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El Foro Romano (en latín, Forum Romanum, aunque los romanos se referían a él comúnmente como Forum Magnum o simplemente Forum) era el foro de la ciudad de Roma, es decir, la zona central —semejante a las plazas centrales en las ciudades actuales— donde se encuentran las instituciones de gobierno, de mercado y religiosas. Al igual que hoy en día, era donde tenían lugar el comercio, los negocios, la prostitución, la religión y la administración de justicia. En él se situaba el hogar comunal.

Series de restos de pavimento muestran que sedimentos erosionados desde las colinas circundantes ya estaban elevando el nivel del foro en la primera época de la República. Originalmente había sido un terreno pantanoso, que fue drenado por los Tarquinios mediante la Cloaca Máxima. Su pavimento de travertino definitivo, que aún puede verse, data del reinado de César Augusto.

Actualmente es famoso por sus restos, que muestran elocuentemente el uso de los espacios urbanos durante el Imperio romano. El Foro Romano incluye los siguientes monumentos, edificios y demás ruinas antiguas importantes:

Templo de Cástor y Pólux

Templo de Rómulo

Templo de Saturno

Templo de Vesta

Casa de las Vestales

Templo de Venus y Roma

Templo de César

Basílica Emilia

Basílica Julia

Arco de Septimio Severo

Arco de Tito

Rostra (plural de rostrum), la tribuna desde donde los políticos daban sus discursos a los ciudadanos romanos.

Curia Julia, sede del Senado.

Basílica de Majencio y Constantino

Tabulario

Templo de Antonino y Faustina

Regia

Templo de Vespasiano y Tito

Templo de la Concordia

Templo de Jano

Un camino procesional, la Vía Sacra, cruza el Foro Romano conectándolo con el Coliseo. Al final del Imperio perdió su uso cotidiano quedando como lugar sagrado.

El último monumento construido en el Foro fue la Columna de Focas. Durante la Edad Media, aunque la memoria del Foro Romano persistió, los edificios fueron en su mayor parte enterrados bajo escombros y su localización, la zona entre el monte Capitolino y el Coliseo, fue designada Campo Vaccinio o ‘campo bovino’. El regreso del papa Urbano V desde Aviñón en 1367 despertó un creciente interés por los monumentos antiguos, en parte por su lección moral y en parte como cantera para construir nuevos edificios. Se extrajo gran cantidad de mármol para construcciones papales (en el Vaticano principalmente) y para cocer en hornos creados en el mismo foro para hacer cal. Miguel Ángel expresó en muchas ocasiones su oposición a la destrucción de los restos. Artistas de finales del siglo XV dibujaron las ruinas del Foro, los anticuarios copiaron inscripciones desde el siglo XVI y se comenzó una excavación profesional a finales del siglo XVIII. Un cardenal tomó medidas para drenarlo de nuevo y construyó el barrio Alessadrine sobre él. No obstante, la excavación de Carlo Fea, quien empezó a retirar los escombros del Arco de Septimio Severo en 1803, y los arqueólogos del régimen napoleónico marcaron el comienzo de la limpieza del Foro, que no fue totalmente excavado hasta principios del siglo XX.

En su estado actual, se muestran juntos restos de varios siglos, debido a la práctica romana de construir sobre ruinas más antiguas.

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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Forum

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The Roman Forum

The Roman Forum, also known by its Latin name Forum Romanum (Italian: Foro Romano), is a rectangular forum (plaza) surrounded by the ruins of several important ancient government buildings at the center of the city of Rome. Citizens of the ancient city referred to this space, originally a marketplace, as the Forum Magnum, or simply the Forum.

For centuries the Forum was the center of day-to-day life in Rome: the site of triumphal processions and elections; the venue for public speeches, criminal trials, and gladiatorial matches; and the nucleus of commercial affairs. Here statues and monuments commemorated the city's great men. The teeming heart of ancient Rome, it has been called the most celebrated meeting place in the world, and in all history.Located in the small valley between the Palatine and Capitoline Hills, the Forum today is a sprawling ruin of architectural fragments and intermittent archaeological excavations attracting 4.5 million or more sightseers yearly.

Many of the oldest and most important structures of the ancient city were located on or near the Forum. The Roman Kingdom's earliest shrines and temples were located on the southeastern edge. These included the ancient former royal residence, the Regia (8th century BC), and the Temple of Vesta (7th century BC), as well as the surrounding complex of the Vestal Virgins, all of which were rebuilt after the rise of imperial Rome.

Other archaic shrines to the northwest, such as the Umbilicus Urbis and the Vulcanal (Shrine of Vulcan), developed into the Republic's formal Comitium (assembly area). This is where the Senate—as well as Republican government itself—began. The Senate House, government offices, tribunals, temples, memorials and statues gradually cluttered the area.

Over time the archaic Comitium was replaced by the larger adjacent Forum and the focus of judicial activity moved to the new Basilica Aemilia (179 BC). Some 130 years later, Julius Caesar built the Basilica Julia, along with the new Curia Julia, refocusing both the judicial offices and the Senate itself. This new Forum, in what proved to be its final form, then served as a revitalized city square where the people of Rome could gather for commercial, political, judicial and religious pursuits in ever greater numbers.

Eventually much economic and judicial business would transfer away from the Forum Romanum to the larger and more extravagant structures (Trajan's Forum and the Basilica Ulpia) to the north. The reign of Constantine the Great saw the construction of the last major expansion of the Forum complex—the Basilica of Maxentius (312 AD). This returned the political center to the Forum until the fall of the Western Roman Empire almost two centuries later.

The Flock by cootiepie11

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Created for Collages Unlimited KP June 2023 Contest:

www.flickr.com/groups/1752359@N21/discuss/72157721918754185/

Mat: created in Photoshop Beta 2023 from my strap leaf photo.

5 Woodpeckers: created in Dream by Wombo Ai.

All blending/processing done in Photoshop.

Thanks for your visit, faves, and kind comments.

Public performance by Mikica Kosanovic

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- beautiful lady is journalist on national television

Sony 55-200mm F4-5.6 SAM

Public Swimming Pool by Chris Stone (KRS23)

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Taken at: ~ Perpetuity ~

...come sit with me by Allyndon - Capturing things great and/or small

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Miami

Adrift by Jude S

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Adrift

On an ocean of personal thoughts

Specks of fire

So dense

I can run my hands through -

The whole Milky Way

Streaming from my elbows

Running down my chin.

One thin thread, I

Between heaven and hell.

JudeSDrumZ

From my photo:

www.flickr.com/photos/jude-s/51610423302/in/dateposted/

THANK YOU ALL MY KIND FLICKR FRIENDS.

YOUR FAVS, COMMENTS AND INVITATIONS ARE VERY MOTIVATING AND APPRECIATED.

Fisherman At Lake Phatthalung by spanjavan

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Skillful Sipping by TheNewJane

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Iridescent Last Rays by Jude S

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My photo.

THANK YOU ALL MY KIND FLICKR FRIENDS.

YOUR FAVS, COMMENTS AND INVITATIONS ARE VERY MOTIVATING AND APPRECIATED.

2008 at Desk by skagitrenee

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☼My works are often BEST VIEWED LARGE☼

Thanks to brother Mintaka for this old capture.

Flower is mine. I made the desk paper copy and placed it on my monitor. I've had some changes since then. New phone, new desk lamp, new bigger monitor, better sound system, newer glasses, less hair (LOL) and larger mouse pad.

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Photo shop and Nature ARTISTS:

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Garden Fantasy by skagitrenee

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☼My works are often BEST VIEWED LARGE☼

Created for MIXMASTER CHALLENGE #63

www.flickr.com/groups/artisticmanipulation/discuss/721577...

CHEF xandram envisions a bright summer!

➤ Your image must contain a trellis or arbor.

➤ And at least one orb or sphere.

➤ Plus at least one mushroom.

➤ Use primarily bright and/or saturated colors (minimal pastels and black/white).

➤ NO PEOPLE including humanoids (robots, statues, etc.).

Bird/mushrooms/trellis/bougainvillea/pot=PNGWING

Background thanks to brother Michel Mintaka

Orbs=made by me

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Photo shop and Nature ARTISTS:

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The public place by FujiYako

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Public bath tub. by Harrys_style

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Canon EOS 5D Mark II EF24-105mm f/4L IS USM

ƒ/8.0 105.0 mm 1/25 ISO 100

Boston Public Library by Peter Zafris

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Aspen Art by skagitrenee

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☼My works are often BEST VIEWED LARGE ☼

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Photo shop and Nature ARTISTS:

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Magic Ride by skagitrenee

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☼My works are often BEST VIEWED LARGE☼

Created for Photoshop Contest group ~ Week 907 Detritus

www.flickr.com/groups/photoshopcontest/discuss/7215772191...

Thanks to Gillian Everett for this source:

www.flickr.com/photos/gilleverett/52404165413/

Lady=PNGWING

Birds=PD

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I started

Wombo Art Blend group

www.flickr.com/groups/14789994@N25/.

It will be a small boutique gallery with a narrow theme. I am interested in manips using wombo as a layer, not by itself or with other AI stand alone programs.

If you are exploring this journey, please come by.

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Photo shop and Nature ARTISTS:

Multi Group Contest/ Gallery Directory

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Jardin Public - Bordeaux by Jean-Marc Bilquez

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Dans le jardin, quelques plantations.

THE SAX PLAYER by Vic Zigmont

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Street musician playing in Boston's Public Garden

Public Speech by Gabriel Lascu

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Snowscape by Michael J Taylor

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Single digit temps in Cape Henlopen State Park

Public Housing by Eric Gross

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The current affordable housing in NYC tends to look like this.

Half a Wish by cootiepie11

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Ai work created in Deep Dream Generator - Text 2 Dream using my artwork as a source and Darlene's prompt:

Snow Queen with blonde hair, intense eyes with a beautiful face, an elaborate headdress of winter white roses, pearls and diamonds. Dressed in an insanely detailed grown made of lace, pearls and diamonds. Ice crystals...

Filters: PSE21 and Topaz Studio.

Two layers and a lot of hand painting to correct the nose which I am still not certain is quite right yet.

Thanks for your visit, faves, and kind comments!

Public Library, Seattle by DocSaintX

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Public transport by feleco

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Leica III f red dial and Voigtlander 35mm f2,5 (Agfa APX 100@200 and D76)

Gone, Forever Gone by Jude S

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My textures and treatments: Photoshop CS3.

THANK YOU ALL MY KIND FLICKR FRIENDS.