Peripherals photos on Flickr

Creative Loafings Best Of 2011 Campaign by Daniel Day Zuko

ABOUT ME:

a) I've got double digit peripheral vision.

b) My skin has been compared to that of a baby dolphin.

c) I'm in a music act called Adult Film Stars.

d) My power is beyond your understanding.

e) I've got one foot in the grave and one on a banana pill.

f) I really enjoy trees.

g) I'm a co-founder of PRO SMOKERS TOUR.

h) I'm good at nuetralizing bad situations. It's a gift.

i) I can {F} but I can't {L}....so I've been told.

j) it's a gift.

k) I would love to lay Juliette Lewis and Drew Barrymore.

l) When I was a teenager I jacked off a lot.

m) I didn't have sex for one year and a half once.

n) I gotta love kissing a woman for me to perform sexually.

o) I regret not having sex with Vanessa.

p) I've sold marijuana occasionally if I really "needed" the money.

q) I still love all my ex-girlfriends.

r) For the most part I delivered a baby once.

s) I was born in Heidelberg, Germany.

t) The first time I performed cunnilingus I was 17. LOVED IT!!

u) Rockn a live show is pretty cool too.

v) I know I'm the one to do what needs to be done.

w) I was invited to a Bukkake Party 3 years ago. I didn't go.

x) Women seem to like me a lot. I like them too.

y) Lately I've found slightly chubby chicks really fn hot.

z) I'm that guy who said, "just put ur {D} in the wind".

CONTACTS:

Creative Loafings Best Of 2011 Campaign by Daniel Day Zuko

ABOUT ME:

a) I've got double digit peripheral vision.

b) My skin has been compared to that of a baby dolphin.

c) I'm in a music act called Adult Film Stars.

d) My power is beyond your understanding.

e) I've got one foot in the grave and one on a banana pill.

f) I really enjoy trees.

g) I'm a co-founder of PRO SMOKERS TOUR.

h) I'm good at nuetralizing bad situations. It's a gift.

i) I can {F} but I can't {L}....so I've been told.

j) it's a gift.

k) I would love to lay Juliette Lewis and Drew Barrymore.

l) When I was a teenager I jacked off a lot.

m) I didn't have sex for one year and a half once.

n) I gotta love kissing a woman for me to perform sexually.

o) I regret not having sex with Vanessa.

p) I've sold marijuana occasionally if I really "needed" the money.

q) I still love all my ex-girlfriends.

r) For the most part I delivered a baby once.

s) I was born in Heidelberg, Germany.

t) The first time I performed cunnilingus I was 17. LOVED IT!!

u) Rockn a live show is pretty cool too.

v) I know I'm the one to do what needs to be done.

w) I was invited to a Bukkake Party 3 years ago. I didn't go.

x) Women seem to like me a lot. I like them too.

y) Lately I've found slightly chubby chicks really fn hot.

z) I'm that guy who said, "just put ur {D} in the wind".

CONTACTS:

Acanthocytes, Peripheral Blood by Ed Uthman

4

Creative Loafings Best Of 2011 Campaign by Daniel Day Zuko

ABOUT ME:

a) I've got double digit peripheral vision.

b) My skin has been compared to that of a baby dolphin.

c) I'm in a music act called Adult Film Stars.

d) My power is beyond your understanding.

e) I've got one foot in the grave and one on a banana pill.

f) I really enjoy trees.

g) I'm a co-founder of PRO SMOKERS TOUR.

h) I'm good at nuetralizing bad situations. It's a gift.

i) I can {F} but I can't {L}....so I've been told.

j) it's a gift.

k) I would love to lay Juliette Lewis and Drew Barrymore.

l) When I was a teenager I jacked off a lot.

m) I didn't have sex for one year and a half once.

n) I gotta love kissing a woman for me to perform sexually.

o) I regret not having sex with Vanessa.

p) I've sold marijuana occasionally if I really "needed" the money.

q) I still love all my ex-girlfriends.

r) For the most part I delivered a baby once.

s) I was born in Heidelberg, Germany.

t) The first time I performed cunnilingus I was 17. LOVED IT!!

u) Rockn a live show is pretty cool too.

v) I know I'm the one to do what needs to be done.

w) I was invited to a Bukkake Party 3 years ago. I didn't go.

x) Women seem to like me a lot. I like them too.

y) Lately I've found slightly chubby chicks really fn hot.

z) I'm that guy who said, "just put ur {D} in the wind".

CONTACTS:

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprosy

peripheral character #2 by hipsters

5 3

characters - part of a larger image - when isolated form their own story...

Peripheral Nervous System: Spinal Cord by Open.Michigan

1

A hand drawn sketch by Dr. Christensen from the University of Michigan Medical School for the laboratory sessions he conducted in the Medical Histology Course for first year medical students. The drawings were done with felt markers on a white board in the lab during the morning of the day a particular topic was being studied in the course. When the laboratory session began, the drawings were briefly discussed, and they could be seen by the students throughout the laboratory period.

Download the entire collection by visiting openmi.ch/HistologyDrawings.

Learn more about Dr. Christensen by visiting www-personal.umich.edu/~akc/

Image courtesy of Dr. A. Kent Christensen under a Creative Commons license: BY-SA

Galapagos Islands-481 by Tristan Brown

5

A Lava Lizard on Espanola Island.

Lava Lizard

The reptile genus Tropidurus includes several species of ground lizard. It includes seven which are endemic to the Galapagos Islands, where collectively known as lava lizards, although these commonly are placed in the genus Microlophus instead. The distribution of these lizards and their variations in shape, colour and behaviour show the phenomenon of adaptive radiation so typical of the inhabitants of this archipelago. One species occurs on all the central and western islands, which were perhaps connected during periods of lower sea levels, while one species each occurs on six other more peripheral islands. All have most likely evolved from a single ancestral species. Other Tropidurus species are found on the South American mainland, especially in the Amazon Rainforest. Males and females of all Tropidurus species are marked differently. The male is usually much larger than the female, and its body is more brightly coloured and distinctly patterned. The average size of lizards varies greatly from habitat to habitat as does the pattern of body markings. Markings vary considerably, even within an individual species. Like many lizards, they show changes of colour with mood and temperature. Members of the same species occurring in different habitats also show colour differences. Thus animals living mainly on dark lava are darker than ones which live in lighter, sandy environments

Espanola (Suarez Point)

Approximately a 10-12 hour trip from Santa Cruz, Española is the oldest and the southernmost island in the chain. The trip across open waters can be quite rough especially during August and September. Española's remote location helped make it a unique jewel with a large number of endemic creatures. Secluded from the other islands, wildlife on Española adapted to the island's environment and natural resources. The subspecies of Marine iguana from Española are the only ones that change color during breeding season. Normally, marine iguanas are black in color, a camouflage, making it difficult for predators to differentiate between the iguanas and the black lava rocks where they live. On Española adult marine iguanas are brightly colored with a reddish tint except during mating season when their color changes to more of a greenish shade. The Hood Mockingbird is also endemic to the island. These brazen birds have no fear of man and frequently land on visitors heads and shoulders searching for food. The Hood Mockingbird is slightly larger than other mockingbirds found in the Galapagos; its beak is longer and has a more curved shape. The Hood Mockingbird is the only carnivorous one of the species feeding on a variety of insects, turtle hatchlings and sea lion placentas. Wildlife is the highlight of Española and the star of the show is the waved albatross. The island's steep cliffs serve as the perfect runways for these large birds which take off for their ocean feeding grounds near the mainland of Ecuador and Peru abandoning the island between January and March. Known as endemic to the island, Española is the waved albatross's only nesting place. Each April the males return to Española followed shortly thereafter by the females. Mating for life, their ritual begins with the male's annual dance to re-attract his mate. The performance can take up to 5 days consisting of a series of strutting, honking, and beak fencing. Once the pair is reacquainted they produce a single egg and share the responsibility of incubation. The colony remains based on Española until December when the chick is fully grown. By January most of the colony leaves the island to fish along the Humboldt Current. Young albatross do not return to Española until their 4th or 5th year when they return to seek a mate. Geographically Española is a classic example of a shield volcano, created from a single caldera in the center of the island. Over the years as the island has moved further away from the hot spot, the volcano became extinct and erosion began to occur. Española's two visitor sites offer an exceptional island visit. Punta Suarez is one of the highlights of the Galapagos Islands. The variety and quantity of wildlife assures a memorable visit. Visitors find migrant, resident, and endemic wildlife including brightly colored Marine Iguanas, Española Lava Lizards, Hood Mockingbirds, Swallow Tailed Gulls, Blue Footed and Masked Boobies, Galapagos Hawks, a selection of Finch, and the Waved Albatross.Found on the western tip of Española, Punta Suarez offers great wildlife such as sea lions, sea birds and the largest marine iguanas of Galapagos. This is one of the best sites in the Galapagos. The amount of wildlife is overwhelming. Along the beach there are many sea lions and large, colorful lava lizards and marine iguanas. As you follow the trail to the cliff's edge masked boobies can be found nesting among the rock formations. After a short walk down to a beach and back up the other side blue-footed boobies are seen nesting just off the trail. The Galapagos Dove and very friendly Hood Mockingbird are commonly found in this area. The nearby bushes are frequently home to the large-cactus finch, warbler finch, small-ground finch and large-billed flycatcher. Continuing down the trail you come to the only place where waved albatross nest in the islands. Some 12,000 pairs nest on Española each year. The feeling is very dramatic and it seems like a desolate wilderness as the waves crash on the jagged cliffs below and the blowhole shoots water 50-70 feet/15-30 meters into the air. The sky above is full of sea birds including red-billed tropicbirds, American Oystercatchers, swallow-tailed gulls, and Audubon's Shearwaters.

Galapagos Islands

The Galápagos Islands (official name: Archipiélago de Colón; other Spanish names: Islas de Colón or Islas Galápagos) are an archipelago of volcanic islands distributed around the equator in the Pacific Ocean, some 900 km west of Ecuador. It is a UNESCO World Heritage site: wildlife is its most notable feature. Because of the only very recent arrival of man the majority of the wildlife has no fear of humans and will allow visitors to walk right up them, often having to step over Iguanas or Sea Lions.The Galápagos islands and its surrounding waters are part of a province, a national park, and a biological marine reserve. The principal language on the islands is Spanish. The islands have a population of around 40,000, which is a 40-fold expansion in 50 years. The islands are geologically young and famed for their vast number of endemic species, which were studied by Charles Darwin during the voyage of the Beagle. His observations and collections contributed to the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.

Leprosy by firoze shakir photographerno1

Leprosy, or Hansen's disease, is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae.[1] Leprosy is primarily a granulomatous disease of the peripheral nerves and mucosa of the upper respiratory tract; skin lesions are the primary external symptom.[2] Left untreated, leprosy can be progressive, causing permanent damage to the skin, nerves, limbs, and eyes. Contrary to popular conception,[3] leprosy does not cause body parts to simply fall off, and it differs from tzaraath, the malady described in the Hebrew scriptures and previously translated into English as leprosy.[4]

Historically, leprosy has affected humanity since at least 600 BC, and was well-recognized in the civilizations of ancient China, Egypt and India.[5] In 1995, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that between two and three million people were permanently disabled because of leprosy.[6] Although the forced quarantine or segregation of patients is unnecessary—and can be considered unethical—a few leper colonies still remain around the world, in countries such as India, Japan, Egypt, and Vietnam.

The age-old social stigma associated with the advanced form of leprosy lingers in many areas, and remains a major obstacle to self-reporting and early treatment. Effective treatment for leprosy appeared in the late 1930s with the introduction of dapsone and its derivatives. However, leprosy bacilli resistant to dapsone gradually evolved and became widespread, and it was not until the introduction of multidrug therapy (MDT) in the early 1980s that the disease could be diagnosed and treated successfully within the community

The clinical symptoms of leprosy vary but primarily affect the skin, nerves, and mucous membranes.[7] Patients with this chronic infectious disease are classified as having paucibacillary Hansen's disease (tuberculoid leprosy), multibacillary Hansen's disease (lepromatous leprosy), or borderline leprosy.

Contrary to popular belief, Hansen's bacillus does not cause rotting of the flesh; rather, a long investigation by Paul Brand yielded that insensitivity in the limbs extremities was the reason why unfelt wounds or lesions, however minute, lead to undetected deterioration of the tissues, the lack of pain not triggering an immediate response as in a fully functioning body.[8] Recently, leprosy has also emerged as a problem in HIV patients on antiretroviral drugs.[9]

Mycobacterium leprae is the causative agent of leprosy.[2] An intracellular, acid-fast bacterium, M. leprae is aerobic, gram-positive, and rod-shaped, and is surrounded by the waxy cell membrane coating characteristic of Mycobacterium species.[10]

Due to extensive loss of genes necessary for independent growth, M. leprae is unculturable in the laboratory, a factor which leads to difficulty in definitively identifying the organism under a strict interpretation of Koch's postulates.[11] The use of non-culture-based techniques such as molecular genetics has allowed for alternative establishment of causation.

The exact mechanism of transmission of leprosy is not known: prolonged close contact and transmission by nasal droplet have both been proposed, and, while the latter fits the pattern of disease, both remain unproven.[12] The only other animals besides humans known to contract leprosy are the armadillo, chimpanzee, sooty mangabey, and cynomolgus macaque.[13] The bacterium can also be grown in the laboratory by injection into the footpads of mice.[14] There is evidence that not all people who are infected with M. leprae develop leprosy, and genetic factors have long been thought to play a role, due to the observation of clustering of leprosy around certain families, and the failure to understand why certain individuals develop lepromatous leprosy while others develop other types of leprosy.[15] It is estimated that due to genetic factors, only 5 percent of the population is susceptible to leprosy.[16] This is mostly because the body is naturally immune to the bacteria, and those persons who do become infected are experiencing a severe allergic reaction to the disease. However, the role of genetic factors is not entirely clear in determining this clinical expression. In addition, malnutrition and prolonged exposure to infected persons may play a role in development of the overt disease.

The incubation period for the bacteria can last anywhere from two to ten years.

The most widely held belief is that the disease is transmitted by contact between infected persons and healthy persons.[17] In general, closeness of contact is related to the dose of infection, which in turn is related to the occurrence of disease. Of the various situations that promote close contact, contact within the household is the only one that is easily identified, although the actual incidence among contacts and the relative risk for them appear to vary considerably in different studies. In incidence studies, infection rates for contacts of lepromatous leprosy have varied from 6.2 per 1000 per year in Cebu, Philippines[18] to 55.8 per 1000 per year in a part of Southern India.[19]

Two exit routes of M. leprae from the human body often described are the skin and the nasal mucosa, although their relative importance is not clear. It is true that lepromatous cases show large numbers of organisms deep down in the dermis. However, whether they reach the skin surface in sufficient numbers is doubtful. Although there are reports of acid-fast bacilli being found in the desquamating epithelium of the skin, Weddell et al have reported that they could not find any acid-fast bacilli in the epidermis, even after examining a very large number of specimens from patients and contacts.[20] In a recent study, Job et al found fairly large numbers of M. leprae in the superficial keratin layer of the skin of lepromatous leprosy patients, suggesting that the organism could exit along with the sebaceous secretions.[21]

The importance of the nasal mucosa was recognized as early as 1898 by Schäffer, particularly that of the ulcerated mucosa. [22] The quantity of bacilli from nasal mucosal lesions in lepromatous leprosy was demonstrated by Shepard as large, with counts ranging from 10,000 to 10,000,000.[23] Pedley reported that the majority of lepromatous patients showed leprosy bacilli in their nasal secretions as collected through blowing the nose.[24] Davey and Rees indicated that nasal secretions from lepromatous patients could yield as much as 10 million viable organisms per day.[25]

The entry route of M. leprae into the human body is also not definitely known. The two seriously considered are the skin and the upper respiratory tract. While older research dealt with the skin route, recent research has increasingly favored the respiratory route. Rees and McDougall succeeded in the experimental transmission of leprosy through aerosols containing M. leprae in immune-suppressed mice, suggesting a similar possibility in humans.[26] Successful results have also been reported on experiments with nude mice when M. leprae were introduced into the nasal cavity by topical application. [27] In summary, entry through the respiratory route appears the most probable route, although other routes, particularly broken skin, cannot be ruled out. The CDC notes the following assertion about the transmission of the disease: "Although the mode of transmission of Hansen's disease remains uncertain, most investigators think that M. leprae is usually spread from person to person in respiratory droplets."[28]

In leprosy both the reference points for measuring the incubation period and the times of infection and onset of disease are difficult to define; the former because of the lack of adequate immunological tools and the latter because of the disease's slow onset. Even so, several investigators have attempted to measure the incubation period for leprosy. The minimum incubation period reported is as short as a few weeks and this is based on the very occasional occurrence of leprosy among young infants. [29] The maximum incubation period reported is as long as 30 years, or over, as observed among war veterans known to have been exposed for short periods in endemic areas but otherwise living in non-endemic areas. It is generally agreed that the average incubation period is between 3 to 5 years.

[edit] Treatment

MDT patient packs and blistersUntil the development of dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine in the 1940s, there was no effective cure for leprosy. However, dapsone is only weakly bactericidal against M. leprae and it was considered necessary for patients to take the drug indefinitely. Moreover, when dapsone was used alone, the M. leprae population quickly evolved antibiotic resistance; by the 1960s, the world's only known anti-leprosy drug became virtually useless.

The search for more effective anti-leprosy drugs than dapsone led to the use of clofazimine and rifampicin in the 1960s and 1970s.[30] Later, Indian scientist Shantaram Yawalkar and his colleagues formulated a combined therapy using rifampicin and dapsone, intended to mitigate bacterial resistance.[31] Multidrug therapy (MDT) and combining all three drugs was first recommended by a WHO Expert Committee in 1981. These three anti-leprosy drugs are still used in the standard MDT regimens. None of them is used alone because of the risk of developing resistance.

Because this treatment is quite expensive, it was not quickly adopted in most endemic countries. In 1985 leprosy was still considered a public health problem in 122 countries. The 44th World Health Assembly (WHA), held in Geneva in 1991 passed a resolution to eliminate leprosy as a public health problem by the year 2000 — defined as reducing the global prevalence of the disease to less than 1 case per 100,000. At the Assembly, the World Health Organization (WHO) was given the mandate to develop an elimination strategy by its member states, based on increasing the geographical coverage of MDT and patients’ accessibility to the treatment.

The WHO Study Group's report on the Chemotherapy of Leprosy in 1993 recommended two types of standard MDT regimen be adopted.[32] The first was a 24-month treatment for multibacillary (MB or lepromatous) cases using rifampicin, clofazimine, and dapsone. The second was a six-month treatment for paucibacillary (PB or tuberculoid) cases, using rifampicin and dapsone. At the First International Conference on the Elimination of Leprosy as a Public Health Problem, held in Hanoi the next year, the global strategy was endorsed and funds provided to WHO for the procurement and supply of MDT to all endemic countries.

MDT anti-leprosy drugs: standard regimensBetween 1995 and 1999, WHO, with the aid of the Nippon Foundation (Chairman Yōhei Sasakawa, World Health Organization Goodwill Ambassador for Leprosy Elimination), supplied all endemic countries with free MDT in blister packs, channelled through Ministries of Health. This free provision was extended in 2000 with a donation by the MDT manufacturer Novartis, which will run until at least the end of 2010. At the national level, non-government organizations (NGOs) affiliated to the national programme will continue to be provided with an appropriate free supply of this WHO supplied MDT by the government.

MDT remains highly effective and patients are no longer infectious after the first monthly dose.[5] It is safe and easy to use under field conditions due to its presentation in calendar blister packs.[5] Relapse rates remain low, and there is no known resistance to the combined drugs.[5] The Seventh WHO Expert Committee on Leprosy, [33] reporting in 1997, concluded that the MB duration of treatment—then standing at 24 months—could safely be shortened to 12 months "without significantly compromising its efficacy."

Persistent obstacles to the elimination of the disease include improving detection, educating patients and the population about its cause, and fighting social taboos about a disease for which patients have historically been considered "unclean" or "cursed by God" as outcasts. Where taboos are strong, patients may be forced to hide their condition (and avoid seeking treatment) to avoid discrimination. The lack of awareness about Hansen's disease can lead people to falsely believe that the disease is highly contagious and incurable.

The ALERT hospital and research facility in Ethiopia provides training to medical personnel from around the world in the treatment of leprosy, as well as treating many local patients. Surgical techniques, such as for the restoration of control of movement of thumbs, have been developed there.

[edit] Prevention

A single dose of rifampicin is able to reduce the rate of leprosy in contacts by 57% to 75%.[34][35]

BCG is able to offer a variable amount of protection against leprosy as well as against tuberculosis.[36][37]

[edit] Epidemiology

World distribution of leprosy, 2003.Worldwide, two to three million people are estimated to be permanently disabled because of Hansen's disease.[6] India has the greatest number of cases, with Brazil second and Myanmar third.

In 1999, the world incidence of Hansen's disease was estimated to be 640,000; in 2000, 738,284 cases were identified. In 1999, 108 cases occurred in the United States. In 2000, the World Health Organization (WHO) listed 91 countries in which Hansen's disease is endemic. India, Myanmar and Nepal contained 70% of cases. In 2002, 763,917 new cases were detected worldwide, and in that year the WHO listed Brazil, Madagascar, Mozambique, Tanzania and Nepal as having 90% of Hansen's disease cases.

According to recent figures from the WHO, new cases detected worldwide have decreased by approximately 107,000 cases (or 21%) from 2003 to 2004. This decreasing trend has been consistent for the past three years. In addition, the global registered prevalence of HD was 286,063 cases; 407,791 new cases were detected during 2004.

Hansen's disease is tracked by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Its prevalence in the United States is believed to be rising and underreported.[38] Although the number of cases worldwide continues to fall, pockets of high prevalence continue in certain areas such as Brazil, South Asia (India, Nepal), some parts of Africa (Tanzania, Madagascar, Mozambique) and the western Pacific.

[edit] Risk groups

At highest risk are those living in endemic areas with poor conditions such as inadequate bedding, contaminated water and insufficient diet, or other diseases (such as HIV) that compromise immune function. Recent research suggests that there is a defect in cell-mediated immunity that causes susceptibility to the disease. Less than ten percent of the world's population is actually capable of acquiring the disease[citation needed]. The region of DNA responsible for this variability is also involved in Parkinson's disease, giving rise to current speculation that the two disorders may be linked in some way at the biochemical level. In addition, men are twice as likely to contract leprosy as women.

[edit] Disease burden

Although annual incidence—the number of new leprosy cases occurring each year—is important as a measure of transmission, it is difficult to measure in leprosy due to its long incubation period, delays in diagnosis after onset of the disease and the lack of laboratory tools to detect leprosy in its very early stages.

Instead, the registered prevalence is used. Registered prevalence is a useful proxy indicator of the disease burden as it reflects the number of active leprosy cases diagnosed with the disease and retrieving treatment with MDT at a given point in time. The prevalence rate is defined as the number of cases registered for MDT treatment among the population in which the cases have occurred, again at a given point in time.[39]

New case detection is another indicator of the disease that is usually reported by countries on an annual basis. It includes cases diagnosed with onset of disease in the year in question (true incidence) and a large proportion of cases with onset in previous years (termed a backlog prevalence of undetected cases). The new case detection rate (NCDR) is defined by the number of newly detected cases, previously untreated, during a year divided by the population in which the cases have occurred.

Endemic countries also report the number of new cases with established disabilities at the time of detection, as an indicator of the backlog prevalence. However, determination of the time of onset of the disease is generally unreliable, is very labour-intensive and is seldom done in recording these

There is some confusion over classification because the WHO replaced an older, more complicated classification system with a simpler system that identifies two subtypes of leprosy - paucibacillary and multibacillary. The older system included six categories: Indeterminate Leprosy, Borderline Tuberculoid Leprosy, Midborderline Leprosy, Borderline Lepromatous Leprosy, Lepromatous Leprosy, and Tuberculoid Leprosy.

Paucibacillary leprosy encompasses indeterminate, tuberculoid, and borderline tuberculoid leprosy. It is characterized by one or more hypopigmented skin macules and anaesthetic patches, i.e., damaged peripheral nerves that have been attacked by the human host's immune cells.

Multibacillary leprosy includes midborderline, borderline lepromatous, and lepromatous leprosy. It is associated with symmetric skin lesions, nodules, plaques, thickened dermis, and frequent involvement of the nasal mucosa resulting in nasal congestion and epistaxis (nose bleeds) but typically detectable nerve damage is late.

Borderline leprosy is of intermediate severity and is the most common form. Skin lesions resemble tuberculoid leprosy but are more numerous and irregular; large patches may affect a whole limb, and peripheral nerve involvement with weakness and loss of sensation is common. This type is unstable and may become more like lepromatous leprosy or may undergo a reversal reaction, becoming more like the tuberculoid form.

Maltese ERF E Series. by Martyn Hearson

4 5

Another peripheral interest of mine is / was British built lorries. Like enjoyment of most products of UK heavy engineering, this offshoot of the hobby would prove to be a dead end street. One place where there is still enough to occupy is Malta. For me, the previous generation of lorry such as the AEC era on the island was my principal draw, but as that ended ERF seemed to become the vehicle of choice. A noble marque in it's own right, but now giving way even here to ubiquitous continental type imports that have all but ousted the type at home.

The Abela Bros. E Series artic DHQ 044 is seen travelling between the ferry port of Cirkewwa and Mellieha bay with Gozo in the background, last December.

Creative Loafings Best Of 2011 Campaign by Daniel Day Zuko

ABOUT ME:

a) I've got double digit peripheral vision.

b) My skin has been compared to that of a baby dolphin.

c) I'm in a music act called Adult Film Stars.

d) My power is beyond your understanding.

e) I've got one foot in the grave and one on a banana pill.

f) I really enjoy trees.

g) I'm a co-founder of PRO SMOKERS TOUR.

h) I'm good at nuetralizing bad situations. It's a gift.

i) I can {F} but I can't {L}....so I've been told.

j) it's a gift.

k) I would love to lay Juliette Lewis and Drew Barrymore.

l) When I was a teenager I jacked off a lot.

m) I didn't have sex for one year and a half once.

n) I gotta love kissing a woman for me to perform sexually.

o) I regret not having sex with Vanessa.

p) I've sold marijuana occasionally if I really "needed" the money.

q) I still love all my ex-girlfriends.

r) For the most part I delivered a baby once.

s) I was born in Heidelberg, Germany.

t) The first time I performed cunnilingus I was 17. LOVED IT!!

u) Rockn a live show is pretty cool too.

v) I know I'm the one to do what needs to be done.

w) I was invited to a Bukkake Party 3 years ago. I didn't go.

x) Women seem to like me a lot. I like them too.

y) Lately I've found slightly chubby chicks really fn hot.

z) I'm that guy who said, "just put ur {D} in the wind".

CONTACTS:

Creative Loafings Best Of 2011 Campaign by Daniel Day Zuko

ABOUT ME:

a) I've got double digit peripheral vision.

b) My skin has been compared to that of a baby dolphin.

c) I'm in a music act called Adult Film Stars.

d) My power is beyond your understanding.

e) I've got one foot in the grave and one on a banana pill.

f) I really enjoy trees.

g) I'm a co-founder of PRO SMOKERS TOUR.

h) I'm good at nuetralizing bad situations. It's a gift.

i) I can {F} but I can't {L}....so I've been told.

j) it's a gift.

k) I would love to lay Juliette Lewis and Drew Barrymore.

l) When I was a teenager I jacked off a lot.

m) I didn't have sex for one year and a half once.

n) I gotta love kissing a woman for me to perform sexually.

o) I regret not having sex with Vanessa.

p) I've sold marijuana occasionally if I really "needed" the money.

q) I still love all my ex-girlfriends.

r) For the most part I delivered a baby once.

s) I was born in Heidelberg, Germany.

t) The first time I performed cunnilingus I was 17. LOVED IT!!

u) Rockn a live show is pretty cool too.

v) I know I'm the one to do what needs to be done.

w) I was invited to a Bukkake Party 3 years ago. I didn't go.

x) Women seem to like me a lot. I like them too.

y) Lately I've found slightly chubby chicks really fn hot.

z) I'm that guy who said, "just put ur {D} in the wind".

CONTACTS:

Peripheral Vision by Damian De Souza

3

Benzene structure modelled in paper by Ian Jacobs

2 2

Benzene modelled with paper.

The benzene ring in nature is a regular hexagon with bonds that are shorter and stronger than the six peripheral (single) bonds. The length and strength of these bonds is between that of a traditional single and double bond. The structure was a surprise to say the least. A simple Lewis diagram fails and the bonding is described with distributed molecular orbitals with a "ring" of increased negative charge density above and below a ring of carbon-carbon sigma bonds. Not possible to model with tetrahedra without approximation and imagination.

This model is on average a flat regular hexagon, and the hydrogens form a peripheral ring. There is a hint of negative charge density above and below the ring (the sharp black points) that indicate in terms of our model that no further bonding is possible. The molecule is stable and relatively compact. This was my first set of nets for this structure. Graphically. I like the result. There is no bond strain, and the bare carbon rings can be compiled seamlessly into the almost infinite sheet of hexagonal rings of the graphene structure. A more elaborate set of nets now makes perhaps a better job of the flat hexagonal ring but takes longer to make. See the link to the album below for images.

Benzene rings are found in all aromatic hydrocarbons and in things like polystyrene, DDT and TNT. Naked rings stack horizontally with snub points flat against each other to make the graphene structure.

To view in 3D cross your eyes so that you are seeing three blurred images in a line. Pay attention to the middle image and wait for your brain to refocus your eyes on the monitor. When that happens you will have locked on to the 3D image of models floating in space. The cross view effect in 3D is extreme and works well even on a phone.

For more in the series go here ... www.flickr.com/photos/jacobs_ian/sets/72157639573537614/

peripheral vision by Ada Maria

4

Peripheral Country by R. Treviño

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Project photo journal in a Moleskine notebook, this is to shoot photos of all the things that attract my attention, is made with small 35mm cameras, except for a photograph made with reflex camera, that most have been shot with a 35mm compact cameras.

Rollei 35 S

Architect Work by Bruno Couratier by Hughes Songe

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Penal sanction for criminal planning ?

14 Golden Rules Of The Virtuous City

Urban planning should be an avatar and becomes name of urbanism, a word invented by Iidefons Cerdã in Barcelona in 1880, at the same time as the criticism by Camillo Sitte against hygienic cities of Hoffmann.

The urbis is a form of satellite journey, this gives peripheral spaces hostages of the center and consecration from the perpendicular city with the horrible poem of "The right angle" and its disastrous consequences today?

Critical? Almost illegal at present of Grand Master Le Corbusier comes from raven [corbeau like corbu in French word that's joke with a play of sonority] first ranks of the Mithra sect. Le Corbusier invent new module gold --Modulor or Mystery with transhumanism- Dream of the machine to live and then failure of the conditions of displacement and their relationship with an urban form that breaks the bonds. As in a living body, it is established through a morphology of red blood cells. The body of a city is only designed for the car without interactions, between pedestrians become ants. Can not stop in a metro corridor for example.

Form of people and formatting ... village in a circle encounter / chessboard and failure of relations by the division of the soil that projects ways to move and access the properties, the culture of the vacuum of the modern street produces displacements without random encounters other than Of traffic accidents. The system of a grid city is imposed as a simple way to enlarge or create a city from a track, to the extreme certain cities exist only on a track composed of boxes with parking for Facilitate access. Thus many districts resemble chess boards with commercial zones on the former market gardens, agricultural production being managed at the regional or national level.

It will be better to study the city and the importance of its geometry, the journeys of city dwellers in a quadrangular city and the absence or failure of businesses in these neighborhoods .... The linear path and the absence of landmarks .. The weight of a past and the possibility of evolving the city with its time. The fatality of being born or living in a linear neighborhood composed of parking and housing without shops or public facilities, the porosity of public facilities ... The true meaning of the word church ... we do not live with any trade .. Towards a Citizen Church? One must understand and try to stop glorifying architecture buildings too fashionable and fragile in the interview and decided with 100% public funding ... donations are never as well received as those that are a participatory mix and Plus a systematic right that is expensive in management ... one can make schools freer for those many who are in failure in the primary and run schools like companies already do in incubators.

The form of cities is the main factor in the failure of poor neighborhoods. Urban planners were born in this facility to reproduce in copy / pasted an eternal vision of car parks and blocks now well insulated facades with fragile materials. The architects follow modern fashion as a priesthood, the novelty of forms has become a dogma, the facades are like paintings with no link other than the geometry of the piece of land. Life could not have been born in these cities cloned with a grid, they have voluntarily erased all ties with history and regional anchoring, architectural globalization produces the same cities in the World. This is an observation that nobody criticizes, it's a bit like a single part.

14 Golden Rules Of The Virtuous City

1 - Each house, every building you give it a symbol, it is its face and its existence in the city, is generous and gives a difference to allow everyone to offer one Chance of existing. You will give your children an extra chance to spot where they live and to create solid roots with the land that saw them born

2 - Plant a tree at each birth to balance the relationship between free nature and that of man, the tree symbolizes life and its fruits are the wealth of the heart. If you do not like this poem then think about the microclimates, the morning dew. Make with your imagination a long-term projection, 15.5% less green space in the new cities grove, neighbourhoods and project your mind in 20 years without trees and only air conditioners.

3 - Invent corridors and double walls, you will have a natural insulation and you will be able to propose a well-designed solution to optimize energy efficiency.

4 - Protects the terrace with high walls to shadow and cool the top of the houses, you will make living spaces, very pleasant in the evening while the ground releases the heat of the day, a current is often perceptible at 10 meters above the ground.

5 - Closed balconies, loggias, they are architectural marvels of North if they are organized on a community garden. Taste the smell of the earth when the water evaporates, and you will try to create arcaded streets for always moving in the shade, favour the trade by creating local shops and facilitate supplies.

6 - Think to the humans, they are animals and walked, they need to make one miles of exercise’s walk to stay in healthy condition. The power of internet is incredible and perhaps they don’t need to walk for the nourishing, like they didn’t need to hunt for the dinner, then it’s a main option to improve the journey in the city? With walking tour and fantasy through designed street with surprises and curves for destroying the repetitive fashion from the modern architect, “less was not more” Mister van der Rohe and “decorative building wasn’t a crime”, but, grid city are a criminal urbanism.

7 - You will give an identity to each neighbourhood by building cult and cultural buildings.

8 - Your paths will be radiant on these spiritual haunts, they naturally guide you to what will be best for your heart.

9 - The pathway is the model, it is really adapted because its narrowness offers shade to its passers-by, it is also twisted to avoid the wind and all those hot and dry winds that transform the city into an urban desert.

10 - Your city will be composed of blocks and you will do that your architects abstain from creating basic building, block of profitable properties, you will proscribe this kind of obsolete model invented by men to better exploit the man. You will avoid checkerboard plans, they were invented to break creativity and make men without soul to format them better, checkerboard plans enrich only the unscrupulous surveyors and promoters (develloper)

Creative Loafings Best Of 2011 Campaign by Daniel Day Zuko

ABOUT ME:

a) I've got double digit peripheral vision.

b) My skin has been compared to that of a baby dolphin.

c) I'm in a music act called Adult Film Stars.

d) My power is beyond your understanding.

e) I've got one foot in the grave and one on a banana pill.

f) I really enjoy trees.

g) I'm a co-founder of PRO SMOKERS TOUR.

h) I'm good at nuetralizing bad situations. It's a gift.

i) I can {F} but I can't {L}....so I've been told.

j) it's a gift.

k) I would love to lay Juliette Lewis and Drew Barrymore.

l) When I was a teenager I jacked off a lot.

m) I didn't have sex for one year and a half once.

n) I gotta love kissing a woman for me to perform sexually.

o) I regret not having sex with Vanessa.

p) I've sold marijuana occasionally if I really "needed" the money.

q) I still love all my ex-girlfriends.

r) For the most part I delivered a baby once.

s) I was born in Heidelberg, Germany.

t) The first time I performed cunnilingus I was 17. LOVED IT!!

u) Rockn a live show is pretty cool too.

v) I know I'm the one to do what needs to be done.

w) I was invited to a Bukkake Party 3 years ago. I didn't go.

x) Women seem to like me a lot. I like them too.

y) Lately I've found slightly chubby chicks really fn hot.

z) I'm that guy who said, "just put ur {D} in the wind".

CONTACTS:

Greece. Thrace, North East Aegean sea, Evros regional unit, Samothrace island museum, corona with anthemion & lion head from Arsinoe's rotunda by bilwander

Curt_Poster_Medium by curtcde

Adapted from an image by saxarocks

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Arsinoe * Samothrace island

#Μacedonia * Ancient Macedonia * Macedonia

AWPR construction at Stonehaven - Aerial Photosphere 18-07-2017 by Graeme Davidson

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Construction progressing on the Aberdeen Western Peripheral Route north of Stonehaven, Aberdeenshire. Higher quality version at roundme.com/tour/177434/view/456461/

June 2016: Work on the Kingswells junction of the Aberdeen Western Peripheral Route AWPR / Aberdeen Bypass by Iain Henderson

June 2016: Work on the Kingswells junction of the Aberdeen Western Peripheral Route AWPR / Aberdeen Bypass

Peripheral Nervous System: Neuromuscular Spindle by Open.Michigan

A hand drawn sketch by Dr. Christensen from the University of Michigan Medical School for the laboratory sessions he conducted in the Medical Histology Course for first year medical students. The drawings were done with felt markers on a white board in the lab during the morning of the day a particular topic was being studied in the course. When the laboratory session began, the drawings were briefly discussed, and they could be seen by the students throughout the laboratory period.

Download the entire collection by visiting openmi.ch/HistologyDrawings.

Learn more about Dr. Christensen by visiting www-personal.umich.edu/~akc/

Image courtesy of Dr. A. Kent Christensen under a Creative Commons license: BY-SA

Peripheral gaze by risingthermals

2014 Naperville Memorial Day Parade, Illinois, USA

02 Lacuna pallidula by Morddyn

Early juveniles in August when all or most adults dead. Similar form to adults, but periostracum thinner and paler, and spire protrudes less.

Maximum dimension 4.1 mm and 3.3 mm, Portlethen, north-east Scotland, August 1970.

Full SPECIES DESCRIPTION BELOW

Revised PDF available at www.researchgate.net/publication/372768813_Lacuna_pallidu....

Sets of OTHER SPECIES at: www.flickr.com/photos/56388191@N08/collections/

Lacuna pallidula (da Costa, 1778)

Synonyms: Cochlea pallidula da Costa, 1778; Lacuna neritoidea Gould, 1840; Lacuna patula Thorpe, 1844; Lacuna retusa Brown.

Current taxonomy: WoRMS www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=140168

Vernacular: Pallid chink shell; Pale lacuna; Gwichiad agennog gwelw (Welsh); Lacuna pâle (French); Lavspiret grubesnegl (Danish); Bleke scheefhoren (Dutch); Blek lagunsnäcka (Swedish).

Shell description

The largest dimension of female shells is up to about 12 mm fig. 01 flic.kr/p/2kNQ7pc and males grow to 6 mm. The species has an annual life cycle; all or most adults are dead by June. Their small juvenile offspring occur in summer fig. 02 flic.kr/p/2kGH2G9 , growing to full size in winter. The body whorl forms the great majority of the shell, and the very small spire is sunk below the upper margin in most views. Juveniles are similar in form with a slightly lower spire. Sutures between the whorls are distinct. The smooth surface has no sculpture apart from numerous, growth lines.

One face of the hollow columella is missing, exposing a long wide columellar groove (lacuna, chink or canal), leading to a large funnel-like umbilicus fig. 03 flic.kr/p/2kNL1YB . On some specimens the columellar groove is indistinct and the umbilicus reduced fig. 04 flic.kr/p/2kNPCc9 and fig. 05 flic.kr/p/2oQ83ra .

The very large ‘D’ shape aperture is as high as the whole shell, and it occupies about 75% of the area in apertural-view images fig. 01 flic.kr/p/2kNQ7pc . The palatal lip is semi-circular, and it continues along the abapertural side of the columellar groove. The wide, white columellar lip forms the adapertural edge of the groove fig. 03 flic.kr/p/2kNL1YB .

The ‘D’ shape operculum is a rapidly expanding oligogyrous spiral with its off-centre nucleus close to the base of the columellar lip. It is transparent, tinted yellow fig. 04 flic.kr/p/2kNPCc9 & fig. 06 flic.kr/p/2kNL1Ut or nearly colourless fig. 05 flic.kr/p/2oQ83ra . The substantial periostracum is olive-brown with distinct growth lines on large specimens fig. 07 flic.kr/p/2kNQ773, and it usually extends beyond the lip of the aperture fig. 04 flic.kr/p/2kNPCc9 . Under the periostracum, the calcareous shell is white or yellowish white fig. 01 flic.kr/p/2kNQ7pc . Live adults with a thick opaque periostracum are olive-green/brown in water fig. 08 flic.kr/p/2kNPC3g becoming dull brown when dead and dried fig. 01 flic.kr/p/2kNQ7pc . There are no coloured bands or variegation at any stage.

Body description

The flesh is translucent white with varying amounts of yellow or pink tinting fig. 07 flic.kr/p/2kNQ773 and fig. 05 flic.kr/p/2oQ83ra . The snout is ventrally slit fig.06 flic.kr/p/2kNL1Ut and usually rolled into a cylinder fig. 09 flic.kr/p/2oQ92WM . The extended cephalic tentacles are long, smooth, translucent whitish and taper to a blunt tip. When contracted they wrinkle and any yellow tint is intensified fig. 08 flic.kr/p/2kNPC3g . There is a black eye on a slight bulge at the base of each tentacle fig. 07 flic.kr/p/2kNQ773 . The roof of the mantle cavity is whitish translucent showing the colour of the shell except for the mantle edge which is thick and sometimes yellowish fig. 09 flic.kr/p/2oQ92WM . The foot is white with varying amounts of yellow or pink fig. 07 flic.kr/p/2kNQ773 , especially on the opercular disc which supports, and is visible under and through, the transparent operculum fig. 05 flic.kr/p/2oQ83ra and fig. 09 flic.kr/p/2oQ92WM . The two small, flat metapodial tentacles protrude beyond the posterior of the operculum fig. 09 flic.kr/p/2oQ92WM .

Key identification features

Lacuna pallidula

1) Columellar groove (lacuna or chink) leads to umbilicus fig. 01 flic.kr/p/2kNQ7pc but is sometimes sealed over fig. 04 flic.kr/p/2kNPCc9 .

2) Largest dimensions up to 12 mm (female) and 6 mm (male). Hardly any of the spire protrudes beyond the body whorl fig. 01 flic.kr/p/2kNQ7pc

3) Very large ‘D’ shape aperture equals shell height and occupies about 75% of area in apertural view fig. 01 flic.kr/p/2kNQ7pc.

4) Shell olive-brown with no spiral bands fig. 08 flic.kr/p/2kNPC3g .

5) Body white fig. 07 flic.kr/p/2kNQ773 , sometimes yellowish or pinkish; no grey stipple.

6) Found mainly on Fucus serratus and sometimes on Laminaria.

Similar species

Lacuna parva (da Costa, 1778) fig. 10 flic.kr/p/2kNL1A2 .

1) Columellar groove (“lacuna” or “chink) leads to umbilicus. 2) Usual maximum height 4 mm; sometimes 6 mm. Spire 30% to 40% of shell height.

3) Aperture occupies about 50% of area in apertural-view images.

4) Body whorl has three brown spiral bands; basal band 1 easily overlooked if base of shell not examined. Some shells are uniform white or brown with no bands.

5) Body translucent white, usually stippled grey.

6) Found mainly, especially when young, on small red weeds. Sometimes on fucoids.

Littorina fabalis (W. Turton, 1825) and

L. obtusata (Linnaeus, 1758) fig. 11 flic.kr/p/2kNPBJk .

1) No columellar groove or umbilicus.

2) Maximum dimension up to 17 mm. Very large body whorl and small spire.

3) Aperture occupies about 50% of area in apertural-view images.

4) Shell of L. obtusata is sometimes greenish olive.

5) Body varied shades of yellow, brown or black.

6) Found on Fucus serratus (L. fabalis) or Ascophyllum (L. obtusata) and on Fucus vesiculosus (both).

Lacuna vincta (Montagu, 1803) fig. 12 flic.kr/p/2kNQ6PK .

1) Columellar groove (“lacuna” or “chink”) leads to umbilicus. 2) Maximum height about 10 mm. Well developed spire about 50% of adult shell height, and about 30% on juveniles less than 3 mm high.

3) Aperture occupies about 30% of area in apertural-view images of full grown adults.

4) Body whorl has four brown spiral bands.

5) Body whitish with grey, yellow, orange and/or aquamarine parts.

6) Found on Laminaria and, especially juveniles, on small red weeds. Also on Zostera and sometimes on fucoids.

Lacuna crassior (Montagu, 1803) fig. 13 flic.kr/p/2kGH26u

1) Wide white columellar shelf. Usually no groove or umbilicus but sometimes small ones present.

2) Distinct spire about 50% of mature shell height, about 45% when younger.

3) Aperture occupies about 30% of area in apertural view.

4) Shell when live, has translucent, yellowish-brown spire and brownish-white body whorl. Thick periostracum has distinct, raised, transverse (costal) ridges. Dead dry shells are dull yellowish-brown if periostracum retained, yellowish white with faint spiral lines if periostracum worn off.

5) Body translucent whitish.

6) A rare species which often associates with the bryozoan Alcyonidium diaphanum.

Habits and ecology

L. pallidula feeds on the surface of Fucus serratus (Smith, 1973) and Laminaria (Lebour, 1937) near low water on rocky shores and to 70 metres depth. It is usually absent where turbidity or soft substrate prevents growth of F. serratus. It cannot survive desiccation. Some populations live in the Baltic in salinity down to 12‰.

It moves with a bipedal stepping motion, lifting alternately the right and left sides of the foot. It breeds in late winter and spring, sometimes extending into summer and autumn, with a maximum in February to May in Britain, but precise dates vary regionally. The spawn mass is a low gelatinous dome with an almost circular, oval base (not kidney-shape), diameter 3.9 mm to 5.3 mm (Lebour, 1937), laid on fronds of F. serratus or Laminaria. There are up to about 200 ova per spawn mass fig. 14 flic.kr/p/2kNQ71M . In the low salinity Øresund, Denmark, the masses are smaller with as few as 13 ova (Thorson, 1946 in Fretter & Graham, 1962).

Fretter and Graham (1962) reported confusion with the spawn of “Littorina littoralis” (the name mistakenly used formerly by British authors for an aggregate of Littorina obtusata and L. fabalis). The limited material examined for this account suggests the confusion is with L. fabalis which lives on F. serratus at the same shore level and lays similar, almost circular oval spawn masses, while L. obtusata lives higher up the shore, favouring Ascophyllum, and often lays kidney-shaped spawn masses up to 7 mm long. The difference between the spawn masses of L. fabalis and Lacuna pallidula may be that the latter has a distinctly bevelled peripheral rim while the surface of the former slopes to the substrate without a break in slope fig. 14 flic.kr/p/2kNQ71M . But more investigation is required to test these suggestions; the difference might be due to age of spawn mass. Lacuna parva also has similar spawn but it is found on red algae and is smaller, about 2.5 mm diameter with about 50 ova in Britain fig. 14 flic.kr/p/2kNQ71M ; 2.2 mm to 2.5 mm with 6 to16 ova in the brackish Øresund (Ockelmann & Nielsen, 1981 in Wigham & Graham, 2017).

The individual egg capsules of L. pallidula become angular as they swell and become crowded and compressed. There is no planktonic veliger stage; young emerge as tiny crawling snails. Through a microscope, just before hatching, two tentacular extensions of the opercular disc protruding beyond the operculum may be detected on the embryos within the clear capsules (Fretter & Graham, 1962). Males die after mating, and the females about a month later, so all or most adults breeding in the main period are dead by June or July, and few specimens over 5 mm high can be found in August fig. 02 flic.kr/p/2kGH2G9 . Both sexes grow rapidly until October. From October to February males grow slowly, but females at three times their rate so that by breeding time they are over twice as high as males (Thorson, 1946 in Fretter & Graham, 1962). When mating, the small male rides on the female’s shell near the aperture with his penis inserted into her mantle cavity.

Distribution and status

L. pallidula occurs from northern Norway and Iceland to Atlantic Spain and New England (USA). GBIF map www.gbif.org/species/2301181

It is found all around Britain and Ireland, but is scarce or absent in the north-eastern Irish Sea and southern North Sea where lack of hard substrate and/or turbidity hinder the growth of Fucus serratus and Laminaria. UK distribution map NBN species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000175975#tab_mapView

Acknowledgements

For use of an image, I thank Rob Durrant.

References and links

Forbes, E. & Hanley S. 1849-53. A history of the British mollusca and their shells. vol. 3 (1853), London, van Voorst. archive.org/details/historyofbritish03forbe/page/56/mode/2up

Also plate LXX11 at end of vol.4, fig. 1 & 2, also fig. 3 & 4 labelled “L. patula” archive.org/details/historyofbritish04forbe/page/n459/mod...

Fretter, V. and Graham, A. 1962. British prosobranch molluscs. London, Ray Society.

Graham, A. 1988. Molluscs: prosobranch and pyramidellid gastropods. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) no.2 (Second edition). Leiden, E.J.Brill/Dr. W. Backhuys. 662 pp.

Jeffreys, J.G. 1862-69. British conchology. vol. 3 (1865). London, van Voorst.

archive.org/details/britishconcholog03jeffr/page/350/mode...

Lebour, M.V. 1937. The eggs and larvae of the British prosobranchs with special reference to those living in the plankton. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., 22: 105 – 166. plymsea.ac.uk/953/

Ockelmann, K. W. and Nielsen, C. 1981. On the biology of the prosobranch Lacuna parva in the Øresund. Ophelia 20: 1-16.

Abstract at www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00785236.1981.10426559

Smith, D. A. S. 1973. The population biology of Lacuna pallidula (da Costa) and Lacuna vincta (Montagu) in north-east England. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., 53: 493-520.

Thorson, G. 1946. Reproduction and larval development of the Danish marine bottom invertebrates. Meddelelser fra Kommissionen for Danmarks Fiskeri- og Havundersøgelser, Serie Plankton 4: 1-523.

Wigham, G.D. & Graham, A. 2017. Marine gastropods 2: Littorinimorpha and other, unassigned, Caenogastropoda. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) no.61. (344 pages). Field Studies Council, Telford, England.

Glossary

‰ = (salinity) parts salt per thousand parts water (brackish <30‰).

abapertural = away from the aperture.

abapical = away from the apex of the shell.

adapertural = towards the aperture

adapical = towards the apex of the shell.

aperture = mouth of gastropod shell; outlet for head and foot.

apical = at or near the apex.

chink = (see columellar groove).

columella = solid or hollow axis around which gastropod shell spirals; concealed except next to aperture where hollow ones may end in an umbilicus, slit or siphonal canal.

columellar = (adj.) of or near central axis of spiral gastropod,

columellar groove = Groove where one face of hollow columella missing, terminates in umbilicus. Also called “lacuna” or “chink.

columellar lip = lower (abapical) part of inner lip of aperture.

cephalic = (adj.) of the head.

costa = (pl. costae) rib crossing a whorl of a gastropod shell at about 90° to direction of coiling and any spiral ribs or lines.

costal = (adj.) of, or arranged like, costae.

ctenidium = comb-like molluscan gill; usually an axis with a row of filaments either side.

height = (of gastropod shells) distance from apex of spire to base of aperture.

lacuna = (see columellar groove).

mantle = sheet of tissue that secretes the shell and forms a cavity for the gill.

oligogyrous = (of a spiral) having few turns.

operculum = plate of horny conchiolin used to close shell aperture.

palatal lip = outer lip of gastropod aperture.

parietal lip = upper (adapical) part of inner lip of gastropod aperture that lies, often as a glaze, on surface of whorl.

periostracum = thin horny layer of conchiolin often coating shells.

plankton = animals and plants that drift in pelagic zone (main body of water).

protoconch = apical whorls produced during embryonic and larval stages of gastropod; often different in form from other whorls.

suture = groove or line where whorls adjoin.

umbilicus = cavity up axis of some gastropods, open as a hole or chink on base of shell, sometimes sealed over.

umbilical groove = narrow slit opening of umbilicus on some gastropods.

veliger = shelled larva of marine gastropod or bivalve mollusc which swims by beating cilia of a velum (bilobed flap).

Creative Loafings Best Of 2011 Campaign by Daniel Day Zuko

ABOUT ME:

a) I've got double digit peripheral vision.

b) My skin has been compared to that of a baby dolphin.

c) I'm in a music act called Adult Film Stars.

d) My power is beyond your understanding.

e) I've got one foot in the grave and one on a banana pill.

f) I really enjoy trees.

g) I'm a co-founder of PRO SMOKERS TOUR.

h) I'm good at nuetralizing bad situations. It's a gift.

i) I can {F} but I can't {L}....so I've been told.

j) it's a gift.

k) I would love to lay Juliette Lewis and Drew Barrymore.

l) When I was a teenager I jacked off a lot.

m) I didn't have sex for one year and a half once.

n) I gotta love kissing a woman for me to perform sexually.

o) I regret not having sex with Vanessa.

p) I've sold marijuana occasionally if I really "needed" the money.

q) I still love all my ex-girlfriends.

r) For the most part I delivered a baby once.

s) I was born in Heidelberg, Germany.

t) The first time I performed cunnilingus I was 17. LOVED IT!!

u) Rockn a live show is pretty cool too.

v) I know I'm the one to do what needs to be done.

w) I was invited to a Bukkake Party 3 years ago. I didn't go.

x) Women seem to like me a lot. I like them too.

y) Lately I've found slightly chubby chicks really fn hot.

z) I'm that guy who said, "just put ur {D} in the wind".

CONTACTS:

AWPR (Aberdeen Western Peripheral Route) work ongoing at Kingswells South junction at A944 near Westhill by Iain Henderson

AWPR (Aberdeen Western Peripheral Route) work ongoing at Kingswells South junction at A944 near Westhill

Creative Loafings Best Of 2011 Campaign by Daniel Day Zuko

ABOUT ME:

a) I've got double digit peripheral vision.

b) My skin has been compared to that of a baby dolphin.

c) I'm in a music act called Adult Film Stars.

d) My power is beyond your understanding.

e) I've got one foot in the grave and one on a banana pill.

f) I really enjoy trees.

g) I'm a co-founder of PRO SMOKERS TOUR.

h) I'm good at nuetralizing bad situations. It's a gift.

i) I can {F} but I can't {L}....so I've been told.

j) it's a gift.

k) I would love to lay Juliette Lewis and Drew Barrymore.

l) When I was a teenager I jacked off a lot.

m) I didn't have sex for one year and a half once.

n) I gotta love kissing a woman for me to perform sexually.

o) I regret not having sex with Vanessa.

p) I've sold marijuana occasionally if I really "needed" the money.

q) I still love all my ex-girlfriends.

r) For the most part I delivered a baby once.

s) I was born in Heidelberg, Germany.

t) The first time I performed cunnilingus I was 17. LOVED IT!!

u) Rockn a live show is pretty cool too.

v) I know I'm the one to do what needs to be done.

w) I was invited to a Bukkake Party 3 years ago. I didn't go.

x) Women seem to like me a lot. I like them too.

y) Lately I've found slightly chubby chicks really fn hot.

z) I'm that guy who said, "just put ur {D} in the wind".

CONTACTS: