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Thank you for taking the time to check out my forensic psychology website. My name is David Webb and I've had a passionate interest in studying and teaching psychology for over 20 years.
I have a first class honors degree in psychology and a Masters in Occupational psychology from the University of Sheffield (UK). For a number of years, I was a lecturer in psychology at the University of Huddersfield (UK). During this time I wrote and delivered an undergraduate course in forensic psychology, as a result of which I ended up building the All About Forensic Psychology website www.all-about-forensic-psychology.com/
Highlights on the website include:
A detailed and clear account of what forensic psychology actually is. Important because of the way the subject has been distorted, sensationalised and inaccurately presented in books, films and on TV. See following link.
www.all-about-forensic-psychology.com/what-is-forensic-ps...
A series of information pages on criminal profiling. A fascinating subject to learn about in iteslf but also important to know of its place within forensic psychology; for example is criminal profiling a realistic career goal? See following link.
www.all-about-forensic-psychology.com/fbi-profiler.html
The Forensic Psychology Degree Directory. A great resource for anybody thinking about studying forensic psychology. See following link.
www.all-about-forensic-psychology.com/forensic-psychology...
Free full-text articles. A wonderful collection of publications including a special "Inside the Criminal Mind" collection showcasing all the major articles written by members of the Behavioral Science Units, National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime, at the FBI Academy. See following link.
www.all-about-forensic-psychology.com/forensic-psychology...
I really hope that you find all the information and resources on the All About Forensic Psychology website useful and engaging.
David Webb BSc (hons), MSc
RECORDED BY A.R.G.U.S. SECURITY CAMERAS
...The psychologist's office...
Slade strikes the guard in the arm with his pen, ineffective, but that's not what Slade was going for, it was a distraction. Then guard's attention shifts to his arm, his shin is then kicked by Slade.
"What are you doing!?" Screams the guard.
Slade doesn't answer, he continuously jabs the pen into the guard's face while kicking his shin until he collapses to the ground.
"Y-y-you think you'll get away with this you son of a #@$*%"
Slade smirks and then pummels the guard with his fists. He then takes his vest off along with his helmet.
"Correction, I will get away with this" he whispers
Slade smirks once more, happy with his reply even though the guard didn't hear him. He then takes the pen picking the lock on the cuffs, he then throws on the armor, picks up the guard's gun and extra ammo and then walks out the door into the halls of A.R.G.U.S.
Please comment if you favourite :)
NEXT: Tactics!
The Milgram experiment on obedience to authority figures was a series of social psychology experiments conducted by Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram, which measured the willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts that conflicted with their personal conscience. Milgram first described his research in 1963 in an article published in the Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, and later discussed his findings in greater depth in his 1974 book,Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View.
The experiments began in July 1961, three months after the start of the trial of German Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem. Milgram devised his psychological study to answer the question: "Was it that Eichmann and his accomplices in the Holocaust had mutual intent, in at least with regard to the goals of the Holocaust?" In other words, "Was there a mutual sense of morality among those involved?" Milgram's testing suggested that it could have been that the millions of accomplices were merely following orders, despite violating their deepest moral beliefs.
“I hate it” brings a radical version of the Milgram experiment onto unsuspecting digital citizens: what happens when you are instructed by an authoritative process, such as the ones commonly found in social networks, to perform an act of violence onto a digital avatar? And what happens when you realize that the avatar is physically connected to a human being?
This is a creative commons image, which you may freely use by linking to this page. Please respect the photographer and his work.
Taken at Duke Raleigh Hospital in Raleigh, North Carolina—some sort of stain upon the road.
“The Rorschach test (also known as the Rorschach inkblot test, the Rorschach technique, or simply the inkblot test) is a psychological test in which subjects' perceptions of inkblots are recorded and then analyzed using psychological interpretation, complex algorithms, or both. Some psychologists use this test to examine a person's personality characteristics and emotional functioning. It has been employed to detect underlying thought disorder, especially in cases where patients are reluctant to describe their thinking processes openly. The test is named after its creator, Swiss psychologist Hermann Rorschach.” Rorschach was born in 1888 and died 1922.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rorschach_test
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License
Dr. Berman is a hormone replacement therapy expert who runs a testosterone replacement clinic that supports thousands of patients as they stay physically strong and active, beginning in their mid 40’s and beyond. His Low T clinic offers a safe and effective Low T regimen that is easy to follow and quick to boost your physical strength.
Psychologists have identified several key aspects of masculinity that men are keen to hang on to as they age. Most prominent are physical strength, self-reliance, risk-taking, and emotional control. It’s interesting that of these traits, testosterone levels can be directly tied to three out of four.
Physical ability and mobility are concerns for both men and women as they grow older, however, research shows that men equate physical strength with being in control, and maintaining physical strength and fitness is very, very important them as they age.
But, genetics can work against you. Scientists have discovered genetic markers that indicate you might be at risk for a lower level of testosterone, earlier on in life. For these men, getting older does not have to mean an automatic decline into poor health, or being confined to a lifestyle you haven’t chosen. In many cases, testosterone replacement therapy is the simple boost that allows them to stay fit and physically strong as they age.
If you find the right medical doctor, one who is a trusted physician and a testosterone replacement treatment specialist, you can defy genetics and stay strong for decades. Dr. Mikhail Berman is a Low T doctor, who has spent his medical career also researching and studying male hormones and how they affect your health.
How Does Testosterone Replacement Therapy Work?
There are millions of men in the U.S. suffering from the effects of low testosterone but, only 1 in 4 are likely to find out what the cause of their condition is. The number one symptom to emerge is fatigue, a vague sense of physical weakness and lacking energy. Testosterone is the primary hormone that controls and stimulates the organs and functions that relate directly to physical strength and energy.
In the core of a brain, there is the hypothalamus. This is the center of regulation of all hormone system. It serves as a bridge between the nervous and endocrine system. It is here where metabolism is controlled. This is why hormone imbalance has such a direct relationship to a lack of energy. One of those functions it regulates is metabolism. This is why low levels of testosterone have such a direct relationship to a lack of energy.
Testosterone replacement, when done correctly, takes a bio-identical hormone that the human body identifies as familiar and introduces just enough of it to push the body into the normal range. This is a delicate balance, best put into the hands of a hormone specialist like Dr. Berman. Too much, and the body can go into overdrive, causing fits of rage or insomnia. Too little, and there is no noticeable difference, an expensive and unnecessary mistake.
Dr. Berman’s Low T clinic has developed the safest and most effective fast-acting approach to getting back your physical strength, energy, and stamina. Side benefits of this treatment also include improved cognitive function, renewed optimism and a lighter more confident mood overall, and a solution for a low libido or erectile dysfunction.
What are the Benefits of Testosterone Replacement Therapy with Dr. Mikhail Berman?
Dr. Berman is a noted member of several national institutions that support hormone replacement therapy as a scientifically proven method to alleviate the effects of low t. He has witnessed first hand the way testosterone replacement when diagnosed and administered correctly works. He has witnessed patients going from go lethargic to lively. From feeling fatigued all the time to feeling reinvigorated and ready to tackle all of the physical activities they enjoy. These men, who were about to give up on sports and fitness, physical labor, even great sex, were able to regain the energy and stamina needed to enjoy those activities once again.
Dr. Berman has spent decades refining the treatment method he offers at his Low T clinic. His decision to use the injection technique stems from years of study on the importance of controlling each dose and how it is delivered to the body’s systems. Creams and gels are impossible to control, and patches limit our ability to know exactly how much hormone is reaching the system.
Any treatment, no matter what method is used, should be supervised by a licensed doctor. Otherwise, there is no guarantee that it will be safe over the long term, or effective. Dr. Berman believes in starting small and slow, working gradually to replace only the exact amount needed to put your hormone system back in balance. Over the course of three months, the body will begin to react by putting many of your bodily functions back to normal. In some cases, these functions operate better they ever have.
Schedule Your Testosterone Replacement Therapy Appointment
At Dr. Berman’s Low T center, your injection prescription will be based upon your customized hormone health profile, a composite picture of your hormone report from the lab and physical health record. He will calculate your dose, the smallest and most exact amount needed to put your hormones back in the normal range. Over the course of three months, you will see a remarkable change, without any serious side effects.
There are four key areas where testosterone levels play such a critical role in regulating. And, it just so happens that these are the areas men fear losing the most control over as they age.
Hormones are heavy influencers when it comes to sexual desire and sexual function. One of the most immediate benefits men experience is a return of sexual desire and an ability to get and keep an erection during sex. Physically, men with low testosterone begin experiencing an increase in body fat, especially in the belly area, and a decrease in their muscle bulk and strength. And, having rated maintaining control as a number one priority, men find that there is a gradual but consistent return of muscle mass and strength. All of these conditions, when not operating with efficiency, can cause a loss of control over emotional reactions. There has been a direct correlation made between testosterone replacement and increases in feeling calm, motivated, confident and cognitively agile.
Call Dr. Berman today at (561) 841-1837, and arrange to have your hormone health profile completed by his experienced lab. Then, you can consult with him in his professional and private medical office and decide if hormone therapy is right for you.
Testosterone Clinic: Dr. Mikhail Berman
8295 N Military Trail, Suite G-1
Palm Beach Gardens, FL 33410
(561) 841-1837
plus.google.com/106990328128651242148
Dr. Daryl Ternowski, Registered Vancouver Psychologist
Suite 300, 601 West Broadway, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4C2
(604) 219-0381
Dr. Daryl Ternowski, Registered Vancouver Psychologist
Suite 300, 601 West Broadway, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4C2
(604) 219-0381
A 2005 international survey of self esteem published in the highest ranking social psychology journal found that Japan had the lowest of all 53 nations surveyed (Schmitt & Allik, 2005). The US had the 5th highest self esteem. US self-esteem is 25% higher than that in Japan. This rises to approximately 60% higher when compared to a North American Caucasian population (Heine, Lehman, Markus, & Kitayama, 1999). Psychologists who believe in the universality of the importance of self-esteem, believe that these results explain various social problems in Japan (古荘, 2009). Cultural-psychologists, however, argue that Self-esteem does not occupy a central position in the position in the psychology of the Japanese, nor explains Japanese behaviour or psychological processes. Considering these again, in the Japanese case, while Maslow argues that ego needs (and self esteem) are required for self-actualisation, innovation at which Japan ranks in top 15% of countries (The Global Innovation Index 2014.), shows no correlation (r=0.07) with comparison of self-esteem across cultures (Schmitt & Allik, 2005). While in the West birds of a feather flock together and friendships are formed between the like-minded, and notwithstanding the fact that a similar saying exists in Japanese (類は友と呼ぶ types call friends）, cross cultural research on the similarity between friends and others finds that while US subjects rate their friends more similar to themselves in their actions and preferences, the Japanese do not (Heine, Foster, & Spina, 2009). Similarly, while Americans identify with their homogeneous groups and denigrate outgroups, Japanese groups are congnised as networks containing mutually cooperating variety and are disinterested in denigrating outgroups (Yuki, 2003). Japanese make fewer risky financial decisions preferring to invest in neighbourhood banks (Hyoudo, 2011), and while the Japanese do gamble the most popular form of Japanese gambling pachinko provides "escape" (Brooks, Ellis, & Lewis, 2008) involving few decision, where gamblers might brandish their self-esteem. Japanese tourist enjoy group tours (Chon & Inagaki, 2000; Dace, 1995; Mak, 2003; Nishiyama, 1996; Pizam & Sussmann, 1995) where there few opportunities use or bolster their self-esteem, and the Japanese tend to travel to luxury destinations (Nishiyama, 1996) where there is little opportunity for downward comparison. Japanese hospitality (Omotenashi) is a psychological service where hosts provide taste, knowledge, and mental relaxation (星野, 1991, p35) and Japanese guests often enjoy 'depending' (土居, 1971, p4) on a sensitive host to make choices for them.
自動和訳
2005年の社会心理学雑誌に掲載された自己評価の国際調査では、日本は調査対象の53カ国の中で最も低い国であることが判明した（Schmitt&Allik、2005）。 米国は5番目に高い自尊心を持っていました。 米国の自尊心は日本のそれよりも25％高いです。 これは、北米の白人人口と比較すると約60％高くなります（Heine、Lehman、Markus、＆Kitayama、1999）。 自尊心の重要性の普遍性を信じる心理学者は、これらの結果が日本の様々な社会問題を説明していると信じている（uma、2009）。 しかし、文化心理学者は、自尊心は日本人の心理学における位置の中心的な位置を占めておらず、日本人の行動や心理的プロセスを説明していないと これらを改めて考えると、日本の場合、マズローは自己実現のためには自我の必要性（および自尊心）が必要であると主張しているが、日本がトップ15％の国にランクされているイノベーション（The Global Innovation Index2014。）、文化間の自尊心の比較との相関（r=0.07）を示さない（Schmitt＆Allik、2005）。 西洋では羽の鳥が一緒に群がり、志を同じくする人々の間に友情が形成されているが、日本語には同様の言葉が存在する（友人は友人と呼ぶ）という事実にもかかわらず、友人と他者の類似性に関する異文化研究は、米国の被験者が彼らの友人を彼らの行動や好みにおいて自分自身に似ていると評価しているが、日本人はそうではないことを発見している（heine,Foster,&Spina,2009）。 同様に、アメリカ人は同種のグループと同一視してアウトグループを中傷するが、日本のグループは相互に協力する多様性を含むネットワークとしてcongnisedされ、アウトグループを中傷することに無関心である(Yuki,2003)。 日本人は近所の銀行に投資することを好む危険な財務上の決定を少なくし（Hyoudo、2011）、日本人はギャンブルをしている間、日本のギャンブルパチンコの最も人気のある形は、ギャンブラーが自尊心を振り回すかもしれないいくつかの決定を含む"脱出"を提供する（Brooks、Ellis、&Lewis、2008）。 日本人観光客はグループツアーを楽しむ（Chon&Inagaki,2000;Dace,1995;Mak,2003;Nishiyama,1996;Pizam&Sussmann,1995）機会が少なく、自尊心を高めたり強化したりする機会が少なく、日本人は豪華な目的地に旅行する傾向がある（Nishiyama,1996）。 日本のおもてなし（おもてなし）は、ホストが味、知識、精神的なリラクゼーションを提供する心理的なサービスであり、日本人のゲストはしばしば敏感なホストに"依存"（土居、1971、p4）を楽しんで選択することが多い。
Image based upon table 4 page 631 in
Schmitt, D. P., & Allik, J. (2005). Simultaneous administration of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in 53 nations: exploring the universal and culture-specific features of global self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(4), 623. Retrieved from psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/89/4/623/
Bibliography
Brooks, G., Ellis, T., & Lewis, C. (2008). Pachinko: A Japanese Addiction? International Gambling Studies, 8(2), 193–205. doi:10.1080/14459790802168958
Chon, K. S., & Inagaki, T. (2000). Japanese Tourists: Socio-Economic, Marketing and Psychological Analysis (1st ed.). Routledge.
Dace, R. (1995). Japanese Tourism: How a Knowledge of Japanese Buyer Behaviour and Culture Can Be of Assistance to British Hoteliers in Seeking to Develop This Valuable Market. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 1(3), 281–288. doi:10.1177/135676679500100308
Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. Retrieved from www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
Diener, E., & Diener, M. (1995). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(4), 653–663. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.4.653
Heine, S. J., Foster, J.-A. B., & Spina, R. (2009). Do birds of a feather universally flock together? Cultural variation in the similarity-attraction effect. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 12(4), 247–258. Retrieved from onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2009.0128...
Hyoudo, T. (2011). Japanese Economics and Culture: The Japanese Financial System: Financial Asset Holdings in the Private Sector. Yamaguchi University, Faculty of Economics.
Mak, J. (2003). Tourism and the Economy: Understanding the Economics of Tourism. University of Hawaii Press.
Nishiyama, K. (1996). Welcoming the Japanese Visitor: Insights, Tips, Tactics. University of Hawaii Press.
Pizam, A., & Sussmann, S. (1995). Does nationality affect tourist behavior? Annals of Tourism Research, 22(4), 901–917. doi:10.1016/0160-7383(95)00023-5
Schmitt, D. P., & Allik, J. (2005). Simultaneous administration of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in 53 nations: exploring the universal and culture-specific features of global self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(4), 623. Retrieved from psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/89/4/623/
The Global Innovation Index. (2014). Retrieved 20 September 2014, from www.globalinnovationindex.org/content.aspx?page=data-anal...
Wilkinson, R., & Pickett, K. (2011). Greater Equality: The Hidden Key to Better Health and Higher Scores. American Educator, 35(1), 5–9. Retrieved from eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ920510
Yuki, M. (2003). Intergroup comparison versus intragroup relationships: A cross-cultural examination of social identity theory in North American and East Asian cultural contexts. Social Psychology Quarterly, 166–183. Retrieved from www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/1519846.pdf
古荘純一. (2009). 日本の子どもの自尊感情はなぜ低いのか: 児童精神科医の現場報告. 光文社.
土居健郎. (1971). 「甘え」の構造 (新装.). 弘文堂.
星野克美. (1991). 「もてなし文化」ルネッサンスー新・日本型サービスをどう創造するかー. TBSブリタニカ.
This office building is located at 2513 & 2515 Main St. in Miles City, Montana.
At the time of this photo (August 2009), the dominant tenants were H&R Block Income Tax service and Miles City Federal Credit Union.
Other businesses located in this building included:
Farmers Union Mutual Claims Service
First Impressions Salon
Hands On Massage
The office of Dawn Marie Birk, PhD, clinical psychologist.
Body Self Perception
Tilt your head forward and take a look at your body. How do you know that this body belongs to you? How do you actually come to perceive this body as part of yourself? This question has been discussed by philosophers and psychologists for centuries but remained outside the scope of experimental investigation. Henrik Ehrsson and colleagues have been addressing this question from a cognitive neuroscience perspective.
About the author: Henrik Ehrsson is a group leader in the Department of Neuroscience at the Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. He was an HFSP Long-Term Fellow from 2004-2007 in the laboratory of Richard Passingham at the Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging at University College London. In 2007 he moved to Stockholm with an HFSP Career Development Award. He has been successful in obtaining competitive grants such as the Starting Grant from the European Research Council.
The first indication that the self-perception of the body is something that is actually produced by brain comes from the clinical literature. Patients who have suffered from stroke affecting frontal and parietal regions can develop conditions with disturbed perception of their own body. Some of these patients develop a deficit that can take the form of denying or disowning parts of the body. Although these cases indicate that the frontal and parietal association cortices are related to body self-perception they do not pinpoint the specific brain mechanisms involved because typically the lesions are large and affect multiple areas including the underlying white matter tissue.
We have used a classical approach in psychology to investigate body self perception: we studied illusions to learn more about the basic processes that underlie normal perception and combined this with state-of-the-art brain imaging techniques to identify the underlying brain mechanisms in healthy individuals. One particularly informative illusion is the ‘rubber hand illusion’ where people experience that a prosthetic hand is in fact their own hand. When synchronous touches are applied to a rubber hand, in full view, and the real hand, which is hidden behind a screen, most individuals will sense the touches on the rubber hand and experience that the artificial limb is their own. Even more dramatic is the ‘out-of-body’ illusion. In this setup the participants wear a set of head mounted displays in front of their eyes which are connected to two CCTV cameras placed one and a half meters behind them. The two cameras provide a stereoscopic image and the participants, who can thus see themselves from the point of view of the cameras, i.e. from the back. The experimenter then jabs a rod towards a location just below the cameras while simultaneously touching the participant’s chest, which is out-of-view. The visual impressions of a hand approaching a point below the cameras and the felt touches on the chest lead the participants to experience the illusion of being located one and a half meters behind their real body, with loss of self-identification with that body. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that people can perceive an entire artificial body, or another person’s body, as their own. In these experiments the two cameras were attached to a helmet worn by a life-size mannequin (or another individual) and positioned so that they were looking down on the mannequin’s body when it was touched synchronously with the real body (see Figure below).
By clarifying the precise combination of factors that are necessary and sufficient to elicit these changes in body self-perception we can develop models of body self-perception. It turns out that the critical factors are that the information from the eyes, skin and muscles matches both in time and space, that there is an ego-centric visual perspective of the body, and that the object to be owned has a sufficient human-like appearance. We then use these principles to develop testable hypotheses about the neuronal mechanisms of body self-perception.
To this end we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to show that neuronal substrates of body self perception involve areas in the frontal and parietal lobes that receive convergent visual, tactile, and proprioceptive afferent input, so called multisensory areas. Of particular interest were neuronal populations in the ventral premotor cortex and areas in the intraparietal that integrate visual, tactile and muscle sense information in body-part-centered reference frames in the space near the body. These neurons most probably mediate the perception of a limb as one’s own because our fMRI experiments have found significantly increased activation in these areas when people experience the rubber hand illusion and full-body illusion (see Figure above), and that the activity in this area closely matches the perceptual principles determining these illusions so that the stronger the activity the stronger the illusory self perception.
Taken together these studies represent a major advance in our understanding of the brain mechanisms mediating body self-perception. By applying these principles we can develop new clinical and industrial technologies where the self-perception of the body is deliberately manipulated. For example, one can use the rubber hand illusion to enhance the feeling of ownership of artificial limbs used by amputees, and the projection of ownership onto simulated bodies represents a new direction in virtual reality research which could enhance user control, realism, and the feeling of ‘presence’ in industrial, educational and entertainment applications.
By clarifying the precise combination of factors that are necessary and sufficient to elicit these changes in body self-perception we can develop models of body self-perception. It turns out that the critical factors are that the information from the eyes, skin and muscles matches both in time and space, that there is an ego-centric visual perspective of the body, and that the object to be owned has a sufficient human-like appearance. We then use these principles to develop testable hypotheses about the neuronal mechanisms of body self-perception.
To this end we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to show that neuronal substrates of body self perception involve areas in the frontal and parietal lobes that receive convergent visual, tactile, and proprioceptive afferent input, so called multisensory areas. Of particular interest were neuronal populations in the ventral premotor cortex and areas in the intraparietal that integrate visual, tactile and muscle sense information in body-part-centered reference frames in the space near the body. These neurons most probably mediate the perception of a limb as one’s own because our fMRI experiments have found significantly increased activation in these areas when people experience the rubber hand illusion and full-body illusion (see Figure above), and that the activity in this area closely matches the perceptual principles determining these illusions so that the stronger the activity the stronger the illusory self perception.
Taken together these studies represent a major advance in our understanding of the brain mechanisms mediating body self-perception. By applying these principles we can develop new clinical and industrial technologies where the self-perception of the body is deliberately manipulated. For example, one can use the rubber hand illusion to enhance the feeling of ownership of artificial limbs used by amputees, and the projection of ownership onto simulated bodies represents a new direction in virtual reality research which could enhance user control, realism, and the feeling of ‘presence’ in industrial, educational and entertainment applications.
By clarifying the precise combination of factors that are necessary and sufficient to elicit these changes in body self-perception we can develop models of body self-perception. It turns out that the critical factors are that the information from the eyes, skin and muscles matches both in time and space, that there is an ego-centric visual perspective of the body, and that the object to be owned has a sufficient human-like appearance. We then use these principles to develop testable hypotheses about the neuronal mechanisms of body self-perception.
To this end we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to show that neuronal substrates of body self perception involve areas in the frontal and parietal lobes that receive convergent visual, tactile, and proprioceptive afferent input, so called multisensory areas. Of particular interest were neuronal populations in the ventral premotor cortex and areas in the intraparietal that integrate visual, tactile and muscle sense information in body-part-centered reference frames in the space near the body. These neurons most probably mediate the perception of a limb as one’s own because our fMRI experiments have found significantly increased activation in these areas when people experience the rubber hand illusion and full-body illusion (see Figure above), and that the activity in this area closely matches the perceptual principles determining these illusions so that the stronger the activity the stronger the illusory self perception.
Taken together these studies represent a major advance in our understanding of the brain mechanisms mediating body self-perception. By applying these principles we can develop new clinical and industrial technologies where the self-perception of the body is deliberately manipulated. For example, one can use the rubber hand illusion to enhance the feeling of ownership of artificial limbs used by amputees, and the projection of ownership onto simulated bodies represents a new direction in virtual reality research which could enhance user control, realism, and the feeling of ‘presence’ in industrial, educational and entertainment applications.
Key references
Ehrsson HH, Spence C and Passingham RE. 'That's my hand!' Activity in the premotor cortex reflects feeling of ownership of a limb. Science, (2004) 305:875-877.
Ehrsson HH. The experimental induction of out-of-body experiences. Science (2007), 317:1048
Ehrsson HH, Weich K, Weiskopf N, Dolan RJ and Passingham RE. Threatening a rubber hand that you feel is yours elicits a cortical anxiety response. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2007), 104:9828-9833.
Ehrsson HH, Rosén B, Stockselius A, Ragnö C, Köhler P, Lundborg G. Upper limb amputees can be induced to experience a rubber hand as their own. Brain (2008) 131, 3443-3452.
Petkova VI & Ehrsson HH. If I were you: perceptual illusion of body swapping. PLoS One (2008), 3(12):e3832,
Slater M, Perez-Marcos D, Ehrsson HH and Sanchez-Vives MV. Inducing illusory ownership of a virutal body. Frontiers in Neuroscience (2009), 3:214-220
KOSMICARE
www.boomfestival.org/boom2014/boomguide/kosmicare/
A safe place for grounding the galactic energies and intense experiences.
“Those of us who work with Kosmicare believe that the world is a shared responsibility of the community, where we must look out for and take care of each member, just like in tribal times. We believe the wellbeing of each individual is vital to the wellbeing of the whole.”
Substances are not legal in Portugal, although due to the decriminalisation law, projects for risk minimisation and harm reduction (such as Kosmicare) are allowed
Kosmicare is a collaborative project between several entities such as Boom Festival, MAPS, Universidade Catolica do Porto and several governmental institutions such as SICAD.
The Kosmicare comprises:
- Advice on damage prevention;
- Risk minimisation: information and support, healthcare, testing;
- Harm-reduction;
- Support for difficult and intense experiences;
- Facilitation work;
- A team of 30 multi-lingual volunteers (including psychologists, psychiatrists, mental health assistants and medics).
Kosmicare works in collaboration with the local hospital, fire department, paramedics, internal and external security and regional harm-reduction teams.
*
Boom 2014
Photo-Reports by Wolfgang Sterneck
A Reality called Boom - Rhythms @ Boom 2014 *
www.flickr.com/photos/sterneck/sets/72157646523564525
A Reality called Boom - Visions @ Boom 2014 *
www.flickr.com/photos/sterneck/sets/72157646103367017
A Reality called Boom - Spiral Dance @ Boom 2014 *
www.flickr.com/photos/sterneck/sets/72157646505988761
Wolfgang Sterneck:
In the Cracks of the World
Photo-Reports : www.flickr.com/sterneck/sets
Articles (german / english) : www.sterneck.net
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Boom-Festival
04.08.-11.08.2014
Boom-Festival
Idanha-a-Nova Lake - Portugal
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BOOM VISION
Boom is not only a festival, it is a state of mind. Inspired by the principles of Oneness, Peace, Creativity, Sustainability, Transcendence, Alternative Culture, Active Participation, Evolution and Love, it is a space where people from all over the world can converge to experience an alternative reality.
Boom is a festival dedicated to the Free Spirits from all over the world. It is the gathering of the global psychedelic tribe and of whoever feels the call to join in the celebrations!! Boom is a weeklong unpredictable and unforgettable adventure. It takes place, every two years, during August Full Moon, on the shores of a magnificent lake in the sunny Portuguese inland and every one is invited!
BOOM IS A MODEL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS
An environmentally conscious event is a way to offer a concrete example that it is possible to live on this Planet in respect of Mother Earth and of one another. This is possible through a deep understanding of the cycles of life and humanity’s place within these cycles. Permaculture is a brilliant example of how such understanding can be turned into practice.
Boom’s pioneering Environmental Program applies the principles of Permaculture to every single aspect of the Festival production. Moreover Boom widely promotes knowledge and practices of sustainability through lectures, workshops and… practical example!
100% compost toilets (still to this day the only large event in the world to reach this result!); 100% on-site water treatment facilities, off-the-grid energy solutions, bio-construction, permaculture gardens, vegetable oil for the generators… these are just a few of the ground breaking projects that have granted Boom the most prestigious international prizes in environmental efficiency.
For further details please visit the environmental program page.
BOOM BELIEVES IN A BORDERLESS WORLD
Since its beginning in 1997, Boom is the home of the global nomadic tribe. Since then, it has grown organically by word of mouth into an incredibly culturally diverse festival, attracting people from 116 nationalities (2012). Boom is the celebration of the Earth’s multicolored Oneness. EVERY ONE is invited and EVERY ONE is called to consciously co-create a positive reality of Love and Peace, for us and for the next generations. We Are One!
BOOM BELIEVES IN TRANSCENDENCE THROUGH MUSIC
At Boom music is sacred. The dancefloors are temples where to transcend ordinary states of perception and the limitations of our egos. Through dance and music, we can reconnect to our own individual divine essence, while in synch with the beating heart of the whole tribe. All in One!
Scattered across four stages, music at Boom is as diverse as it gets: electronic, acoustic, classic, any style is welcome and represented in a different area, live concerts, djs sets, solo artists, bands… Boom started as a psytrance festival and has developed into an inclusive gathering, unveiling the surprising diversity of quality underground soundscapes.
Psytrance culture remains one of the inspiring sources of Boom's vision and intention. And Boom remains as a testimony of the evolutionary potentials of such a culture.
Check the pages of the single areas for details on the different visions.
BOOM ACTIVATES TRANSFORMATION
Boom’s ultimate aim is to facilitate individual and collective transformation. The Boom experience has been conceived to activate the vital force directing every being towards the fulfillment of its highest potential. To reach this ambitious goal, Boom relies on the continuous exchange of radically innovative knowledge and practices by countless Boomers, musicians, artists, teachers, visionaries, healers, farmers, ecologists, wisdom keepers, researchers, scientists, activists
Besides the music stages and the countless art installations scattered all over the site, the other areas where Boom channels transformation are the Liminal Village, the Healing Area and the Visionary Art Museum. Here our hearts, bodies and minds can receive a full download of information through workshops, presentations, rituals and meditations Check the single areas’ pages for more details.
NO TO CORPORATE SPONSORS, CORPORATE LOGOS AND VIPs, YES TO INDEPENDENCE, SOLIDARITY AND CREATIVITY!!!
Boom is an autonomous zone of cognitive liberty and therefore is and will always be free from corporate sponsorship and logos. Boom is funded by the financial support of the thousands of people that buy the tickets and come to the festival.
Boom does not believe in VIP areas and special treatments, since every Boomer is a VIP! Boom adheres to the principle of ’thinking outside the box’, for the co-creation of novel ways of viewing reality and acting for its evolutionary unfolding.
www.boomfestival.org/boom2014/news/boom-vision
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BOOM-VISION
Die Boom ist nicht nur ein Festival – Sie ist ein Lebensstil
Es sind kleine Momente, in denen das Lernen stattfindet. Jene Momente in denen du versteht wie wichtig es ist, Fünfe einfach mal gerade sein zu lassen. Und jene Momente in denen dir klar wird, dass du es an anderen Stellen genauer nehmen musst. Diese kleinen Momente prägen dich, deine Einstellung und dein Handeln – und mit dir die Grundlage für große Veränderungen. Genau hier setzt die Idee der Boom an: Als schillernder Kristallisationspunkt einer Neo-Stammeskultur möchte sie inspirieren. Und zwar durch jene magische Erfahrung, die zwischen zeitgenössischer Musik, visionärer Kunst und intellektuell-spirituellem Input entsteht.
Veränderung fängt bei dir an, bei deiner Weltanschauung. Du bist der Flügelschlag des Schmetterlings, der am anderen Ende der Welt einen Wetterumschwung bewirkt. Lerne, deine Flügel zu gebrauchen!
Zu diesem Zweck kippen wir das Schubladensystem, das unseren Alltag bestimmt, einfach mal komplett aus. Und zwar mitten hinein in die sonnige, unverdorbene, nuklearfreie Natur Portugals. Dann nehmen wir uns 7 Tage lang Zeit, um spielerisch neue Denkwege und Handlungsweisen, um eine neue Ordnung zu erkunden. Das ist unsere Vision von psychedelischer Kultur und sie wollen wir aktiv vortreiben.
Auf unserer Webseite findet ihr ausführliche Informationen zu den freien Künsten, den multidimensionalen Installationen und den kreativen Liebensbomben, die auf unsere temporäre autonome Zone regnen werden.
Boom ist eine Lebenseinstellung – und sie lebt in euch, liebe Boomer!
INTERKULTURELL
Andere Länder, andere Lebensstile. Auf der Boom kannst du erleben wie inspirativ diese einfache Tatsache ist. Und zwar in konzentrierter Form: Im Jahr 2012 reisten Stammesangehörige aus 116 verschiedenen Ländern an, um in ihrer multikulturellen Mischung eine durchweg positive Vision für die Zukunft zu manifestieren: We Are One – Wir sind eins!
NATUR
Die Kulisse für unser Stammestreffen gestaltet die wohl besten Dekorateurin überhaupt: Mutter Natur. Jene jahrhundertealte iberische Baumlandschaft der umliegenden Hügel, versonnene Gärten und der weitläufige See, in dem sich die Magie des August-Vollmonds spiegelt, schaffen ein einzigartiges Panorama.
STRAND
Nachdem du dich in schwitzende Trance getanzt hast oder wenn dir die Wärme des portugiesischen Sommers zuviel werden sollte: Die nötige Erfrischung ist maximal ein paar hundert Meter entfernt - egal wo du gerade bist. Der große See bestimmt nicht nur das Bild der Boom, sondern auch ihre Stimmung. Wie beim Strandurlaub kannst du jene fließende Ruhe des Wassers aufsaugen, die dich sanft umspült.
DESIGN FÜR DEN GEIST
Das Liminal Village bietet Gelegenheit, dir dein Oberstübchen neu einzurichten: Mit Lebensphilosophie und praktischem Wissen. Im intellektuellen Brennpunkt der Boom finden Vorträge und Diskussionen zu Themen wie Aktivismus, Psychedelik, Freie Kultur, Rituale der Ahnen, Mythologie, Ökologie, Traumlandschaften, Permakultur, Trance, Heilige Pflanzen oder Alternative Medizin und Wissenschaft statt. Dazu waren in den letzten Jahren Referenten wie Vandana Shiva, Alex Grey, Daniel Pinchbeck, Graham Hancock, Robert Venosa, Erik Davis und Shipibo Don Guillermo Arevalo zu Gast. Ein Filmprogramm zur neuen, planetarischen Kultur bietet noch mehr Stimulation auf intellektueller Ebene.
PSYCHEDELISCHES KUNSTMUSEUM
Was ist psychedelische Kunst, was visionäre? Will sie die Eindrücke einer psychedelischen Erfahrung wiedergeben? Will sie ähnliche Emotions- und Assoziationsstrukturen auslösen wie eine Vision? Mach dir selbst ein Bild! In atemberaubender Vielfalt präsentieren einige der talentiertesten Maler von allen Kontinenten des Planeten ihre bewusstseinserweiternden Werke.
INSTALLATIONEN
Bildende Kunst stößt die Pforten unserer Wahrnehmung weit auf und eröffnet uns so die Sicht auf Aspekte unserer Realität, welche normalerweise hinter dem Grauschleier des Alltags verborgen liegen. Um dich mitten hinein in dieses ästhetisch-surreale Paralleluniversum zu katapultieren, kommen überall auf dem Gelände Medien wie Malerei, Bildhauerei, Land Art oder Video zum Einsatz. Sie lassen deine Reise über die Boom zu einer Reise in eine außerirdische Welt von fremdartiger Schönheit werden.
MUSIK
Über verschiedene Tanzplätze verteilt verwirklicht die Boom ihre psychedelische Vision im Spektrum der hörbaren Frequenzen. Dabei entstehen viele verschiedene Rhythmus- und Harmonie-Texturen die alle darauf abzielen, deine Synapsen zu kitzeln, deine Fantasie zu stimulieren und dich zu beflügeln. Die Klanglandschaften der Boom erstrecken sich auf Genres wie Psytrance, Progressive, Dub, Bass Music, Dubstep, World Music, Glitch, Nu Funk, IDM, Cosmic oder Psy Brakes. In ihrer Gesamtheit schwingen sie sich zum kosmischen Groove der universellen Liebe auf!
TANZTEMPEL
Mit jedem Herzschlag der Boom bebt das portugiesische Hinterland. Im monumentalen Tanztempel verschmelzen utopische Zukunftsvisionen und das archaische Ritual des Stammenstanz zu einer einzigartigen Trance-Erfahrung. Um euer Bewusstsein dorthin zu schicken, wo Worte zu Hülsen und Bedeutungen zu Variablen werden, haben wir einige der besten DJs, Liveacts und Tribal Bands eingeladen, uns mit extralangen Sets zu verzaubern. Denn Qualität ist wichtiger ist als Masse. Mit viel Liebe zum Detail planen wir eine Reise durch jene multidimensionale Welt namens Psy, wobei wir in Regionen wie Dark, Twilight, Forest, Tribal, Prog, Full-On, Groovy Full-On, Goa und Nu-Goa vorstoßen.
Die Grundidee der Boom unterscheidet sich ganz erheblich von der einer kommerziellen Massenproduktion. Wir möchten raus aus dem Schattenreich des Egoismus, hinein in eine kollektive Erfahrung. Mithilfe von DJs, VJs, Dekorateuren, Designern und -am allerwichtigsten- mithilfe von euch, den Boomern. Auf dass wir unsere multikulturelle kreative Energie zu einer wahrhaft großen Erfahrung vereinen: Wir sind eins!
UMWELT
Auf der Boom werden die Erkenntnisse und Prinzipien der Permakultur in ein Festival umgesetzt. So wird ganz konkret erfahrbar: Auch große, internationale Menschenansammlungen lassen sich mit maximalem Respekt vor unserer heiligen Mutter Natur vereinbaren. Dieser Ansatz wurde in den Jahren 2008 und 2010 mit dem Greener Festival Award ausgezeichnet, 2010 und 2012 außerdem mit dem European Festival Award.
Auf der Boom kommen ausschließlich Komposttoiletten zum Einsatz. Das Nutzwasser wird mithilfe von Pflanzen zu 100% wiederaufbereitet. Es gibt kostenlose Taschenaschenbecher. Für die Generatoren wird gebrauchtes Pflanzenöl verwendet. Außerdem nutzen wir Technologien wie Solarenergie, Windräder, Biobau und ökologische Abwasserentsorgung, die jedes Jahr weiterentwickelt werden. Auch hier gilt: Die Boom seid ihr, die Boomer. Tragt bitte dazu bei, dass sie ein nachhaltiges Festival ist. Respektiert Mutter Natur und hinterlasst keinen Müll!
SPIRITUALITÄT
Anreize für spirituell-sozialen Aktivismus, die sich in Form von Yoga, Ayurveda, Tai Chi, Kung Fu, Watsu, Therapien, alternativen Heilmethoden und ganzheitlichen Lehren manifestieren. Auch das ist ein zentraler Aspekt unserer Vision. Denn die Harmonie zwischen Geist und Körper ist ein erster Schritt in Richtung globale Harmonie.
INFRASTRUKTUR
Freies Wasser. Freies Camping. Freier Wohnmobil-Park. Babyboom für die jüngsten Boomer (bring deine Familie mit zur Boom!) Freie medizinische Versorgung. Freies WIFI. Schließfächer. Boom-Busshuttle von den Flughäfen Lissabon und Madrid. 100% Komposttoiletten. 100% Aufbereitung des Duschabwassers mithilfe von Pflanzen. Ayurvedische Apotheke. Spezielle Einrichtungen für Behinderte. Lebensmittelgeschäft. Gemeinschaftsküchen. Und vieles, vieles mehr!
LOGO-FREIE ZONE
Die Boom finanziert sich einzig und allein über den Ticketverkauf, sie ist frei von jeglichem Firmen-Sponsoring und wird es immer sein. Auch in dieser Hinsicht möchten wir einen Freiraum schaffen, in dem sich der menschliche Geist unbefangen ausbreiten und entfalten kann.
Obwohl das Boom Team den Rahmen schafft – das eigentliche Erlebnis, die eigentliche Inspiration und der eigentliche Geist lebt in euch. Denn ihr seid die Energie, ausgehend von euch kann sich diese Welt ändern.
BESONDERE BEDÜRFNISSE
Wir möchten die Einrichtungen und Angebote für Behinderte weiterentwickeln. Wenn du oder jemand deiner Freunde behindert ist, sendet uns bitte bis Juni 2014 eine Email um optimale Bedingungen zu garantieren: specialneeds@boomfestival.org
FLEXIBLE EINTRITTSPREISE
Unser globaler Stamm ist in vielen verschiedenen Ländern zuhause, in denen ganz unterschiedliche Einkommensverhältnisse herrschen. Außerdem leben wir in Zeiten des finanziellen Abschwungs. Wir waren sehr betroffen als wir nach der Boom 2012 hörten, dass einige Menschen schlichtweg nicht genug Geld aufbringen konnten um Teil der kollektiven Erfahrung zu sein. Deshalb haben wir uns entschieden, auf diese Tatsache mit einem flexiblen Eintrittsmodell zu reagieren. Es gibt spezielle Ticketpreise für Länder außerhalb der Europäischen Union, der USA, Kanada, Australien, Neuseeland und Japan. Außerdem für jene Länder, die aktuell die ökonomischen Spekulationen der Rating-Agenturen und der IMF durchlaufen: Portugal, Irland, Griechenland und Spanien. Diese Tickets sind nur bei den Boom Botschaftern des jeweiligen Landes erhältlich, nicht über die Webseite der Boom.
www.boomfestival.org/boom2014/multilingual/deutsch
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Many thanks for taking the time to check out my psychology website video on Flickr. My name is David Webb and I've had a passionate interest in studying and teaching psychology for over 20 years.
The All About Psychology website www.all-about-psychology.com/ was launched in March 2008 and is designed to help anybody looking for detailed information and resources. Some of the highlights on the website include:
The Psychology Journal Articles Collection:
Get completely free access to classic full text journal articles, including material from the most eminent and influential psychologists of the 20th century. See following link for full details:
www.all-about-psychology.com/psychology-journal-articles....
Psychology Student Survival Guide:
Based on my experiences as a student and then a lecturer in the subject and drawing on content from the website, I've put together a survival guide for psychology students.
In producing the Psychology Student Survival Guide I've kept one main thought in mind; namely, if I was to go through my psychology education again - beginning when I first started considering studying the topic, right through to graduation and beyond - what information and resources would I most like to have at my disposal?
The primary aim of the Psychology Student Survival Guide, therefore, is to provide an easy to use online reference tool that people can use to quickly locate the information they require.
The Psychology Student Survival Guide is available as a free app for the iPhone, iPod touch, and iPad; which you can access via the following link.
itunes.apple.com/us/app/psychguide/id440790994?mt=8
A text (PDF) version of The Psychology Student Survival Guide is also available.
www.all-about-psychology.com/support-files/psychology-stu...
I sincerely hope that you find all the information and resources on the All About Psychology website useful and engaging.
David Webb BSc (hons), MSc
Public School Foundation Theresianische Academy
Founded in 1746
♁ coordinates 48 ° 11 ' 35.2 " N, 16 ° 22' 15.5" OKoordinaten : 48 ° 11 ' 35.2 " N, 16 ° 22' 15.5 " E | |
831 students status: 2013
Teachers about 130
The Theresianum called state facility with buildings dating back several centuries in Vienna, 4th district, Favoritenstrasse 15, serves as the seat of the public high school of the Foundation Theresianische Academy, as the building for short Theresianum, and the Diplomatic Academy of Vienna. Both institutions have a tradition spanning centuries. Since 2011, the Foundation also offers a kindergarten and an elementary school.
The New Favorita seen from the favorite street, it houses today the Theresianum
View to the pediment with the coat of arms of the Empire of Austria under Francis I
The Theresianum, seen from the park
The school park
Nazi era: Library stamp of "NPEA Vienna Theresianumgasse"
(National Political Institutes of Education (German: Nationalpolitische Erziehungsanstalten; officially abbreviated NPEA, commonly abbreviated Napola for Nationalpolitische Lehranstalt meaning National Political Institution of Teaching) were secondary boarding schools in Nazi Germany. They were founded as "community education sites" after the National Socialist seizure of power in 1933.), Wikipedia
History
1288 an estate was detectable in this area. 1614 the estate with fields, meadows and vineyards was acquired by the Habsburg monarchy, was first described as a Favoritenhof 1623 and served as the widow's home for the Empresses Anna of Austria-Tyrol, Eleonora Gonzaga and Eleonora Magdalena Gonzaga of Mantua-Nevers. For this, the estate was remodeled in 1642 according to plans of Giovanni Battista Carlone to pleasure palace with pleasure garden called Favorita.
The emperors Leopold I, Joseph I and Charles VI. served the Favorita as a preferred summer residence. During this time, extensions were built, the in the second Turkish siege in 1683 originated ravages repaired and sold some of the fields.
Charles' VI. daughter, Maria Theresa, heiress to the throne in the Austrian dominions, in the Kingdom of Bohemia and the Kingdom of Hungary and since 1745, when her husband became Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, as Empress was dubbed, preferred as summer residence the Schönbrunn Palace and had it expanded. To this decision may have contributed that the Favorita, concerning location and architecture, with Belvedere Castle could not compete, which the for Habsburg victorious commander Eugene of Savoy, of Charles VI. richly endowed, had built about 800 meters to the east form here using a prominent hillside.
The baroque Favorita (it was by now called New Favorita, the Old Favorita had been in the Augarten) in the suburb of Wieden handed Maria Theresia to the Jesuits - with the condition in it to establish an educational institution, a knight's academy for the benefit of the universal essence, but especially the noble youth. Main task should be the raising of educated and loyal government officials and diplomats. In the 18th and 19th Century followed various extensions and increases in the building.
1783 dissolved the reformer Joseph II in the Austrian hereditary lands all knights academies, as well as the Theresianum. In 1797 Emperor Franz II as sovereign approved the reopening under the management of the Piarists. The facade was rebuilt in the classical style. After the revolution of 1848, Emperor Franz Joseph I. disposed the admission of sons of the middle class as students.
The Oriental Academy, founded by Maria Theresa in 1754, was since the 19th Century in the Theresianum. In 1900 renamed, moved the Consular Academy in 1904 in its newly constructed own building (9, Boltzmanngasse 16, since 1947 Embassy of the United States). It was in 1938 by the Nazi regime canceled. Its role was in 1964 by the Diplomatic Academy of Vienna (see below) resumed.
After the "Anschluss" of Austria by Nazi Germany in 1938, the Nazis dissolved the Theresianische Academy and established on 13 March 1939, exactly one year after the "Anschluss", in the buildings a National Political Education Institute (Napola). 1944/1945, the plant was badly damaged by bombs and grenades. 1945, the buildings in the occupied postwar Austria were by the Soviet occupying power monopolised, in the four-sector city of Vienna the 4th district controlling. It handed the Theresianum over to the USIA, the administration of Soviet Property in Austria.
After the State Treaty of 1955, the Austrian State resp. the Foundation Theresianum got the property on 20 September 1955 refunded, and in September 1957, the school system of the private school with public status could be resumed. The re-establishment of the in the war damaged buildings was carried out by the State from 1956 to 1964. In 1964 in a part of the buildings the by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs established Diplomatic Academy of Vienna started operations, with which the Viennese educational establishement for this topic after 60 years returned into the Theresianum .
Since 1989, in the high school female students are accepted, too.
The gymnasium in the presence
In addition to general education, the focus of the school is placed on language education - the compulsory subjects include other than German, English, French, Latin, Russian and mathematics - and in the education to internationality. Special emphasis is placed on politeness and good appearance. An additional service is available in the areas of sport, art, creativity, information and communication technology and music, and economic projects. The school is run as half-and full boarding.
The school campus is 50,000 square meters and includes a soccer field, and a fun court, two other soccer fields, a swimming pool, a tennis court, a running track, two beach volleyball courts, a basketball court, a large, divisible gymnasium and a smaller, older hall, in both of the are climbing walls as well as other sporting items available.
Currently nearly 800 students attend the Theresianische Academy. Many come from more distant states or from abroad and have the opportunity to live in a boarding school in this case.
The selection of professors is made by the respective school management in cooperation with the Vienna Board of Education. The boarding school, as well as some activities are shared with the Lycée Français de Vienne.
Known graduates
Josef Franz de Paula Hieronymus von Colloredo-Waldsee- Mels, 1732-1812, Bishop of Gurk and Prince Archbishop of Salzburg
Vincent Joseph of Schrattenbach, 1744-1816, Prince-Bishop of Lavant and Bishop of Brno
Wilhelm Florentin von Salm-Salm, 1745-1810, Bishop of Tournai and Archbishop of Prague
Johann Prokop Schaffgotsch, 1748-1813, Auxiliary Bishop of Prague and Bishop of Budweis
Franz Xaver II Altgraf of Salm-Reifferscheidt-Krautheim, 1749-1822, Prince-Bishop of Gurk, Cardinal and organizer of the first ascent of the Grossglockner
Franz von Spaun, 1753-1826, Austrian jurist, mathematician, and nonconformist writer
Ferenc Széchenyi, 1754-1820, Hungarian scholar and founder of the Hungarian National Library
Josef Wenzel Radetzky von Radetz, 1766-1858, Austrian field marshal, knight of the Golden Fleece
Ignaz Edler von Mitis, 1771-1842, Austrian engineer and chemist, inventor of the Schweinfurt green
Ignacy Hilary Count Ledochowski, 1789-1870, Austrian and Polish general
Joseph Jelacic of Bužim, 1801-1859, k.k. officer
Moritz Freiherr Ebner von Eschenbach, 1815-1898, Austrian engineer, inventor and writer, husband and supporter of Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach
Tivadar Puskás, 1844-1893, Hungarian engineer and inventor
Karl Lueger, politician and mayor of Vienna, graduation year of 1862
Olivier Marquis de Bacquehem, Minister of Trade and Minister of the Interior 1847-1917
Ernest von Koerber, 1850-1919, bourgeois-liberal politician of Austria-Hungary
Wilhelm Carl Gustav Ritter von Doderer 1854-1932, Austrian architect, engineer and contractor
Alfonso XII., 1857-1885, King of Spain
Konstantin Jirecek, Swedish politician, diplomat, historian and Slawist
Peter Altenberg, letters, graduation year of 1876
Wladimir Ledochowski, General of the Society of Jesus, graduation year of 1884
Count István Bethlen von Bethlen, 1874-1946 (?), Hungarian politician and Prime Minister
Clemens Peter Freiherr von Pirquet, pediatrician, bacteriologist and immunologist, graduation year of 1892
Baron Franz Nopcsa of Felsöszilvás, founder of palaeophysiology and Albania researcher, graduation year of 1892
Friedrich Hasenohrl, physicists, graduation year of 1892
Fritz von Herzmanovsky-Orlando, writer and artist, graduation year of 1896
Edgar Leon Calle Ernst, 1879-1955, Austrian composer and pianist
Rudolf Sieczynski, 1879-1952, Austrian Viennese song-composer, writer and official
Ernst August von Hoffmansthal, 1829-1915, German Wiener Song Composer
Joseph Schumpeter, 1883-1950, economist
Odo Neustädter-Stürmer, politician, graduation year of 1905
Richard Nikolaus Graf Coudenhove-Kalergi, writer, politician and founder of the Pan-movement
Teddy Kern, 1900-1949, actor
Egon Brunswik, 1903-1955, American psychologist
Godfrey Edward Arnold, 1914-1989, physician, phoniatrist, explorer of speech defects and disorders of the vocal cords
Ertuğrul Osman, 1912-2009, head of the House Osman
Hans Jaray, actor, writer and director
Ernst Gombrich, an art historian, graduation year of 1927
Max Ferdinand Perutz, chemist and Nobel Prize winner in 1962, year of graduation 1932
Herbert Hinterleithner, poet and painter, graduation year of 1934
Rolf Olsen, actor, director and screenwriter, 1919-1998
Hans Hass, biologist, underwater pioneer and documentary filmmaker, graduation year of 1937
Peter Zinner, editor and Oscar winner, graduation year of 1937
Kurt Schubert, Judaic scholar, graduation year of 1941
Werner Fasslabend, politician and jurist, graduation year of 1963
Hans Winkler, Austrian diplomat and Secretary of State, graduation year of 1963
Alexander Wächter, actor, director and theater manager, graduation year of 1966
Thomas Angyan, director of the Society of Friends of Music in Vienna, graduation year of 1971
Rudolf Striedinger, Officer, graduation year of 1979
Dimitris Droutsas, Greek politician, graduation year of 1986
Nicholas Scherak, Member of Parliament, Matura group 2004
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ffentliches_Gymnasium_der_Sti...
Dr Tahira Rubab Hafeez is an internationally authorized clinical psychologist. Her passion and approach to growing together brought Tahira Rubab to the personal development sector and her 10 years of experience does not limit to the provision of mental health services to the general population, sexual minorities, and marginalized groups but also to developing and implementing mental health projects for different organizations, schools, and institutions.
Nawal is a psychologist working fr the International Rescue Committee in Jordan. With the help of funding from the UK, she provides counselling to Syrian women who have fled to Jordan to escape the conflict in Syria.
"Most of the women here are traumatised. They have nightmares and psychological problems due to what they've witnessed in Syria. Many of them have lost family members in the fighting", she says.
"I try to encourage them to focus on the future, and to live their lives here as refugees. We don't how or when they will be able to go back home, so we encourage them to take their children to school here and live here as best they can.
"The services that we can provide with the help of UK aid make a big difference to their lives. The need is great, and we need more help, but together we are helping these women through this very difficult time."
Find out more about UK support for the Syria humanitarian crisis
Picture: Russell Watkins/Department for International Development
Dr Tahira Rubab Hafeez is an internationally authorized clinical psychologist. Her passion and approach to growing together brought Tahira Rubab to the personal development sector and her 10 years of experience does not limit to the provision of mental health services to the general population, sexual minorities, and marginalized groups but also to developing and implementing mental health projects for different organizations, schools, and institutions.
of Psychologist Hye-shin, JUNG and Mental Health Planner Myung-so, LEE
koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2019/05/02/people/Psychiatri...
Helping individuals to find their way to healing.The Counselling Psychologists at Bayside Counselling and Consultation Pty Ltd offers services for individuals who are suffering from substance addiction, anxiety and etc.
With Halloween just around the corner, everyone seems to have costumes on their minds. People who typically wear jeans and T-shirts are suddenly eyeing colorful spandex, capes, wigs and corsets, and are opening their wallets to acquire an outfit that will present them to the world as someone — or something — they're not.
But for people who cosplay — dress in costumes to role-play characters from movies, TV shows, books, comics and video games — the challenge of transformation is one they happily accept at various times year-round.
Cosplayers can invest considerable time, money and effort into crafting or commissioning head-to-toe presentations that are one-of-a-kind. Some creations include enormous accessories, facial or body prosthetics, working electronics or complex mechanical parts. Other costumes limit how well the wearers can see or move, making it difficult for them to sit, or navigate a room, without help. [Comic Con Cosplay: Photos of the Coolest Costumes]
But what inspires cosplayers to reinvent themselves so elaborately? Cosplayers and psychologists who study the phenomenon reveal the individual and community features that make dressing up so enticing and rewarding.
For the love of costumes
From Oct. 6 to 9, hundreds of cosplayers attended New York Comic Con 2016 (NYCC), costumed as superheroes and supervillains, Jedi and Sith, Ghostbusters, Starfleet officers, Hogwarts students and teachers, and many, many other characters.
"Cosplay makes me happy," Edgar Roldan, a cosplayer and NYCC attendee, told Live Science recently.
Roldan — who wore a furry, blue suit and an oversize head to represent Happy from "Fairy Tale" (Del Rey Manga) — said the most satisfying part of cosplay was "just being you — being whatever and whoever you want."
Other NYCC cosplayers said cosplay allowed them to explore their own creativity, particularly when much of their costume was handmade. Joe Bokanoski and Mike Labarge told Live Science that they assembled their costumes — postapocalyptic interpretations of DC Comics' Captain America and his nemesis, Red Skull — by scouring flea markets and junkyards.
Joe Bokanoski (left) and Mike Labarge at New York Comic Con 2016 as postapocalyptic Red Skull and Captain America (DC Comics).
Joe Bokanoski (left) and Mike Labarge at New York Comic Con 2016 as postapocalyptic Red Skull and Captain America (DC Comics).
Credit: Jeremy Lips/Live Science
Their outfits were bulky and cumbersome. But despite the discomfort, they were enthusiastic about wearing them and seeing the appreciative reactions they provoked.
"It's worth it just to put some smiles on people's faces," Bokanoski said.
Inhabiting a character
When a cosplayer selects a particular costume, they are often tapping into a specific character — or combination of characters — because something about that role speaks to them personally, according to Robin S. Rosenberg, a clinical psychologist at the University of California, San Francisco.
Rosenberg, who has written extensively about how people interpret and embrace fictional characters, particularly superheroes, told Live Science that she became interested in studying cosplay after seeing cosplayers in convention centers where she was delivering talks.
"We know from psychology that we all play different roles through the day and week," Rosenberg said. "Different aspects of me — 'psychologist,' 'wife,' 'mother' — come to the fore in different contexts. I became curious about people who truly inhabit a role, and what's coming to the fore when you wear a costume."
Certain costumes offer some people a way of working through personal difficulties, Rosenberg said. Batman, for example, can be an especially meaningful cosplay choice for someone coping with trauma. The dark superhero faced devastating trauma when he was a child — witnessing the brutal murder of his parents — which he overcame to become a hero.
"When people are dressed as Batman, many talk about having [experienced] their own traumatic experiences," Rosenberg said. "He survived and found meaning and purpose from his experience, and that is inspiring to them."
Rosenberg noted that Wonder Woman is another enduring and popular choice that resonates with many women, partly because she holds her own in the male-dominated world of costumed comics superheroes. For those cosplayers, dressing as Wonder Woman is a way of celebrating and embracing her power, Rosenberg said.
Recently, a series of images on Instagram featuring a 3-year-old girl costumed as Wonder Woman quickly went viral. Her father, a photographer, said he not only "fulfilled my daughter's dream of becoming Wonder Woman" by creating an elaborate costume but also staged a photo shoot that placed his daughter in scenes from the upcoming movie, due in theaters June 2, 2017. Judging by the girl's expressions in the photos, she wholeheartedly embraced her new role as a superhero. [DIY Halloween Costumes: 7 Geeky Getups for Any Party]
Happy 75th Anniversary of Wonder Woman!! Nellee is still angry that Gal Gadot hasn't tweeted about her #wonderwoman #galgadot
A photo posted by Josh Rossi (@joshrossiphoto) on Oct 21, 2016 at 11:48am PDT
Cosplay is a type of performance; putting on a costume broadcasts a visible and public statement about the dresser upper's allegiance to a character or fandom, and it frequently moves strangers to approach the character for conversation and photos. So it surprised Rosenberg to discover from her conversations with cosplayers that many identified as introverts.
"When they wore a costume, they became much more socially outgoing," Rosenberg said. She explained that, sometimes, wearing a costume allows a person to tap into confidence they didn't know they had, and helps them overcome shyness in real life.
"When you do any kind of costuming — but particularly cosplay — on the one hand, it gives you permission to step outside yourself," Rosenberg said. "But on the other hand, it can summon something in you that doesn't usually come out."
Building a community
Costume play not only imbues powers upon individuals but also fosters a sense of community, according to Michael Nguyen, a cosplayer and costuming columnist for the "Star Trek" news website Trekmovie.com. "Star Trek" was Nguyen's gateway to cosplay, he told Live Science. And through creating and wearing "Star Trek" costumes, he discovered a rich and widespread network of people who shared his interest in the characters and in the world they inhabited.
"In 'Star Trek,' there's this idea of diversity and unity," Nguyen said. "It portrays a future a lot of people want to believe in."
Michael Nguyen (right) and a fellow cosplayer at New York Comic Con 2016, as Jillian Holtzmann from "Ghostbusters" (Columbia Pictures, 2016).
Michael Nguyen (right) and a fellow cosplayer at New York Comic Con 2016, as Jillian Holtzmann from "Ghostbusters" (Columbia Pictures, 2016).
Credit: Michael Nguyen
"They're physicians, attorneys, in Ph.D. programs — just people who enjoy expressing themselves, and what they hope the future to be." [10 Futuristic Technologies 'Star Trek' Fans Would Love to See]And cosplayers come from all walks of life, he added.
In addition to cosplaying at conventions, Nguyen organizes bimonthly social events for "Star Trek" fans in New York City to get together and hang out in costume. The idea began with five people in 2013 and expanded to 50 to 60 participants three years later. Nguyen described friendships he's formed over the years with people who live thousands of miles away, with whom he's shared the fun of "nerding out" over science fiction and who have inspired his cosplay creativity.
"Costuming is more fun if you do it with other people," Nguyen told Live Science. "You create your own look, but you also feel like part of a universe when you surround yourself with people who enjoy it as much as you do."
Cosplayers at NYCC agreed. A woman dressed as She-Ra: Princess of Power from the TV show "Masters of the Universe" (Filmation) told Live Science that "the acceptance" was the best part of doing cosplay.
"It doesn't matter who you are or what you look like," she said. "It's a community — it's like a big family. Once a year, I come and I see people I haven't seen but once a year, and it's just great."
Another woman costumed as a Hogwarts student from the "Harry Potter" books and movies described participating in a "flashmob" at NYCC, where 75 attendees in Potterverse cosplay came together for a photo — and for one group member to propose to his girlfriend.
"It's wearing your interests on your body," she said. "It's a really great way to bridge the gap and find the common ground."
With Halloween just around the corner, everyone seems to have costumes on their minds. People who typically wear jeans and T-shirts are suddenly eyeing colorful spandex, capes, wigs and corsets, and are opening their wallets to acquire an outfit that will present them to the world as someone — or something — they're not.
But for people who cosplay — dress in costumes to role-play characters from movies, TV shows, books, comics and video games — the challenge of transformation is one they happily accept at various times year-round.
Cosplayers can invest considerable time, money and effort into crafting or commissioning head-to-toe presentations that are one-of-a-kind. Some creations include enormous accessories, facial or body prosthetics, working electronics or complex mechanical parts. Other costumes limit how well the wearers can see or move, making it difficult for them to sit, or navigate a room, without help. [Comic Con Cosplay: Photos of the Coolest Costumes]
But what inspires cosplayers to reinvent themselves so elaborately? Cosplayers and psychologists who study the phenomenon reveal the individual and community features that make dressing up so enticing and rewarding.
For the love of costumes
From Oct. 6 to 9, hundreds of cosplayers attended New York Comic Con 2016 (NYCC), costumed as superheroes and supervillains, Jedi and Sith, Ghostbusters, Starfleet officers, Hogwarts students and teachers, and many, many other characters.
"Cosplay makes me happy," Edgar Roldan, a cosplayer and NYCC attendee, told Live Science recently.
Roldan — who wore a furry, blue suit and an oversize head to represent Happy from "Fairy Tale" (Del Rey Manga) — said the most satisfying part of cosplay was "just being you — being whatever and whoever you want."
Other NYCC cosplayers said cosplay allowed them to explore their own creativity, particularly when much of their costume was handmade. Joe Bokanoski and Mike Labarge told Live Science that they assembled their costumes — postapocalyptic interpretations of DC Comics' Captain America and his nemesis, Red Skull — by scouring flea markets and junkyards.
Joe Bokanoski (left) and Mike Labarge at New York Comic Con 2016 as postapocalyptic Red Skull and Captain America (DC Comics).
Joe Bokanoski (left) and Mike Labarge at New York Comic Con 2016 as postapocalyptic Red Skull and Captain America (DC Comics).
Credit: Jeremy Lips/Live Science
Their outfits were bulky and cumbersome. But despite the discomfort, they were enthusiastic about wearing them and seeing the appreciative reactions they provoked.
"It's worth it just to put some smiles on people's faces," Bokanoski said.
Inhabiting a character
When a cosplayer selects a particular costume, they are often tapping into a specific character — or combination of characters — because something about that role speaks to them personally, according to Robin S. Rosenberg, a clinical psychologist at the University of California, San Francisco.
Rosenberg, who has written extensively about how people interpret and embrace fictional characters, particularly superheroes, told Live Science that she became interested in studying cosplay after seeing cosplayers in convention centers where she was delivering talks.
"We know from psychology that we all play different roles through the day and week," Rosenberg said. "Different aspects of me — 'psychologist,' 'wife,' 'mother' — come to the fore in different contexts. I became curious about people who truly inhabit a role, and what's coming to the fore when you wear a costume."
Certain costumes offer some people a way of working through personal difficulties, Rosenberg said. Batman, for example, can be an especially meaningful cosplay choice for someone coping with trauma. The dark superhero faced devastating trauma when he was a child — witnessing the brutal murder of his parents — which he overcame to become a hero.
"When people are dressed as Batman, many talk about having [experienced] their own traumatic experiences," Rosenberg said. "He survived and found meaning and purpose from his experience, and that is inspiring to them."
Rosenberg noted that Wonder Woman is another enduring and popular choice that resonates with many women, partly because she holds her own in the male-dominated world of costumed comics superheroes. For those cosplayers, dressing as Wonder Woman is a way of celebrating and embracing her power, Rosenberg said.
Recently, a series of images on Instagram featuring a 3-year-old girl costumed as Wonder Woman quickly went viral. Her father, a photographer, said he not only "fulfilled my daughter's dream of becoming Wonder Woman" by creating an elaborate costume but also staged a photo shoot that placed his daughter in scenes from the upcoming movie, due in theaters June 2, 2017. Judging by the girl's expressions in the photos, she wholeheartedly embraced her new role as a superhero. [DIY Halloween Costumes: 7 Geeky Getups for Any Party]
Happy 75th Anniversary of Wonder Woman!! Nellee is still angry that Gal Gadot hasn't tweeted about her #wonderwoman #galgadot
A photo posted by Josh Rossi (@joshrossiphoto) on Oct 21, 2016 at 11:48am PDT
Cosplay is a type of performance; putting on a costume broadcasts a visible and public statement about the dresser upper's allegiance to a character or fandom, and it frequently moves strangers to approach the character for conversation and photos. So it surprised Rosenberg to discover from her conversations with cosplayers that many identified as introverts.
"When they wore a costume, they became much more socially outgoing," Rosenberg said. She explained that, sometimes, wearing a costume allows a person to tap into confidence they didn't know they had, and helps them overcome shyness in real life.
"When you do any kind of costuming — but particularly cosplay — on the one hand, it gives you permission to step outside yourself," Rosenberg said. "But on the other hand, it can summon something in you that doesn't usually come out."
Building a community
Costume play not only imbues powers upon individuals but also fosters a sense of community, according to Michael Nguyen, a cosplayer and costuming columnist for the "Star Trek" news website Trekmovie.com. "Star Trek" was Nguyen's gateway to cosplay, he told Live Science. And through creating and wearing "Star Trek" costumes, he discovered a rich and widespread network of people who shared his interest in the characters and in the world they inhabited.
"In 'Star Trek,' there's this idea of diversity and unity," Nguyen said. "It portrays a future a lot of people want to believe in."
Michael Nguyen (right) and a fellow cosplayer at New York Comic Con 2016, as Jillian Holtzmann from "Ghostbusters" (Columbia Pictures, 2016).
Michael Nguyen (right) and a fellow cosplayer at New York Comic Con 2016, as Jillian Holtzmann from "Ghostbusters" (Columbia Pictures, 2016).
Credit: Michael Nguyen
"They're physicians, attorneys, in Ph.D. programs — just people who enjoy expressing themselves, and what they hope the future to be." [10 Futuristic Technologies 'Star Trek' Fans Would Love to See]And cosplayers come from all walks of life, he added.
In addition to cosplaying at conventions, Nguyen organizes bimonthly social events for "Star Trek" fans in New York City to get together and hang out in costume. The idea began with five people in 2013 and expanded to 50 to 60 participants three years later. Nguyen described friendships he's formed over the years with people who live thousands of miles away, with whom he's shared the fun of "nerding out" over science fiction and who have inspired his cosplay creativity.
"Costuming is more fun if you do it with other people," Nguyen told Live Science. "You create your own look, but you also feel like part of a universe when you surround yourself with people who enjoy it as much as you do."
Cosplayers at NYCC agreed. A woman dressed as She-Ra: Princess of Power from the TV show "Masters of the Universe" (Filmation) told Live Science that "the acceptance" was the best part of doing cosplay.
"It doesn't matter who you are or what you look like," she said. "It's a community — it's like a big family. Once a year, I come and I see people I haven't seen but once a year, and it's just great."
Another woman costumed as a Hogwarts student from the "Harry Potter" books and movies described participating in a "flashmob" at NYCC, where 75 attendees in Potterverse cosplay came together for a photo — and for one group member to propose to his girlfriend.
"It's wearing your interests on your body," she said. "It's a really great way to bridge the gap and find the common ground."
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Asian social psychologists use linguistic scales and wonder why they are plagued by weak correlations and poor effect sizes. The Japanese do not think in language (Kim, 2002) and are not homonarans (Kerby, 人言). They have instead of a "generalised other," an eye in the sky of their mind, a mirror in their head, and consequently very positive visual self representations, because unlike mere words, images matter. Thanks to eating all hose mirror rice cakes, and practising forms (kata), the Japanese have the Sun-Goddess in their hearts and are people who live in the light （日人）.
I have found that while Japanese on average rate themselves at the 55% percentile point just above mid way on the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale, but place themselves on average in manga at the 75% far nearer the maximum point on the scale, very similar to the positioning of North American subjects' Self Esteem scale scores (Heine, Lehman, Markus, & Kitayama, 1999).
Manga by Miki Fujimura. There is another set of 14 manga that are the stimuli. This is the response page. Should anyone be interested in using this scale, please mail me for the complete stimulus and response set. Thank you Ms. Fujimura.
The scenes used to create the jimanga were those generated by Japanese and American subjects for (Kitayama, Markus, Matsumoto, & Norasakkunkit, 1997). I will analyse the Japanese created and American created scenes separately forthwith.
Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., Matsumoto, H., & Norasakkunkit, V. (1997). Individual and collective processes in the construction of the self: self-enhancement in the United States and self-criticism in Japan. Journal of personality and social psychology, 72(6), 1245.
Heine, S., Lehman, D., Markus, H., & Kitayama, S. (1999). Is there a universal need for positive self-regard?. Psychological Review.
Dr Tahira Rubab Hafeez is an internationally authorized clinical psychologist. Her passion and approach to growing together brought Tahira Rubab to the personal development sector and her 10 years of experience does not limit to the provision of mental health services to the general population, sexual minorities, and marginalized groups but also to developing and implementing mental health projects for different organizations, schools, and institutions.
Dr Tahira Rubab Hafeez is an internationally authorized clinical psychologist. Her passion and approach to growing together brought Tahira Rubab to the personal development sector and her 10 years of experience does not limit to the provision of mental health services to the general population, sexual minorities, and marginalized groups but also to developing and implementing mental health projects for different organizations, schools, and institutions.
Dr Tahira Rubab Hafeez is an internationally authorized clinical psychologist. Her passion and approach to growing together brought Tahira Rubab to the personal development sector and her 10 years of experience does not limit to the provision of mental health services to the general population, sexual minorities, and marginalized groups but also to developing and implementing mental health projects for different organizations, schools, and institutions.
Clinical Psychologist Ronald S. Jacobson, during his year as Worshipful Master, proudly created a commemorative lodge pin which read:
“Where Were You First Prepared?” One of the first questions new Masons are asked is “Where Were You First Prepared to Be Made a
Mason?” The answer is: IN MY HEART. Dr. Ronald S. Jacobson's goal in making that pin was to remind people to do their best to be
compassionate and kindhearted.
Everybody knows exactly how tough it really is to help keep any long-term managing program with out a distinct aim in your mind,
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Sarah Skett, a registered and chartered Forensic Psychologist) interacts with Anthony Yeboah, the Director of Human Resource, Ghana Prisons.
The Postcard
A postcard bearing no publisher's name. The image is a real photograph.
The card was posted in Manchester on Tuesday the 4th. December 1917 to:
Miss Hilda Sutcliffe,
140, Warde Street,
Hulme,
Manchester.
The pencilled message on the divided back was as follows:
"With much love and
best wishes for a happy
future.
B. Bond".
Shell Shock
So what else happened on the day that the card was posted?
Well, on the 4th. December 1917, W. H. R. Rivers M. D. of Craiglockhart War Hospital presented a paper to the Royal Society of Medicine entitled 'The Repression of War Experience' which discussed psychological problems engendered by the experience of war.
Shell shock is a term coined during the Great War by British psychologist Charles Samuel Myers to describe the type of post traumatic stress disorder many soldiers were afflicted with during the war (before the term PTSD was introduced).
It is a reaction to the intensity of bombardment and fighting that produced a helplessness appearing variously as panic and being scared, flight, or an inability to reason, sleep, walk or talk.
During the Great War, the concept of shell shock was ill-defined. Cases of shell shock were interpreted as either a physical or psychological injury, or simply as a lack of moral fibre.
In World War II and thereafter, diagnosis of shell shock was replaced by that of combat stress reaction, a similar but not identical response to the trauma of warfare and bombardment.
Origins of Shell Shock
During the early stages of the Great War in 1914, soldiers from the British Expeditionary Force began to report medical symptoms after combat, including tinnitus, amnesia, headaches, dizziness, tremors, and hypersensitivity to noise.
While these symptoms resembled those that would be expected after a physical wound to the brain, many of those reporting sick showed no signs of head wounds. By December 1914, as many as 10% of British officers and 4% of enlisted men were suffering from "nervous and mental shock".
The term "shell shock" came into use to reflect an assumed link between the symptoms and the effects of explosions from artillery shells. The term was first published in 1915 in an article in The Lancet by Charles Myers. Some 60–80% of shell shock cases displayed acute neurasthenia, while 10% displayed what would now be termed symptoms of conversion disorder, including mutism and fugue.
The number of shell shock cases grew during 1915 and 1916, but it remained poorly understood medically and psychologically.
Some doctors felt that it was a result of hidden physical damage to the brain, with shock waves from bursting shells creating a cerebral lesion that caused the symptoms and could potentially prove fatal.
Another explanation was that shell shock resulted from poisoning by the carbon monoxide generated by explosions.
At the same time an alternative view developed describing shell shock as an emotional, rather than a physical, injury. Evidence for this point of view was provided by the fact that an increasing proportion of men suffering shell shock symptoms had not been exposed to artillery fire. Since the symptoms appeared in men who had no proximity to an exploding shell, the physical explanation was clearly unsatisfactory.
In spite of this evidence, the British Army continued to try to differentiate those whose symptoms followed explosive exposure from others. In 1915 the British Army in France was instructed that:
"Shell-shock and shell concussion cases should
have the letter 'W' prefixed to the report of the
casualty, if it is due to the enemy. In that case
the patient is entitled to rank as 'wounded', and
to wear on his arm a 'wound stripe'.
If, however, the man’s breakdown did not follow
a shell explosion, it is not thought to be due to the
enemy, and he is to be labelled 'Shell-shock' or 'S'
(for sickness) and is not entitled to a wound stripe
or a pension".
However, it often proved difficult to identify which cases were which, as the information on whether a casualty had been close to a shell explosion or not was rarely provided.
Management of Shell Shock
(a) Acute Treatment
At first, shell-shock casualties were rapidly evacuated from the front line – in part because of fear of their unpredictable behaviour. As the size of the British Expeditionary Force increased, and manpower became in shorter supply, the number of shell shock cases became a growing problem for the military authorities.
At the Battle of the Somme in 1916, as many as 40% of casualties were shell-shocked, resulting in concern about an epidemic of psychiatric casualties, which could not be afforded in either military or financial terms.
Among the consequences of this were an increasing official preference for the psychological interpretation of shell shock, and a deliberate attempt to avoid the medicalisation of shell shock. If men were 'uninjured' it was easier to return them to the front to continue fighting.
Another consequence was an increasing amount of time and effort devoted to understanding and treating shell shock symptoms. Soldiers who returned with shell shock generally couldn't remember much because their brain would shut out all the traumatic memories.
By the Battle of Passchendaele in 1917, the British Army had developed methods to reduce shell shock. A man who began to show shell-shock symptoms was generally given a few days' rest by his local medical officer. Col. Rogers, Regimental Medical Officer of the 4th. Battalion Black Watch wrote:
"You must send your commotional cases down
the line. But when you get these emotional cases,
unless they are very bad, if you have a hold of the
men and they know you and you know them (and
there is a good deal more in the man knowing you
than in you knowing the man) … you are able to
explain to him that there is really nothing wrong
with him, give him a rest at the aid post if necessary
and a day or two’s sleep, go up with him to the front
line, and, when there, see him often, sit down beside
him and talk to him about the war and look through
his periscope and let the man see you are taking an
interest in him".
If symptoms persisted after a few weeks at a local Casualty Clearing Station, which would normally be close enough to the front line to hear artillery fire, a casualty might be evacuated to one of four dedicated psychiatric centres which had been set up further behind the lines, and were labelled as "NYDN – Not Yet Diagnosed Nervous" pending further investigation by medical specialists.
Although the Battle of Passchendaele generally became a byword for horror, the number of cases of shell shock were relatively few. 5,346 shell shock cases reached the Casualty Clearing Station, or roughly 1% of the British forces engaged.
3,963 (just under 75%) of these men returned to active service without being referred to a hospital for specialist treatment. The number of shell shock cases reduced throughout the battle, and the epidemic of illness was ended.
During 1917, "shell shock" was entirely banned as a diagnosis in the British Army, and mentions of it were censored, even in medical journals.
(b) Chronic Treatment of Shell Shock
The treatment of chronic shell shock varied widely according to the details of the symptoms, the views of the doctors involved, and other factors including the rank and class of the patient.
So many officers and men were suffering from shell shock that 19 British military hospitals were wholly devoted to the treatment of cases.
Ten years after the war, 65,000 veterans of the war were still receiving treatment for it in Great Britain. In France it was possible to visit aged shell shock victims who were still in hospital in 1960.
Physical Causes of Shell Shock
Recent research by Johns Hopkins University has found that the brain tissue of combat veterans who have been exposed to improvised explosive devices (IEDs) exhibit a pattern of injury in the areas responsible for decision making, memory and reasoning.
This evidence has led the researchers to conclude that shell shock may not only be a psychological disorder, since the symptoms exhibited by sufferers from the First World War are very similar to these injuries. Immense pressure changes are involved explosions. Even mild changes in air pressure from weather have been linked to changes in behaviour.
There is also evidence to suggest that the type of warfare faced by soldiers would affect the probability of shell shock symptoms developing.
First hand reports from medical doctors at the time note that rates of such afflictions decreased once the war was mobilized again during the 1918 German offensive, following the 1916-1917 period where the highest rates of shell shock occurred. This could suggest that it was trench warfare, and the experience of siege warfare specifically, that led to the development of these symptoms.
Shell Shock and Cowardice
Some men suffering from shell shock were put on trial, and even executed, for military crimes including desertion and cowardice. While it was recognised that the stresses of war could cause men to break down, a lasting episode was likely to be seen as symptomatic of an underlying lack of character.
For instance, in his testimony to the post-war Royal Commission examining shell shock, Lord Gort said that shell shock was a weakness and was not found in "good" units.
The continued pressure to avoid medical recognition of shell shock meant that it was not, in itself, considered to be an admissible defence. Although some doctors or medics did try to cure soldiers' shell shock, it was first done in a brutal way.
Doctors would provide electric shock to soldiers in hopes that it would shock them back to their normal, heroic, pre-war self. After almost a year of giving one of his patients electric shocks, putting cigarettes on his tongue, hot plates at the back of his throat, etc., a British clinician, Lewis Yealland, said to his patient:
"You will not leave this room until
you are talking as well as you ever
did... You must behave as the hero
I expected you to be."
Executions of soldiers in the British Army were not commonplace. While there were 240,000 Courts Martial and 3,080 death sentences handed down, in only 346 cases was the sentence carried out.
266 British soldiers were executed for "Desertion", 18 for "Cowardice", 7 for "Quitting a post without authority", 5 for "Disobedience to a lawful command" and 2 for "Casting away arms". On the 7th. November 2006, the government of the United Kingdom gave them all a posthumous conditional pardon.
Commission of Enquiry
The British government produced a Report of the War Office Committee of Enquiry into "Shell-Shock" which was published in 1922. Recommendations from this included:
-- In Forward Areas
No soldier should be allowed to think that loss of nervous or mental control provides an honourable avenue of escape from the battlefield, and every endeavour should be made to prevent slight cases leaving the battalion or divisional area, where treatment should be confined to provision of rest and comfort for those who need it and to heartening them for return to the front line.
-- In Neurological Centres
When cases are sufficiently severe to necessitate more scientific and elaborate treatment they should be sent to special Neurological Centres as near the front as possible, to be under the care of an expert in nervous disorders. No such case should, however, be so labelled on evacuation as to fix the idea of nervous breakdown in the patient’s mind.
In base hospitals.
When evacuation to the base hospital is necessary, cases should be treated in a separate hospital or separate sections of a hospital, and not with the ordinary sick and wounded patients. Only in exceptional circumstances should cases be sent to the United Kingdom, as, for instance, men likely to be unfit for further service of any kind with the forces in the field. This policy should be widely known throughout the Force.
-- Forms of Treatment
The establishment of an atmosphere of cure is the basis of all successful treatment, the personality of the physician is, therefore, of the greatest importance. While recognising that each individual case of war neurosis must be treated on its merits, the Committee are of opinion that good results will be obtained in the majority by the simplest forms of psycho-therapy, i.e., explanation, persuasion and suggestion, aided by such physical methods as baths, electricity and massage. Rest of mind and body is essential in all cases.
The committee are of opinion that the production of hypnoidal state and deep hypnotic sleep, while beneficial as a means of conveying suggestions or eliciting forgotten experiences are useful in selected cases, but in the majority they are unnecessary and may even aggravate the symptoms for a time. They do not recommend psycho-analysis in the Freudian sense.
In the state of convalescence, re-education and suitable occupation of an interesting nature are of great importance. If the patient is unfit for further military service, it is considered that every endeavour should be made to obtain for him suitable employment on his return to active life.
-- Return to the Fighting Line
Soldiers should not be returned to the fighting line under the following conditions:-
(1) If the symptoms of neurosis are of such a character that the soldier cannot be treated overseas with a view to subsequent useful employment.
(2) If the breakdown is of such severity as to necessitate a long period of rest and treatment in the United Kingdom.
(3) If the disability is anxiety neurosis of a severe type.
(4) If the disability is a mental breakdown or psychosis requiring treatment in a mental hospital. Part of the concern was that many British veterans were receiving pensions and had long-term disabilities.
The Consequences of Persistent Shell Shock
By 1939, some 120,000 British ex-servicemen had received final awards for primary psychiatric disability or were still drawing pensions – about 15% of all pensioned disabilities – and another 44,000 or so were getting pensions for ‘Soldier’s Heart’ or Effort Syndrome. There is, though, much that statistics do not show, because in terms of psychiatric effects, pensioners were just the tip of a huge iceberg.
War correspondent Philip Gibbs wrote:
"Something was wrong. They put on civilian
clothes again and looked to their mothers and
wives very much like the young men who had
gone to business in the peaceful days before
August 1914.
But they had not come back the same men.
Something had altered in them. They were
subject to sudden moods, and queer tempers,
fits of profound depression alternating with a
restless desire for pleasure. Many were easily
moved to passion where they lost control of
themselves, many were bitter in their speech,
violent in opinion, and frightening".
One British writer between the wars had little sympathy for the majority of shell shock victims:
"There should be no excuse given for the
establishment of a belief that a functional
nervous disability constitutes a right to
compensation. This is hard saying.
It may seem cruel that those whose sufferings
are real, whose illness has been brought on
by enemy action and very likely in the course
of patriotic service, should be treated with such
apparent callousness.
But there can be no doubt that in an overwhelming
proportion of cases, these patients succumb to
‘shock’ because they get something out of it.
To give them this reward is not ultimately a
benefit to them because it encourages the weaker
tendencies in their character. The nation cannot
call on its citizens for courage and sacrifice and,
at the same time, state by implication that an
unconscious cowardice or an unconscious
dishonesty will be rewarded".
Society and Culture
Shell shock has had a profound impact in British culture and the popular memory of the Great War. At the time, war writers like Siegfried Sassoon and Wilfred Owen dealt with shell shock in their work. Sassoon and Owen spent time at Craiglockhart War Hospital, which treated shell shock casualties.
Author Pat Barker explored the causes and effects of shell shock in her Regeneration Trilogy, basing many of her characters on real historical figures and drawing on the writings of the first world war poets and the army doctor W. H. R. Rivers.
Modern Cases of Shell Shock
Although the term "shell shocked" is typically used to describe early forms of PTSD, its high-impact explosives-related nature provides modern applications as well. During their deployment in Iraq and Afghanistan, approximately 380,000 U.S. troops, about 19% of those deployed, were estimated to have sustained brain injuries from explosive weapons and devices.
This prompted the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) to open up a $10 million study of the blast effects on the human brain. The study revealed that, while the brain remains initially intact immediately after low level blast effects, the chronic inflammation afterwards is what ultimately leads to many cases of shell shock and PTSD.
Why the infamous have fans
Neal Hall
Vancouver Sun
Saturday, September 02, 2006
Many people have a morbid curiosity about tragedies, which is why they slow down to look at a traffic accident.
"It's so odd, strange and spectacular that you are drawn to look at it," explains psychologist Stephen Hart, who teaches at Simon Fraser University.
That's normal human curiosity, he said, as is reading about a murder or tragedy in a book or newspaper.
But how do you explain serial killers who get fan mail, including marriage proposals?
There are two theories, Hart said. The first is an identification with a public figure, which, in the case of a serial killer or a high-profile accused killer, involves a celebrity of sorts -- they are infamous, so it's exciting to get a personal letter from such a person.
Hart said some people do it as a sort of defensive identification similar to Stockholm Syndrome, citing the example of people working in concentration camps who associate with the enemy in order to try to feel safe from becoming victims themselves.
"It's fear-motivated," Hart explained. "You are drawn defensively out of fear."
Similarly, it gives the person in the public domain a sense of safety, mastery and control over the accused killer by identifying with someone who is considered dangerous if not behind bars, he said.
Then there is a second type who want to develop an identity of being bad -- they are fans of famous criminals because they want to emulate their behaviour.
Not surprisingly, some women make marriage proposals to criminals such as as Ontario sex killer Paul Bernardo and Los Angeles serial killer Richard Ramirez, who was married while on death row, Hart pointed out.
He added some women often use their sexuality to keep violent offenders calm or happy, which is detailed in a book called Violent Attachments by San Diego forensic psychologist Reid Meloy.
But Hart had difficulty explaining what would motivate a man, using a female pseudonym, to engage an accused serial killer in correspondence.
"It goes beyond normal human curiosity," said the forensic psychologist, who himself has received letters from serial killers such as Clifford Olson but has never replied.
"I don't think there is anything to be gained from it," Hart said of his reason for not corresponding with Olson. "I think it encourages those offenders to be attempting to correspond with people on the outside."
It also gives the killers a sense of grandiosity, which they crave, he added.
Besides, Hart said, convicted killers rarely provide honest insights into their crimes in letters. It's better to do a face-to-face interview so a psychologist can see the person's body language, which may reveal deception being used by a killer.
"Often it's what they don't tell you that's just as important," he said.
A U.S. prison reform activist, Jennifer Furio, corresponded with dozens of serial killers and published a book in 1998 titled The Serial Killer Letters: A Penetrating Look Inside the Minds of Murderers.
Thomas Loudamy, an aspiring journalist living in the San Francisco area, hopes to do the same one day. He said he first began writing to Pickton using a woman's pseudonym, Mya Barnett, because he felt Pickton would be more receptive writing to a single woman.
So far, he said, he has received three letters from Pickton, two of which he provided to The Vancouver Sun.
One of the letters shows that the author felt an affinity to Mya Barnett and chose to respond to her correspondence while ignoring a flood of other letters he claims to have received.
"I have received letters from all over the world and there many I do not write back in reguards [sic] some does not make sence [sic], others testing me over and over again while time goes on to this day," said the letter dated Feb. 26, 2006, which is handwritten in capital letters.
Other letters Loudamy provided to The Sun purportedly written by convicted killers also indicate that they get a lot of mail.
Pickton is being held in the North Fraser Pretrial Centre, which holds prisoners waiting for trial.
Bruce Bannerman, spokesperson for the B.C. Corrections Branch, said every prisoner in provincial facilities is provided postage for up to seven letters per week.
"The intent is so that they can maintain contact with the community and their family," he said.
All mail coming into provincial facilities is opened and searched for contraband, such as drugs, said Bannerman. "We do know that persons on the outside can be very inventive in getting illicit substances, such as drugs, trying to send it in through the mail," he said.
But incoming and outgoing mail is not read by corrections staff, he said, unless staff have received legal permission to do so because of criminal concerns about a certain prisoner.
Bannerman said there is no specific pen-pal program for B.C. prisoners, and that the amount of mail received by prisoners varies.
nhall@png.canwest.com
Mail bonding
Excerpts from letters written by Canadian killers, provided to The Sun by California collector Thomas Loudamy:
Clifford Olson
Excerpt from a handwritten letter dated July 11, 2006:
n "OK. Some of what I do here. Im an artist. I draw them and type in my personal poems and send them to close friends of mine . . . Im into the playstation games here. I just watched all the World cup Soccer games ever one of them live on T.V. I just watched the Wimbledon Tennis . . . I never miss the American IDOL shows . . . I watch a lot of movies also."
History: Clifford Olson, Canada's most notorious serial killer, terrorized the Lower Mainland in 1980 and 1981 when he killed 11 young people. He was sentenced to life in 1982 after pleading guilty to 11 counts of first-degree murder.
Robert (Bob) Arthurson
Excerpt from a handwritten letter postmarked July 26, 2006:
n "So my photo is with this letter. I hope I don't chase you away after you see what I look like. I am not that good-looking, but make up for it in other way's kindness sense of humor that sort of thing."
History: Arthurson, 49, is serving a life sentence for second-degree murder in the 1994 abduction and strangling of 13-year-old Sarah Kelly in The Pas, Man. However, at a parole hearing in 2004, during a discussion about pedophilia and his previous criminal history, Arthurson claimed to have up to 16 additional victims that the police didn't know about.
Allan Legere
Excerpt from a typed letter dated April 19, 2006:
"Theres no reason for me to be inside. THe way some people portray me on websites, etc and who DON'T know me at all, most never saw or met me,not even in my home town, you would think I had 3 heads, when in reality, I am more intelligent than the lot of them, its just that I didnt always use my IQ."
History: Dubbed the "Monster of Miramichi," Legere is in prison for life for five murders, including a 1989 killing spree in the Miramichi region of New Brunswick in which he raped, tortured and killed three women and beat to death a Catholic priest.
© The Vancouver Sun 2006
www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=34c0edad-6...
When you look at this image, what do you see? What stands out for you immediately and what do you notice afterwards? Where does your eye linger the longest? Make a mental note of these things. Maybe even write them down. It might help to look at the larger size of this image.
There are many ways we could study what just happened with your perceptions. The creation of photographs, including composition, is all about influencing how people view an image, so we might make some good guesses about your perceptions based on how this particular picture was constructed. However, regardless of how intentional the composition, people differ in how they explore an image, especially when it’s complex or ambiguous, such as this one. The eye-tracking equipment often used in research on vision could give us some objective data about where you looked and for how long, but it couldn’t tell us exactly what you were responding to in that area. We would need you to tell us that.
Here’s where the classic inkblot test known as the Rorschach might be helpful to us. Contrary to popular opinion, the modern technique for using this test doesn’t rely on some arcane or mysterious interpretation by psychologists, as if they can peer into your psyche based on some particular thing you see. Instead, the test is all about “response styles” – i.e., the different tendencies in how people notice and react to various aspects of the inkblot. Even though some people nowadays are very skeptical of the Rorschach’s validity as a psychological test, research shows that different response styles are associated with particular personality characteristics.
Some responses to an image may be unconscious: you don’t realize that you are focusing on some aspect of it - or if you do, you can’t exactly say why. These unconscious dimensions of response style could say something about you. However, interpreting the results of the Rorschach relies more on what you can verbalize about what you see. When you reflect upon your reaction to an image, can you put into words what it is that you noticed? Psychologists consider this ability to articulate your perceptions to be an important dimension of your psychological resources.
So let’s try applying some of the insights from the Rorschach to photography. Ideas about this test can help us understand how our personality styles are reflected in the way we create images as well as in how we react to them – because the things you tend to notice about photos tend to be the things you strive to create in your own. What’s also helpful about these insights is that they make intuitive sense. As I mentioned earlier, they’re not based on some kind of obscure psychobabble theory that only professionals understand. In fact, many artists and visual designers will intuitively understand them.
Location
When you look at an inkblot, or any image, you might take notice of large or obvious elements of it, small or unusual details, or the whole thing in its entirety.
In this image, if you focused on what looks like the shadow of a hand or the curly shapes in the background, a Rorschach psychologist would call that a “large detail response.” When people notice large or obvious elements of an image, they are seeing what many other people will probably see. It’s practical, realistic thinking, the ability to see the obvious and conventional, and “sticking to the facts.”
Sometimes people will notice much smaller or unusual details. In the image above, did you see the flower shapes embedded in the swirls, or the tiny inkblot near the lower right corner (which I just had to include, to tip my hat to the Rorschach!). These “small detail responses” suggest vigilance, attentiveness to detail, the ability to see the unusual - or, if this perceptual tendency becomes too extreme, it might indicate a preoccupation with trivia, obsessive thinking, and sometimes paranoia.
Getting the big picture of what an image is about, or at least trying to, can be a sophisticated psychological endeavor. For many photographs you might not find it too difficult to determine what the entire scene is about. But when looking at complex, abstract, or ambiguous images, formulating the “big meaning” requires some brainpower. Taking into consideration all its various features, did you try to come up with some idea or story to make sense out of the image above? Multiple exposure and composite photos really challenge us in this way. Some people try to determine the relationship among the various elements of the image in order to figure out the big picture; some don’t. Rorschach psychologists say that “whole responses” reflect the ability to plan, see relationships, and synthesize things. The whole response might indicate creativity, abstract thinking, and efforts to achieve.
Form (shape)
In most photographs it’s easy to identify the objects in them. There’s a car, tree, dog, person. No big deal. It’s when the elements of an image become more indistinct that things start to get interesting. What exactly is that blurry area, that thing hidden in the shadows, or that unusually shaped object?
The Rorschach test consists of inkblots that aren’t anything in particular. They’re just inkblots. But the various shapes in the inkblots might look like something. If what you see is what most people see, that’s called a “good form response.” You react to that particular shape like lots of people do. That’s a sign of healthy reality testing. You’re able to resonate with how most people react to the world. You recognize the normal and conventional.
On the other hand, if you see a particular shape as being something that people usually don’t see, that’s a “poor form response.” In small doses it might be a positive sign, perhaps indicating creativity and individual uniqueness in perception. But if a person persistently sees things that others usually don’t, it might suggest eccentricity, stubbornness, rebelliousness, poor reality testing, and even psychosis.
In the image above, did you perceive that shadowy shape as a hand? Many people probably do. That’s good reality testing. If you saw it as legs, cow utters, or a sideways crown, maybe you’re a creative or idiosyncratic thinker. If someone perceived it as Elvis riding a golf cart, we might worry about his reality testing. It just doesn’t look like that.
Movement
An inkblot and a photo are static images. Unlike a movie, there’s really nothing moving in them. But if you perceive motion, that’s a rather sophisticated projection of what you create in your imagination into what you see in front of you. Psychologists say that perceiving humans moving in an inkblot is a sign of mature thinking, intelligence, and creativity (as long as it’s a good form response). Perceiving animals in motion indicates underlying needs and drives, while perceiving the movement of inanimate things reveals stress and anxiety.
I’m not sure how well all of these principles translate into photography. Sensing motion in realistic photos that clearly portray the movement of people, animals, and things requires some imagistic knowledge of how action looks, but not the same kind of cognitive versatility as seeing movement in inkblots. Perhaps these principles might apply to abstract pictures, ambiguous images, or photos in which people, animals, and things are not obviously in motion but one might perceive them that way.
A skilled photographer knows how to use compositional techniques to create the sensation of movement – for example, receding lines and visual rhythms created by repeating patterns. We might question whether focusing on these elements of composition indicates underlying anxiety and stress, as a Rorschach psychologist would conclude about perceiving inanimate movement in an inkblot. But I don’t think we would question the idea that photographers who create or notice such motion in an image are operating at a higher or at least unique level of cognitive sophistication than those who do not. Surely, it’s a sign of visual creativity and intelligence, as well as an indicator of subtle kinesthetic sensitivities.
If you take any of these ideas about movement that make sense to you, how would you apply them to what you noticed about the image above? Did you perceive motion in the shadowy hand, the fabric surfaces, or the flowers and curly abstract shapes?
Color
It probably comes as no surprise to anyone interested in the visual arts that we humans associate colors with emotions. So too Rorschach psychologists suggest that reacting to the colors of an inkblot indicates a tendency to be aware of and express emotion. We might notice the same tendencies in people who respond to color when examining photos or who focus on it when creating their images.
Psychologists also suggest the importance of how people combine color and form responses during the Rorschach test. When people emphasize the shape of an inkblot and then mention its colors, that’s a good sign. They have a clear picture of reality, into which they appropriately infuse emotion. If they react to the colors first and then mention shape, or they talk about colors without mentioning shape at all, perhaps emotions dominate over rational thinking in their lives. If they never mention color, they might suppress their awareness or expression of emotion.
How might these ideas apply to photography? Are colors clearly bounded within shapes, or do they run past those boundaries? What’s the difference between pictures that are all about color with very little or ambiguous shapes (as in some abstracts) and pictures that contain no color at all? Think about how you reacted to the image above, whether the shapes and/or colors stood out in your mind.
These ideas might be useful when thinking about the differences between color and black-and-white photography, and people’s preferences concerning them. Although some enthusiasts will argue strongly for the emotional superiority of black-and-white photography, color photos do tend to express more emotion for many people, whereas black-and-white images tend to emphasize shape while creating a more serious and rational atmosphere.
Shading
When you looked at the image above, did its shading stand out for you?
While responding to the Rorschach, some people focus on shading. In both colorless and colored areas, shading is the change in lightness and darkness of the inkblots. It’s related to what photographers call “grayscale” or “tonal range.” These shading responses, as well as dwelling on the “blackness” of the inkblots, tend to associated with stress, anxiety, or depression.
Here we need to be cautious about over-generalizing this conclusion as it applies to photography. People who notice tonal range and shading aren’t necessarily stressed out, anxious, or depressed people. However, these states of mind might be important for people who focus intensely on shading or blackness when they create and react to images. If you want to construct an image that conveys a depressive or anxious mood, you might consider emphasizing its shading and blackness.
Texture
One particularly interesting type of shading response on the Rorschach is the texture response. It’s when people look at a shaded area of the inkblot and use tactile sensations to describe its surface – such as smooth, rough, grainy, sharp, furry, and bumpy. Research suggests that such perceptions correspond to the particular type of stress associated with loneliness and a lack of contact comfort. People separated from their loved ones tend to show an increase in texture responses on the Rorschach. When people focus on texture in photography, might they have a sensitivity to tactile stimulation, contact comfort, and moods related to isolation?
White Space
A person taking the Rorschach is asked to look at the inkblots and say what it might be. Sometimes people instead focus on the white space between or around the areas of the inkblot and tell you what it looks like. It’s a very subtle and usually unconscious way of defying the instructions for the test, which is why a white space response might indicate oppositional, passive-aggressive, or rebellious tendencies. It also might also reflect an ability to notice the unusual.
In photography the correlate of white space is “negative space” – the seemingly unimportant or empty areas around and between the main elements of the image. What does it say about people who concentrate on white space in creating and viewing photos? I’d be cautious about saying they are oppositional or passive-aggressive, unless they make a habit of focusing on negative space while paying little attention to the subjects of the image - or, when friends show them a picture of their baby, they immediately start talking about how they find the blurry shrubbery in the background interesting.
Photographers and artists will tell you that the ability to see and work with negative space is crucial to good composition, but it’s an advanced skill. Indeed, it requires cognitive dexterity in noticing the unusual, in focusing on that which is not supposed to be the focus but which intrinsically shapes the intended focus.
Orientation
During the Rorschach test the psychologist hands the inkblot card to the person in the standard upright position. Many people keep the card in that orientation when they give their responses. However, some people, after offering their perceptions of the card in the upright position, then turn it sideways or upside to see what it looks like in those orientations. Such people like to experiment with different perspectives on viewing the world. Some photographers also enjoy rotating their photos vertically or horizontally to create a unique and often unusual perspective on the scene.
Symmetry
Because inkblots are created by splattering ink on paper and then folding the paper in half, they are symmetrical. Most people don’t explicitly comment on this symmetry, but those who do tend to be self-reflective and introspective. Might this also be true of people who enjoy creating symmetry in their photos or who focus on it when viewing the images created by others? Photos containing symmetry do tend to convey an introspective feeling, especially images of reflections in water, glass, and other surfaces.
Blends
I’ve talked about each of these aspects of the Rorschach individually, but what does it mean when people incorporate many of them into a single photo they created, or when they notice all of them in a photo taken by someone else? When a single perception of an inkblot includes form, movement, color, and shading, psychologists call it a “blend.” They consider blends a sign of complex, sophisticated thinking. The person has the ability to draw on a variety of perceptual resources. This might also be true in photography.
Extensions and Limits of the Insights
The Rorschach is considerably more complex than the few ideas I mention in this article. An accurate interpretation of the test results involves a sophisticated process of analyzing patterns and trends across the whole set of responses a person gives to all the inkblots. Any one response to any particular inkblot may not mean anything. This conclusion probably holds true for photography as well. Patterns and trends will tell us more about a photographer than any one image they create or to which they react.
These patterns and trends are not easily controlled by conscious effort. They’re intrinsic to one’s unique perceptual and personality style. For this reason, understanding some aspects of the Rorschach will probably not make a big difference in how you would respond if you actually took the test. You can only see what you see. In photography as well we tend to react to images the way our lives and psyche have conditioned us to see them. To improve our skills in photography, we become more aware of that conditioning. We learn how to expand the range of our perceptual repertoire. By doing so, we probably change as people too.
The Rorschach is designed to explore an individual’s perceptual and personality style. In this article I’ve suggested that we can use photographs for the same purpose. I’d also like to emphasize how these insights from the Rorschach can be applied in shaping the experience that a photo might create in its viewers. We can produce a limitless range of moods and sensations in images by the wide variety of ways we might combine form, movement, color, shading, texture, negative space, and symmetry. That’s what photography is all about.
Of course, we don’t want to be too authoritative about these insights from the Rorschach. They aren’t facts carved in stone that are true for everyone. People are just too complex for any such rigid rules. But there’s no doubt in my mind that these ideas provide some interesting and useful points of departure to explore photography, and ourselves.
* This image and essay are part of a book on Photographic Psychology that I’m writing within Flickr. Another more easy to navigate version of the book is located at this web site
Eva is the author of the page @toomucheva, where she dives deep into what makes us human, she is a psychologist and a lover of the psyche, trying to bridge the gap between difficult topics and every-day talk.
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Professional Photobook
May 2021
Palácio de Queluz
Portugal
Many Japanese researchers seem to have been taken in by the results of positive psychology and the self-esteem movement which suggests that self-esteem results in positive consequences.
While cultural psychologists argue that self-esteem is unimportant for the Japanese, researchers within Japan of the non-cultural, universal bent have published research which purports to demonstrate that self-esteem predicts mental health. Tomishige (2000), for example, reports that self-esteem is negatively correlated with "negative anxiety" (regarding ones inability to control oneself) and positively correlated with "self-stabilization", "goal-orientedness", "sense of self" and "self-acceptance" all of which are considered to be adaptive traits. What these researchers may fail to realise is that all these 'traits' are measured by self-reports, and, as we have seen, self-esteem is in large part a measure of unrealistically positive self-reports. Such correlational research seems to suggest that Japanese society has low mental health, but this paper argues that instead it suggest that the Japanese are simply not deceiving themselves linguistically. To test this one must turn to real world measures.
Recent research from the UK (Wilkinson & Pickett, 2011) has investigated the impact of social inequality on positive and negative life outcomes and socialism. They show that social inequality is a strong predictor of social health and social problems, based upon united nations indexes, many of which are not measured by self-reports. To avoid the accusation of cherry-picking, the above graph was creating using same dataset correlated with with a cross national comparison of self-esteem as measured by Schmitt and Allik (2005). The graph has been divided into positive social outcomes, negative outcomes and socialism related indices, a major focus of Wilkinson & Pickett's research.
Some of the positive outcome measures such as "Trust," "child well-being," and "Peace Index" include data from self-reports, but those that do not -- life expectancy, maths and literacy tests, and Math/education/science score -- all negatively correlate with self-esteem. Of the social problems that their study investigated most correlate positively with self-esteem, of these infant mortality, homicides, imprisonment, calorie intact, and their overall "index of health and social problems" correlated significantly (>0.4) . The only social problem with a weak negative correlation to self-esteem, child-conflict, is again affected by self reports. Of the socialism related factors, only income inequality shows a significant positive correlation with self esteem.
One of the reasons for this result may be that in unequal societies, self-esteem, as positive illusion, is the refuge of the socially disadvantaged who can thus persuade themselves that they are all right anyway, and reinforces the "just world hypothesis," of the socially advantaged alike. In any event, this data suggest that if one ignores the impact of self-deception inherent in self-reports, and concentrate on real world outcomes, linguistic self-esteem would appear to be bad for you.
多くの日本の研究者は、ポジティブ心理学の結果や自己肯定感運動に影響を受けているように思われます。これらは、自己肯定感がポジティブな結果をもたらすと示唆しています。一方で、文化心理学者は自己肯定感が日本人にとって重要ではないと主張していますが、非文化的で普遍的な立場を取る日本国内の心理学研究者は、自己肯定感がメンタルヘルスを予測することを示す研究を発表しています。たとえば、冨重（2000）は、自己肯定感が「自己制御の不能に関する否定的な不安」と負の相関を持ち、「自己安定性」「目標志向性」「自己感覚」「自己受容」と正の相関を持つと報告しています。これらはいずれも適応的な特性とみなされています。しかし、これらの研究者が見落としているかもしれない点は、これらの「特性」がすべて自己報告によって測定されており、自己肯定感が大部分、非現実的にポジティブな自己報告の尺度であるという点です。
このような相関研究は、日本社会のメンタルヘルスが低いことを示唆しているように見えますが、本論文はむしろ、日本人が言語的に自分を欺いていないことを示していると主張します。この仮説を検証するためには、現実世界の指標に目を向ける必要があります。イギリスの研究（Wilkinson & Pickett, 2011）は、社会的不平等がポジティブおよびネガティブな生活結果や社会主義に与える影響を調査しました。彼らは、社会的不平等が社会的健康と社会問題の強力な予測因子であることを、国連の指標に基づいて示しました。これらの指標の多くは自己報告によって測定されていません。
恣意的なデータ選択という批判を避けるため、上記のグラフは、Schmitt and Allik（2005）による国別の自己肯定感データと相関させた同じデータセットを使用して作成されました。グラフは、ポジティブな社会的結果、ネガティブな結果、そして社会主義関連の指標に分けられています。Wilkinson & Pickettの研究の主要な焦点です。ポジティブな結果の指標の中には、「信頼」「子どもの幸福」「平和指数」など、自己報告のデータが含まれるものもありますが、そうでないもの――平均寿命、数学と識字テスト、数学・教育・科学のスコア――はいずれも自己肯定感と負の相関を示しています。
彼らの研究で調査された社会問題の多くは、自己肯定感と正の相関を持っています。その中で、乳児死亡率、殺人、収監率、カロリー摂取量、および「健康と社会問題の総合指数」は、いずれも有意な正の相関（>0.4）を示しました。自己肯定感と弱い負の相関を示した唯一の社会問題である子どもの対立は、再び自己報告に影響を受けています。社会主義関連の要因の中で、有意な正の相関を示したのは所得不平等だけです。この結果の一因として、不平等な社会において自己肯定感――つまりポジティブな幻想――が、社会的に不利な立場にある人々にとって「自分は大丈夫だ」と思い込むための拠り所となり、同時に「公正世界仮説」を強化する役割を果たしている可能性があります。
いずれにせよ、このデータは、自己報告に内在する自己欺瞞の影響を無視し、現実世界の結果に集中すると、言語的な自己肯定感がむしろ有害である可能性を示唆しています。
Wilkinson, R., & Pickett, K. (2011). Greater Equality: The Hidden Key to Better Health and Higher Scores. American Educator, 35(1), 5–9. Retrieved from eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ920510
Tomishige K. 冨重健一(2000)青年期における異性交際への不安と自己認識の関連
―質問紙調査による実証的検討―（日本社会心理学会機関誌）第15巻第3号、189-199. 2000年3月
Schmitt, D. P., & Allik, J. (2005). Simultaneous administration of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in 53 nations: exploring the universal and culture-specific features of global self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(4), 623. Retrieved from psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/89/4/623/
Os mestres: Luís da Câmara Cascudo; Anton Chekov; Franz Kafka; Rubem Alves; e George Orwell. Escrevi "mestres" e não "mestres da ficção" porque não sei como classificar Câmara Cascudo e o Rubem.
_The masters: Luís da Câmara Cascudo; Anton Chekov; Franz Kafka; Rubem Alves; and Ruy Castro. I wrote "masters" and not "masters of fiction" because I don't know how to rate Câmara Cascudo and Rubem._
LUÍS DA CÂMARA CASCUDO (xilogravura de J. Campos, editada por mim)
Em 2017 eu sofri uma desilusão amorosa que quase me destruiu e que ainda hoje rasga a minha carne. Em 2017 eu finalmente decidi começar um tratamento com um psicólogo. E foi em 2017 que eu li pela primeira vez Luís da Câmara Cascudo. 2017 realmente partiu a minha vida ao meio.
_In 2017 I suffered a love disappointment that almost destroyed me and that still tears my flesh today. In 2017 I finally decided to start a treatment with a psychologist. And it was in 2017 that I first read Luis from the Cascudo Chamber. 2017 really broke my life in half._
Aristoteles + poesia + a lua e o sol refletidos no rio Potengi = Luís da Câmara Cascudo.
O universo conspirou: era a primeira vez que eu via os livros dele e eu estava com muito dinheiro. Uma mulher que também estava na livraria até levou um susto: "minha nossa, mas tudo isso?"
Não é porque Câmara Cascudo escreve sobre cultura popular brasileira o que o torna um tesouro só existente no Brasil; é o modo como ele escreve e o modo como ele pensa. Há algum Joaquim Nabuco dos Estados Unidos e a Irlanda tem em James Joyce a sua versão de João Guimarães Rosa. Mas Câmara Cascudo só pode existir no Brasil e por causa dele eu amo ainda mais o meu país.
_ Aristoteles + poetry + the moon and sun reflected in the Potengi River = Luís da Câmara Cascudo.
The universe conspired: it was the first time I saw his books and I had a lot of money. A woman who was also in the bookstore even took a fright: "my ours, but all this?"
It is not because Câmara Cascudo writes about Brazilian popular culture which makes it a treasure only existing in Brazil; is the way he writes and the way he thinks. There are some Joaquim Nabuco of the United States and Ireland has in James Joyce his version of João Guimarães Rosa. But Câmara Cascudo can only exist in Brazil and because of it I love my country even more. _
ANTON CHEKHOV
É Amor. Eu não sei explicar. Eu não queria morar em uma ilha deserta para ficar longe da dor; eu não queria morar no planeta Saturno para ver sempre os seus lindos anéis; eu queria morar nos contos de Anton Chekhov.
_It's Love. I can't explain. I didn't want to live on a deserted island to stay away from the pain; I didn't want to live on planet Saturn to always see its beautiful rings; I wanted to live in Anton Chekhov's short stories._
E é uma história muito antiga. Colégio, livro de contos curtos para as aulas de literatura. E com "A Mulher do Farmacêutico"; tudo começou.
A dor e o humor são diferentes porque a atmosfera é russa e é antiga; são diferentes porque estamos em um outro mundo. Mas é um mundo que consegue ecoar em meu mundo interior.
_ And it's a very old story. College, short story book for literature classes. And with "The Pharmacist's Wife"; what started all over.
Pain and sense of humor are different because the atmosphere is Russian and is ancient; are different because we are in another world. But it's a world that can echo in my inner world. _
FRANZ KAFKA
Começou artificial: para ser um intelectual eu concluí que precisava de Proust, Joyce ou Kafka; acabei escolhendo o Kafka. Depois de ler os seus textos mais importantes eu não me importo mais em ser ou não um intelectual. Ficou natural. Descobri um amigo.
_ It started artificially: to be an intellectual I concluded that I needed Proust, Joyce or Kafka; I ended up choosing Kafka. After reading your most important texts I no longer care about being an intellectual. It's natural. I found a friend. _
Mas é justo eu sentir orgulho por ter lido os textos clássicos de Kafka, um dos autores fundamentais do século XX. Mas eu não tenho coisas de crítico literário a dizer a vocês. Talvez algo original seja dizer que em Kafka os diálogos são fabulosos. Dignos de aparecer em teatro ou em filmes no cinema. Detalhe que não lembro de ser mencionado por aí.
Há a memória afetiva. Sempre o mais importante. O prazer de ler os livros, a cor das páginas, marcando a lápis os trechos mais interessantes para conseguir decifrar os mistérios de um gênio da literatura... Que prazer, que prazer.
_But it's only fair that I feel proud to have read the classic texts of Kafka, one of the fundamental authors of the 20th century. But I don't have things of literary critic telling you. Maybe something unique is to say that in Kafka the dialogues are fabulous. Worthy of appearing in theater or in movies in the movies. Detail I don't remember being mentioned out there.
There's affective memory. Always the most important thing. The pleasure of reading the books, the color of the pages, highlighting in pencil the most interesting excerpts to be able to decipher the mysteries of a genius of literature... What a pleasure, what a pleasure._
RUBEM ALVES
É fácil subestimar o Rubem Alves. De maneira explícita ou com o desprezo educado. Poético, popular, doce, espiritual, escrevendo mensagens positivas... É fácil subestimar o Rubem Alves. Mas eu sei que ele é um dos maiores pensadores brasileiros de todos os tempos.
_ It's easy to underestimate Rubem Alves. Explicitly or with polite contempt. Poetic, popular, sweet, spiritual, writing positive messages... It's easy to underestimate Rubem Alves. But I know he's one of the greatest Brazilian thinkers of all time. _
O seu "O que é religião?" é uma obra-prima; comparável a Berkeley, Nietzsche e Pascal quanto ao poder de concisão: cada parágrafo ali poderia ser reescrito ou comentado em dezenas de páginas ricas em ideias.
Os seus textos são simplesmente perfeitos. O que parece ser ingenuidade ou leveza, na verdade é força e convite ao desafio. A erudição em autores como Rubem Alves não humilha os seus leitores, a erudição deles deixa os seus leitores sentindo fome. A simplicidade em autores como Rubem Alves nos encoraja a nós mesmos a gritar para todos quem nós somos. Quando eu finalmente crescer, eu gostaria de ser uma mistura de Rubem Alves e Luís da Câmara Cascudo.
_ Your "What is religion?" is a masterpiece; comparable to Berkeley, Nietzsche and Pascal as to the power of conciseness: each paragraph there could be rewritten or commented on dozens of pages rich in ideas.
Your texts are simply perfect. What seems to be naivety or lightness, is actually strength and invitation to challenge. The scholarship in authors like Rubem Alves does not humiliate their readers, their scholarship leaves their readers feeling hungry. Simplicity in authors like Rubem Alves encourages us to shout at all who we are. When I finally grow up, I'd like to be a mixture of Rubem Alves and Luís da Câmara Cascudo. _
GEORGE ORWELL (desenho de Thiago Machado)
Todo mundo conhece o George Orwell. Para mim ele é honestidade e coragem. E também é Amor. Muito Amor.
_Everybody knows George Orwell. To me he's honesty and courage. And it's love, too. Lots of love._
Assim como Anton Chekhov a minha história com Orwell é antiga, do tempo do colégio. Em um teste de história, a professora havia impresso uma fotografia de um desempregado e também um trecho de "Wigan Pier". Mas era apenas isso. Me chamou a atenção, mas era apenas isso. Um ou dois anos depois; eu estou com 14 anos e quero ler. Descobri que existem livros que influenciaram filmes e outros livros! Oh! Que havia livros que falavam sobre como seria o nosso futuro! Oh! Oh! (risos) Descobri que os dois clássicos eram "Admirável Mundo Novo", do Huxley, e "1984", de Orwell. Pedi para meu pai comprar os dois, mas ele só encontrou "1984". E assim começou a minha história de amor com este britânico.
A leitura de "1984" foi um dos meus momentos mais marcantes. Eu tinha medo de ler errado e de acreditar nos vilões e não no herói! Quando ele leu "Eu te amo', meu coração quase parou! E eu sentia o gosto oleoso e nauseante do Gin Vitória em meus lábios! Inesquecível!
Obrigado, George. Muito obrigado.
_ Just like Anton Chekhov, my story with Orwell is old, from high school time. In a history test, the teacher had printed a photograph of an unemployed person and also an excerpt from "Wigan Pier". But that's all it was. It caught my eye, but that's all. One or two years later; I'm 14 years old and I want to read it. I found that there are books that influenced movies and other books! Oh! That there were books that talked about what our future would look like! Oh! Oh! (laughs) I discovered that the two classics were Huxley's "Brave New World", and Orwell's "1984. I asked my father to buy them both, but he only found "1984". And so began my love story with this British.
Reading "1984" was one of my most remarkable moments. I was afraid to read it wrong and believe in the villains and not the hero! When he read '"I love you', my heart almost stopped! And I felt the oily and nauseating taste of Gin Victoria on my lips! Unforgettable!
Thank you, George. Thank you very much. _
A lista dos ignorados injustamente é formosa e me enche de vergonha: Lygia Bojunga, Gabrielle S. Colette, Albert Camus, Hermann Hesse, Anatole France, Ruy CastrO, Jack London e Diogo Mainardi.
"Livro - Um Encontro com Lygia Bojunga": me influenciou, mas não sei como. Comprei muitos livros da Lygia e vou lar todos eles. Além de popular e premiada, Lygia edita os seus próprios livros e tem projetos culturais. Perfeita, perfeita.
"A Vagabunda" - Colette. O livro certo na hora certa. 2017. É. Me salvou?
Albert Camus. Leio Camus com uma volúpia que impressiona. Parece uma amigo que eu não vejo há tempos e aí conversamos alegres e sem parar. A metáfora é estranha, mas é exata.
Hermann Hesse. Minha nossa, como Hesse não esta na lista oficial? Como? Como?
Anatole France. "Thais" é simplesmente perfeito. Ciência e poesia. Um livro verdadeiro.
Ruy Castro. Eu leio 80 páginas sem piscar os olhos e sem respirar. O seu domínio da arte de escrever é soberbo.
Jack London. "O Povo do Abismo". Fazer parte daquela família que viveu um dos momentos mais incríveis da história: a virada do século XIX para o séculos XX.
Diogo Mainardi. Um dos mais polêmicos e influentes jornalistas, mas para mim era o autor de dois livros que li no mesmo dia que comprei. Tamanha era a minha fome e paixão. E eu colecionava os artigos dele na revista. Acontece que por falta de dinheiro, a minha família cancelou a assinatura da revista em 2002. Justamente quando Diogo iria ficar mais polêmico e influente. Acabei me afastando, mas a sua ironia e inteligência ainda me encanta. E a memória afetiva de devorar os seus dois livros.
_ The list of unjustly ignored is beautiful and fills me with shame: Lygia Bojunga, Gabrielle S. Colette, Albert Camus, Hermann Hesse, Anatole France, Ruy CastrO, Jack London and Diogo Mainardi.
"Book - A Meeting with Lygia Bojunga": influenced me, but I don't know how. I bought a lot of Lygia books and I'm going to home all of them. In addition to being popular and award-winning, Lygia publishes her own books and has cultural projects. Perfect, perfect.
"La Vagabonde" - Colette. The right book at the right time. 2017. Did you save me?
Albert Camus. I read Camus with a fickle that impresses. You seem like a friend I haven't seen in a long time, and then we talked cheerfully and non-stop. The metaphor is strange, but it's accurate.
Hermann Hesse. My God, how is Hesse not on the official list? As? As?
Anatole France. "Thais" is simply perfect. Science and poetry. A real book.
Ruy Castro. I read 80 pages without blinking my eyes and without breathing. Your mastery of the art of writing is superb.
Jack London. "The People of the Abyss". To be part of that family that lived one of the most incredible moments in history: the turn of the nineteenth century to the twentieth century.
Diogo Mainardi. One of the most controversial and influential journalists, but for me he was the author of two books I read the same day I bought. Such was my hunger and passion. And I collected his articles in the magazine. It turns out that for lack of money, my family canceled the magazine's subscription in 2002. Just when Diogo would become more controversial and influential. I ended up moving away, but your irony and intelligence still enchants me. And the affective memory of devouring your two books. _
_ Bing Tradutor _
Sport psychologist Pietro Trabucchi (www.pietrotrabucchi.it/) metabolic testing wearing face mask and K4b2 gas exchange monitor at up to 3300 mt altitude during the endurance event Tor des Geants (www.tordesgeants.it/) in Italian Alps (Valle d'Aosta).
Study by Cerism-Univ Verona (www.cerism.it/) in collaboration with Univ. di Milano e di Losanna.
Tombstone of psychologist Dr.Barbara Killinger (June 6, 1934 - July 24, 2013). In the Garden of Remembrance, Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto, Canada. Pentax K1 II.
Obituary
KILLINGER, Dr. Barbara - 1934 - 2013 Barbara Elizabeth Killinger was passionate about helping people achieve balance in their lives. Born 1934 in London, Ontario to Cuyler and Eva Henderson, Barb studied Secretarial Sciences at Western University, where she met and married physician Donald Killinger, now divorced. By the late 1970s, this young mother of three had achieved a doctorate in Psychology from York University. Up to the day of her death, she pursued her career as a practicing clinical psychologist and author, writing a monthly blog for Psychology Today and publishing four books (Workaholics: The Respectable Addicts, The Balancing Act: Rediscovering Your Feelings, Integrity: Doing the Right Thing for the Right Reasons, and Achieving Inner Balance in Anxious Times). She always made time for family, friends and a wide variety of interests. Barb was a sculptor, swimmer, skier, tennis player, cyclist, and contributor to countless arts and community groups. After a seven-year battle with lymphoma, Barb passed away peacefully on July 24, 2013 with her children Kathy and Michael and sister Marion Simpson at her side. She was predeceased by daughter Suzanne, grandson Cuyler and brother Murray. A memorial service will be held at Timothy Eaton Memorial Church at a later date. For memorial service details, please visit www.etouch.ca
Her life was touched by tragedy, i.e. the suicide of her daughter. www.cbc.ca/news/canada/mother-who-killed-son-on-subway-di...
Mother who killed son on subway dies of injuries
CBC News · Posted: Aug 21, 2000 9:10 AM ET | Last Updated: November 10, 2000
A Toronto doctor who jumped in front of a subway train while cradling her baby son died of her injuries Saturday night. She had been in hospital for nine days.
Suzanne Killinger-Johnson, 37, leapt in front of a moving train with her sleeping child around 7 a.m. Aug. 11.
The six-month-old boy, Cuyler, died instantly.
Killinger-Johnson survived, but spent the past week in intensive care with severe internal injuries.
"Dr. Killinger-Johnson died peacefully at 8:30 (p.m.)," confirmed Sandra Cruickshanks, head of public affairs at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, early Sunday morning.
"The family wishes total privacy on this," she added. "That is all they want me to release."
Experts believed she may have been suffering from the most serious type of postpartum depression, which can drive mothers to kill their children in a demented act of love.
It's believed the psychotherapist had considered killing herself and her son the day before the tragic jump.
Transit authorities had spotted her wandering along two different subway platforms, acting suspiciously. Security escorted her away the first time.
On the second occasion, police said they drove her home and left her in the care of relatives.
During Friday morning rush hour, Killinger-Johnson drove a silver Mercedes sports utility vehicle to the St. Clair West station. Horrified passengers watched as she jumped in front of a moving train.
It's believed she had stopped taking anti-depressant drugs because she was worried the medication might harm her son, who was breast-feeding.
Her mother, psychologist Dr. Barbara Killinger, has written books on stress, depression, and anxiety. Her father is also a doctor.
The Rot of American Culture, Absentee and Permissive Parenting, and the Resultant Plague of Joyless, Selfish Children. This book was recommended by Rivendell, an opinionated cycling catalog I like a lot.
This is a very sensible instructional treatise by a psychologist living in Berkeley, but he also connects his guidelines to the bigger picture of school shootings, culture and toxic media thus my interest. What's wrong with kids today turns out to be very much what my mother, the behavioral psychologist has been up against throughout her career working with families of developmentally disabled children. Parents don't know how to set limits. They treat their children as peers and want to be their friends. They give up their authority to a four year old when they say things like "I'm going to use the blue crayon, is that okay?" (This at a restaurant where crayons are provided to use on the paper placemats.) Geesh. Catherine says this is why young employees end up in her office with such a sense of entitlement demanding that their every need be met while they're at work.
The author also warns the reader of how the politicization of child rearing has filled the arena with ideologies warning parents that they should not interfere with a child's spirit with too many rules and too much discipline. I always thought the self-esteem movement was bogus and that the cry of child abuse was taken a little too far. I'm for making children earn their keep doing chores and knowing their place in the grand scheme of things. This whole child centered ideology fits right in with the generation that took itself to therapy. This is my generation that has gone so astray. They were raised by Dr. Spock (no not from Star Trek). That was the beginning of a child centered ideology. Benjamin Spock was responding to the Victorian era of absolute discipline (that my mother was raised with), but he didn't mean no discipline or no limits.
I favor the British when it comes to child rearing. The British seem to be natural disciplinarians (though a bit on the cold side). So not surprising that the TV Super Nanny is British. The saying about how the British love their dogs more than their children always stuck with me as a teen, but their dogs are well disciplined too.
This author is not cold. He emphasizes bonding and love in the early years and keeping discipline calm and loving. This I got from the Thai side of my family. Asian children are also much more watched and constantly told how to behave, so much so that they don't have to initiate anything on their own. This keeps the kids close to the family. It was my English side that wanted to go out exploring on my own (and take notes).
He warns against over-scheduling children. Children don't just go home after school, now, they have a ton of activities they have to be chauffered to. Having time to myself is largely why I am so self-amused and self-taught, plus TV wasn't broadcast until 6 p.m. in Thailand in my day, advertisements consisted of a placard and an announcer and the only other electronic media was a portable radio. There is so much more for parents to monitor, now, and it is too easy to leave them to the values being pumped out by slick consumer advertising. (My friend Cristina told me that ad agencies were putting babies into MRIs to see how their brains respond to different advertising strategies.)
Then they are pressured to become commodities themselves through high end education, thus we have a population of cognitively smart people looking to gratify the insatiable child within on a diet of constant entertain-me stimulus and consumer products. Pretty scary.
I got interested in "kids these days" because I met a sixteen year old boy who couldn't ride a bicycle. His mother said they just never got around to teaching him so she had to drive him to the mall to get his school supplies with him because he also didn't have any means by which to pay for said supplies. I was so appalled by this lack of self-sufficiency I had to seek peer counseling. One fellow organizer promised to tell me, when next we meet, what her 28 year old daughter tells her about working with 18 and 19 year olds and what they can't do. I can't wait.
Leaders of the Assocation of Gay Psychologists confer during a picket line in front of the Supreme Court sponsored by the organization September 6, 1976 calling for an end to repression of gay people by the Court and police.
From left to right: :Dr. Harold Kuden of New York City, Dr. Joseph Norton of Albany, N.Y., Charles Weiss of Dallas, Texas, and Dr. Franklin Kameny of the District of Columbia.
The U.S. Supreme Court shocked progressive forces when it affirmed a lower court decision of Doe v. Commonwealth’s Attorney for the City of Richmond by a 6-3 vote March 29, 1976 without so much as a hearing. A petition for a hearing was denied in May.
The Court held a full hearing in the case of Bowers vs. Hardwick in 1986 and again upheld anti-sodomy laws, this time by a 5-4 vote.
Finally, in Lawrence v. Texas, the Court invalidated anti-sodomy laws in a 6-3 decision in 2003.
Some jurisdictions in Virginia continued to enforce its anti-sodomy laws and in 2005 a judge convicted William Scott of violating its law. The 4th US. Circuit Court of Appeals overturned the decision and the U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear Virginia Attorney General Ken Cuccinelli’s appeal in 2013.
In 2014, the Virginia legislature unanimously repealed the bans or oral and anal sex.
For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHskcVHcxD
Photo by Harry Goodman. The image is courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.