las mujeres. Vestida también de hombre, Concepción participa en tertulias políticas y literarias, luchando así contra lo establecido en la época para la condición femenina.

 

Acabada la carrera, se casó en 1848 con el también abogado y escritor Fernando García Carrasco. Años después colaborarían juntos en el periódico liberal La Iberia, hasta que en 1857 Fernando murió de tuberculosis y Concepción se quedó sola y sin recursos. Forzada a vender sus posesiones en Armaño por las dificultades económicas que atravesaba, se trasladó a la casa del violinista Jesús de Monasterio en Potes (Cantabria), donde fundó en 1859 el grupo femenino de las Conferencias de San Vicente de Paúl para ayuda de los pobres. Dos años después, en 1861, la Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas la premió por su memoria La beneficencia, la filantropía y la caridad. Era la primera vez que la Academia premiaba a una mujer.

 

En 1863 se convierte también en la primera mujer que recibe el título de Visitadora de Cárceles de Mujeres, cargo que ostentó hasta 1865. Posteriormente publicó libros de poesía y ensayo como Cartas a los delincuentes (1865), Oda a la esclavitud (1866) —que fue premiada por la Sociedad Abolicionista de Madrid—, El reo, el pueblo y el verdugo o La ejecución de la pena de muerte (1867). En 1868, es nombrada Inspectora de Casas de Corrección de Mujeres, y tres años después, en 1871, comienza a colaborar con la revista La Voz de la Caridad, de Madrid, en la que escribe durante catorce años sobre las miserias del mundo que la rodea.

 

En 1872 funda la Constructora Benéfica, una sociedad que se dedica a la construcción de casas baratas para obreros. Posteriormente también colabora organizando en España la Cruz Roja del Socorro, para los heridos de las guerras carlistas, poniéndose al frente de un hospital de campaña para los heridos de guerra en Miranda de Ebro. En 1877 publica Estudios Penitenciarios.

 

Con Concepción Arenal nace el feminismo en España, pues desde joven luchó por romper los cánones establecidos para la mujer, rebelándose contra la tradicional marginación del sexo femenino, y reivindicando la igualdad en todas las esferas sociales para la mujer.

 

Murió el 4 de febrero de 1893 en Vigo, donde fue enterrada. Es su epitafio el lema que la acompañó durante toda su vida: A la virtud, a una vida, a la ciencia. Sin embargo, su frase más celebre fue probablemente "Odia el delito y compadece al delincuente", que resume su visión de los delincuentes como el producto de una sociedad deprimida y represora.

 

Obra

•Fábulas en verso originales, Madrid, Tomás Fortanet. 1851.

•La beneficencia, la filantropía y la caridad, Madrid, Imprenta del Colegio de Sordo-Mudos y de Ciegos, 1861.

•Manual del visitador del pobre, Madrid, Imprenta de Tejado, 1863.

•Manuel du visiteur du pauvre, París, Ambroise Bray Libraire-Editeur, 1864.

•Cartas a los delincuentes, La Coruña, Imprenta del Hospicio, 1865.

•El reo, el pueblo y el verdugo, o la ejecución pública de la pena de muerte, Madrid, Establecimiento Tipográfico de Estrada, Díaz y López, 1867.

•La voz que clama en el desierto, La Coruña, Tipografía de la Casa de Misericordia, 1868.

•Examen de las bases aprobadas por las Cortes, para la reforma de las prisiones, Madrid, Imprenta de la Revista de Legislación, 1869.

•La mujer del porvenir. Artículos sobre las conferencias dominicales para la educación de la mujer, celebradas en el Paraninfo de la Universidad de Madrid, Sevilla-Madrid, Eduardo Perié-Félix Perié, 1869.

•Estudios penitenciarios, Madrid, Imprenta de T. Fortanet, 1877.

•La cárcel llamada Modelo, Madrid, Imprenta de T. Fortanet, 1877.

•Las colonias penales de la Australia y la pena de deportación, Madrid, Imprenta y Librería de Eduardo Martínez, 1877.

•"La récidive en Espagne", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 6 (junio de 1878), p. 575-586.

•Ensayo sobre el derecho de gentes, Madrid, Imprenta de la Revista de Legislación, 1879.

•"Hay Irlanda, pero no Cobden", La Ilustración Gallega y Asturiana, 34 (8 de diciembre de 1880), p. 418-419.

•"Mi vida. A... que me pedía con insistencia apuntes para escribir mi biografía", La Ilustración Gallega y Asturiana, 31 (8 de noviembre de 1880), p. 385.

•Cuadros de la guerra, Ávila, Imprenta de la Propaganda Literaria, 1880.

•La cuestión social. Cartas a un obrero y a un señor, Ávila, Imprenta de la Propaganda Literaria, 1880.

•La instrucción del pueblo, Madrid, Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas (Tip. Guttenberg), 1881.

•"Lettre à M. Le Directeur General de L’Administration Pénitentiaire D’Espagne", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 4 (abril de 1883), p. 468-475.

•La mujer de su casa, Madrid, Gras y Compañía Editores, 1883.

•"Idea del cielo", en Almanaque de las damas para 1885, Puerto Rico, Imprenta y Librería de José González Font, 1884.

•"Clinique criminelle", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, nº 7 (noviembre de 1886), p. 857-866.

•"Psychologie comparée du délinquant", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 5 (mayo de 1886), p. 647-655.

•"La educación de la mujer", Boletín de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza, T. XVI (1892), p. 305-312.

•El delito colectivo, Madrid, La España Moderna, 1892.

•Manuel du visiteur du prisonnier, París, Au Secrétariat de l’Oeuvre des Libérées de Saint-Lazare, 1893.

•El visitador del preso, Madrid, La España Moderna, 1894.

•Obras Completas, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1894-1913.

•"Estado actual de la mujer en España", Boletín de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza, T. XIX (1895 ), p. 239-252.

•Informes presentados en los Congresos Penitenciarios de Estocolmo, Roma, San Petersburgo y Amberes, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1896.

•El pauperismo, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1897.

•"A Méndez Núñez", en Vigo y Doña Concepción Arenal. El libro de la velada (10 de septiembre de 1897), Madrid, Establecimiento Tipográfico de la viuda e hijos de Manuel Tello, 1898.

•La igualdad social y política y sus relaciones con la libertad, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1898.

•"Juicio crítico de las obras de Feijoo", en Antología popular, Buenos Aires, Editorial Galicia, 1966.

•Dios y libertad, Pontevedra, Diputación Provincial, 1996.

  

Concepción Arenal

De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepci%c3%b3n_Arenal

 

Concepción Arenal (Ferrol, La Coruña, 31 de enero de 1820 - Vigo, Pontevedra 4 de febrero de 1893) fue una escritora española.

 

Biografía

Nacida en una modesta casa del barrio conocido como Ferrol Vello, su padre, Ángel del Arenal, fue un eminente militar que sufrió muchas veces prisión por su ideología liberal y por estar en contra del régimen monárquico absolutista del rey Fernando VII. Consecuencia de las estancias en prisión, cayó enfermo y murió en 1829, quedando Concepción huérfana de padre a los 8 años. En 1829 marcha con su madre a Armaño (Cantabria), de quien recibió una férrea formación religiosa. En 1834 se trasladan a Madrid, donde Concepción estudia en un colegio para señoritas. Siete años después entra, contra la voluntad de su madre, como oyente en la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Central (actual Universidad Complutense de Madrid), vistiendo ropas masculinas, puesto que en la época la educación universitaria estaba vedada a las mujeres. Vestida también de hombre, Concepción participa en tertulias políticas y literarias, luchando así contra lo establecido en la época para la condición femenina.

 

Acabada la carrera, se casó en 1848 con el también abogado y escritor Fernando García Carrasco. Años después colaborarían juntos en el periódico liberal La Iberia, hasta que en 1857 Fernando murió de tuberculosis y Concepción se quedó sola y sin recursos. Forzada a vender sus posesiones en Armaño por las dificultades económicas que atravesaba, se trasladó a la casa del violinista Jesús de Monasterio en Potes (Cantabria), donde fundó en 1859 el grupo femenino de las Conferencias de San Vicente de Paúl para ayuda de los pobres. Dos años después, en 1861, la Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas la premió por su memoria La beneficencia, la filantropía y la caridad. Era la primera vez que la Academia premiaba a una mujer.

 

En 1863 se convierte también en la primera mujer que recibe el título de Visitadora de Cárceles de Mujeres, cargo que ostentó hasta 1865. Posteriormente publicó libros de poesía y ensayo como Cartas a los delincuentes (1865), Oda a la esclavitud (1866) —que fue premiada por la Sociedad Abolicionista de Madrid—, El reo, el pueblo y el verdugo o La ejecución de la pena de muerte (1867). En 1868, es nombrada Inspectora de Casas de Corrección de Mujeres, y tres años después, en 1871, comienza a colaborar con la revista La Voz de la Caridad, de Madrid, en la que escribe durante catorce años sobre las miserias del mundo que la rodea.

 

En 1872 funda la Constructora Benéfica, una sociedad que se dedica a la construcción de casas baratas para obreros. Posteriormente también colabora organizando en España la Cruz Roja del Socorro, para los heridos de las guerras carlistas, poniéndose al frente de un hospital de campaña para los heridos de guerra en Miranda de Ebro. En 1877 publica Estudios Penitenciarios.

 

Con Concepción Arenal nace el feminismo en España, pues desde joven luchó por romper los cánones establecidos para la mujer, rebelándose contra la tradicional marginación del sexo femenino, y reivindicando la igualdad en todas las esferas sociales para la mujer.

 

Murió el 4 de febrero de 1893 en Vigo, donde fue enterrada. Es su epitafio el lema que la acompañó durante toda su vida: A la virtud, a una vida, a la ciencia. Sin embargo, su frase más celebre fue probablemente "Odia el delito y compadece al delincuente", que resume su visión de los delincuentes como el producto de una sociedad deprimida y represora.

 

Obra

•Fábulas en verso originales, Madrid, Tomás Fortanet. 1851.

•La beneficencia, la filantropía y la caridad, Madrid, Imprenta del Colegio de Sordo-Mudos y de Ciegos, 1861.

•Manual del visitador del pobre, Madrid, Imprenta de Tejado, 1863.

•Manuel du visiteur du pauvre, París, Ambroise Bray Libraire-Editeur, 1864.

•Cartas a los delincuentes, La Coruña, Imprenta del Hospicio, 1865.

•El reo, el pueblo y el verdugo, o la ejecución pública de la pena de muerte, Madrid, Establecimiento Tipográfico de Estrada, Díaz y López, 1867.

•La voz que clama en el desierto, La Coruña, Tipografía de la Casa de Misericordia, 1868.

•Examen de las bases aprobadas por las Cortes, para la reforma de las prisiones, Madrid, Imprenta de la Revista de Legislación, 1869.

•La mujer del porvenir. Artículos sobre las conferencias dominicales para la educación de la mujer, celebradas en el Paraninfo de la Universidad de Madrid, Sevilla-Madrid, Eduardo Perié-Félix Perié, 1869.

•Estudios penitenciarios, Madrid, Imprenta de T. Fortanet, 1877.

•La cárcel llamada Modelo, Madrid, Imprenta de T. Fortanet, 1877.

•Las colonias penales de la Australia y la pena de deportación, Madrid, Imprenta y Librería de Eduardo Martínez, 1877.

•"La récidive en Espagne", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 6 (junio de 1878), p. 575-586.

•Ensayo sobre el derecho de gentes, Madrid, Imprenta de la Revista de Legislación, 1879.

•"Hay Irlanda, pero no Cobden", La Ilustración Gallega y Asturiana, 34 (8 de diciembre de 1880), p. 418-419.

•"Mi vida. A... que me pedía con insistencia apuntes para escribir mi biografía", La Ilustración Gallega y Asturiana, 31 (8 de noviembre de 1880), p. 385.

•Cuadros de la guerra, Ávila, Imprenta de la Propaganda Literaria, 1880.

•La cuestión social. Cartas a un obrero y a un señor, Ávila, Imprenta de la Propaganda Literaria, 1880.

•La instrucción del pueblo, Madrid, Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas (Tip. Guttenberg), 1881.

•"Lettre à M. Le Directeur General de L’Administration Pénitentiaire D’Espagne", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 4 (abril de 1883), p. 468-475.

•La mujer de su casa, Madrid, Gras y Compañía Editores, 1883.

•"Idea del cielo", en Almanaque de las damas para 1885, Puerto Rico, Imprenta y Librería de José González Font, 1884.

•"Clinique criminelle", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, nº 7 (noviembre de 1886), p. 857-866.

•"Psychologie comparée du délinquant", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 5 (mayo de 1886), p. 647-655.

•"La educación de la mujer", Boletín de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza, T. XVI (1892), p. 305-312.

•El delito colectivo, Madrid, La España Moderna, 1892.

•Manuel du visiteur du prisonnier, París, Au Secrétariat de l’Oeuvre des Libérées de Saint-Lazare, 1893.

•El visitador del preso, Madrid, La España Moderna, 1894.

•Obras Completas, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1894-1913.

•"Estado actual de la mujer en España", Boletín de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza, T. XIX (1895 ), p. 239-252.

•Informes presentados en los Congresos Penitenciarios de Estocolmo, Roma, San Petersburgo y Amberes, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1896.

•El pauperismo, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1897.

•"A Méndez Núñez", en Vigo y Doña Concepción Arenal. El libro de la velada (10 de septiembre de 1897), Madrid, Establecimiento Tipográfico de la viuda e hijos de Manuel Tello, 1898.

•La igualdad social y política y sus relaciones con la libertad, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1898.

•"Juicio crítico de las obras de Feijoo", en Antología popular, Buenos Aires, Editorial Galicia, 1966.

•Dios y libertad, Pontevedra, Diputación Provincial, 1996.

  

Concepción Arenal

De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepci%c3%b3n_Arenal

 

Concepción Arenal (Ferrol, La Coruña, 31 de enero de 1820 - Vigo, Pontevedra 4 de febrero de 1893) fue una escritora española.

 

Biografía

Nacida en una modesta casa del barrio conocido como Ferrol Vello, su padre, Ángel del Arenal, fue un eminente militar que sufrió muchas veces prisión por su ideología liberal y por estar en contra del régimen monárquico absolutista del rey Fernando VII. Consecuencia de las estancias en prisión, cayó enfermo y murió en 1829, quedando Concepción huérfana de padre a los 8 años. En 1829 marcha con su madre a Armaño (Cantabria), de quien recibió una férrea formación religiosa. En 1834 se trasladan a Madrid, donde Concepción estudia en un colegio para señoritas. Siete años después entra, contra la voluntad de su madre, como oyente en la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Central (actual Universidad Complutense de Madrid), vistiendo ropas masculinas, puesto que en la época la educación universitaria estaba vedada a las mujeres. Vestida también de hombre, Concepción participa en tertulias políticas y literarias, luchando así contra lo establecido en la época para la condición femenina.

 

Acabada la carrera, se casó en 1848 con el también abogado y escritor Fernando García Carrasco. Años después colaborarían juntos en el periódico liberal La Iberia, hasta que en 1857 Fernando murió de tuberculosis y Concepción se quedó sola y sin recursos. Forzada a vender sus posesiones en Armaño por las dificultades económicas que atravesaba, se trasladó a la casa del violinista Jesús de Monasterio en Potes (Cantabria), donde fundó en 1859 el grupo femenino de las Conferencias de San Vicente de Paúl para ayuda de los pobres. Dos años después, en 1861, la Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas la premió por su memoria La beneficencia, la filantropía y la caridad. Era la primera vez que la Academia premiaba a una mujer.

 

En 1863 se convierte también en la primera mujer que recibe el título de Visitadora de Cárceles de Mujeres, cargo que ostentó hasta 1865. Posteriormente publicó libros de poesía y ensayo como Cartas a los delincuentes (1865), Oda a la esclavitud (1866) —que fue premiada por la Sociedad Abolicionista de Madrid—, El reo, el pueblo y el verdugo o La ejecución de la pena de muerte (1867). En 1868, es nombrada Inspectora de Casas de Corrección de Mujeres, y tres años después, en 1871, comienza a colaborar con la revista La Voz de la Caridad, de Madrid, en la que escribe durante catorce años sobre las miserias del mundo que la rodea.

 

En 1872 funda la Constructora Benéfica, una sociedad que se dedica a la construcción de casas baratas para obreros. Posteriormente también colabora organizando en España la Cruz Roja del Socorro, para los heridos de las guerras carlistas, poniéndose al frente de un hospital de campaña para los heridos de guerra en Miranda de Ebro. En 1877 publica Estudios Penitenciarios.

 

Con Concepción Arenal nace el feminismo en España, pues desde joven luchó por romper los cánones establecidos para la mujer, rebelándose contra la tradicional marginación del sexo femenino, y reivindicando la igualdad en todas las esferas sociales para la mujer.

 

Murió el 4 de febrero de 1893 en Vigo, donde fue enterrada. Es su epitafio el lema que la acompañó durante toda su vida: A la virtud, a una vida, a la ciencia. Sin embargo, su frase más celebre fue probablemente "Odia el delito y compadece al delincuente", que resume su visión de los delincuentes como el producto de una sociedad deprimida y represora.

 

Obra

•Fábulas en verso originales, Madrid, Tomás Fortanet. 1851.

•La beneficencia, la filantropía y la caridad, Madrid, Imprenta del Colegio de Sordo-Mudos y de Ciegos, 1861.

•Manual del visitador del pobre, Madrid, Imprenta de Tejado, 1863.

•Manuel du visiteur du pauvre, París, Ambroise Bray Libraire-Editeur, 1864.

•Cartas a los delincuentes, La Coruña, Imprenta del Hospicio, 1865.

•El reo, el pueblo y el verdugo, o la ejecución pública de la pena de muerte, Madrid, Establecimiento Tipográfico de Estrada, Díaz y López, 1867.

•La voz que clama en el desierto, La Coruña, Tipografía de la Casa de Misericordia, 1868.

•Examen de las bases aprobadas por las Cortes, para la reforma de las prisiones, Madrid, Imprenta de la Revista de Legislación, 1869.

•La mujer del porvenir. Artículos sobre las conferencias dominicales para la educación de la mujer, celebradas en el Paraninfo de la Universidad de Madrid, Sevilla-Madrid, Eduardo Perié-Félix Perié, 1869.

•Estudios penitenciarios, Madrid, Imprenta de T. Fortanet, 1877.

•La cárcel llamada Modelo, Madrid, Imprenta de T. Fortanet, 1877.

•Las colonias penales de la Australia y la pena de deportación, Madrid, Imprenta y Librería de Eduardo Martínez, 1877.

•"La récidive en Espagne", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 6 (junio de 1878), p. 575-586.

•Ensayo sobre el derecho de gentes, Madrid, Imprenta de la Revista de Legislación, 1879.

•"Hay Irlanda, pero no Cobden", La Ilustración Gallega y Asturiana, 34 (8 de diciembre de 1880), p. 418-419.

•"Mi vida. A... que me pedía con insistencia apuntes para escribir mi biografía", La Ilustración Gallega y Asturiana, 31 (8 de noviembre de 1880), p. 385.

•Cuadros de la guerra, Ávila, Imprenta de la Propaganda Literaria, 1880.

•La cuestión social. Cartas a un obrero y a un señor, Ávila, Imprenta de la Propaganda Literaria, 1880.

•La instrucción del pueblo, Madrid, Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas (Tip. Guttenberg), 1881.

•"Lettre à M. Le Directeur General de L’Administration Pénitentiaire D’Espagne", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 4 (abril de 1883), p. 468-475.

•La mujer de su casa, Madrid, Gras y Compañía Editores, 1883.

•"Idea del cielo", en Almanaque de las damas para 1885, Puerto Rico, Imprenta y Librería de José González Font, 1884.

•"Clinique criminelle", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, nº 7 (noviembre de 1886), p. 857-866.

•"Psychologie comparée du délinquant", Bulletin de la Société Générale des Prisons, 5 (mayo de 1886), p. 647-655.

•"La educación de la mujer", Boletín de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza, T. XVI (1892), p. 305-312.

•El delito colectivo, Madrid, La España Moderna, 1892.

•Manuel du visiteur du prisonnier, París, Au Secrétariat de l’Oeuvre des Libérées de Saint-Lazare, 1893.

•El visitador del preso, Madrid, La España Moderna, 1894.

•Obras Completas, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1894-1913.

•"Estado actual de la mujer en España", Boletín de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza, T. XIX (1895 ), p. 239-252.

•Informes presentados en los Congresos Penitenciarios de Estocolmo, Roma, San Petersburgo y Amberes, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1896.

•El pauperismo, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1897.

•"A Méndez Núñez", en Vigo y Doña Concepción Arenal. El libro de la velada (10 de septiembre de 1897), Madrid, Establecimiento Tipográfico de la viuda e hijos de Manuel Tello, 1898.

•La igualdad social y política y sus relaciones con la libertad, Madrid, Librería de Victoriano Suárez, 1898.

•"Juicio crítico de las obras de Feijoo", en Antología popular, Buenos Aires, Editorial Galicia, 1966.

•Dios y libertad, Pontevedra, Diputación Provincial, 1996.

  

U.S. Coast Guard Boatswain's Mate 2nd Class Terrell Sisk interacts with students and teachers from the Boys Training Center in St. Lucia at the bridge of the U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Oak. The students and teachers received a tour aboard the Oak during Tradewinds 2013, a joint exercise conducted with partner nations to counter transnational organized crime and to conduct humanitarian and disaster relief operations. The Center is supported by USAID under its Juvenile Justice Reform Program, which seeks to reduce recidivism rates among youth offenders and to help them contribute positively to society.

Credit: Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Paul Seeber, U.S. Navy

glibness superficial charmpsychopath test pclr

 

please score yourself 0 1 2 3 on each of the 20 items and record your score as a comment on the total score image

 

The PCL-R is a clinical rating scale (rated by a psychologist or other professional) of 20 items. Each of the items in the PCL-R is scored on a three-point scale according to specific criteria through file information and a semi-structured interview. A value of 0 is assigned if the item does not apply, 1 if it applies somewhat, and 2 if it fully applies. In addition to lifestyle and criminal behavior the checklist assesses glib and superficial charm, grandiosity, need for stimulation, pathological lying, conning and manipulating, lack of remorse, callousness, poor behavioral controls, impulsivity, irresponsibility, failure to accept responsibility for one's own actions and so forth. The scores are used to predict risk for criminal re-offence and probability of rehabilitation.

 

The current edition of the PCL-R officially lists four factors (1.a, 1.b, 2.a, and 2.b), which summarize the 20 assessed areas via factor analysis. The previous edition of the PCL-R[5] listed two factors. Factor 1 is labelled "selfish, callous and remorseless use of others". Factor 2 is labelled as "chronically unstable, antisocial and socially deviant lifestyle". There is a high risk of recidivism and currently small likelihood of rehabilitation for those who are labelled as having "psychopathy" on the basis of the PCL-R ratings in the manual for the test, although treatment research is ongoing.

 

PCL-R Factors 1a and 1b are correlated with narcissistic personality disorder and histrionic personality disorder. They are associated with extraversion and positive affect. Factor 1, the so-called core personality traits of psychopathy, may even be beneficial for the psychopath (in terms of nondeviant social functioning).

 

PCL-R Factors 2a and 2b are particularly strongly correlated to antisocial personality disorder and criminality and are associated with reactive anger, criminality, and impulsive violence. The target group for the PCL-R is convicted criminals. The quality of ratings may depend on how much background information is available and whether the person rated is honest and forthright.

 

[edit] The two factorsFactor 1: Personality "Aggressive narcissism"

 

Glibness/superficial charm

Grandiose sense of self-worth

Pathological lying

Cunning/manipulative

Lack of remorse or guilt

Shallow affect (genuine emotion is short-lived and egocentric)

Callousness; lack of empathy

Failure to accept responsibility for own actions

Factor 2: Case history "Socially deviant lifestyle".

 

Need for stimulation/proneness to boredom

Parasitic lifestyle

Poor behavioral control

Lack of realistic long-term goals

Impulsivity

Irresponsibility

Juvenile delinquency

Early behavior problems

Revocation of conditional release

Traits not correlated with either factor

 

Promiscuous sexual behavior

Many short-term marital relationships

Criminal versatility

Acquired behavioural sociopathy/sociological conditioning (Item 21: a newly identified trait i.e. a person relying on sociological strategies and tricks to deceive)

Early factor analysis of the PCL-R indicated it consisted of two factors. Factor 1 captures traits dealing with the interpersonal and affective deficits of psychopathy (e.g. shallow affect, superficial charm, manipulativeness, lack of empathy) whereas Factor 2 dealt with symptoms relating to antisocial behaviour (e.g. criminal versatility, impulsiveness, irresponsibility, poor behaviour controls, juvenile delinquency).

 

The two factors have been found by those following this theory to display different correlates. Factor 1 has been correlated with narcissistic personality disorder, low anxiety, low empathy, low stress reaction and low suicide risk but high scores on scales of achievement and well-being. In addition, the use of item response theory analysis of female offender PCL-R scores indicates factor 1 items are more important in measuring and generalizing the construct of psychopathy in women than factor 2 items.

 

In contrast, Factor 2 was found to be related to antisocial personality disorder, social deviance, sensation seeking, low socio-economic status[6] and high risk of suicide. The two factors are nonetheless highly correlated and there are strong indications they do result from a single underlying disorder. However, research has failed to replicate the two-factor model in female samples.

 

Recent statistical analysis using confirmatory factor analysis by Cooke and Michie indicated a three-factor structure, with those items from factor 2 strictly relating to antisocial behaviour (criminal versatility, juvenile delinquency, revocation of conditional release, early behavioural problems and poor behavioural controls) removed from the final model. The remaining items are divided into three factors: Arrogant and Deceitful Interpersonal Style, Deficient Affective Experience and Impulsive and Irresponsible Behavioural Style.

 

In the most recent edition of the PCL-R, Hare adds a fourth antisocial behaviour factor, consisting of those Factor 2 items excluded in the previous model. Again, these models are presumed to be hierarchical with a single unified psychopathy disorder underlying the distinct but correlated factors.

 

The Cooke & Michie hierarchical ‘three’-factor model has severe statistical problems—i.e., it actually contains ten factors and results in impossible parameters (negative variances)—as well as conceptual problems. Hare and colleagues have published detailed critiques of the Cooke & Michie model. New evidence, across a range of samples and diverse measures, now supports a four-factor model of the psychopathy construct,] which represents the Interpersonal, Affective, Lifestyle, and overt Antisocial features of the personality disorder.

 

Diagnostic criteria and PCL-R assessmentPsychopathy is most commonly assessed with the PCL-R, which is a clinical rating scale with 20 items. Each of the items in the PCL-R is scored on a three-point (0, 1, 2) scale according to two factors. PCL-R Factor 2 is associated with reactive anger, anxiety, increased risk of suicide, criminality, and impulsive violence.

 

PCL-R Factor 1, in contrast, is associated with extraversion and positive affect. Factor 1, the so-called core personality traits of psychopathy, may even be beneficial for the psychopath (in terms of nondeviant social functioning). A psychopath will score high on both factors, whereas someone with APD will score high only on Factor 2.

 

Both case history and a semi-structured interview are used in the analysis.

      

WILMINGTON, Del. (Wednesday, May 28, 2014) – Today, Lieutenant Governor Matt Denn, Chair of the Criminal Justice Council, and Chris Kervick, Executive Director of the Criminal Justice Council, announced the 2014 Byrne Grant recipients at a press conference at the Rick VanStory Resource Center in Wilmington.

 

This year’s Byrne Grants were awarded to seven non-profits agencies – representing all three counties – that specialized in the CJC’s priority areas of Re-entry and Recidivism Reduction for Adults and Juveniles, Juvenile Prevention and Intervention, and Reducing Homicide and Violent Crime. The total of all awards is $501,079.76 and 82% of funding is dedicated to re-entry services, up from 46% in 2007. The increase in re-entry funding reflects a decision by the CJC to concentrate its limited federal grant resources in this important area.

 

Lt. Governor Denn said, “These groups have proven track records of providing quality services that continue to make a difference in our communities. I am impressed with their plans to expand these much-needed programs in our state.”

 

“The Byrne Justice Assistance Grant is the cornerstone federal assistance program for the Criminal Justice Council,” said Executive Director Chris Kervick. “It allows the flexibility required to support local programs as they provide much needed services to the people who need them most. The Criminal Justice Council congratulates this year’s grant recipients and we look forward to working with the agencies to make each program successful.”

 

Rick VanStory Resource Center CEO Allen Conover said today, “We would like to thank the Delaware Criminal Justice Council for the opportunity to enhance our ability to provide essential services to individuals involved with the criminal justice system that are mentally ill and/or that suffer from substance abuse. We look forward to utilizing our collective experiences to assist others.”

 

Here is a list of recipients, the award amount, and short description of what the funding will be used for:

 

Boys & Girls Clubs at Oak Orchard/Riverdale: Stop It Before It Starts Prevention Program $50,930.00

Facilitating 2 curriculums: "Positive Action" on bullying, substance abuse, and suicide for 8 to 13 year-olds; and "Courage to Speak" on drug abuse prevention for parents. Grant will fund program facilitators, counselor, and educational equipment.

 

Courageous Hearts Equine Assisted Psychotherapy and Learning Center Equine Assisted Learning: Power Tools for Living Program $39,690.00

Providing therapeutic equine activities for at-risk youth. The program teaches youths to interact with and care for horses, and offers mental health counseling. Grant will cover salary for the director, bookkeeper, equine specialists, & therapist, as well as facility rental.

 

Dover Interfaith Mission for Housing, Inc.: Re-entry Opportunity and Recidivism Prevention $97,900.00

Provide shelter, job placement, case management, and counseling to former inmates.

 

The Hospitality School, Inc.: Culinary Arts & Restaurant Training Reducing Recidivism $69,933.00

Provide culinary training for hard-to-employ individuals, specially focusing on ex-offenders. This free, 14-week program also teaches soft skills & financial literacy, and includes an internship.

 

Rick VanStory Resource Centers: Case Management for Mental Health Offenders $115,711.76

Provide case management, mental health counseling, and substance abuse treatment to homeless former inmates. Program will operate in all counties.

 

Victims' Voices Heard: Victim Impact: Listen and Learn / Stand Down: Courage to Change $60,000.00

Implement two programs that involve group sessions at correctional institutions; one focuses on victim impact awareness and the other on setting and working toward re-entry goals.

 

The Way Home, Inc.: Expanding Way Home Case Management Services $66,915.00

Add to the agency's case management staff to serve inmates who are re-entering the community. Case manager will assist with employment, education, and basic needs.

 

Background: The Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance Grant (JAG) Program (42 U.S.C. 3751(a)) is the primary provider of federal criminal justice funding to state and local jurisdictions. JAG funds support all components of the criminal justice system from multijurisdictional drug and gang task forces to crime prevention and domestic violence programs, courts, corrections, treatment, and justice information sharing initiatives. JAG funded projects may address crime through the provision of services directly to individuals and/or communities and by improving the effectiveness and efficiency of criminal justice systems, processes, and procedures.

The horse (Equus caballus) is a domesticated, one-toed, hoofed mammal. It belongs to the taxonomic family Equidae and is one of two extant subspecies of Equus ferus. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature, close to Eohippus, into the large, single-toed animal of today. Humans began domesticating horses around 4000 BCE, and their domestication is believed to have been widespread by 3000 BCE. Horses in the subspecies caballus are domesticated, although some domesticated populations live in the wild as feral horses. These feral populations are not true wild horses, which are horses that never have been domesticated. There is an extensive, specialized vocabulary used to describe equine-related concepts, covering everything from anatomy to life stages, size, colors, markings, breeds, locomotion, and behavior.

 

Horses are adapted to run, allowing them to quickly escape predators, and possess an excellent sense of balance and a strong fight-or-flight response. Related to this need to flee from predators in the wild is an unusual trait: horses are able to sleep both standing up and lying down, with younger horses tending to sleep significantly more than adults. Female horses, called mares, carry their young for approximately 11 months and a young horse, called a foal, can stand and run shortly following birth. Most domesticated horses begin training under a saddle or in a harness between the ages of two and four. They reach full adult development by age five, and have an average lifespan of between 25 and 30 years.

 

Horse breeds are loosely divided into three categories based on general temperament: spirited "hot bloods" with speed and endurance; "cold bloods", such as draft horses and some ponies, suitable for slow, heavy work; and "warmbloods", developed from crosses between hot bloods and cold bloods, often focusing on creating breeds for specific riding purposes, particularly in Europe. There are more than 300 breeds of horse in the world today, developed for many different uses.

 

Horses and humans interact in a wide variety of sport competitions and non-competitive recreational pursuits as well as in working activities such as police work, agriculture, entertainment, and therapy. Horses were historically used in warfare, from which a wide variety of riding and driving techniques developed, using many different styles of equipment and methods of control. Many products are derived from horses, including meat, milk, hide, hair, bone, and pharmaceuticals extracted from the urine of pregnant mares. Humans provide domesticated horses with food, water, and shelter, as well as attention from specialists such as veterinarians and farriers.

 

Lifespan and life stages

Depending on breed, management and environment, the modern domestic horse has a life expectancy of 25 to 30 years. Uncommonly, a few animals live into their 40s and, occasionally, beyond. The oldest verifiable record was "Old Billy", a 19th-century horse that lived to the age of 62. In modern times, Sugar Puff, who had been listed in Guinness World Records as the world's oldest living pony, died in 2007 at age 56.

 

Regardless of a horse or pony's actual birth date, for most competition purposes a year is added to its age each January 1 of each year in the Northern Hemisphere and each August 1 in the Southern Hemisphere. The exception is in endurance riding, where the minimum age to compete is based on the animal's actual calendar age.

 

The following terminology is used to describe horses of various ages:

 

Foal

A horse of either sex less than one year old. A nursing foal is sometimes called a suckling, and a foal that has been weaned is called a weanling. Most domesticated foals are weaned at five to seven months of age, although foals can be weaned at four months with no adverse physical effects.

Yearling

A horse of either sex that is between one and two years old.

Colt

A male horse under the age of four. A common terminology error is to call any young horse a "colt", when the term actually only refers to young male horses.

Filly

A female horse under the age of four.

Mare

A female horse four years old and older.

Stallion

A non-castrated male horse four years old and older.The term "horse" is sometimes used colloquially to refer specifically to a stallion.

Gelding

A castrated male horse of any age.

In horse racing, these definitions may differ: For example, in the British Isles, Thoroughbred horse racing defines colts and fillies as less than five years old. However, Australian Thoroughbred racing defines colts and fillies as less than four years old.

 

Size and measurement

The height of horses is measured at the highest point of the withers, where the neck meets the back. This point is used because it is a stable point of the anatomy, unlike the head or neck, which move up and down in relation to the body of the horse.

 

Size varies greatly among horse breeds, as with this full-sized horse and small pony.

In English-speaking countries, the height of horses is often stated in units of hands and inches: one hand is equal to 4 inches (101.6 mm). The height is expressed as the number of full hands, followed by a point, then the number of additional inches, and ending with the abbreviation "h" or "hh" (for "hands high"). Thus, a horse described as "15.2 h" is 15 hands plus 2 inches, for a total of 62 inches (157.5 cm) in height.

 

The size of horses varies by breed, but also is influenced by nutrition. Light-riding horses usually range in height from 14 to 16 hands (56 to 64 inches, 142 to 163 cm) and can weigh from 380 to 550 kilograms (840 to 1,210 lb). Larger-riding horses usually start at about 15.2 hands (62 inches, 157 cm) and often are as tall as 17 hands (68 inches, 173 cm), weighing from 500 to 600 kilograms (1,100 to 1,320 lb). Heavy or draft horses are usually at least 16 hands (64 inches, 163 cm) high and can be as tall as 18 hands (72 inches, 183 cm) high. They can weigh from about 700 to 1,000 kilograms (1,540 to 2,200 lb).

 

The largest horse in recorded history was probably a Shire horse named Mammoth, who was born in 1848. He stood 21.2 1⁄4 hands (86.25 inches, 219 cm) high and his peak weight was estimated at 1,524 kilograms (3,360 lb). The record holder for the smallest horse ever is Thumbelina, a fully mature miniature horse affected by dwarfism. She was 43 centimetres; 4.1 hands (17 in) tall and weighed 26 kg (57 lb).

 

Ponies

Main article: Pony

Ponies are taxonomically the same animals as horses. The distinction between a horse and pony is commonly drawn on the basis of height, especially for competition purposes. However, height alone is not dispositive; the difference between horses and ponies may also include aspects of phenotype, including conformation and temperament.

 

The traditional standard for height of a horse or a pony at maturity is 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm). An animal 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm) or over is usually considered to be a horse and one less than 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm) a pony, but there are many exceptions to the traditional standard. In Australia, ponies are considered to be those under 14 hands (56 inches, 142 cm). For competition in the Western division of the United States Equestrian Federation, the cutoff is 14.1 hands (57 inches, 145 cm). The International Federation for Equestrian Sports, the world governing body for horse sport, uses metric measurements and defines a pony as being any horse measuring less than 148 centimetres (58.27 in) at the withers without shoes, which is just over 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm), and 149 centimetres (58.66 in; 14.2+1⁄2 hands), with shoes.

 

Height is not the sole criterion for distinguishing horses from ponies. Breed registries for horses that typically produce individuals both under and over 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm) consider all animals of that breed to be horses regardless of their height. Conversely, some pony breeds may have features in common with horses, and individual animals may occasionally mature at over 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm), but are still considered to be ponies.

 

Ponies often exhibit thicker manes, tails, and overall coat. They also have proportionally shorter legs, wider barrels, heavier bone, shorter and thicker necks, and short heads with broad foreheads. They may have calmer temperaments than horses and also a high level of intelligence that may or may not be used to cooperate with human handlers. Small size, by itself, is not an exclusive determinant. For example, the Shetland pony which averages 10 hands (40 inches, 102 cm), is considered a pony. Conversely, breeds such as the Falabella and other miniature horses, which can be no taller than 76 centimetres; 7.2 hands (30 in), are classified by their registries as very small horses, not ponies.

 

Genetics

Horses have 64 chromosomes. The horse genome was sequenced in 2007. It contains 2.7 billion DNA base pairs, which is larger than the dog genome, but smaller than the human genome or the bovine genome.

 

Colors and markings

Horses exhibit a diverse array of coat colors and distinctive markings, described by a specialized vocabulary. Often, a horse is classified first by its coat color, before breed or sex. Horses of the same color may be distinguished from one another by white markings, which, along with various spotting patterns, are inherited separately from coat color.

 

Many genes that create horse coat colors and patterns have been identified. Current genetic tests can identify at least 13 different alleles influencing coat color, and research continues to discover new genes linked to specific traits. The basic coat colors of chestnut and black are determined by the gene controlled by the Melanocortin 1 receptor, also known as the "extension gene" or "red factor", as its recessive form is "red" (chestnut) and its dominant form is black. Additional genes control suppression of black color to point coloration that results in a bay, spotting patterns such as pinto or leopard, dilution genes such as palomino or dun, as well as greying, and all the other factors that create the many possible coat colors found in horses.

 

Horses that have a white coat color are often mislabeled; a horse that looks "white" is usually a middle-aged or older gray. Grays are born a darker shade, get lighter as they age, but usually keep black skin underneath their white hair coat (with the exception of pink skin under white markings). The only horses properly called white are born with a predominantly white hair coat and pink skin, a fairly rare occurrence. Different and unrelated genetic factors can produce white coat colors in horses, including several different alleles of dominant white and the sabino-1 gene. However, there are no "albino" horses, defined as having both pink skin and red eyes.

 

Reproduction and development

Gestation lasts approximately 340 days, with an average range 320–370 days, and usually results in one foal; twins are rare. Horses are a precocial species, and foals are capable of standing and running within a short time following birth. Foals are usually born in the spring. The estrous cycle of a mare occurs roughly every 19–22 days and occurs from early spring into autumn. Most mares enter an anestrus period during the winter and thus do not cycle in this period. Foals are generally weaned from their mothers between four and six months of age.

 

Horses, particularly colts, are sometimes physically capable of reproduction at about 18 months, but domesticated horses are rarely allowed to breed before the age of three, especially females. Horses four years old are considered mature, although the skeleton normally continues to develop until the age of six; maturation also depends on the horse's size, breed, sex, and quality of care. Larger horses have larger bones; therefore, not only do the bones take longer to form bone tissue, but the epiphyseal plates are larger and take longer to convert from cartilage to bone. These plates convert after the other parts of the bones, and are crucial to development.

 

Depending on maturity, breed, and work expected, horses are usually put under saddle and trained to be ridden between the ages of two and four. Although Thoroughbred race horses are put on the track as young as the age of two in some countries, horses specifically bred for sports such as dressage are generally not put under saddle until they are three or four years old, because their bones and muscles are not solidly developed. For endurance riding competition, horses are not deemed mature enough to compete until they are a full 60 calendar months (five years) old.

 

Anatomy

The horse skeleton averages 205 bones. A significant difference between the horse skeleton and that of a human is the lack of a collarbone—the horse's forelimbs are attached to the spinal column by a powerful set of muscles, tendons, and ligaments that attach the shoulder blade to the torso. The horse's four legs and hooves are also unique structures. Their leg bones are proportioned differently from those of a human. For example, the body part that is called a horse's "knee" is actually made up of the carpal bones that correspond to the human wrist. Similarly, the hock contains bones equivalent to those in the human ankle and heel. The lower leg bones of a horse correspond to the bones of the human hand or foot, and the fetlock (incorrectly called the "ankle") is actually the proximal sesamoid bones between the cannon bones (a single equivalent to the human metacarpal or metatarsal bones) and the proximal phalanges, located where one finds the "knuckles" of a human. A horse also has no muscles in its legs below the knees and hocks, only skin, hair, bone, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and the assorted specialized tissues that make up the hoof.

 

Hooves

Main articles: Horse hoof, Horseshoe, and Farrier

The critical importance of the feet and legs is summed up by the traditional adage, "no foot, no horse". The horse hoof begins with the distal phalanges, the equivalent of the human fingertip or tip of the toe, surrounded by cartilage and other specialized, blood-rich soft tissues such as the laminae. The exterior hoof wall and horn of the sole is made of keratin, the same material as a human fingernail. The result is that a horse, weighing on average 500 kilograms (1,100 lb), travels on the same bones as would a human on tiptoe. For the protection of the hoof under certain conditions, some horses have horseshoes placed on their feet by a professional farrier. The hoof continually grows, and in most domesticated horses needs to be trimmed (and horseshoes reset, if used) every five to eight weeks, though the hooves of horses in the wild wear down and regrow at a rate suitable for their terrain.

 

Teeth

Main article: Horse teeth

Horses are adapted to grazing. In an adult horse, there are 12 incisors at the front of the mouth, adapted to biting off the grass or other vegetation. There are 24 teeth adapted for chewing, the premolars and molars, at the back of the mouth. Stallions and geldings have four additional teeth just behind the incisors, a type of canine teeth called "tushes". Some horses, both male and female, will also develop one to four very small vestigial teeth in front of the molars, known as "wolf" teeth, which are generally removed because they can interfere with the bit. There is an empty interdental space between the incisors and the molars where the bit rests directly on the gums, or "bars" of the horse's mouth when the horse is bridled.

 

An estimate of a horse's age can be made from looking at its teeth. The teeth continue to erupt throughout life and are worn down by grazing. Therefore, the incisors show changes as the horse ages; they develop a distinct wear pattern, changes in tooth shape, and changes in the angle at which the chewing surfaces meet. This allows a very rough estimate of a horse's age, although diet and veterinary care can also affect the rate of tooth wear.

 

Digestion

Main articles: Equine digestive system and Equine nutrition

Horses are herbivores with a digestive system adapted to a forage diet of grasses and other plant material, consumed steadily throughout the day. Therefore, compared to humans, they have a relatively small stomach but very long intestines to facilitate a steady flow of nutrients. A 450-kilogram (990 lb) horse will eat 7 to 11 kilograms (15 to 24 lb) of food per day and, under normal use, drink 38 to 45 litres (8.4 to 9.9 imp gal; 10 to 12 US gal) of water. Horses are not ruminants, they have only one stomach, like humans, but unlike humans, they can digest cellulose, a major component of grass. Horses are hindgut fermenters. Cellulose fermentation by symbiotic bacteria occurs in the cecum, or "water gut", which food goes through before reaching the large intestine. Horses cannot vomit, so digestion problems can quickly cause colic, a leading cause of death. Horses do not have a gallbladder; however, they seem to tolerate high amounts of fat in their diet despite lack of a gallbladder.

 

Senses

The horses' senses are based on their status as prey animals, where they must be aware of their surroundings at all times. They have the largest eyes of any land mammal, and are lateral-eyed, meaning that their eyes are positioned on the sides of their heads. This means that horses have a range of vision of more than 350°, with approximately 65° of this being binocular vision and the remaining 285° monocular vision. Horses have excellent day and night vision, but they have two-color, or dichromatic vision; their color vision is somewhat like red-green color blindness in humans, where certain colors, especially red and related colors, appear as a shade of green.

 

Their sense of smell, while much better than that of humans, is not quite as good as that of a dog. It is believed to play a key role in the social interactions of horses as well as detecting other key scents in the environment. Horses have two olfactory centers. The first system is in the nostrils and nasal cavity, which analyze a wide range of odors. The second, located under the nasal cavity, are the vomeronasal organs, also called Jacobson's organs. These have a separate nerve pathway to the brain and appear to primarily analyze pheromones.

 

A horse's hearing is good, and the pinna of each ear can rotate up to 180°, giving the potential for 360° hearing without having to move the head. Noise impacts the behavior of horses and certain kinds of noise may contribute to stress: a 2013 study in the UK indicated that stabled horses were calmest in a quiet setting, or if listening to country or classical music, but displayed signs of nervousness when listening to jazz or rock music. This study also recommended keeping music under a volume of 21 decibels. An Australian study found that stabled racehorses listening to talk radio had a higher rate of gastric ulcers than horses listening to music, and racehorses stabled where a radio was played had a higher overall rate of ulceration than horses stabled where there was no radio playing.

 

Horses have a great sense of balance, due partly to their ability to feel their footing and partly to highly developed proprioception—the unconscious sense of where the body and limbs are at all times. A horse's sense of touch is well-developed. The most sensitive areas are around the eyes, ears, and nose. Horses are able to sense contact as subtle as an insect landing anywhere on the body.

 

Horses have an advanced sense of taste, which allows them to sort through fodder and choose what they would most like to eat, and their prehensile lips can easily sort even small grains. Horses generally will not eat poisonous plants, however, there are exceptions; horses will occasionally eat toxic amounts of poisonous plants even when there is adequate healthy food.

 

Movement

All horses move naturally with four basic gaits:

the four-beat walk, which averages 6.4 kilometres per hour (4.0 mph);

the two-beat trot or jog at 13 to 19 kilometres per hour (8.1 to 11.8 mph) (faster for harness racing horses);

the canter or lope, a three-beat gait that is 19 to 24 kilometres per hour (12 to 15 mph);

the gallop, which averages 40 to 48 kilometres per hour (25 to 30 mph), but the world record for a horse galloping over a short, sprint distance is 70.76 kilometres per hour (43.97 mph).

Besides these basic gaits, some horses perform a two-beat pace, instead of the trot. There also are several four-beat 'ambling' gaits that are approximately the speed of a trot or pace, though smoother to ride. These include the lateral rack, running walk, and tölt as well as the diagonal fox trot. Ambling gaits are often genetic in some breeds, known collectively as gaited horses. These horses replace the trot with one of the ambling gaits.

 

Behavior

Horses are prey animals with a strong fight-or-flight response. Their first reaction to a threat is to startle and usually flee, although they will stand their ground and defend themselves when flight is impossible or if their young are threatened. They also tend to be curious; when startled, they will often hesitate an instant to ascertain the cause of their fright, and may not always flee from something that they perceive as non-threatening. Most light horse riding breeds were developed for speed, agility, alertness and endurance; natural qualities that extend from their wild ancestors. However, through selective breeding, some breeds of horses are quite docile, particularly certain draft horses.

  

Horses fighting as part of herd dominance behaviour

Horses are herd animals, with a clear hierarchy of rank, led by a dominant individual, usually a mare. They are also social creatures that are able to form companionship attachments to their own species and to other animals, including humans. They communicate in various ways, including vocalizations such as nickering or whinnying, mutual grooming, and body language. Many horses will become difficult to manage if they are isolated, but with training, horses can learn to accept a human as a companion, and thus be comfortable away from other horses. However, when confined with insufficient companionship, exercise, or stimulation, individuals may develop stable vices, an assortment of bad habits, mostly stereotypies of psychological origin, that include wood chewing, wall kicking, "weaving" (rocking back and forth), and other problems.

 

Intelligence and learning

Studies have indicated that horses perform a number of cognitive tasks on a daily basis, meeting mental challenges that include food procurement and identification of individuals within a social system. They also have good spatial discrimination abilities. They are naturally curious and apt to investigate things they have not seen before. Studies have assessed equine intelligence in areas such as problem solving, speed of learning, and memory. Horses excel at simple learning, but also are able to use more advanced cognitive abilities that involve categorization and concept learning. They can learn using habituation, desensitization, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning, and positive and negative reinforcement. One study has indicated that horses can differentiate between "more or less" if the quantity involved is less than four.

 

Domesticated horses may face greater mental challenges than wild horses, because they live in artificial environments that prevent instinctive behavior whilst also learning tasks that are not natural. Horses are animals of habit that respond well to regimentation, and respond best when the same routines and techniques are used consistently. One trainer believes that "intelligent" horses are reflections of intelligent trainers who effectively use response conditioning techniques and positive reinforcement to train in the style that best fits with an individual animal's natural inclinations.

 

Temperament

Horses are mammals, and as such are warm-blooded, or endothermic creatures, as opposed to cold-blooded, or poikilothermic animals. However, these words have developed a separate meaning in the context of equine terminology, used to describe temperament, not body temperature. For example, the "hot-bloods", such as many race horses, exhibit more sensitivity and energy, while the "cold-bloods", such as most draft breeds, are quieter and calmer. Sometimes "hot-bloods" are classified as "light horses" or "riding horses", with the "cold-bloods" classified as "draft horses" or "work horses".

 

a sepia-toned engraving from an old book, showing 11 horses of different breeds and sizes in nine different illustrations

Illustration of assorted breeds; slim, light hotbloods, medium-sized warmbloods and draft and pony-type coldblood breeds

"Hot blooded" breeds include "oriental horses" such as the Akhal-Teke, Arabian horse, Barb, and now-extinct Turkoman horse, as well as the Thoroughbred, a breed developed in England from the older oriental breeds. Hot bloods tend to be spirited, bold, and learn quickly. They are bred for agility and speed. They tend to be physically refined—thin-skinned, slim, and long-legged. The original oriental breeds were brought to Europe from the Middle East and North Africa when European breeders wished to infuse these traits into racing and light cavalry horses.

 

Muscular, heavy draft horses are known as "cold bloods", as they are bred not only for strength, but also to have the calm, patient temperament needed to pull a plow or a heavy carriage full of people. They are sometimes nicknamed "gentle giants". Well-known draft breeds include the Belgian and the Clydesdale. Some, like the Percheron, are lighter and livelier, developed to pull carriages or to plow large fields in drier climates. Others, such as the Shire, are slower and more powerful, bred to plow fields with heavy, clay-based soils. The cold-blooded group also includes some pony breeds.

 

"Warmblood" breeds, such as the Trakehner or Hanoverian, developed when European carriage and war horses were crossed with Arabians or Thoroughbreds, producing a riding horse with more refinement than a draft horse, but greater size and milder temperament than a lighter breed. Certain pony breeds with warmblood characteristics have been developed for smaller riders. Warmbloods are considered a "light horse" or "riding horse".

 

Today, the term "Warmblood" refers to a specific subset of sport horse breeds that are used for competition in dressage and show jumping. Strictly speaking, the term "warm blood" refers to any cross between cold-blooded and hot-blooded breeds. Examples include breeds such as the Irish Draught or the Cleveland Bay. The term was once used to refer to breeds of light riding horse other than Thoroughbreds or Arabians, such as the Morgan horse.

 

Sleep patterns

When horses lie down to sleep, others in the herd remain standing, awake, or in a light doze, keeping watch.

Horses are able to sleep both standing up and lying down. In an adaptation from life in the wild, horses are able to enter light sleep by using a "stay apparatus" in their legs, allowing them to doze without collapsing. Horses sleep better when in groups because some animals will sleep while others stand guard to watch for predators. A horse kept alone will not sleep well because its instincts are to keep a constant eye out for danger.

 

Unlike humans, horses do not sleep in a solid, unbroken period of time, but take many short periods of rest. Horses spend four to fifteen hours a day in standing rest, and from a few minutes to several hours lying down. Total sleep time in a 24-hour period may range from several minutes to a couple of hours, mostly in short intervals of about 15 minutes each. The average sleep time of a domestic horse is said to be 2.9 hours per day.

 

Horses must lie down to reach REM sleep. They only have to lie down for an hour or two every few days to meet their minimum REM sleep requirements. However, if a horse is never allowed to lie down, after several days it will become sleep-deprived, and in rare cases may suddenly collapse as it involuntarily slips into REM sleep while still standing. This condition differs from narcolepsy, although horses may also suffer from that disorder.

 

Taxonomy and evolution

The horse adapted to survive in areas of wide-open terrain with sparse vegetation, surviving in an ecosystem where other large grazing animals, especially ruminants, could not. Horses and other equids are odd-toed ungulates of the order Perissodactyla, a group of mammals dominant during the Tertiary period. In the past, this order contained 14 families, but only three—Equidae (the horse and related species), Tapiridae (the tapir), and Rhinocerotidae (the rhinoceroses)—have survived to the present day.

 

The earliest known member of the family Equidae was the Hyracotherium, which lived between 45 and 55 million years ago, during the Eocene period. It had 4 toes on each front foot, and 3 toes on each back foot. The extra toe on the front feet soon disappeared with the Mesohippus, which lived 32 to 37 million years ago. Over time, the extra side toes shrank in size until they vanished. All that remains of them in modern horses is a set of small vestigial bones on the leg below the knee, known informally as splint bones. Their legs also lengthened as their toes disappeared until they were a hooved animal capable of running at great speed. By about 5 million years ago, the modern Equus had evolved. Equid teeth also evolved from browsing on soft, tropical plants to adapt to browsing of drier plant material, then to grazing of tougher plains grasses. Thus proto-horses changed from leaf-eating forest-dwellers to grass-eating inhabitants of semi-arid regions worldwide, including the steppes of Eurasia and the Great Plains of North America.

 

By about 15,000 years ago, Equus ferus was a widespread holarctic species. Horse bones from this time period, the late Pleistocene, are found in Europe, Eurasia, Beringia, and North America. Yet between 10,000 and 7,600 years ago, the horse became extinct in North America. The reasons for this extinction are not fully known, but one theory notes that extinction in North America paralleled human arrival. Another theory points to climate change, noting that approximately 12,500 years ago, the grasses characteristic of a steppe ecosystem gave way to shrub tundra, which was covered with unpalatable plants.

 

Wild species surviving into modern times

Three tan-colored horses with upright manes. Two horses nip and paw at each other, while the third moves towards the camera. They stand in an open, rocky grassland, with forests in the distance.

 

Main article: Wild horse

A truly wild horse is a species or subspecies with no ancestors that were ever successfully domesticated. Therefore, most "wild" horses today are actually feral horses, animals that escaped or were turned loose from domestic herds and the descendants of those animals. Only two wild subspecies, the tarpan and the Przewalski's horse, survived into recorded history and only the latter survives today.

 

The Przewalski's horse (Equus ferus przewalskii), named after the Russian explorer Nikolai Przhevalsky, is a rare Asian animal. It is also known as the Mongolian wild horse; Mongolian people know it as the taki, and the Kyrgyz people call it a kirtag. The subspecies was presumed extinct in the wild between 1969 and 1992, while a small breeding population survived in zoos around the world. In 1992, it was reestablished in the wild by the conservation efforts of numerous zoos. Today, a small wild breeding population exists in Mongolia. There are additional animals still maintained at zoos throughout the world.

 

The question of whether the Przewalski's horse was ever domesticated was challenged in 2018 when DNA studies of horses found at Botai culture sites revealed captured animals with DNA markers of an ancestor to the Przewalski's horse. The study concluded that the Botai animals appear to have been an independent domestication attempt and apparently unsuccessful, as these genetic markers do not appear in modern domesticated horses. However, the question of whether all Przewalski's horses descend from this population is also unresolved, as only one of seven modern Przewalski's horses in the study shared this ancestry.

 

The tarpan or European wild horse (Equus ferus ferus) was found in Europe and much of Asia. It survived into the historical era, but became extinct in 1909, when the last captive died in a Russian zoo. Thus, the genetic line was lost. Attempts have been made to recreate the tarpan, which resulted in horses with outward physical similarities, but nonetheless descended from domesticated ancestors and not true wild horses.

 

Periodically, populations of horses in isolated areas are speculated to be relict populations of wild horses, but generally have been proven to be feral or domestic. For example, the Riwoche horse of Tibet was proposed as such, but testing did not reveal genetic differences from domesticated horses. Similarly, the Sorraia of Portugal was proposed as a direct descendant of the Tarpan on the basis of shared characteristics, but genetic studies have shown that the Sorraia is more closely related to other horse breeds, and that the outward similarity is an unreliable measure of relatedness.

 

Other modern equids

Main article: Equus (genus)

Besides the horse, there are six other species of genus Equus in the Equidae family. These are the ass or donkey, Equus asinus; the mountain zebra, Equus zebra; plains zebra, Equus quagga; Grévy's Zebra, Equus grevyi; the kiang, Equus kiang; and the onager, Equus hemionus.

 

Horses can crossbreed with other members of their genus. The most common hybrid is the mule, a cross between a "jack" (male donkey) and a mare. A related hybrid, a hinny, is a cross between a stallion and a "jenny" (female donkey). Other hybrids include the zorse, a cross between a zebra and a horse. With rare exceptions, most hybrids are sterile and cannot reproduce.

 

Main articles: History of horse domestication theories and Domestication of the horse

Domestication of the horse most likely took place in central Asia prior to 3500 BCE. Two major sources of information are used to determine where and when the horse was first domesticated and how the domesticated horse spread around the world. The first source is based on palaeological and archaeological discoveries; the second source is a comparison of DNA obtained from modern horses to that from bones and teeth of ancient horse remains.

 

The earliest archaeological evidence for the domestication of the horse comes from sites in Ukraine and Kazakhstan, dating to approximately 4000–3500 BCE. By 3000 BCE, the horse was completely domesticated and by 2000 BCE there was a sharp increase in the number of horse bones found in human settlements in northwestern Europe, indicating the spread of domesticated horses throughout the continent. The most recent, but most irrefutable evidence of domestication comes from sites where horse remains were interred with chariots in graves of the Sintashta and Petrovka cultures c. 2100 BCE.

 

A 2021 genetic study suggested that most modern domestic horses descend from the lower Volga-Don region. Ancient horse genomes indicate that these populations influenced almost all local populations as they expanded rapidly throughout Eurasia, beginning about 4,200 years ago. It also shows that certain adaptations were strongly selected due to riding, and that equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots spread with the horse itself.

 

Domestication is also studied by using the genetic material of present-day horses and comparing it with the genetic material present in the bones and teeth of horse remains found in archaeological and palaeological excavations. The variation in the genetic material shows that very few wild stallions contributed to the domestic horse, while many mares were part of early domesticated herds. This is reflected in the difference in genetic variation between the DNA that is passed on along the paternal, or sire line (Y-chromosome) versus that passed on along the maternal, or dam line (mitochondrial DNA). There are very low levels of Y-chromosome variability, but a great deal of genetic variation in mitochondrial DNA. There is also regional variation in mitochondrial DNA due to the inclusion of wild mares in domestic herds. Another characteristic of domestication is an increase in coat color variation. In horses, this increased dramatically between 5000 and 3000 BCE.

 

Before the availability of DNA techniques to resolve the questions related to the domestication of the horse, various hypotheses were proposed. One classification was based on body types and conformation, suggesting the presence of four basic prototypes that had adapted to their environment prior to domestication. Another hypothesis held that the four prototypes originated from a single wild species and that all different body types were entirely a result of selective breeding after domestication. However, the lack of a detectable substructure in the horse has resulted in a rejection of both hypotheses.

 

Main article: Feral horse

Feral horses are born and live in the wild, but are descended from domesticated animals. Many populations of feral horses exist throughout the world. Studies of feral herds have provided useful insights into the behavior of prehistoric horses, as well as greater understanding of the instincts and behaviors that drive horses that live in domesticated conditions.

 

There are also semi-feral horses in many parts of the world, such as Dartmoor and the New Forest in the UK, where the animals are all privately owned but live for significant amounts of time in "wild" conditions on undeveloped, often public, lands. Owners of such animals often pay a fee for grazing rights.

 

Main articles: Horse breed, List of horse breeds, and Horse breeding

The concept of purebred bloodstock and a controlled, written breed registry has come to be particularly significant and important in modern times. Sometimes purebred horses are incorrectly or inaccurately called "thoroughbreds". Thoroughbred is a specific breed of horse, while a "purebred" is a horse (or any other animal) with a defined pedigree recognized by a breed registry. Horse breeds are groups of horses with distinctive characteristics that are transmitted consistently to their offspring, such as conformation, color, performance ability, or disposition. These inherited traits result from a combination of natural crosses and artificial selection methods. Horses have been selectively bred since their domestication. An early example of people who practiced selective horse breeding were the Bedouin, who had a reputation for careful practices, keeping extensive pedigrees of their Arabian horses and placing great value upon pure bloodlines. These pedigrees were originally transmitted via an oral tradition. In the 14th century, Carthusian monks of southern Spain kept meticulous pedigrees of bloodstock lineages still found today in the Andalusian horse.

 

Breeds developed due to a need for "form to function", the necessity to develop certain characteristics in order to perform a particular type of work. Thus, a powerful but refined breed such as the Andalusian developed as riding horses with an aptitude for dressage. Heavy draft horses were developed out of a need to perform demanding farm work and pull heavy wagons. Other horse breeds had been developed specifically for light agricultural work, carriage and road work, various sport disciplines, or simply as pets. Some breeds developed through centuries of crossing other breeds, while others descended from a single foundation sire, or other limited or restricted foundation bloodstock. One of the earliest formal registries was General Stud Book for Thoroughbreds, which began in 1791 and traced back to the foundation bloodstock for the breed. There are more than 300 horse breeds in the world today.

 

Interaction with humans

Worldwide, horses play a role within human cultures and have done so for millennia. Horses are used for leisure activities, sports, and working purposes. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that in 2008, there were almost 59,000,000 horses in the world, with around 33,500,000 in the Americas, 13,800,000 in Asia and 6,300,000 in Europe and smaller portions in Africa and Oceania. There are estimated to be 9,500,000 horses in the United States alone. The American Horse Council estimates that horse-related activities have a direct impact on the economy of the United States of over $39 billion, and when indirect spending is considered, the impact is over $102 billion. In a 2004 "poll" conducted by Animal Planet, more than 50,000 viewers from 73 countries voted for the horse as the world's 4th favorite animal.

 

Communication between human and horse is paramount in any equestrian activity; to aid this process horses are usually ridden with a saddle on their backs to assist the rider with balance and positioning, and a bridle or related headgear to assist the rider in maintaining control. Sometimes horses are ridden without a saddle, and occasionally, horses are trained to perform without a bridle or other headgear. Many horses are also driven, which requires a harness, bridle, and some type of vehicle.

 

Main articles: Equestrianism, Horse racing, Horse training, and Horse tack

Historically, equestrians honed their skills through games and races. Equestrian sports provided entertainment for crowds and honed the excellent horsemanship that was needed in battle. Many sports, such as dressage, eventing, and show jumping, have origins in military training, which were focused on control and balance of both horse and rider. Other sports, such as rodeo, developed from practical skills such as those needed on working ranches and stations. Sport hunting from horseback evolved from earlier practical hunting techniques. Horse racing of all types evolved from impromptu competitions between riders or drivers. All forms of competition, requiring demanding and specialized skills from both horse and rider, resulted in the systematic development of specialized breeds and equipment for each sport. The popularity of equestrian sports through the centuries has resulted in the preservation of skills that would otherwise have disappeared after horses stopped being used in combat.

 

Horses are trained to be ridden or driven in a variety of sporting competitions. Examples include show jumping, dressage, three-day eventing, competitive driving, endurance riding, gymkhana, rodeos, and fox hunting. Horse shows, which have their origins in medieval European fairs, are held around the world. They host a huge range of classes, covering all of the mounted and harness disciplines, as well as "In-hand" classes where the horses are led, rather than ridden, to be evaluated on their conformation. The method of judging varies with the discipline, but winning usually depends on style and ability of both horse and rider. Sports such as polo do not judge the horse itself, but rather use the horse as a partner for human competitors as a necessary part of the game. Although the horse requires specialized training to participate, the details of its performance are not judged, only the result of the rider's actions—be it getting a ball through a goal or some other task. Examples of these sports of partnership between human and horse include jousting, in which the main goal is for one rider to unseat the other, and buzkashi, a team game played throughout Central Asia, the aim being to capture a goat carcass while on horseback.

 

Horse racing is an equestrian sport and major international industry, watched in almost every nation of the world. There are three types: "flat" racing; steeplechasing, i.e. racing over jumps; and harness racing, where horses trot or pace while pulling a driver in a small, light cart known as a sulky. A major part of horse racing's economic importance lies in the gambling associated with it.

 

Work

There are certain jobs that horses do very well, and no technology has yet developed to fully replace them. For example, mounted police horses are still effective for certain types of patrol duties and crowd control. Cattle ranches still require riders on horseback to round up cattle that are scattered across remote, rugged terrain. Search and rescue organizations in some countries depend upon mounted teams to locate people, particularly hikers and children, and to provide disaster relief assistance. Horses can also be used in areas where it is necessary to avoid vehicular disruption to delicate soil, such as nature reserves. They may also be the only form of transport allowed in wilderness areas. Horses are quieter than motorized vehicles. Law enforcement officers such as park rangers or game wardens may use horses for patrols, and horses or mules may also be used for clearing trails or other work in areas of rough terrain where vehicles are less effective.

 

Although machinery has replaced horses in many parts of the world, an estimated 100 million horses, donkeys and mules are still used for agriculture and transportation in less developed areas. This number includes around 27 million working animals in Africa alone. Some land management practices such as cultivating and logging can be efficiently performed with horses. In agriculture, less fossil fuel is used and increased environmental conservation occurs over time with the use of draft animals such as horses. Logging with horses can result in reduced damage to soil structure and less damage to trees due to more selective logging.

 

Main article: Horses in warfare

Horses have been used in warfare for most of recorded history. The first archaeological evidence of horses used in warfare dates to between 4000 and 3000 BCE, and the use of horses in warfare was widespread by the end of the Bronze Age. Although mechanization has largely replaced the horse as a weapon of war, horses are still seen today in limited military uses, mostly for ceremonial purposes, or for reconnaissance and transport activities in areas of rough terrain where motorized vehicles are ineffective. Horses have been used in the 21st century by the Janjaweed militias in the War in Darfur.

 

Entertainment and culture

Modern horses are often used to reenact many of their historical work purposes. Horses are used, complete with equipment that is authentic or a meticulously recreated replica, in various live action historical reenactments of specific periods of history, especially recreations of famous battles. Horses are also used to preserve cultural traditions and for ceremonial purposes. Countries such as the United Kingdom still use horse-drawn carriages to convey royalty and other VIPs to and from certain culturally significant events. Public exhibitions are another example, such as the Budweiser Clydesdales, seen in parades and other public settings, a team of draft horses that pull a beer wagon similar to that used before the invention of the modern motorized truck.

 

Horses are frequently used in television, films and literature. They are sometimes featured as a major character in films about particular animals, but also used as visual elements that assure the accuracy of historical stories. Both live horses and iconic images of horses are used in advertising to promote a variety of products. The horse frequently appears in coats of arms in heraldry, in a variety of poses and equipment. The mythologies of many cultures, including Greco-Roman, Hindu, Islamic, and Germanic, include references to both normal horses and those with wings or additional limbs, and multiple myths also call upon the horse to draw the chariots of the Moon and Sun. The horse also appears in the 12-year cycle of animals in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar.

 

Horses serve as the inspiration for many modern automobile names and logos, including the Ford Pinto, Ford Bronco, Ford Mustang, Hyundai Equus, Hyundai Pony, Mitsubishi Starion, Subaru Brumby, Mitsubishi Colt/Dodge Colt, Pinzgauer, Steyr-Puch Haflinger, Pegaso, Porsche, Rolls-Royce Camargue, Ferrari, Carlsson, Kamaz, Corre La Licorne, Iran Khodro, Eicher, and Baojun. Indian TVS Motor Company also uses a horse on their motorcycles & scooters.

 

Therapeutic use

People of all ages with physical and mental disabilities obtain beneficial results from an association with horses. Therapeutic riding is used to mentally and physically stimulate disabled persons and help them improve their lives through improved balance and coordination, increased self-confidence, and a greater feeling of freedom and independence. The benefits of equestrian activity for people with disabilities has also been recognized with the addition of equestrian events to the Paralympic Games and recognition of para-equestrian events by the International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI). Hippotherapy and therapeutic horseback riding are names for different physical, occupational, and speech therapy treatment strategies that use equine movement. In hippotherapy, a therapist uses the horse's movement to improve their patient's cognitive, coordination, balance, and fine motor skills, whereas therapeutic horseback riding uses specific riding skills.

 

Horses also provide psychological benefits to people whether they actually ride or not. "Equine-assisted" or "equine-facilitated" therapy is a form of experiential psychotherapy that uses horses as companion animals to assist people with mental illness, including anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, mood disorders, behavioral difficulties, and those who are going through major life changes. There are also experimental programs using horses in prison settings. Exposure to horses appears to improve the behavior of inmates and help reduce recidivism when they leave.

 

Products

Horses are raw material for many products made by humans throughout history, including byproducts from the slaughter of horses as well as materials collected from living horses.

 

Products collected from living horses include mare's milk, used by people with large horse herds, such as the Mongols, who let it ferment to produce kumis. Horse blood was once used as food by the Mongols and other nomadic tribes, who found it a convenient source of nutrition when traveling. Drinking their own horses' blood allowed the Mongols to ride for extended periods of time without stopping to eat. The drug Premarin is a mixture of estrogens extracted from the urine of pregnant mares (pregnant mares' urine), and was previously a widely used drug for hormone replacement therapy. The tail hair of horses can be used for making bows for string instruments such as the violin, viola, cello, and double bass.

 

Horse meat has been used as food for humans and carnivorous animals throughout the ages. Approximately 5 million horses are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide. It is eaten in many parts of the world, though consumption is taboo in some cultures, and a subject of political controversy in others. Horsehide leather has been used for boots, gloves, jackets, baseballs, and baseball gloves. Horse hooves can also be used to produce animal glue. Horse bones can be used to make implements. Specifically, in Italian cuisine, the horse tibia is sharpened into a probe called a spinto, which is used to test the readiness of a (pig) ham as it cures. In Asia, the saba is a horsehide vessel used in the production of kumis.

 

Main article: Horse care

Checking teeth and other physical examinations are an important part of horse care.

Horses are grazing animals, and their major source of nutrients is good-quality forage from hay or pasture. They can consume approximately 2% to 2.5% of their body weight in dry feed each day. Therefore, a 450-kilogram (990 lb) adult horse could eat up to 11 kilograms (24 lb) of food. Sometimes, concentrated feed such as grain is fed in addition to pasture or hay, especially when the animal is very active. When grain is fed, equine nutritionists recommend that 50% or more of the animal's diet by weight should still be forage.

 

Horses require a plentiful supply of clean water, a minimum of 38 to 45 litres (10 to 12 US gal) per day. Although horses are adapted to live outside, they require shelter from the wind and precipitation, which can range from a simple shed or shelter to an elaborate stable.

 

Horses require routine hoof care from a farrier, as well as vaccinations to protect against various diseases, and dental examinations from a veterinarian or a specialized equine dentist. If horses are kept inside in a barn, they require regular daily exercise for their physical health and mental well-being. When turned outside, they require well-maintained, sturdy fences to be safely contained. Regular grooming is also helpful to help the horse maintain good health of the hair coat and underlying skin.

 

Climate change

As of 2019, there are around 17 million horses in the world. Healthy body temperature for adult horses is in the range between 37.5 and 38.5 °C (99.5 and 101.3 °F), which they can maintain while ambient temperatures are between 5 and 25 °C (41 and 77 °F). However, strenuous exercise increases core body temperature by 1 °C (1.8 °F)/minute, as 80% of the energy used by equine muscles is released as heat. Along with bovines and primates, equines are the only animal group which use sweating as their primary method of thermoregulation: in fact, it can account for up to 70% of their heat loss, and horses sweat three times more than humans while undergoing comparably strenuous physical activity. Unlike humans, this sweat is created not by eccrine glands but by apocrine glands. In hot conditions, horses during three hours of moderate-intersity exercise can loss 30 to 35 L of water and 100g of sodium, 198 g of choloride and 45 g of potassium. In another difference from humans, their sweat is hypertonic, and contains a protein called latherin, which enables it to spread across their body easier, and to foam, rather than to drip off. These adaptations are partly to compensate for their lower body surface-to-mass ratio, which makes it more difficult for horses to passively radiate heat. Yet, prolonged exposure to very hot and/or humid conditions will lead to consequences such as anhidrosis, heat stroke, or brain damage, potentially culminating in death if not addressed with measures like cold water applications. Additionally, around 10% of incidents associated with horse transport have been attributed to heat stress. These issues are expected to worsen in the future.

 

African horse sickness (AHS) is a viral illness with a mortality close to 90% in horses, and 50% in mules. A midge, Culicoides imicola, is the primary vector of AHS, and its spread is expected to benefit from climate change. The spillover of Hendra virus from its flying fox hosts to horses is also likely to increase, as future warming would expand the hosts' geographic range. It has been estimated that under the "moderate" and high climate change scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, the number of threatened horses would increase by 110,000 and 165,000, respectively, or by 175 and 260%

Fernando Alonso Díaz, né le 29 juillet 1981 à Oviedo, est un pilote automobile espagnol, premier champion du monde de Formule 1 de l'histoire de son pays, en 2005, au volant d'une Renault, titre qu'il conserve l'année suivante avec la même écurie. Après avoir rejoint McLaren en 2007 puis être revenu chez Renault en 2008-2009, il pilote pour Ferrari de 2010 à 2014 avant de retourner chez McLaren en 2015. Fernando Alonso totalise 32 victoires en Formule 1 (entre 2003 et 2013) et deux succès aux 24 Heures du Mans lors des éditions 2018 et 2019.

Managé par Flavio Briatore depuis fin 2000, il fait ses débuts en Formule 1 lors de la saison 2001 au sein de l'écurie italienne Scuderia Minardi. Il rejoint ensuite l'écurie française Renault F1 Team, dirigée par Briatore, en tant que pilote-essayeur en 2002 puis en tant que titulaire en 2003. Révélation de l'année 2003 grâce à son succès au Grand Prix de Hongrie qui fait de lui le plus jeune vainqueur de l'histoire de la Formule 1 (record battu par Sebastian Vettel en 2008 puis par Max Verstappen en 2016), il progresse dans la hiérarchie en même temps que son écurie jusqu'à remporter le titre de champion du monde des pilotes en 2005 et de récidiver la saison suivante, devenant le plus jeune champion du monde (record battu par Lewis Hamilton en 2008 puis par Sebastian Vettel en 2010) et le plus jeune double champion du monde de l'histoire de son sport (record battu par Sebastian Vettel en 2011).

Fin 2005, au lendemain de son premier titre mondial, il annonce son départ pour l'écurie McLaren-Mercedes à compter de 2007. Malgré une saison ponctuée par quatre victoires, 2007 est surtout marquée par sa rivalité avec son jeune coéquipier Lewis Hamilton et ses relations orageuses avec son directeur Ron Dennis qui l'amènent à revenir chez Renault en 2008.

Après deux saisons chez Renault (deux victoires en 2008, aucune en 2009), il signe chez Ferrari et remporte le Grand Prix inaugural de la saison 2010. Leader du championnat du monde 2010 au départ du dernier Grand Prix à Abou Dabi, une mauvaise stratégie de course le prive du titre mondial au profit de Sebastian Vettel. En 2012, il lutte jusqu'au bout avec Vettel pour le titre et s'incline de trois points à l'arrivée de l'ultime course au Brésil. Fernando Alonso est à nouveau vice-champion du monde en 2013 ; s'il obtient deux victoires et dix podiums, il termine à 155 points de Sebastian Vettel. Son succès au volant de la Ferrari F138 le 12 mai 2013, au Grand Prix d'Espagne, est sa 32e et dernière victoire dans la discipline. Sa saison 2014 est sa moins bonne chez Ferrari, avec deux podiums et une sixième place au championnat du monde.

Après cinq saisons et onze victoires, Fernando Alonso quitte Ferrari et retourne chez McLaren pour faire équipe en 2015 avec Jenson Button et courir avec un moteur Honda. Les débuts du moteur turbo V6 hybride japonais sont extrêmement difficiles et Alonso passe sa saison en fond de grille pour la finir avec 11 points, son plus mauvais classement depuis ses débuts. 2016 est à peine plus satisfaisante, avec deux cinquièmes places, un meilleur tour en course et 54 points au championnat.

En 2017, Alonso qui n'a toujours pas une voiture lui permettant de gagner en Formule 1, se fixe comme objectif de remporter la triple couronne récompensant la victoire au Grand Prix de Monaco, aux 500 miles d'Indianapolis et aux 24 Heures du Mans, que seul Graham Hill déteint à travers l'histoire de la course automobile. Il participe pour la première fois aux 500 miles d'Indianapolis lors de l'édition 2017 où il est en position pour la victoire avant son abandon à quelques tours de l'arrivée. En 2018, pour sa première participation, il remporte au volant d'une Toyota TS050 Hybrid, les 24 Heures du Mans, avec Kazuki Nakajima et Sébastien Buemi ; l'année suivante, avec les mêmes coéquipiers, il remporte une deuxième victoire dans la Sarthe et devient le premier pilote champion du monde en Formule 1 et WEC.

Surnommé le Taureau des Asturies par les médias et ses supporters, Alonso a contribué à populariser la Formule 1 en Espagne au point que l'on parle depuis 2003 d'une Alonsomania. Le 14 août 2018, il annonce la fin de sa carrière en Formule 1 à l'issue de la saison 2018 et dispute sa dernière course dans la discipline lors du Grand Prix d'Abou Dabi.

Alonso dispute en 2020 son premier Dakar à bord d'un Toyota Hilux.

score all items

 

psychopath test pclr

 

please score yourself 0 1 2 3 on each of the 20 items and record your score as a comment on the total score image

 

The PCL-R is a clinical rating scale (rated by a psychologist or other professional) of 20 items. Each of the items in the PCL-R is scored on a three-point scale according to specific criteria through file information and a semi-structured interview. A value of 0 is assigned if the item does not apply, 1 if it applies somewhat, and 2 if it fully applies. In addition to lifestyle and criminal behavior the checklist assesses glib and superficial charm, grandiosity, need for stimulation, pathological lying, conning and manipulating, lack of remorse, callousness, poor behavioral controls, impulsivity, irresponsibility, failure to accept responsibility for one's own actions and so forth. The scores are used to predict risk for criminal re-offence and probability of rehabilitation.

 

The current edition of the PCL-R officially lists four factors (1.a, 1.b, 2.a, and 2.b), which summarize the 20 assessed areas via factor analysis. The previous edition of the PCL-R[5] listed two factors. Factor 1 is labelled "selfish, callous and remorseless use of others". Factor 2 is labelled as "chronically unstable, antisocial and socially deviant lifestyle". There is a high risk of recidivism and currently small likelihood of rehabilitation for those who are labelled as having "psychopathy" on the basis of the PCL-R ratings in the manual for the test, although treatment research is ongoing.

 

PCL-R Factors 1a and 1b are correlated with narcissistic personality disorder and histrionic personality disorder. They are associated with extraversion and positive affect. Factor 1, the so-called core personality traits of psychopathy, may even be beneficial for the psychopath (in terms of nondeviant social functioning).

 

PCL-R Factors 2a and 2b are particularly strongly correlated to antisocial personality disorder and criminality and are associated with reactive anger, criminality, and impulsive violence. The target group for the PCL-R is convicted criminals. The quality of ratings may depend on how much background information is available and whether the person rated is honest and forthright.

 

[edit] The two factorsFactor 1: Personality "Aggressive narcissism"

 

Glibness/superficial charm

Grandiose sense of self-worth

Pathological lying

Cunning/manipulative

Lack of remorse or guilt

Shallow affect (genuine emotion is short-lived and egocentric)

Callousness; lack of empathy

Failure to accept responsibility for own actions

Factor 2: Case history "Socially deviant lifestyle".

 

Need for stimulation/proneness to boredom

Parasitic lifestyle

Poor behavioral control

Lack of realistic long-term goals

Impulsivity

Irresponsibility

Juvenile delinquency

Early behavior problems

Revocation of conditional release

Traits not correlated with either factor

 

Promiscuous sexual behavior

Many short-term marital relationships

Criminal versatility

Acquired behavioural sociopathy/sociological conditioning (Item 21: a newly identified trait i.e. a person relying on sociological strategies and tricks to deceive)

Early factor analysis of the PCL-R indicated it consisted of two factors. Factor 1 captures traits dealing with the interpersonal and affective deficits of psychopathy (e.g. shallow affect, superficial charm, manipulativeness, lack of empathy) whereas Factor 2 dealt with symptoms relating to antisocial behaviour (e.g. criminal versatility, impulsiveness, irresponsibility, poor behaviour controls, juvenile delinquency).

 

The two factors have been found by those following this theory to display different correlates. Factor 1 has been correlated with narcissistic personality disorder, low anxiety, low empathy, low stress reaction and low suicide risk but high scores on scales of achievement and well-being. In addition, the use of item response theory analysis of female offender PCL-R scores indicates factor 1 items are more important in measuring and generalizing the construct of psychopathy in women than factor 2 items.

 

In contrast, Factor 2 was found to be related to antisocial personality disorder, social deviance, sensation seeking, low socio-economic status[6] and high risk of suicide. The two factors are nonetheless highly correlated and there are strong indications they do result from a single underlying disorder. However, research has failed to replicate the two-factor model in female samples.

 

Recent statistical analysis using confirmatory factor analysis by Cooke and Michie indicated a three-factor structure, with those items from factor 2 strictly relating to antisocial behaviour (criminal versatility, juvenile delinquency, revocation of conditional release, early behavioural problems and poor behavioural controls) removed from the final model. The remaining items are divided into three factors: Arrogant and Deceitful Interpersonal Style, Deficient Affective Experience and Impulsive and Irresponsible Behavioural Style.

 

In the most recent edition of the PCL-R, Hare adds a fourth antisocial behaviour factor, consisting of those Factor 2 items excluded in the previous model. Again, these models are presumed to be hierarchical with a single unified psychopathy disorder underlying the distinct but correlated factors.

 

The Cooke & Michie hierarchical ‘three’-factor model has severe statistical problems—i.e., it actually contains ten factors and results in impossible parameters (negative variances)—as well as conceptual problems. Hare and colleagues have published detailed critiques of the Cooke & Michie model. New evidence, across a range of samples and diverse measures, now supports a four-factor model of the psychopathy construct,] which represents the Interpersonal, Affective, Lifestyle, and overt Antisocial features of the personality disorder.

 

Diagnostic criteria and PCL-R assessmentPsychopathy is most commonly assessed with the PCL-R, which is a clinical rating scale with 20 items. Each of the items in the PCL-R is scored on a three-point (0, 1, 2) scale according to two factors. PCL-R Factor 2 is associated with reactive anger, anxiety, increased risk of suicide, criminality, and impulsive violence.

 

PCL-R Factor 1, in contrast, is associated with extraversion and positive affect. Factor 1, the so-called core personality traits of psychopathy, may even be beneficial for the psychopath (in terms of nondeviant social functioning). A psychopath will score high on both factors, whereas someone with APD will score high only on Factor 2.

 

Both case history and a semi-structured interview are used in the analysis.

    

Fernando Alonso Díaz, né le 29 juillet 1981 à Oviedo, est un pilote automobile espagnol, premier champion du monde de Formule 1 de l'histoire de son pays, en 2005, au volant d'une Renault, titre qu'il conserve l'année suivante avec la même écurie. Après avoir rejoint McLaren en 2007 puis être revenu chez Renault en 2008-2009, il pilote pour Ferrari de 2010 à 2014 avant de retourner chez McLaren en 2015. Fernando Alonso totalise 32 victoires en Formule 1 (entre 2003 et 2013) et deux succès aux 24 Heures du Mans lors des éditions 2018 et 2019.

Managé par Flavio Briatore depuis fin 2000, il fait ses débuts en Formule 1 lors de la saison 2001 au sein de l'écurie italienne Scuderia Minardi. Il rejoint ensuite l'écurie française Renault F1 Team, dirigée par Briatore, en tant que pilote-essayeur en 2002 puis en tant que titulaire en 2003. Révélation de l'année 2003 grâce à son succès au Grand Prix de Hongrie qui fait de lui le plus jeune vainqueur de l'histoire de la Formule 1 (record battu par Sebastian Vettel en 2008 puis par Max Verstappen en 2016), il progresse dans la hiérarchie en même temps que son écurie jusqu'à remporter le titre de champion du monde des pilotes en 2005 et de récidiver la saison suivante, devenant le plus jeune champion du monde (record battu par Lewis Hamilton en 2008 puis par Sebastian Vettel en 2010) et le plus jeune double champion du monde de l'histoire de son sport (record battu par Sebastian Vettel en 2011).

Fin 2005, au lendemain de son premier titre mondial, il annonce son départ pour l'écurie McLaren-Mercedes à compter de 2007. Malgré une saison ponctuée par quatre victoires, 2007 est surtout marquée par sa rivalité avec son jeune coéquipier Lewis Hamilton et ses relations orageuses avec son directeur Ron Dennis qui l'amènent à revenir chez Renault en 2008.

Après deux saisons chez Renault (deux victoires en 2008, aucune en 2009), il signe chez Ferrari et remporte le Grand Prix inaugural de la saison 2010. Leader du championnat du monde 2010 au départ du dernier Grand Prix à Abou Dabi, une mauvaise stratégie de course le prive du titre mondial au profit de Sebastian Vettel. En 2012, il lutte jusqu'au bout avec Vettel pour le titre et s'incline de trois points à l'arrivée de l'ultime course au Brésil. Fernando Alonso est à nouveau vice-champion du monde en 2013 ; s'il obtient deux victoires et dix podiums, il termine à 155 points de Sebastian Vettel. Son succès au volant de la Ferrari F138 le 12 mai 2013, au Grand Prix d'Espagne, est sa 32e et dernière victoire dans la discipline. Sa saison 2014 est sa moins bonne chez Ferrari, avec deux podiums et une sixième place au championnat du monde.

Après cinq saisons et onze victoires, Fernando Alonso quitte Ferrari et retourne chez McLaren pour faire équipe en 2015 avec Jenson Button et courir avec un moteur Honda. Les débuts du moteur turbo V6 hybride japonais sont extrêmement difficiles et Alonso passe sa saison en fond de grille pour la finir avec 11 points, son plus mauvais classement depuis ses débuts. 2016 est à peine plus satisfaisante, avec deux cinquièmes places, un meilleur tour en course et 54 points au championnat.

En 2017, Alonso qui n'a toujours pas une voiture lui permettant de gagner en Formule 1, se fixe comme objectif de remporter la triple couronne récompensant la victoire au Grand Prix de Monaco, aux 500 miles d'Indianapolis et aux 24 Heures du Mans, que seul Graham Hill déteint à travers l'histoire de la course automobile. Il participe pour la première fois aux 500 miles d'Indianapolis lors de l'édition 2017 où il est en position pour la victoire avant son abandon à quelques tours de l'arrivée. En 2018, pour sa première participation, il remporte au volant d'une Toyota TS050 Hybrid, les 24 Heures du Mans, avec Kazuki Nakajima et Sébastien Buemi ; l'année suivante, avec les mêmes coéquipiers, il remporte une deuxième victoire dans la Sarthe et devient le premier pilote champion du monde en Formule 1 et WEC.

Surnommé le Taureau des Asturies par les médias et ses supporters, Alonso a contribué à populariser la Formule 1 en Espagne au point que l'on parle depuis 2003 d'une Alonsomania. Le 14 août 2018, il annonce la fin de sa carrière en Formule 1 à l'issue de la saison 2018 et dispute sa dernière course dans la discipline lors du Grand Prix d'Abou Dabi.

Alonso dispute en 2020 son premier Dakar à bord d'un Toyota Hilux.

The North Charleston Police Department implemented Project S.T.A.N.D (Stop and Take A New Direction) aimed at not just arresting low level narcotics dealers with little or no prior criminal history but to go a step further and help those involved in the activity change their lives for the better. This is program aimed at reducing recidivism through working on all aspects of the criminals’ lives.

 

This project was the focus of a Dateline NBC special entitled “Intersection” which aired on March 14, 2013.

 

Photo by Ryan Johnson

Lara Metcalf, Managing Director, Social Finance

 

Le'Ann Duran-Mitchell, Executive Director , Center for Employment Opportunities (CEO)

 

Kippy Joseph, Associate Director, Innovation, The Rockefeller Foundation

 

Liam O’Neil, Head of the Markets Group for Global Wealth & Investment Management, Merrill Lynch

Minister of Public Safety, Solicitor General and Attorney General Shirley Bond addresses dignitaries, partners and graduates of the Drug Treatment Court of Vancouver (DTCV) at its 10th anniversary celebration Jan. 18, 2012, as Kerry-Lynne Findlay, QC, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada, looks on.

 

The innovative approach to dealing with drug-addicted offenders, jointly funded by the Province and the federal government, is the subject of a recent, independent study by Simon Fraser University. The study determined the DTCV reduced drug-related recidivism by 56 per cent over a two-year tracking period. It also determined that DTCV involvement decreases criminal offending of all kinds by 35 per cent.

 

Learn more

Governor John Carney signed Executive Order Five on Feb. 28, reestablishing the Family Services Cabinet Council, which will include DHSS, to help coordinate public and private services for Delaware families.

 

Delaware families continue to face significant challenges – including the high cost of child care; violence and poverty in their neighborhoods; the impact of caring for an aging family member; and the challenges of navigating an economy in transition. The Family Services Cabinet Council will be charged with coordinating public and private services that are often fragmented, and proposing changes to current programs to make the delivery of state services more effective.

 

Governor Carney will serve as chair of the Council. DHSS Secretary Dr. Kara Odom Walker will join seven other members of Governor Carney's Cabinet on the Council – the Secretary of the Department of Services for Children, Youth, and Their Families; the Secretary of the Department of Education; the Secretary of the Department of Labor; the Secretary of the Department of Safety and Homeland Security; the Director of the Delaware State Housing Authority; the Director of the Office of Management and Budget; and the Commissioner of the Department of Correction. Reestablishment of the Council, which was first established under Governor Tom Carper, was an action called for by Governor Carney’s Transition Team in their Action Plan for Delaware.

 

The Council also will work closely with the Government Efficiency and Accountability Review Board (GEAR), which Governor Carney created in February to identify cost savings and efficiencies in state government, and to more effectively operate state programs and services.

 

“Our challenge is to determine whether the programs and services we offer are effective in moving families out of poverty, improving our system of education and creating opportunities for all Delaware families to succeed,” said Governor Carney. “That requires all of us – government agencies, nonprofits and private business – to work together. That also requires that we measure our progress. The reestablishment of the Family Services Cabinet Council will help us do just that, and make a meaningful difference in the lives of Delaware families.”

 

The Council will be tasked with implementing innovative tools and strategies for addressing a series of specific issues, including: breaking the school-to-prison pipeline; improving access to early childhood education; increasing the availability of affordable housing; improving access to addiction treatment; reducing recidivism in Delaware’s correctional system; expanding job training opportunities; and reducing violence in Delaware’s neighborhoods.

 

“It is our duty to ensure that our children and our families have the necessary tools to be healthy, prosperous, and safe,” said Lieutenant Governor Bethany Hall-Long. “The reestablishment of this Council will break down silos in state government and allow for a more collaborative and coordinated approach to address some of the most critical issues we face, so that every Delawarean has a fair shot.”

· Année du scandale : 1863

· Epoque : règne de Napoléon III

· Objet du scandale : à un bal costumé donné par l'impératrice Eugénie, elle apparut dans une robe de bal quasiment nue ; elle devait récidiver par la suite, plusieurs fois, dans des costumes mettant en valeur sa beauté slave. Napoléon III ne résista pas et fit d'elle, pour un temps, sa maîtresse.

 

Barbara Dimitrievna Mergassov, comtesse Rimsky Korsakov, naquit le 1er février 1833 à Varsovie, à 300 km au nord-est de Moscou. Son père, Dimitri Vassilievitch Mergassov, était un riche marchand de Kostroma (à 300 km à l'est de Moscou).

 

Sa beauté et la fortune de son père lui permirent d'épouser, à Moscou, le 20 mai 1850, le jeune Nicolai Sergueevitch Rimsky Korsakov, fils du comte Serguei Alexandrovitch Rimsky Korsakov, et de son épouse Sophia Alexeevena Griboedov.

 

La jeune mariée avait seize ans, l’époux en avait vingt-et-un. Les jeunes gens s'établirent à Saint Petersbourg où le beau-père de Barbara donnait des bals dont toute l'aristocratie russe se régalait : il était connu pour organiser les plus beaux bals masqués. Le mari de Barbara n'en ratait pas un, Tolstoï le prendra d'ailleurs comme modèle pour décrire l'un de ses personnages dans «Anna Karenine» : il le rebaptisa Yegorushka Korsunky. Tolstoï le décrivait comme étant «un fantastique danseur, marié, très beau et puissamment bâti».

 

Avec un tel mari, Barbara prit bientôt le goût des bals costumés. D'autant qu'en plus d'être très séduisant, son époux, malgré sa jeunesse, était un homme intelligent : il était diplômé de l'université de Moscou et fut élu, l'année de son mariage, maréchal de la noblesse de Viazma. Le jeune couple, tous deux beaux, riches et brillants, fit sensation dans la capitale moscovite aussi bien qu'à Saint Petersbourg. Barbara ne tarda pas à donner trois fils à son époux : Serge (qui mourra jeune), Nicolas (né le 2 octobre 1853) et Dimitri (né le 10 février 1855).

 

A la naissance du second, la guerre de Crimée éclata et son mari abandonna soudainement la vie facile de Moscou pour se jeter au plus fort des combats, à Sébastopol, où il défia plusieurs fois la mort en manifestant un courage surprenant, pour lequel il reçut la croix Géorgievsky.

 

En 1855, Barbara donna naissance à son troisième et dernier enfant, un fils nommé Dimitri en l'honneur du père de la jeune femme. Mais après cinq ans de mariage, l'harmonie du couple Rimsky Korsakov fut brisée. Les combats avaient profondément marqué son époux, et Barbara ne reconnut plus l'homme des plaisirs faciles d'avant la guerre de Crimée.

 

En 1858, elle posa pour la première fois pour le peintre Winterhalter, qui la représenta dans une robe rose qui soulignait ses belles épaules et sa beauté slave. Elle avait alors vingt-quatre ans. En 1861, la rupture entre les deux époux était consommée et Barbara prit un amant parmi la noblesse de Moscou.

 

Un jour, une violente dispute les sépara à tout jamais. Barbara demanda le divorce, l'obtint, et décida de partir vivre en France où le règne de Napoléon III battait son plein, accompagnée de son amant. La jeune femme parlait le russe, mais aussi le français qui était la langue utilisée à la cour du Tsar à Saint Petersbourg.

 

Elle s'installa à Passy, près de Paris, en 1862 et entreprit d’entrer dans le monde parisien. Par la plus grande des coïncidences, l'une de ses voisines était une belle italienne, la comtesse Castiglione, qui fit également parler d'elle à l'époque par ses moeurs très libres. Elle venait elle aussi d'arriver en France, et ne tarderait pas à devenir l'une des maîtresses de Napoléon III.

 

La beauté de la comtesse russe ne passait pas inaperçue, pas plus que sa fâcheuse tendance à porter des vêtements trop révélateurs, trait qu'elle partageait avec la Castiglione. Les deux femmes eurent bientôt leurs entrées aux Tuileries, où résidait l'empereur Napoléon III. Ce dernier ne savait pas résister à une jolie femme, et la belle russe devint bientôt l’une de ses maîtresses éphémères.

 

En effet, passés les premiers temps de son mariage avec Eugénie de Montijo, l'empereur se révèla volage, et il n'était pas toujours très discret. L'impératrice réagira avec un orgueil de femme blessée : elle partira faire une croisière autour de la péninsule ibérique, fera une cure dans la ville d'eau de Schwalbach en Allemagne, ou entreprendra un voyage en Ecosse qui étonnera tout le monde. L'impératrice Eugénie, lorsqu'elle était en France, organisait souvent des bals magnifiques, où toute la noblesse était conviée.

 

Bien évidemment, la comtesse Rimsky Korsakov ne ratait aucun de ces bals. Au cours de l'hiver 1863, elle arriva à un bal impérial portant le costume de la prêtresse Tanit (le roman de Flaubert «Salammbô» était alors à la mode) : ce vêtement se résumait à un châle en tissu transparent, qui mettait en valeur son opulente silhouette. Evidemment, sa tenue choqua les invités, mais la belle Barbara avait atteint son but : elle devenait célèbre par le scandale. Ce qui n'empêcha pas le chambellan de l'impératrice de la reconduire discrètement vers la sortie.

 

Elle n'était pas la seule à avoir des tenues extravagantes lors de ces bals costumés : Mme de Persigny fut aperçue figurant un moulin à vent (déguisée en meunière), au bal de Mme de Moskova, Mme Poniatowski était apparue déguisée en abbé du 18ème siècle et, au bal de Mme de Metternich, la comtesse Rimsky Korsakov portait une robe si décolletée qu'elle lui tombait sur les coudes (un masque s'approcha d'elle et lui dit «veux-tu que je te prête mes bretelles ?») : son costume était censé représenter la mer (il s'agissait d'une robe verte, transparente, parsemée de poissons et de coquillages).

 

Barbara Dimitrievna Mergassov - Scandaleuse

 

lafouine77 - 20/09/2013

 

Comtesse Rimsky Korsakov (1833-1878)

 

· Année du scandale : 1863

· Epoque : règne de Napoléon III

· Objet du scandale : à un bal costumé donné par l'impératrice Eugénie, elle apparut dans une robe de bal quasiment nue ; elle devait récidiver par la suite, plusieurs fois, dans des costumes mettant en valeur sa beauté slave. Napoléon III ne résista pas et fit d'elle, pour un temps, sa maîtresse.

 

Barbara Dimitrievna Mergassov, comtesse Rimsky Korsakov, naquit le 1er février 1833 à Varsovie, à 300 km au nord-est de Moscou. Son père, Dimitri Vassilievitch Mergassov, était un riche marchand de Kostroma (à 300 km à l'est de Moscou).

 

Sa beauté et la fortune de son père lui permirent d'épouser, à Moscou, le 20 mai 1850, le jeune Nicolai Sergueevitch Rimsky Korsakov, fils du comte Serguei Alexandrovitch Rimsky Korsakov, et de son épouse Sophia Alexeevena Griboedov.

 

La jeune mariée avait seize ans, l’époux en avait vingt-et-un. Les jeunes gens s'établirent à Saint Petersbourg où le beau-père de Barbara donnait des bals dont toute l'aristocratie russe se régalait : il était connu pour organiser les plus beaux bals masqués. Le mari de Barbara n'en ratait pas un, Tolstoï le prendra d'ailleurs comme modèle pour décrire l'un de ses personnages dans «Anna Karenine» : il le rebaptisa Yegorushka Korsunky. Tolstoï le décrivait comme étant «un fantastique danseur, marié, très beau et puissamment bâti».

 

Avec un tel mari, Barbara prit bientôt le goût des bals costumés. D'autant qu'en plus d'être très séduisant, son époux, malgré sa jeunesse, était un homme intelligent : il était diplômé de l'université de Moscou et fut élu, l'année de son mariage, maréchal de la noblesse de Viazma. Le jeune couple, tous deux beaux, riches et brillants, fit sensation dans la capitale moscovite aussi bien qu'à Saint Petersbourg. Barbara ne tarda pas à donner trois fils à son époux : Serge (qui mourra jeune), Nicolas (né le 2 octobre 1853) et Dimitri (né le 10 février 1855).

 

A la naissance du second, la guerre de Crimée éclata et son mari abandonna soudainement la vie facile de Moscou pour se jeter au plus fort des combats, à Sébastopol, où il défia plusieurs fois la mort en manifestant un courage surprenant, pour lequel il reçut la croix Géorgievsky.

 

En 1855, Barbara donna naissance à son troisième et dernier enfant, un fils nommé Dimitri en l'honneur du père de la jeune femme. Mais après cinq ans de mariage, l'harmonie du couple Rimsky Korsakov fut brisée. Les combats avaient profondément marqué son époux, et Barbara ne reconnut plus l'homme des plaisirs faciles d'avant la guerre de Crimée.

 

En 1858, elle posa pour la première fois pour le peintre Winterhalter, qui la représenta dans une robe rose qui soulignait ses belles épaules et sa beauté slave. Elle avait alors vingt-quatre ans. En 1861, la rupture entre les deux époux était consommée et Barbara prit un amant parmi la noblesse de Moscou.

 

Un jour, une violente dispute les sépara à tout jamais. Barbara demanda le divorce, l'obtint, et décida de partir vivre en France où le règne de Napoléon III battait son plein, accompagnée de son amant. La jeune femme parlait le russe, mais aussi le français qui était la langue utilisée à la cour du Tsar à Saint Petersbourg.

 

Elle s'installa à Passy, près de Paris, en 1862 et entreprit d’entrer dans le monde parisien. Par la plus grande des coïncidences, l'une de ses voisines était une belle italienne, la comtesse Castiglione, qui fit également parler d'elle à l'époque par ses moeurs très libres. Elle venait elle aussi d'arriver en France, et ne tarderait pas à devenir l'une des maîtresses de Napoléon III.

 

La beauté de la comtesse russe ne passait pas inaperçue, pas plus que sa fâcheuse tendance à porter des vêtements trop révélateurs, trait qu'elle partageait avec la Castiglione. Les deux femmes eurent bientôt leurs entrées aux Tuileries, où résidait l'empereur Napoléon III. Ce dernier ne savait pas résister à une jolie femme, et la belle russe devint bientôt l’une de ses maîtresses éphémères.

 

En effet, passés les premiers temps de son mariage avec Eugénie de Montijo, l'empereur se révèla volage, et il n'était pas toujours très discret. L'impératrice réagira avec un orgueil de femme blessée : elle partira faire une croisière autour de la péninsule ibérique, fera une cure dans la ville d'eau de Schwalbach en Allemagne, ou entreprendra un voyage en Ecosse qui étonnera tout le monde. L'impératrice Eugénie, lorsqu'elle était en France, organisait souvent des bals magnifiques, où toute la noblesse était conviée.

 

Bien évidemment, la comtesse Rimsky Korsakov ne ratait aucun de ces bals. Au cours de l'hiver 1863, elle arriva à un bal impérial portant le costume de la prêtresse Tanit (le roman de Flaubert «Salammbô» était alors à la mode) : ce vêtement se résumait à un châle en tissu transparent, qui mettait en valeur son opulente silhouette. Evidemment, sa tenue choqua les invités, mais la belle Barbara avait atteint son but : elle devenait célèbre par le scandale. Ce qui n'empêcha pas le chambellan de l'impératrice de la reconduire discrètement vers la sortie.

 

Elle n'était pas la seule à avoir des tenues extravagantes lors de ces bals costumés : Mme de Persigny fut aperçue figurant un moulin à vent (déguisée en meunière), au bal de Mme de Moskova, Mme Poniatowski était apparue déguisée en abbé du 18ème siècle et, au bal de Mme de Metternich, la comtesse Rimsky Korsakov portait une robe si décolletée qu'elle lui tombait sur les coudes (un masque s'approcha d'elle et lui dit «veux-tu que je te prête mes bretelles ?») : son costume était censé représenter la mer (il s'agissait d'une robe verte, transparente, parsemée de poissons et de coquillages).

 

En 1862 Waldteuffel, un compositeur de valses (aussi connu que Strauss à l'époque), dédia sa valse intitulée «Souvenirs de Biarritz» à la belle comtesse Rimsky Korsakov. Elle avait pris l'habitude d'aller en été à Biarritz, où l'empereur et l'impératrice se retiraient dès la fin du printemps. Lors d'un bal, elle y apparut comme si elle sortait d'un bain, tellement son vêtement laissait paraître son corps de Vénus. C'est d'ailleurs à cette occasion qu'on ne tarda pas à la surnommer «la Vénus Tatare».

 

Lors du bal donné par le ministre de la Marine (le marquis Prosper de Chasseloup Laubat) à Paris, en février 1866, elle fit une entrée remarquée dans son carrosse, déguisée comme une reine barbare, avec des plumes multicolores qui couvraient son corps et permirent à la bonne société parisienne d'apercevoir «les plus jolies jambes de Paris». Son cocher, lui, était déguisé en crocodile !

 

En 1864, elle commandera un deuxième portrait à Winterhalter, devenu le peintre favori des cours européennes (ce tableau peut actuellement être contemplé au Musée d'Orsay) : elle ne porte aucun bijou et est drapée d'un voile semi transparent. On se rend compte qu'elle n'a pas une beauté classique : les pommettes sont trop hautes, les joues rondes, les paupières lourdes... On perçoit facilement la trace de ses ancêtres Tatares et Slaves.

 

Elle apparaît les cheveux dénoués (dans une pose très similaire, Winterhalter peindra aussi l'impératrice Elisabeth d'Autriche). La pose de Barbara est très langoureuse, voire sexy, et on peut entrevoir ses belles épaules. Elle avait alors trente-et-un ans. On prétend que Winterhalter était fou amoureux d'elle, mais qu'elle refusa ses avances et ses propositions de mariage.

Elle enchaînait les amants… notamment dans les villes d'eau à la mode comme Ostende, qu'elle affectionnait. Elle refusa de se remarier, préférant demeurer seule et indépendante. Elle déclarait d'ailleurs à qui voulait l'entendre : “Je suis libre et indépendante. Mes fautes sont mes fautes. Mon succès est mon succès. Je crois en moi et dans ce que j'entreprends. Si j'ai fait des erreurs, je n'en fais pas de tragédie.”

 

Quand l'Empire de Napoléon III s'effondra en 1870, Barbara quitta Passy sans regret pour aller vivre à Nice, où une importante communauté russe s'était établie. Elle y mourut brusquement à l'âge de quarante-cinq ans le 18 décembre 1878 (peut-être de phtisie).

 

Son ex-mari était, lui, mort trois ans auparavant, sans s'être jamais remarié. A sa disparition son fils Nicolai s'empressera de vendre les terres que sa mère avait acquises en France, mais ne rapatriera pas son corps. C'est ainsi que la tombe de la belle Barbara fait partie des neuf cents du cimetière russe de Nice.

From left: Secretary of Adult Correction Todd Ishee; Chief of Staff to Gov. Roy Cooper Kristi Jones; Bob and Pat Barker, company founders; Robert Barker, son and CEO; Nancy Johns, daughter and COO; Kurtis Taylor, foundation director; and NCDAC Chief Deputy Secretary Brandeshawn Harris.

 

The Bob Barker Co. is a Fuquay-Varina-based vendor of institutional uniforms and supplies. The Bob Barker Foundation, founded in May 2009, funds more than $1 million annually to programs that reduce recidivism, primarily through changing offenders' lives to serve God, family and community.

 

The foundation is a partner with Adult Correction and Campbell University in the Second Chance Initiative, which provides opportunities for offenders to earn a college education at four state correctional institutions: Sampson, Anson, Scotland and N.C. Correctional Institution for Women.

Le tsunami de silence n'a pas eu lieu...

 

J’ai imaginé, en entendant les infos, qu’il y aurait un moment de silence dans le bruissement intense du monde qui vit, j’attendais une vague de stupeur muette et recueillie comme pour dire « On compatit… On suit l’affaire… On sait bien que, demain, ça peut nous arriver… Que puis-je déjà faire pour marquer ma peine ? Pour vous aider ? »..

…même si je sais que le meilleur moyen d’aider, en ce moment, c’est de continuer comme si de rien n’était afin de ne pas ralentir une « productivité » qui tout à l’heure sera sollicitée pour rendre notre compassion concrète, j’imagine qu’un bref temps de suspension de notre course d’aveugles aurait été humain, respectueux,… poli à défaut.

Et, il n’y a pas eu grand chose : les médias ont réagi comme ils le font quand un record du monde de natation tombe, quand un récidiviste récidive, quand un sondage montre combien on ne croit plus à ce qui est, d’habitude, le sujet central.

J’ai imaginé qu’il aurait une onde de silence, mais il n’en a rien été… Dutronc, avec ses airs de comique endormi, l’avait déjà dit :

 

[…] Sept cent millions de chinois

Et moi, et moi, et moi

Avec ma vie, mon petit chez-moi

Mon mal de tête, mon point au foie

J'y pense et puis j'oublie

C'est la vie, c'est la vie

 

Quatre-vingt millions d'indonésiens

Et moi, et moi, et moi

Avec ma voiture et mon chien

Son Canigou quand il aboie

J'y pense et puis j'oublie

C'est la vie, c'est la vie » […] (et moi et moi et moi (1966 paroles de Jacques Lanzmann))

  

En plus, la catastrophe a survenu un vendredi. Et le vendredi, c’est boite de nuit ! Et, récemment, Stromaé (que sa profession a reconnu aux dernières victoire de la Musique) l’a dit :

 

[…]Qui dit proches te dit deuils car les problèmes ne viennent pas seuls.

Qui dit crise te dit monde dit famine dit tiers- monde.

Qui dit fatigue dit réveille encore sourd de la veille,

Alors on sort pour oublier tous les problèmes.

Alors on danse... […](Alors, on Danse (Paul Van Haver (son vrai nom) 2010))

 

Et, comme on est un brin sourd, il le répète 9 fois !

 

..pendant le temps où nous sommes pris à tenter de produire une richesse dont nos dirigeants vont profiter,

pendant le temps qui nous est nécessaire pour nous masquer qu’on n’est pas meilleurs que les autres, plus à l’abri, plus résistants, mieux préparés,

pendant le temps où pour nous croire imperméables aux ennuis on se rend imperméables à la douleur de l’autre,

une centrale nucléaire a des fuites, les rescapés du précédent séisme d’Haïti vivent encore dans les gravats, le seul représentant de la minorité chrétienne au gouvernement du Pakistan est assassiné de 27 balles, un tyran lybidineux massacre et torture son propre peuple, des gens meurent à nos portes… …et la liste peut être plus longue, chacun d’entre nous peut y rajouter ses lignes….

Même Les blacks d’Occase chantent encore:

[…]Les vies dansent

Dans l’insouciance

Sans méfiance

Au mépris du bon sens

Chacun pense

Que les offenses

De la vie

Sont pour d’autres que lui

Quelle heure est-il à l’horloge du monde ?

Il est tard et il se fait sombre

 

Refrain : Faut danser

S’acharner à rêver

Et chanter

Pour bien éviter l’évidence. […]

 

le clip (plus cheap tu meurs) en entier est là:

www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvkWWherqDo

May 3, 2023 — New York City, NY — Governor Kathy Hochul announced the public safety highlights of the FY 2024 Budget. The Budget improves public safety by providing judges greater discretion to set bail for serious crimes, providing $170 million to support the implementation of discovery reform for prosecutors and defenders, and investing $347 million in evidence-based gun violence prevention initiatives. Additional highlights include transformative investments to reduce recidivism, address the flow of deadly fentanyl into New York State, and improve statewide emergency response services. (Don Pollard/Office of Governor Kathy Hochul)

Dieu peut changer le temps et les circonstances."

 

Il EST Ecrit!

 

Je connais les projets que J’ai formé à votre égard, dit l’Éternel, projets de paix et non de malheur, afin de vous donner un avenir et de l’espérance. Jérémie 29 :11

 

Notre Cher Haïti, Nos Frères et Sœurs haïtiens, dépendent de la bénédiction et de la sécurité de Dieu pour sortir de cette fange, et non pas sur la Capacité et sur l’intelligence d’une personne ou sur les 42 esprits ou Loas, souvent appelé dieux tutélaires de la race. !!! Le Dieu d’Abraham, d’Isaac, de Jacob et d’Harry Laventure, Qui se révèle comme YHVH est le seul Vrai créateur en Jésus Christ qui est le pourvoyeur de la sécurité, l’habitat et la nourriture.

 

Dans l'histoire, il est d'importantes périodes transitoires, véritables charnières entre plusieurs époques. En1492, Christophe Colomb conquit Haïti, tua ses habitants et emmena d’autres ressortissants.

 

Alors Haïti (Ayiti) Quisqueya Bohio, dans le langage des indigénistes jadis, traduit littéralement « terre de haute montagne », Terre qu’Espagne avait choisi en vue faire résider son nom, devient propriété des nations. Les dominateurs de l'histoire le foulèrent tour à tour : Le Portugal, La France, l’Angleterre, l’Allemagne, Les Etats-Unis et aujourd’hui tous les organisations paria de la terre connus sous les sobriquets « des nations unies, l’OEA, la Caricom » ; tous établirent successivement leur autorité, et se préoccupaient bien peu du bien être de nos frères et soeurs.

 

Durant 2 siècles (d’indépendance), les descendants du peuple noir choisi d’Afrique qui avaient chassé en 1804 leurs usurpateurs, connurent soit la dictature, soit l'occupation.

Et pour cause : un enseignement débraillé de la « La BIBLE »:

Il est écrit « Faites donc du règne de Dieu et de ce qui est juste à ses yeux votre préoccupation première, et toutes les choses matérielles vous seront données en plus. Matthieu 6 : 33

 

Mon peuple est détruit, parce qu’il lui manque la connaissance. Puisque tu as rejeté la connaissance, Je te rejetterai, et tu seras dépouillé de mon sacerdoce; Puisque tu as oublié la loi de ton Dieu, J’oublierai aussi tes enfants ». Osée 4 :6

 

Quand tu seras entré dans le pays que l’Éternel, ton Dieu, te donne, tu n’apprendras pas à faire selon les abominations de ces nations : il ne se trouvera au milieu de toi personne qui fasse passer par le feu son fils ou sa fille, ni devin qui se mêle de divination, ni pronostiqueur, ni enchanteur, ni magicien, ni sorcier, ni personne qui consulte les esprits, ni diseur de bonne aventure, ni personne qui interroge les morts ; car quiconque fait ces choses est en abomination à l’Éternel ; et à cause de ces abominations, l’Éternel, ton Dieu, les dépossède devant toi. Tu seras parfait avec l’Éternel, ton Dieu. Car ces nations, que tu vas déposséder, écoutent les pronostiqueurs et les devins ; mais pour toi, l’Éternel, ton Dieu, ne t’a pas permis d’agir ainsi.

 

Le 29 février 2004 de nouveau avec la complicité les frustrés de la race, le dérayé Jan Bètran Aristid a été kidnappé et déporté, surpris par le dénouement inattendu de cette kidnapping, voila l'arrivée des vomissements technocrates, bibliquement aveugles au timon des affaires du pays, Deux ans plutard ont cédé la place a René€ Garcia Préval(e) un récidiviste notoire, aveugle et vide. C’est toujours le même drame. Hélas, à l'heure où plus que jamais Nos Frères et Sœurs discutent sur leur sort, il est impérieux de nous pencher sur un changement vital et durable qui doit se reposer sur Deux grands axes:

 

1.-UNE AGRICULTURE Systématisée à partir (de 10 carreaux et avec tous les adjuvants par fermier sous la supervision directe d’un état responsable, exclut du système caporalisme agraire) 2- : UNE ÉDUCATION Décentralisée avec des écoles primaires secondaires universitaires et techniques fonctionnelles et uniformes dans tous les (570) sections communales.

 

La grande question »trouverions-nous un homme fidèle, ayant en lui l’Esprit du Dieu Saint pour concrétiser ce changement éternel tant souhaité dans la fidélité »?

 

! Ah !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Fidélité… En Haïti ? !

« La Fidélité » Ce petit mot brille comme un joyau dans la Bible si souvent annonciateur de sombres événements.

Le dictionnaire définit la fidélité en ces termes : Constance= Insistance= Patience= Persévérance =Ténacité ; respect de la parole donnée ; qualité de celui qui ne varie pas dans ses goûts et ses attachements ; probité =moralité= vertu= intégrité, conformité à la vérité, exactitude.

 

En nos temps d'infidélité et immoralité on comprend mieux à quel point le psalmiste avait raison lorsqu'il se lamentait à ce sujet: "Les fidèles disparaissent parmi les fils de l'homme."(Psaume 12:2) ; Son fils Salomon criait : Beaucoup d’hommes proclament chacun leur bonté ; mais un homme fidèle, qui le trouvera ? Proverbes 20 :6

 

Aujourd'hui, le Seigneur Jésus Christ cherche douze dirigeants Politiques, douze Pasteurs fidèles pour sauver ce peuple dispersé dans ce coin de terre, Haïti: "Il déclare « Celui qui est fidèle dans les moindres choses l'est aussi dans les grandes, et celui qui est injuste dans les moindres choses l'est aussi dans les grandes »." (Luc 16:10) ; "Paul nous dit : « ce qu'on demande des dispensateurs, c'est que chacun soit trouvé fidèle »." (1Corinthiens 4: 2)

 

Soyons fidèle à tous égards. Agriculteur, Paysan comme moi, Pasteur, Docteur, ingénieur, agronome, Avocat, Juge, Casec, Magistrat communal, Député, sénateur, Président. Et retenez ceci "Si tu marches dans le feu, tu ne te brûleras pas, Et la flamme ne t'embrasera pas. Car Je Suis l'Eternel, ton Dieu, Le Saint d'Israël, ton Sauveur." (Esaïe 43:2-3) Car, Je connais les projets que J’ai formés à votre égard, projets de paix et non de malheur, afin de vous donner un avenir et de l’espérance. Jérémie 29 :11

 

Choisi la Fidélité, c'est aussi choisi le programme de Dieu pour notre vie,

De ce choix dépendent : notre existence (dans sa totalité, la vie de tout notre être) la prolongation de nos jours (l’éducation, l’agriculture, l’urbanisation, le travail, la santé, la sécurité) Notre bonheur dans notre pays (la jouissance des biens, la protection, la paix.

 

Ces promesses de Dieu prennent un extraordinaire relief de nos jours, alors que les garanties humaines ont perdu de leur évidence.

Choisi la BIBLE... la compréhension afin que nous aimions notre Dieu en Jésus notre Sauveur Spirituel ; la force, afin que nous possédions la faculté d’obéir à sa voix ; et la Fidélité, afin que nous vivions éternellement..."

 

Ce Nègre de la race né en Égypte, Moïse, est non seulement l'auteur - sous l'inspiration du Saint-Esprit - les cinq premiers livres de la Bible et bien d’autre, mais un personnage historique qui est à la base de la vie nationales d'Israël noir avant notre déportation et notre éradication de l’Afrique du nord. Sa vie, ses expériences de conducteur, sa relation intime avec Dieu, sont les sources d'un enseignement qui nous concerne encore aujourd'hui comme Africain d’origine, déporté sur le continent Américain et propriétaire patenté de cette l’ile, la république d’Haïti. ( Ke’n acheté ak Sang’ n+Kob Nou)

 

Moise : le messager, le meneur d’homme, Pasteur, le général en chef de l’armée des premiers israéliens noir, l’écrivain sacré ne s'est pas trompé; quand Il nous introduit déjà dans l'état éternel, dont le temps présent n'est que le tremplin.

 

Choisir sans hésitation, sachant que ce choix implique l'amour, l'obéissance, la joie, la paix, la patience, la bonté, la bienveillance, la fidélité, la douceur, la tempérance et un attachement indéfectible à Jésus Christ, Notre Sauveur.

 

Montrons-nous dignes et fermes après avoir choisi, car nous sommes certains d'atteindre le but fixé de donner à manger à chaque frère et chaque sœur et de les instruire afin de gagner Haïti pour Jésus Christ, et vivre une vie bienheureuse.

  

Comme la fraîcheur de la neige au temps de la moisson, Ainsi est un messager fidèle pour celui qui l'envoie; Il restaure l'âme de son maître. Proverbes 25 :13 (Louis Segond) Soyez fidèle à tous égards.

Dr Harry Laventure,

 

De herfsttijloos bevat op basis van de massa aan droge stof ('drooggewicht') zowel in de knol als in de bloemen en zaden 0,3-1,2% colchicine. In hogere dosering is colchicine een sterk vergif. Voor kinderen wordt de dodelijke dosis geschat op circa 20 mg. Eén zaad bevat ongeveer 4 mg colchicine.

 

Colchicine, een alkaloïde, is een heel oud ontstekingsremmend middel dat goed tegen jicht werkt. De therapeutische breedte hiervan is echter gering. Er is dus maar een klein verschil tussen een werkzame en een giftige dosering. Ook werd de stof vroeger bij de behandeling van kanker gebruikt. Sporadisch wordt hiervoor nu alleen nog de afgeleide stof demecolcine gebruikt.

 

Colchicine wordt nog regelmatig gebruikt bij de behandeling van hartziekten, vooral om recidive van acute pericarditis te voorkomen.

 

In de plantenveredeling wordt colchicine gebruikt voor het verdubbelen van het aantal chromosomen. Op deze manier werden vooral in het verleden tetraploïde planten ontwikkeld, zoals tetraploïd Engels raaigras (Lolium perenne), dat gebruikt wordt voor de inzaai van weiland.

Churches protest christmas day prison visits cancellation. “Over 2,700 children and family members have visited prisoners on Christmas Day for the past 16 years, until NSW Corrective Services stopped the visits last year. After an initial change of heart, Christmas Day visits have been cancelled again” JA coordinator Brett Collins revealed today. “The Catholic Church, the Uniting Church through its division Uniting Care, the Conference of Leaders of Religious Institutes and others have called for Corrective Services to reinstate Christmas Day visits” he said. “Christmas Day is traditionally a day for families to come together in a spirit of love and forgiveness. It celebrates a day when the most important family in the Christian world first came together. This day is about children, wives, parents and husbands of prisoners who need contact with their jailed loved ones” said JA coordinator Michael Poynder. “The recidivism rate in NSW is a shocking 43.7% - the highest in the country, but State Plan efforts hope to reduce it by 10%. Corrective Services acknowledge the significance of the family to help prisoners readjust upon release. Support for Christmas Day, which promotes the family ethos including the missing family member, is essential to reduce this figure” said Mr Collins. “Justice Action calls on Commissioner Woodham to return Christmas Day visits and to make Christmas a feature goodwill event in the Corrective Services calendar – a day where hope and rebirth are expressed as it has in the past” said Mr Poynder.

 

For comments:

 

Brett Collins on 0438 705 003

Michael Poynder on 0401 371 077

 

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Harley-Davidson est un fabricant de motocyclettes basé à Milwaukee (Wisconsin), États-Unis. L'entreprise a été fondée en 1903.

 

Ces motos ont un style, un caractère moteur et une sonorité particulière qui suscitent la fidélité chez les clients de la marque. Les motards qui ne participent pas à ce culte les trouvent dépassées car elles ont souvent un look de machine de collection mais elles sont bien plus modernes qu'on ne le pense.

 

Dans les années 1970, Harley-Davidson évolue peu et se cantonne à ses modèles, sans changer de conception durant de nombreuses années. Le coût et le prix deviennent élevés pour des performances qui étaient très inférieures à celles des nouveaux concurrents japonais. Néanmoins, en 1977, Harley-Davidson surprend tout le monde en présentant la 1000 XLCR Cafe Racer. Mais elle n'aura pas le succès attendu.

Quelques années plus tard, la firme récidivera avec le modèle XR 1000, directement dérivé de la compétition, et là encore, se sera l'échec commercial, notamment en raison d'un prix de vente prohibitif pour l'époque, plus de 6000 $.

 

Parallèlement, Harley-Davidson rachète l'usine italienne Aermacchi et produit des motos de petites cylindrée sous le nom Aermacchi Harley-Davidson.

 

Au milieu des années 1970, AMF (American Machine & Foundry) acheta la société et augmenta la production mais cette stratégie entraîna une qualité moindre. Les ventes déclinèrent et l'entreprise fut sur le point de faire faillite. Le nom lui-même devint l'objet de moqueries comme à peine capable et le titre goret (hog) devint autant affectueux que péjoratif. AMF vendit l'entreprise à un petit groupe d'investisseurs qui ralentirent la production, introduisirent des techniques de productions innovantes et améliorèrent la qualité. Plutôt que de se battre contre les Japonais sur leur terrain, cette nouvelle direction accentua le côté rétro mais apporta une excellente réputation à la firme.

 

AMF Harley-Davidson continue de produire ses petites cylindrées dans l'usine Aermacchi. Les locaux et l'outillage sont revendus dans les années 1970 à Claudio Castiglioni, posant la première pierre de ce que deviendra Cagiva.

 

Une Harley-Davidson devient alors objet de collection qui garde sa valeur si elle est bien entretenue, surtout pour un gros modèle.

 

La vente d'objets portant le logo et des accords de licence avec des entreprises fabriquant des camions légers à plateau (série F) comme Ford assurent une publicité forte et des revenus intéressants.

 

Source: fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Davidson

[your] total score

 

psychopath test pclr

 

please score yourself 0 1 2 3 on each of the 20 items and record your score as a comment on the total score image

 

The PCL-R is a clinical rating scale (rated by a psychologist or other professional) of 20 items. Each of the items in the PCL-R is scored on a three-point scale according to specific criteria through file information and a semi-structured interview. A value of 0 is assigned if the item does not apply, 1 if it applies somewhat, and 2 if it fully applies. In addition to lifestyle and criminal behavior the checklist assesses glib and superficial charm, grandiosity, need for stimulation, pathological lying, conning and manipulating, lack of remorse, callousness, poor behavioral controls, impulsivity, irresponsibility, failure to accept responsibility for one's own actions and so forth. The scores are used to predict risk for criminal re-offence and probability of rehabilitation.

 

The current edition of the PCL-R officially lists four factors (1.a, 1.b, 2.a, and 2.b), which summarize the 20 assessed areas via factor analysis. The previous edition of the PCL-R[5] listed two factors. Factor 1 is labelled "selfish, callous and remorseless use of others". Factor 2 is labelled as "chronically unstable, antisocial and socially deviant lifestyle". There is a high risk of recidivism and currently small likelihood of rehabilitation for those who are labelled as having "psychopathy" on the basis of the PCL-R ratings in the manual for the test, although treatment research is ongoing.

 

PCL-R Factors 1a and 1b are correlated with narcissistic personality disorder and histrionic personality disorder. They are associated with extraversion and positive affect. Factor 1, the so-called core personality traits of psychopathy, may even be beneficial for the psychopath (in terms of nondeviant social functioning).

 

PCL-R Factors 2a and 2b are particularly strongly correlated to antisocial personality disorder and criminality and are associated with reactive anger, criminality, and impulsive violence. The target group for the PCL-R is convicted criminals. The quality of ratings may depend on how much background information is available and whether the person rated is honest and forthright.

 

[edit] The two factorsFactor 1: Personality "Aggressive narcissism"

 

Glibness/superficial charm

Grandiose sense of self-worth

Pathological lying

Cunning/manipulative

Lack of remorse or guilt

Shallow affect (genuine emotion is short-lived and egocentric)

Callousness; lack of empathy

Failure to accept responsibility for own actions

Factor 2: Case history "Socially deviant lifestyle".

 

Need for stimulation/proneness to boredom

Parasitic lifestyle

Poor behavioral control

Lack of realistic long-term goals

Impulsivity

Irresponsibility

Juvenile delinquency

Early behavior problems

Revocation of conditional release

Traits not correlated with either factor

 

Promiscuous sexual behavior

Many short-term marital relationships

Criminal versatility

Acquired behavioural sociopathy/sociological conditioning (Item 21: a newly identified trait i.e. a person relying on sociological strategies and tricks to deceive)

Early factor analysis of the PCL-R indicated it consisted of two factors. Factor 1 captures traits dealing with the interpersonal and affective deficits of psychopathy (e.g. shallow affect, superficial charm, manipulativeness, lack of empathy) whereas Factor 2 dealt with symptoms relating to antisocial behaviour (e.g. criminal versatility, impulsiveness, irresponsibility, poor behaviour controls, juvenile delinquency).

 

The two factors have been found by those following this theory to display different correlates. Factor 1 has been correlated with narcissistic personality disorder, low anxiety, low empathy, low stress reaction and low suicide risk but high scores on scales of achievement and well-being. In addition, the use of item response theory analysis of female offender PCL-R scores indicates factor 1 items are more important in measuring and generalizing the construct of psychopathy in women than factor 2 items.

 

In contrast, Factor 2 was found to be related to antisocial personality disorder, social deviance, sensation seeking, low socio-economic status[6] and high risk of suicide. The two factors are nonetheless highly correlated and there are strong indications they do result from a single underlying disorder. However, research has failed to replicate the two-factor model in female samples.

 

Recent statistical analysis using confirmatory factor analysis by Cooke and Michie indicated a three-factor structure, with those items from factor 2 strictly relating to antisocial behaviour (criminal versatility, juvenile delinquency, revocation of conditional release, early behavioural problems and poor behavioural controls) removed from the final model. The remaining items are divided into three factors: Arrogant and Deceitful Interpersonal Style, Deficient Affective Experience and Impulsive and Irresponsible Behavioural Style.

 

In the most recent edition of the PCL-R, Hare adds a fourth antisocial behaviour factor, consisting of those Factor 2 items excluded in the previous model. Again, these models are presumed to be hierarchical with a single unified psychopathy disorder underlying the distinct but correlated factors.

 

The Cooke & Michie hierarchical ‘three’-factor model has severe statistical problems—i.e., it actually contains ten factors and results in impossible parameters (negative variances)—as well as conceptual problems. Hare and colleagues have published detailed critiques of the Cooke & Michie model. New evidence, across a range of samples and diverse measures, now supports a four-factor model of the psychopathy construct,] which represents the Interpersonal, Affective, Lifestyle, and overt Antisocial features of the personality disorder.

 

Diagnostic criteria and PCL-R assessmentPsychopathy is most commonly assessed with the PCL-R, which is a clinical rating scale with 20 items. Each of the items in the PCL-R is scored on a three-point (0, 1, 2) scale according to two factors. PCL-R Factor 2 is associated with reactive anger, anxiety, increased risk of suicide, criminality, and impulsive violence.

 

PCL-R Factor 1, in contrast, is associated with extraversion and positive affect. Factor 1, the so-called core personality traits of psychopathy, may even be beneficial for the psychopath (in terms of nondeviant social functioning). A psychopath will score high on both factors, whereas someone with APD will score high only on Factor 2.

 

Both case history and a semi-structured interview are used in the analysis.

    

WILMINGTON, Del. (Wednesday, May 28, 2014) – Today, Lieutenant Governor Matt Denn, Chair of the Criminal Justice Council, and Chris Kervick, Executive Director of the Criminal Justice Council, announced the 2014 Byrne Grant recipients at a press conference at the Rick VanStory Resource Center in Wilmington.

 

This year’s Byrne Grants were awarded to seven non-profits agencies – representing all three counties – that specialized in the CJC’s priority areas of Re-entry and Recidivism Reduction for Adults and Juveniles, Juvenile Prevention and Intervention, and Reducing Homicide and Violent Crime. The total of all awards is $501,079.76 and 82% of funding is dedicated to re-entry services, up from 46% in 2007. The increase in re-entry funding reflects a decision by the CJC to concentrate its limited federal grant resources in this important area.

 

Lt. Governor Denn said, “These groups have proven track records of providing quality services that continue to make a difference in our communities. I am impressed with their plans to expand these much-needed programs in our state.”

 

“The Byrne Justice Assistance Grant is the cornerstone federal assistance program for the Criminal Justice Council,” said Executive Director Chris Kervick. “It allows the flexibility required to support local programs as they provide much needed services to the people who need them most. The Criminal Justice Council congratulates this year’s grant recipients and we look forward to working with the agencies to make each program successful.”

 

Rick VanStory Resource Center CEO Allen Conover said today, “We would like to thank the Delaware Criminal Justice Council for the opportunity to enhance our ability to provide essential services to individuals involved with the criminal justice system that are mentally ill and/or that suffer from substance abuse. We look forward to utilizing our collective experiences to assist others.”

 

Here is a list of recipients, the award amount, and short description of what the funding will be used for:

 

Boys & Girls Clubs at Oak Orchard/Riverdale: Stop It Before It Starts Prevention Program $50,930.00

Facilitating 2 curriculums: "Positive Action" on bullying, substance abuse, and suicide for 8 to 13 year-olds; and "Courage to Speak" on drug abuse prevention for parents. Grant will fund program facilitators, counselor, and educational equipment.

 

Courageous Hearts Equine Assisted Psychotherapy and Learning Center Equine Assisted Learning: Power Tools for Living Program $39,690.00

Providing therapeutic equine activities for at-risk youth. The program teaches youths to interact with and care for horses, and offers mental health counseling. Grant will cover salary for the director, bookkeeper, equine specialists, & therapist, as well as facility rental.

 

Dover Interfaith Mission for Housing, Inc.: Re-entry Opportunity and Recidivism Prevention $97,900.00

Provide shelter, job placement, case management, and counseling to former inmates.

 

The Hospitality School, Inc.: Culinary Arts & Restaurant Training Reducing Recidivism $69,933.00

Provide culinary training for hard-to-employ individuals, specially focusing on ex-offenders. This free, 14-week program also teaches soft skills & financial literacy, and includes an internship.

 

Rick VanStory Resource Centers: Case Management for Mental Health Offenders $115,711.76

Provide case management, mental health counseling, and substance abuse treatment to homeless former inmates. Program will operate in all counties.

 

Victims' Voices Heard: Victim Impact: Listen and Learn / Stand Down: Courage to Change $60,000.00

Implement two programs that involve group sessions at correctional institutions; one focuses on victim impact awareness and the other on setting and working toward re-entry goals.

 

The Way Home, Inc.: Expanding Way Home Case Management Services $66,915.00

Add to the agency's case management staff to serve inmates who are re-entering the community. Case manager will assist with employment, education, and basic needs.

 

Background: The Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance Grant (JAG) Program (42 U.S.C. 3751(a)) is the primary provider of federal criminal justice funding to state and local jurisdictions. JAG funds support all components of the criminal justice system from multijurisdictional drug and gang task forces to crime prevention and domestic violence programs, courts, corrections, treatment, and justice information sharing initiatives. JAG funded projects may address crime through the provision of services directly to individuals and/or communities and by improving the effectiveness and efficiency of criminal justice systems, processes, and procedures.

Boot-Camp Prison Find Their Time Running Out #Inmates, #Moriah, #Camps, #Military, #Style, #Recidivism, #Correctional, #Prison, #Boots, #Facility, #Program #Contfeed

 

Check out here >> cofd.co/0sjr3

Fernando Alonso Díaz, né le 29 juillet 1981 à Oviedo, est un pilote automobile espagnol, premier champion du monde de Formule 1 de l'histoire de son pays, en 2005, au volant d'une Renault, titre qu'il conserve l'année suivante avec la même écurie. Après avoir rejoint McLaren en 2007 puis être revenu chez Renault en 2008-2009, il pilote pour Ferrari de 2010 à 2014 avant de retourner chez McLaren en 2015. Fernando Alonso totalise 32 victoires en Formule 1 (entre 2003 et 2013) et deux succès aux 24 Heures du Mans lors des éditions 2018 et 2019.

Managé par Flavio Briatore depuis fin 2000, il fait ses débuts en Formule 1 lors de la saison 2001 au sein de l'écurie italienne Scuderia Minardi. Il rejoint ensuite l'écurie française Renault F1 Team, dirigée par Briatore, en tant que pilote-essayeur en 2002 puis en tant que titulaire en 2003. Révélation de l'année 2003 grâce à son succès au Grand Prix de Hongrie qui fait de lui le plus jeune vainqueur de l'histoire de la Formule 1 (record battu par Sebastian Vettel en 2008 puis par Max Verstappen en 2016), il progresse dans la hiérarchie en même temps que son écurie jusqu'à remporter le titre de champion du monde des pilotes en 2005 et de récidiver la saison suivante, devenant le plus jeune champion du monde (record battu par Lewis Hamilton en 2008 puis par Sebastian Vettel en 2010) et le plus jeune double champion du monde de l'histoire de son sport (record battu par Sebastian Vettel en 2011).

Fin 2005, au lendemain de son premier titre mondial, il annonce son départ pour l'écurie McLaren-Mercedes à compter de 2007. Malgré une saison ponctuée par quatre victoires, 2007 est surtout marquée par sa rivalité avec son jeune coéquipier Lewis Hamilton et ses relations orageuses avec son directeur Ron Dennis qui l'amènent à revenir chez Renault en 2008.

Après deux saisons chez Renault (deux victoires en 2008, aucune en 2009), il signe chez Ferrari et remporte le Grand Prix inaugural de la saison 2010. Leader du championnat du monde 2010 au départ du dernier Grand Prix à Abou Dabi, une mauvaise stratégie de course le prive du titre mondial au profit de Sebastian Vettel. En 2012, il lutte jusqu'au bout avec Vettel pour le titre et s'incline de trois points à l'arrivée de l'ultime course au Brésil. Fernando Alonso est à nouveau vice-champion du monde en 2013 ; s'il obtient deux victoires et dix podiums, il termine à 155 points de Sebastian Vettel. Son succès au volant de la Ferrari F138 le 12 mai 2013, au Grand Prix d'Espagne, est sa 32e et dernière victoire dans la discipline. Sa saison 2014 est sa moins bonne chez Ferrari, avec deux podiums et une sixième place au championnat du monde.

Après cinq saisons et onze victoires, Fernando Alonso quitte Ferrari et retourne chez McLaren pour faire équipe en 2015 avec Jenson Button et courir avec un moteur Honda. Les débuts du moteur turbo V6 hybride japonais sont extrêmement difficiles et Alonso passe sa saison en fond de grille pour la finir avec 11 points, son plus mauvais classement depuis ses débuts. 2016 est à peine plus satisfaisante, avec deux cinquièmes places, un meilleur tour en course et 54 points au championnat.

En 2017, Alonso qui n'a toujours pas une voiture lui permettant de gagner en Formule 1, se fixe comme objectif de remporter la triple couronne récompensant la victoire au Grand Prix de Monaco, aux 500 miles d'Indianapolis et aux 24 Heures du Mans, que seul Graham Hill déteint à travers l'histoire de la course automobile. Il participe pour la première fois aux 500 miles d'Indianapolis lors de l'édition 2017 où il est en position pour la victoire avant son abandon à quelques tours de l'arrivée. En 2018, pour sa première participation, il remporte au volant d'une Toyota TS050 Hybrid, les 24 Heures du Mans, avec Kazuki Nakajima et Sébastien Buemi ; l'année suivante, avec les mêmes coéquipiers, il remporte une deuxième victoire dans la Sarthe et devient le premier pilote champion du monde en Formule 1 et WEC.

Surnommé le Taureau des Asturies par les médias et ses supporters, Alonso a contribué à populariser la Formule 1 en Espagne au point que l'on parle depuis 2003 d'une Alonsomania. Le 14 août 2018, il annonce la fin de sa carrière en Formule 1 à l'issue de la saison 2018 et dispute sa dernière course dans la discipline lors du Grand Prix d'Abou Dabi.

Alonso dispute en 2020 son premier Dakar à bord d'un Toyota Hilux.