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Project Gemini was NASA’s second human spaceflight program, conducted between projects Mercury and Apollo. It started in 1961 and concluded in 1966. It was an enormous undertaking, involving awesome risks, and set the stage for the last and greatest adventure in the U.S. space program, Project Apollo. “Appointment in the Sky” is the story of the men and machines of Project Gemini as told by Sol Levine, the deputy technical director of the project. Published in 1963, in the midst of Project Gemini, Levine describes its origin and purpose, the special training of the pairs of astronauts who participated, and the minute-by-minute procedures of the flight, the rendezvous in orbit, the uncoupling and the re-entry. It is filled with detail about space flight. President Lyndon Johnson wrote the Foreword to the book.
NASA image of an Atlas-Agena docking target from the Gemini Program in the 1960s part of the Apollo 7 Saturn rocket.
Artist's concept of a Gemini astronaut, seated at the controls of a Gemini capsule, observing through the capsule window separated Titan-2 second-stage rocket.
Artist: George Mathis, the Aerojet-General Corporation resident artist.
Date: Dec-1965
Photo ID: C1265 065
"PAIRED FOR SPACE FLIGHT---Booster power for Gemini is in the twin-barrel first-stage engine system of the Air Force Titan II. The 430,000-pound-thrust engine system provides the initial push to send the two-man Gemini crews on their way towards orbit. Later, a second engine system is ignited and used to accomplish orbit. Both engines are produced for the Air Force by Aerojet-General Corporation at its Liquid Rocket Operations, near Sacramento, California.
3 65SP 954
AEROJET-GENERAL CORPORATION
Public Relations
Sacramento Plant, California
355-5566 (Area Code 916)"
Artist: George Mathis
Date: 1965
Photo ID: 3 65SP 954
Note: the Photo ID '3 65SP 954' is also stamped directly on the back of the photo but has been struck through. The number 'C266 152' has been hand written beneath it.
By June 1965, the United States was starting to catch up with the Soviet Union in the "Space Race," but was still behind: Russians had already set records for endurance (Vostok 5 had been up for five days in 1963), and for the first spacewalk (Alexei Leonov in Voshkod 2 in March 1965). It was important that the United States achieve both as soon as possible--if Americans were to beat the Soviets to the Moon, long endurance flights and spacewalks were necessary. Gemini 4 was selected to do both.
James McDivitt and Ed White, both members of the second class of American astronauts, were selected as the crew for Gemini 4; neither had been in space before. There would be challenges: the Gemini capsule was not much bigger than the front seats of the average car, which would make sleeping difficult. Unlike the Soviets, who used an inflatable airlock to allow Leonov to get out of the Voshkod, White would simply open the hatch and "step outside." The latter did save weight and time, but if for some reason the hatch could not be closed, both astronauts would die on reentry.
The launch of Gemini 4 on 3 June 1965 went generally smoothly, and after separation, McDivitt tried to fly close to the second stage of the Titan launch vehicle, as practice for eventual space rendezvous; he was unsuccessful, since it was hard to see the Titan, which was also spinning.
On the third orbit, White made his spacewalk. He was tethered to the capsule, and had a small handheld compressed air gun to help him maneuver in space. Unlike Leonov (whose spacesuit inflated dangerously and nearly kept him from reentering Voshkod), White had no problem, and actually had to be ordered back into the capsule after 20 minutes in space--with White trying to make excuses to stay out longer. The hatch indeed had problems closing, but luckily McDivitt knew what the problem was, fixed it, and got the hatch secured.
Following White's spacewalk, the crew performed several scientific experiments and tried (unsucessfully) to get some sleep. After 62 orbits and four days in space, Gemini 4 reentered Earth's atmosphere; the computer failed just before reentry, causing Gemini 4 to overshoot the landing area by 43 miles, but otherwise the reentry, while a little rough, went well.
Following the Gemini 4 flight, McDivitt would go on to command Apollo 9, and retired from NASA in 1972. White was selected as the command module pilot for Apollo 1, but tragically died in the Apollo 1 fire with Gus Grissom and Roger Chaffee (both of whom had been in Mission Control during Gemini 4) on 27 January 1967. The Gemini 4 capsule, after being examined by NASA, was donated to the National Air and Space Museum in 1967.
This replica of Gemini 4 is on display at the Evergreen Air and Space Museum at McMinnville, Oregon, showing Ed White on his spacewalk. As far as I know, this is only a replica and not an actual Gemini capsule.
Koukichi Takahashi Photography
iPad版 Photoshop 2...
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Tom R. Chambers edited/enhanced the Gemini images to make posters for collectors and educators. Images and text courtesy of NASA.
Tom R. Chambers edited/enhanced the Gemini images to make posters for collectors and educators. Images and text courtesy of NASA.
Tom R. Chambers edited/enhanced the Gemini images to make posters for collectors and educators. Images and text courtesy of NASA.
Tom R. Chambers edited/enhanced the Gemini images to make posters for collectors and educators. Images and text courtesy of NASA.
The Brian Jonestown Massacre / Project Gemini, Glasgow Barrowland, Thursday 6th February 2025. Photos: Dale Harvey
The Brian Jonestown Massacre / Project Gemini, Glasgow Barrowland, Thursday 6th February 2025. Photos: Dale Harvey
Tom R. Chambers edited/enhanced the Gemini images to make posters for collectors and educators. Images and text courtesy of NASA.
Tom R. Chambers edited/enhanced the Gemini images to make posters for collectors and educators. Images and text courtesy of NASA.
Tom R. Chambers edited/enhanced the Gemini images to make posters for collectors and educators. Images and text courtesy of NASA.
Tom R. Chambers edited/enhanced the Gemini images to make posters for collectors and educators. Images and text courtesy of NASA.
Tom R. Chambers edited/enhanced the Gemini images to make posters for collectors and educators. Images and text courtesy of NASA.
Tom R. Chambers edited/enhanced the Gemini images to make posters for collectors and educators. Images and text courtesy of NASA.
Tom R. Chambers edited/enhanced the Gemini images to make posters for collectors and educators. Images and text courtesy of NASA.
Tom R. Chambers edited/enhanced the Gemini images to make posters for collectors and educators. Images and text courtesy of NASA.
The Brian Jonestown Massacre / Project Gemini, Glasgow Barrowland, Thursday 6th February 2025. Photos: Dale Harvey
Tom R. Chambers edited/enhanced the Gemini images to make posters for collectors and educators. Images and text courtesy of NASA.
The Brian Jonestown Massacre / Project Gemini, Glasgow Barrowland, Thursday 6th February 2025. Photos: Dale Harvey