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I took over 80 shots of this waterfall today. I narrowed it down to two I like. If you viewers would let me know your opinion as to the strongest I would be grateful.
Downing Creek Falls is the second of at least three significant waterfalls known to occur along the stout length of spring-fueled Downing Creek. The falls drop 32 feet over a distinctly cube-shaped outcrop of basalt, pouring in three to four side-by-side channels (depending on how much extra snow melt water is present), with as many as a dozen small streams of water dribbling out of the adjacent cliff and falling parallel to the falls in tandem. Though the falls aren't terribly tall, the creek is large enough to produced a consistent cloud of mist at the base of the falls, which helps ensure the forest and cliffs all around the falls are liberally covered head to toe in a thick blanket of moss.
Downing Creek is a remarkably consistent stream with a deceivingly small drainage basin. The majority of the creek emerges from springs about one quarter mile upstream from the falls, and flows all year long with very little fluctuation as a result. Further upstream along the drainage is another waterfall which only flows during periods of prolonged snow melt in the spring months, but the upper section of the creek otherwise sinks into the porous ground and the upper falls dries out as a result.
Hraunfossar is a series of waterfalls formed by rivulets streaming over a distance of about 900 metres out of a lava field which flowed from an eruption of one of the volcanoes lying under the glacier Langjökull. The waterfalls pour into the Hvita river from ledges of less porous rock in the lava. The name hraun comes from the Icelandic word for lava.
At temperatures of 161°F, this spring and terrace is considered one of the most colorful and ornate terraces at Mammoth. Minerva has had periods of inactivity throughout its recorded history, but when it is active terraces of porous travertine form rapidly. During the building of a single terrace, travertine precipitates around the edge of a small pool, and can accumulate at a rate of as much as 8.5 inches a year. As the water cascades from terrace to terrace the water cools, allowing algae to grow. Blue-green algae and cyanobacteria, in colors of green, yellow, orange and red.
11-June-2022, Nanos.
The name of this flower indicates a well-defined area of today's Slovenia, an area that I have monitored very much climatologically even before botanically.
It is the area that I call the Internal Karst Region (since it mainly rests on the same plateau as the traditional Karst/Kras/Carso, the Coastal one, and with the same superficial and deep karstism phenomena), mainly corresponding to the Notranjska Slovenian region, which in its turn is on the Black Sea catchment watershed side of the S/W Slovenian Dinaric area.
In reality, Lilium carniolicum blooms above all on the coastal side of the Karst-Dinaric watershed range, Adriatic catchment (Primorska), preferring the upper part (800-1200m) of the southern slopes moors with good insolation and porous soil.
In such areas it is found in isolation but with a certain frequency; 2 or 3 flowers sprout from each plant in June, sometimes until the beginning of July.
The first stop where I was really glad that I had my crampons with me. There were loads of people around without. I have no idea how they managed to stay upright, not to mention getting to the viewing platform.
"Hraunfossar (Borgarfjörður, western Iceland) is a series of waterfalls formed by rivulets streaming over a distance of about 900 metres out of the Hallmundarhraun, a lava field which flowed from an eruption of one of the volcanoes lying under the glacier Langjökull. The waterfalls pour into the Hvítá river from ledges of less porous rock in the lava. The name comes from the Icelandic word for lava (hraun) and the word for waterfalls (fossar). The Hraunfossar are situated near Húsafell and Reykholt and lava-tube cave Víðgelmir is close by." (Wikipedia)
18-february-2018: Babno is a village located in the innermost part of the Karst Region, North-East of Mount Snežnik (1796m a.s.l., Karst top summit) and 1km from the border with Croatia's northernmost "Mountain-Kvarner Region" (Prežid, HR).
it is located on the edge of a wide meadow basin (completely open air: "Sky View Factor"), at 748m above sea level, characterized by karstic-calcareous soil. The porous soil avoids the stagnation of humidity, making the temperature excursions very rapid and sharp with clear skies and no winds.
These factors make it the inhabited place with the coldest nights in the whole of Slovenia and among the coldest in all of Europe.
In fact, there are minimum temperatures of -30°C in all winter months, including March, and an absolute peak of -34.5°C (official ARSO station according to WMO).
Being also positioned halfway between the Kvarner Gulf and Trieste one (about 60 linear km) and near the "Snowy mount", it has a good rainfall and therefore a rather marked and prolonged snowiness.
The below zero minimum temperatures are possibly in all months of the year (!), very rarely only in July and August.
Karst-slovenian people call this polje the "Slovenska Siberija".
The Theme for tomorrow's Macro Mondays is Behind Glass. ...
...Glass is an interesting material, that you can do so much with
This image comes with a warning, take care if you try it at home.
This part of the country is among the youngest (1477) and wildest pearls of the central highlands. It includes about 50 lakes of various sizes, many of which are crater lakes. The craters and lakes lie in two rows. Most of the lakes are fed and discharged underground because of the lava fields and porous scoria.
The bright backdrop of a cafe in the UniSA foyer, seen through the black metal security screen pulled around the counter perimeter, like a porous see through shower curtain.
Still practising shooting waterfalls. The same waterfall, this time from the other side of the river, with the rock more focused and prominent. I like it more than the previous one, as the water is more natural and the light was better. I also really like the porous rock with its magnificent texture in the right corner.
The theme for "Smile on Saturday" for the 19th of July is "creative with shells", where as the title suggests, we need to be creative with shells, so do something interesting with them. Now, I do enjoy fossicking along the beaches I visit, and I am known to gather shells. A while ago I came across a large number of cuttlefish bones on one of my walks, so I picked them up and brought them home. I used them to take a few creative photographs and then I got rid of them, as unlike other shells which lose their seaside smell, theirs only intensified because what they are made of is so porous. Now, you might say, “but the theme is about being creative with shells, not bones.” Let me assure you that in spite of their name, cuttlefish bones or cuttlebones are not really bones at all. They are in fact a brittle internal shell of a cuttlefish which allow them to control their buoyancy. Therefore, unless I am told otherwise, I believe this is an acceptable choice for this week’s theme. When I took my photographs, for one, I copied a chromolithographic image of Queen Elizabeth I from one of my Victorian era chocolate advertising cards and enlarged the image. I then covered over The Queen’s stiffened lace ruff with a halo of cuttlefish bones beneath her head. I think that is quite creative enough for this week’s theme. I hope you like my choice for this week’s theme, and that it makes you smile!
Cuttlebone, also known as cuttlefish bone, is a hard, brittle internal structure (an internal shell) found in all members of the family Sepiidae, commonly known as cuttlefish, within the cephalopods. In other cephalopod families it is called a gladius. Cuttlebone is composed primarily of aragonite. It is a chambered structure that the animal can fill with gas or liquid for buoyancy control. On the bottom side of the cuttlebone is the highly modified organ with which the cuttlebone is filled with gas or liquid. The microscopic structure of cuttlebone consists of narrow layers connected by numerous upright pillars. When the cuttlefish dies, only the cuttlebone remains and will often wash up on a beach. In the past, cuttlebones were ground up to make polishing powder, which was used by goldsmiths. The powder was also added to toothpaste, and was used as an antacid for medicinal purposes or as an absorbent. They were also used as an artistic carving medium during the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Today, cuttlebones are commonly used as calcium-rich dietary supplements for caged birds and are not intended for human consumption.
Taken in a corner of a small park underneath 'Les Grottes de Villecroze'. When in the sun it was warm; hints of Spring are most definitely in the air.
A little explanation of 'Les Grottes de Villecroze' taken from Trip Advisor:
"Villecroze's troglodytic vestige is cozily settled in the heart of a sunny cliff made of tuff. Occupied since prehistory, it successively belonged to Benedictines monks, to the local Lord (who fortified it) and eventually to the Municipality. You will discover, over 5 levels, mullioned windows, arrow-loops, a passage behind the waterfall, small water basins with nice and generous concretions, stalactites up to columns and unique tuff lacy frames. Due to their historical and geological significance, the caves were classified in 1924 as 'Artistic Monuments'."
The waterfall is to the left of the image and because of near drought conditions in the region it isn't amounting to much at the moment. Tuff is a light, porous rock formed by consolidation of volcanic ash. The big tree to the left is a huge magnolia tree. You get a lot of them in this area. We have one on our lane outside our house and the buds are showing themselves nicely. I'll look forward to them blooming as I like magnolias very much.
I composed this image while hiking the Whiterock Trail in Utah's Snow Canyon State Park. Surrounded by massive dunes of various strong colours - and mostly red - the occasional white massive rock formation stands out, as pictured here.
What happens to make normally red Navajo Sandstone white? Sandstone is porous and permeable to water because there are spaces between the sand grains. Under certain circumstances, the iron pigment in red sandstone can dissolve in water and be removed, or be rendered colourless by chemical reactions in the water. Voila! White dunes. It's no surprise, then, that the hiking path toward these dunes is named "Whiterock Trail."
A wonderful and strange waterfall. I guess the pattern emerges from the fact(?) that the topsoil is very porous, and that the water first infiltrates, and then reaches an impenetrable layer from where it forms these little falls.
I am not completely satisfied with the result. I couldn't find the view I really wanted.
Fungi of beechwood: This interesting and I’d say unusual group of fungi looked like a bunch of puppies cuddled together… well perhaps just in my head. These young (I think) bracket (?) fungi were growing on a fallen thick beech tree brunch and I’m struggling to ID them. It is probably something very trivial. The white surface is coloured with shallow pores and the woolly dark concentric discs at the top resembles of what Many-zoned polypores (Trametes versicolor) might have, but the shape and forms do not really match unless they are some weird form of T. versicolor or another porous bracket. I popped in week later hoping to see if they changed into something more recognisable, but couldn’t find that branch anymore. So, it remains a nature puzzle to me unless someone have a clue. Lansdown, Bath, BANES, England, U.K.
I try to give ID where possible but often it is not an easy task in the world of fungi without special examination, and I am not a mycologist. So, if you feel that I’m wrong, please do correct.
*Vår i luften*
Jag vågade mig inte ut på isen, verkade porös och inte att lita på. ~ I did not dare to walk on the ice, appeared porous and not to trust.
Arches Provincial Park combines many contrasting elements; a cobblestone beach vs rough, porous rocks blocking the beach front forming natural arches; a rocky shoreline vs a tuckamore forest; soft grass on hillsides vs rugged, craggy cliffs.
Hraunfossar (Borgarfjörður, western Iceland) is a series of waterfalls formed by rivulets streaming over a distance of about 900 metres out of the Hallmundarhraun, a lava field which flowed from an eruption of one of the volcanoes lying under the glacier Langjökull. The waterfalls pour into the Hvítá river from ledges of less porous rock in the lava. The name hraun comes from the Icelandic word for lava. The Hraunfossar are situated near Húsafell and Reykholt .
Again in Melrakkaslétta
Just luck to eye the tiny birds in the rouch beach
The stones show different origin - the porous from the volkano, the tight from the found of the penisula
Hraunfossar is a series of waterfalls formed by rivulets streaming over a distance of about 900 metres out of the Hallmundarhraun, a lava field which flowed from an eruption of one of the volcanoes lying under the glacier Langjökull. The waterfalls pour into Hvítá, from ledges of less porous rock in the lava.
Hraunfossar (West Iceland) is a series of waterfalls formed by rivulets streaming over a distance of about 900 metres out of a lava field which flowed from an eruption of one of the volcanoes lying under the glacier Langjökull. The waterfalls pour into the Hvita River from ledges of less porous rock in the lava. The name hraun comes from the Icelandic word for lava.
Catedral, Toledo, Castilla-La Mancha, España.
La catedral de Santa María, llamada también catedral primada de España, es un templo católico de arquitectura gótica en Toledo, considerado por algunos como el opus magnum de este estilo en España. Su construcción comenzó en 1226 bajo el reinado de Fernando III el Santo y las últimas aportaciones góticas se dieron en siglo XV cuando en 1493 se cerraron las bóvedas de los pies de la nave central, en tiempos de los Reyes Católicos. Está construida con piedra blanca de Olihuelas (en el término de Olías del Rey).
Se la conoce popularmente como Dives Toletana (con el sentido de la rica toledana). Es sede de la archidiócesis de Toledo.
La fachada occidental se sitúa ante la plaza del ayuntamiento donde también se encuentran el Palacio Arzobispal y el propio ayuntamiento. Desde la plaza, de izquierda a derecha, se alza la torre de campanas, la Puerta del Infierno, la Puerta del Perdón, la Puerta de del Juicio Final o de los Escribanos y, cerrando la monumental fachada, la llamada segunda torre que no llegó a terminarse, siendo usada como capilla bajo la advocación del Corpus Christi. Fue construida por orden del cardenal Cisneros y pasó a denominarse popularmente como capilla mozárabe. En el siglo XVI, Enrique Egas le añadió una linterna gótica y Jorge Manuel Theotocópuli, el hijo del Greco, la coronó con una cúpula de paños (1622-1631).
La torre de campanas comenzó a construirse en 1425 por Alvar Martínez que seguramente aprovechó el cuerpo del alminar de la anterior mezquita para construir un primer cuerpo de planta cuadrada. El maestro Hannequin terminó la estructura añadiendo un segundo cuerpo octogonal con remates apuntados e inspirados en edificaciones de Amberes o Bruselas.
La Puerta del Perdón (situada en el centro) data del siglo XV. Se comenzó a construir bajo la dirección de Alvar Martínez en 1418 y se encuadra dentro de las normas de los pórticos franceses. El nombre de esta puerta se debe a que en un período de tiempo determinado se concedían indulgencias a los penitentes que entraban por ella. En la actualidad siempre está cerrada salvo en grandes ocasiones como es la toma de posesión por parte del nuevo arzobispo de la catedral primada. Tiene un gran arco con seis arquivoltas góticas. En las jambas y parteluz se representa a los doce apóstoles y a Cristo. En el tímpano, encuadrado en una decoración con motivos de castillos y leones -algo característico del siglo XIV- aparece la Virgen imponiendo la casulla a San Ildefonso. La devoción del santo local, San Ildefonso, justifica que la portada del juicio que debería ocupar la puerta central se desplace a la derecha.
La Puerta de los Escribanos o del Juicio Final (derecha) es la puerta más antigua y probablemente fuera desplazada por la puerta central. Representa la Déesis de Cristo Varón de Dolores, la Virgen y San Juan; y, en la parte inferior, la resurrección de los muertos y de los condenados junto con una representación del sol y la luna.
La Puerta del infierno (izquierda) es conocida también como puerta de la Torre y de las Palmas por estar antiguamente reservada para la procesión del Domingo de Ramos. Se acabó de construir en el siglo XV presentando una decoración un tanto anómala de rostros humanos con coronas sobre un fondo con motivos vegetales, en forma de alusión a los bienaventurados en el paraíso.
La fachada fue reformada entre 1775 y 1780 por el arquitecto Eugenio Durango bajo el mandato del cardenal Lorenzana. El escultor fue Mariano Salvatierra. La reforma se ejecutó en el mismo estilo en el que estaba, es decir, en estilo gótico. Las obras fueron necesarias debido a la degradación de la piedra, ya que esta era frágil y porosa. Es posible que las puertas avanzaran entre contrafuertes en lugar de la disposición actual, pero no se sabe con certeza.
The Cathedral of Santa María, also called the primate cathedral of Spain, is a Catholic temple of Gothic architecture in Toledo, considered by some to be the magnum opus of this style in Spain. Its construction began in 1226 under the reign of Ferdinand III the Saint and the last Gothic contributions were made in the 15th century when in 1493 the vaults of the feet of the central nave were closed, in the time of the Catholic Monarchs. It is built with white stone from Olihuelas (in the area of Olías del Rey).
It is popularly known as Dives Toletana (with the meaning of the rich Toledan). It is the seat of the archdiocese of Toledo.
The western façade faces the town hall square, where the Archbishop's Palace and the town hall itself are also located. From the square, from left to right, rise the bell tower, the Gate of Hell, the Gate of Forgiveness, the Gate of the Final Judgement or of the Scribes and, closing the monumental façade, the so-called second tower, which was never finished and was used as a chapel dedicated to Corpus Christi. It was built by order of Cardinal Cisneros and became popularly known as the Mozarabic chapel. In the 16th century, Enrique Egas added a Gothic lantern and Jorge Manuel Theotocópuli, the son of El Greco, crowned it with a dome (1622-1631).
The construction of the bell tower began in 1425 by Alvar Martínez, who probably used the body of the minaret of the previous mosque to build a first body with a square floor plan. Master Hannequin completed the structure by adding a second octagonal body with pointed tops inspired by buildings in Antwerp or Brussels.
The Puerta del Perdón (located in the centre) dates back to the 15th century. Its construction began under the direction of Alvar Martínez in 1418 and it follows the standards of French porticos. The name of this door is due to the fact that for a certain period of time indulgences were granted to penitents who entered through it. Today it is always closed except on important occasions such as the inauguration of the new archbishop of the primate cathedral. It has a large arch with six Gothic archivolts. The jambs and mullion depict the twelve apostles and Christ. The tympanum, framed in a decoration with motifs of castles and lions - something characteristic of the 14th century - shows the Virgin placing the chasuble on Saint Ildefonso. The devotion to the local saint, San Ildefonso, justifies the fact that the door of the trial that should occupy the central door is moved to the right.
The Door of the Scribes or the Door of the Last Judgement (right) is the oldest door and was probably moved by the central door. It represents the Deesis of Christ the Man of Sorrows, the Virgin and Saint John; and, in the lower part, the resurrection of the dead and the damned together with a representation of the sun and the moon.
The Door of Hell (left) is also known as the Door of the Tower and of the Palms because it was formerly reserved for the Palm Sunday procession. It was completed in the 15th century and features a somewhat anomalous decoration of human faces with crowns on a background with plant motifs, in the form of an allusion to the blessed in paradise.
The façade was renovated between 1775 and 1780 by the architect Eugenio Durango under the mandate of Cardinal Lorenzana. The sculptor was Mariano Salvatierra. The renovation was carried out in the same style as the building, that is, in Gothic style. The works were necessary due to the deterioration of the stone, as it was fragile and porous. It is possible that the doors were built between buttresses instead of in the current arrangement, but this is not known for certain.
This is a favorite place to photograph as it's a little different each time I go there. That said, I also find it very difficult to get a pleasing result. To my eye, the detail in the cliff wall always looks a bit muddy. I think it's because the surfaces are constantly being eroded by water due to their porous nature and are anything but smooth. In any case, this is another attempt at capturing the scene in our seemingly ever changing weather. Whatever happened to a consistently cold snowy winter?
Excerpt from winterstations.com/pastwinners/winter-net/:
Winter-Net: Freshly fallen snow is typically seen as a blank canvas waiting for humans and animals to leave their mark on it. Winter-net looks to instead utilize snow’s ability to stick to porous surfaces as an ink for creative expression. Radiating from a central lifeguard stand, a series of layered nets woven between a structure of wooden posts filter and catch snow and sand over time as they are carried along by the wind. This accumulation inhibits light filtration and creates distinct shadows. While walking through Winter-net, participants are encouraged to interact with the nets in a similar way by covering them with snow to create a variety of forms and light conditions throughout.
02-March-2025
Veliki Pribeniš, is the largest of the 3 open-air basins (Polje) located in the geological groove in which the Platak locality is.
Platak (1110m a.s.l.) is a small ski resort north-east of the regional capital, Rijeka, below the western part of the Dinaric Alps main watershed ridge that ia a part of the Gorski Kotar Croatian mountain region.
Here of the 3 main elevations the highest is missing, Mount Risnjak (1528m a.s.l.), which is located slightly further east and inland than Guslica and Snježnik, present here, as per notes, with their shelters that seem very large on rather small peaks and a short distance away.
For some, the highest peak in Gorski Kotar is Bjelolasica (Kula peak, 1534m a.s.l.) located in the far east of the region on a mountain range, Velika Kapela, on the regional border with Lika and Ogulin, and which for many is to be considered separate.
These basins are very windy in case of Bora/Bura being at the first jump or step towards the Gulf of Kvarner and therefore the Adriatic that calls it.
When the wind stops, with a starry sky, there are strong nocturnal thermal inversions that have probably prevented or limited the development of complex plants, such as trees, freezing the porous limestone soil in depth.
Partially thermophilic Beech trees (Fagus sylvatica var dinarica) surround these basins, but none grow inside them, where probably only Birch and Scotch Pine could (...), which however are not present nearby nor in the direction of the bora/bura, which is the first and most important factor in the transport of seeds and in mixing essences belonging to various climatic zones.
Shot at noon with a Contax 159MM + Carl Zeiss Distagon f2,8/25mm in summer 1989. The film was a Kodachrome at 200ASA. Years later the photo digitized with a Canon Pixma 4200F scanner.
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Central among the number of imposing ruins that are interspersed on the Southern slopes of Parnassos mountain is the temple of Apollo. It is an imposing temple of the Doric order whose existence was woven through the turbulent history of the site, and endured numerous incarnations before it settled to the ruinous state we find it today, and which dates back to the 4th c. B.C. The temple of Apollo was first built around the 7th c. B.C. by the two legendary architects Trophonios and Agamedes. It was rebuilt after a fire in the 6th c. B.C.. and was named the "Temple of Alcmeonidae" in tribute to the noble Athenian family that oversaw its construction with funds form all over Greece and foreign emperors. This temple was also of the Doric order and had 6 columns at the front, and 15 columns at the flanks.
This temple was destroyed in 373 B.C. by an earthquake and was rebuilt for the third time in 330 B.C. Spintharos, Xenodoros, and Agathon, architects from Corinth. The sculptures that adorned its pediment were the creation of Athenian sculptors Praxias and Androsthenes. It was built to similar proportions and size as the Alcmeonidae version of the temple, with a peristasis of 6 and 15 columns along the short and long edges respectively.
The temple's foundations survive today along with several Doric columns made of porous stone and limestone which is fairly soft material, and have allowed for the temple's advanced decaying. Very little is known about the temple's interior arrangement.
The Mackinac Bridge was the first long-span suspension bridge to incorporate specific design features, including a porous deck, to manage the forces imposed on it by winds. At 8,614 feet (2,626 m), the Mackinac Bridge is still the longest suspension bridge between anchorages in the Western Hemisphere. The length of the bridge's main span is 3,800 feet (1,158 m), which makes it the third-longest suspension span in the United States, behind the Golden Gate and Verrazano-Narrows bridges, and twelfth longest worldwide.
The chimneys are a result of a geologic process that began millions of years ago, when volcanic eruptions rained ash across what would eventually become Turkey. That ash hardened into tuff, a porous rock, which was covered by a layer of basalt. Finally, the long work of erosion began.
Taken in North Dakota last May. This canyon is part of the North Unit of Teddy Roosevelt National Park. The entire canyon has these shaped boulders everywhere. This is the largest one and just so impressive!
When mineral rich water seeps down through the porous layers that make up the badlands, it can deposit those minerals in spaces or gaps in the sediments. The minerals act as a kind of glue, holding these sediments together, often forming around a core. As more and more layers are deposited, the concretion builds outward like a pearl, before being exposed by erosion.
The rocks that are close to the shore at Peggy's Cove, NS are huge, jagged and as much fun for this kid as a carnival ride. And as you can see, depending on the angle and the lighting, they are can be equally as colorful as the sky. As well, some of the rocks are also very porous.
Hraunfossar is a series of waterfalls formed by rivulets streaming over a distance of about 900 metres out of the Hallmundarhraun, a lava field which flowed from an eruption of one of the volcanoes lying under the glacier Langjökull. The waterfalls pour into the Hvítá River, from ledges of less porous rock in the lava.
From the archives: After my initial trip to Yellow Rock, I returned 3 times, and am thinking about another trip. I first saw this intricacy of textures carved by erosion overlaying patterns formed by oxidized minerals flowing through porous sandstone at the Wave, 16 miles to the south in the same formation. I find the whole spectacle mesmerizing.
Grand Staircase of Escalante National Monument, Utah
The creek of Goriuda is one of rare sources on the northern side of Kanin massif. Kanin massif is built of Main Dolomite (Dolomia Principale), on which 1500 m and more thick layers of Dachstein Limestones were deposited in late Triassic. Limestone is very porous and all water immediately disappears underground. But when it reaches dolomite, it starts flowing more horizontally towards the edges of the massif. But the dolomite layers are slanted towards the south, so the majority of Kanin waters comes out in strong sources on the Slovenian side (Boka, Gljun, Možnica, etc.). Goriuda fontanon is mostly bringing out waters from Foran del Mus karst plateau. At the source there's also a cave, allowing skilled explorers to penetrate into the underground.
The Mallos de Riglos (English: Mallets of Riglos) are a set of conglomerate rock formations, located in the municipality of Las Peñas de Riglos, in the Hoya de Huesca comarca, in Aragon, Spain. They are located near Las Peñas de Riglos some 45 km (28 mi) to the northwest of the city of Huesca. Rising to some 300 metres (980 ft) high (c. 1000 metres or 3,300 ft (1,000 m) above sea level), they form part of the foothills of the Pyrenees.[1]
The Mallos were formed when eroded material washed down from the slopes of the Pyrenees and became cemented together by limestone. Over time, this mixture became compacted into a large mass of conglomerate rock.[1] Eventually, erosion wore away the softer, more porous parts of the conglomerate. The more resistant rock remained, and became the formations known as the Mallos de Riglos.[1]
Because of their relatively vertical sides, the Mallos de Riglos are a popular destination for climbers.
Hraunfossar is a series of waterfalls formed by water streaming out of the Hallmundarhraun, a lava field which flowed from an eruption of one of the volcanoes lying under the glacier Langjökull. The waterfalls pour into the Hvítá river from ledges of less porous rock in the lava.
Kandovan is a village in Sahand Rural District of the Central District in Osku County, East Azerbaijan province, Iran. It is situated in the foothills of Mount Sahand, near the city of Osku.
The village exemplifies manmade cliff dwellings which are still inhabited. The troglodyte homes, excavated inside volcanic rocks similar to dwellings in the Turkish region of Cappadocia, are locally called Karaan. Karaans were cut into non-welded ignimbrites, also called "ash-flow tuffs," of Mount Sahand.
The cone form of the houses is the result of the erosion of ignimbrite layers consisting of porous, round and angular pumice together with other volcanic particles that were positioned in a grey, acidic matrix. During the eruption of Sahand, pyroclastic flows formed the rocks of Kandovan. Around the village the thickness of this formation exceeds 100 metres (330 ft) and with time, due to water erosion, the cone-shaped cliffs were formed.
En spansk ”botijo”, denna i form av en tupp, är ett lerkrus som kyler vatten när det avdunstar genom leran.
🐓🐓🐓
The Spanish botijo, this one shaped as a rooster, is made of porous clay with the intention of keeping the water cool under really hot conditions.
Hraunfossar (Borgarfjörður, western Iceland) is a series of waterfalls formed by rivulets streaming over a distance of about 900 metres out of the Hallmundarhraun, a lava field which flowed from an eruption of one of the volcanoes lying under the glacier Langjökull. The waterfalls pour into the Hvítá river from ledges of less porous rock in the lava. The name comes from the Icelandic word for lava (hraun) and the word for waterfalls (fossar).[1] The Hraunfossar are situated near Húsafell and Reykholt and lava-tube cave Víðgelmir is close by.
The creek of Goriuda is one of rare sources on the northern side of Kanin massif. Kanin massif is built of Main Dolomite (Dolomia Principale), on which 1500 m and more thick layers of Dachstein Limestones were deposited in late Triassic. Limestone is very porous and all water immediately disappears underground. But when it reaches dolomite, it starts flowing more horizontally towards the edges of the massif. But the dolomite layers are slanted towards the south, so the majority of Kanin waters comes out in strong sources on the Slovenian side (Boka, Gljun, Možnica, etc.). Goriuda fontanon is mostly bringing out waters from Foran del Mus karst plateau. At the source there's also a cave, allowing skilled explorers to penetrate into the underground.
Travertine is a form of limestone deposited by mineral springs, especially hot springs. Travertine often has a fibrous or concentric appearance and exists in white, tan, cream-colored, and even rusty varieties. It is formed by a process of rapid precipitation of calcium carbonate, often at the mouth of a hot spring or in a limestone cave. In the latter, it can form stalactites, stalagmites, and other speleothems. It is frequently used in Italy and elsewhere as a building material.
Travertine is a terrestrial sedimentary rock, formed by the precipitation of carbonate minerals from solution in ground and surface waters, and/or geothermally heated hot-springs. Similar (but softer and extremely porous) deposits formed from ambient-temperature water are known as tufa.
Jejudo is a volcanic island, so its beaches are composed of cooled lava. Lava cools down and becomes black, porous like a sponge and sharp. Walking around such a place is unrealistic, but it looks very unusual, like another planet.
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Explore #63
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El Panteón de Agripa.- Roma
De: historia.nationalgeographic.com.es/a/templo-agripa-maravi...
El Panteón es una construcción única, y tal vez por ello se salvó de la demolición. Un edificio redondo que poseyó la mayor cúpula del mundo hasta el siglo XX, ni Brunelleschi en Florencia ni Miguel Ángel en el Vaticano se atrevieron a levantar una mayor. Su interior, una esfera perfecta, acoge la tumba de uno de los artistas más célebres de la historia, pero sobre todo destaca por la abertura que la corona, el óculo, por el que cada 21 de abril (aniversario del nacimiento de Roma) penetraba un haz de luz que se proyectaba sobre la figura del emperador que atravesaba la puerta de entrada produciendo un efecto mágico que le daba apariencia de divinidad.
Poco queda de la Roma imperial que los desastres naturales, el abandono o la acción del propio hombre no haya reducido a ruinas, majestuosas, pero ruinas al fin y al cabo. El Panteón de Agripa es una maravillosa excepción. A diferencia del Circo Máximo, el Coliseo o las grandes construcciones del Foro, cuyas ajadas piedras fueron "recicladas" desde la Edad Media para construir nuevas casas, iglesias y palacios, el Panteón de Agripa ha sobrevivido incólume hasta nuestros días, casi 2.000 años.
Un edificio compuesto
El Panteón que conocemos en la actualidad es en realidad la suma de dos edificios construidos para honrar al conjunto de los dioses romanos. El primer Panteón fue levantado en el año 27 a.C. y formaba parte de la transformación urbanística del Campo de Marte, entonces situado fuera de las murallas de Roma, emprendida por Marco Vipsanio Agripa, cónsul y yerno del emperador Augusto. Varios incendios y desastres naturales redujeron el edificio a ruinas y en el año 118 d.C., dutrante el reinado del emperador Adrianofue reconstruido por completo, respetando la entrada original. El templo estaba ubicado en un lugar de gran simbolismo para los romanos, ya que creían que allí había desaparecido Rómulo, el fundador de la ciudad y su primer rey, en medio de una gran tempestad, convirtiéndose acto seguido en un dios.
Una maravilla técnica
El espectacular remate del Panteón era la cúpula más grande jamás construida. Título que ostentó hasta el siglo XX. Mide 43,30 m de diámetro, está hecha de hormigón y se apoya sobre un muro cilíndrico o tambor. Solo 15 siglos más tarde, Filippo Brunelleschi se planteó una cúpula de dimensiones mayores, cuando acometió el cerramiento de la catedral gótica de Florencia, pero al final no pudo superarla, quedando la cúpula de Santa María del Fiore dos metros de diámetro por debajo.
Megaestructura
El principal material de construcción tanto del edificio como su cúpula es el hormigón. Tal vez sea esa la razón de que siga completamente en pie y haya sobrevivido a desastres naturales y expolios, salvo el mármol y bronce de puertas paredes y cúpula. Cómo aguantan las paredes el enorme peso que supone una coronación de este material es un misterio del que no tenemos todavía todas las respuestas. Según los últimos estudios, tanto la cúpula como el tambor que la soporta se construyó con materiales más ligeros a medida que se asciende en altura: hormigón con inclusiones de travertino, piedra caliza, ladrillo o fragmentos de caliza porosa más arriba, y, con piedra pómez, muy porosa, cerca del óculo. El tambor cuenta además con falsos arcos de descarga que la pérdida de revestimiento permiten observar en la actualidad.
Brillo perdido
En su tiempo la cúpula del Panteón estuvo cubierta de tejas de mármol y bronce que le daban un resplandeciente brillo. Está coronada por un inmenso óculo de casi nueve metros de diámetro por el que penetra la luz y que hizo que durante siglos el edificio no tuviera que ser iluminado artificialmente mientras brillaba el sol
El firmamento en la Tierra
El interior de la cúpula del Panteón simbolizaba la bóveda celeste, según el historiador Dion Casio. La parte inferior de la esfera representaría el mundo terrenal. La luz que filtraba el óculo debió de funcionar como un vínculo entre los dioses y los hombres y su reflejo en las paredes simbolizaría el sol y su trayecto por el cielo desde el alba hasta la puesta.
Los casetones
La bóveda está decorada con cinco hileras de 28 casetones cada una. Además de su función decorativa, tienen un papel estructural importante, ya que alivian el peso total de la cúpula.
Luz divina
El haz de luz del óculo tenía una importante función simbólica para el emperador. Según explica Dión Casio, Adriano solía reunirse con el Senado y los hombres más poderosos de Roma a tratar los asuntos más importantes en el Panteón "siempre sentado en una tribuna, de manera que fuese público cuanto se hacía". Si la tribuna imperial se situara en en el lugar que incidía el haz de luz del óculo la figura del emperador re revestiría de un aura divina, como centro del Imperio y del universo.
Natale di Roma
El cálculo era tan preciso que cada año, el día que se celebraba la fundación de la ciudad (il natale di Roma), el 21 de abril, el haz de luz iluminaba la monumental puerta de entrada. en el momento que seo ocurría, el emperador entraba en el templo poseído por un destello que resaltaba su naturaleza divina.
Antiinundaciones
Igual que los rayos de luz, la lluvia podía colarse por la abertura cenital de la cúpula. es por ello que el suelo del Panteón no es recto, sino mínimamente cóncavo para que el agua fluya hacia el canal de desagüe que se encuentra en todo el perímetro.
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The Pantheon of Agrippa - Rome
From: historia.nationalgeographic.com.es/a/templo-agripa-maravi...
+ google translator.
The Pantheon is a unique structure, which is perhaps why it was saved from demolition. A round building that had the largest dome in the world until the 20th century, neither Brunelleschi in Florence nor Michelangelo in the Vatican dared to build a larger one. Its interior, a perfect sphere, houses the tomb of one of history's most celebrated artists, but it stands out above all for the opening that crowns it, the oculus, through which a beam of light penetrated every April 21st (the anniversary of the birth of Rome) and was projected onto the figure of the emperor as he passed through the entrance, producing a magical effect that gave him the appearance of a divinity.
Little remains of Imperial Rome that natural disasters, neglect, or human action have not reduced to ruins—majestic, but ruins nonetheless. The Pantheon of Agrippa is a wonderful exception. Unlike the Circus Maximus, the Colosseum, or the great buildings of the Forum, whose worn stones were "recycled" since the Middle Ages to build new houses, churches, and palaces, the Pantheon of Agrippa has survived unscathed to this day, for almost 2,000 years. A Composite Building
The Pantheon we know today is actually the sum of two buildings constructed to honor the Roman gods. The first Pantheon was built in 27 BC and was part of the urban transformation of the Campus Martius, then located outside the walls of Rome, undertaken by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, consul and son-in-law of Emperor Augustus. Several fires and natural disasters reduced the building to ruins, and in 118 AD, during the reign of Emperor Hadrian, it was completely rebuilt, preserving the original entrance. The temple was located in a place of great symbolism for the Romans, as they believed that Romulus, the founder of the city and its first king, had disappeared there in the midst of a great storm, immediately transforming himself into a god.
A Technical Marvel
The spectacular top of the Pantheon was the largest dome ever built, a title it held until the 20th century. It measures 43.30 m in diameter, is made of concrete, and rests on a cylindrical wall or drum. Only 15 centuries later, Filippo Brunelleschi planned a larger dome when he undertook the enclosure of the Gothic cathedral of Florence, but in the end he was unable to surpass it, leaving the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore two meters in diameter below it.
Megastructure
The main construction material of both the building and its dome is concrete. Perhaps this is the reason why it is still completely standing and has survived natural disasters and looting, except for the marble and bronze of the doors, walls, and dome. How the walls support the enormous weight of a crown made of this material is a mystery to which we still do not have all the answers. According to the latest studies, both the dome and the drum that supports it were built with lighter materials as they rise in height: concrete with inclusions of travertine, limestone, brick, or fragments of porous limestone higher up, and with highly porous pumice near the oculus. The drum also has false relieving arches that can still be seen today due to the loss of their covering.
Lost Brilliance
The dome of the Pantheon was once covered with marble and bronze tiles that gave it a dazzling brilliance. It is crowned by an immense oculus, almost nine meters in diameter, through which light penetrates and which meant that for centuries the building did not need to be artificially illuminated while the sun was shining.
The Firmament on Earth
The interior of the Pantheon's dome symbolized the celestial vault, according to the historian Dio Cassius. The lower part of the sphere would represent the earthly world. The light filtered through the oculus must have served as a link between the gods and men, and its reflection on the walls symbolized the sun and its journey across the sky from dawn to sunset.
The Coffering
The vault is decorated with five rows of 28 cofferings each. In addition to their decorative function, they have an important structural role, as they relieve the overall weight of the dome.
Divine Light
The beam of light from the oculus had an important symbolic function for the emperor. According to Dio Cassius, Hadrian used to meet with the Senate and the most powerful men in Rome to discuss the most important matters in the Pantheon, "always seated on a tribune, so that everything that was done would be public." If the imperial tribune were located where the beam of light from the oculus fell, the figure of the emperor would be imbued with a divine aura.
2016.03.28 Noszvaj, Hungary
The Bükkalja region is awash with volcanic rhyolite tuff, and locals have made use of the porous rock for centuries. Besides wine cellars, people have carved out caves for livestock, food storage and of course as homes. At one point 30% of Noszvaj’s population lived in these types of residences. 40 cave homes were still inhabited as late as 1970.