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Costa Rica (/ˌkɒstə ˈriːkə/ (About this sound listen); Spanish: [ˈkosta ˈrika]; "Rich Coast"), officially the Republic of Costa Rica (Spanish: República de Costa Rica), is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island. It has a population of around 4.9 million, in a land area of 51,060 square kilometers; over 300,000 live in the capital and largest city, San José, which had a population of an estimated 333,980 in 2015.
Costa Rica has been known for its stable democracy, in a region that has had some instability, and for its highly educated workforce, most of whom speak English. The country spends roughly 6.9% of its budget (2016) on education, compared to a global average of 4.4%. Its economy, once heavily dependent on agriculture, has diversified to include sectors such as finance, corporate services for foreign companies, pharmaceuticals, and ecotourism. Many foreign companies (manufacturing and services) operate in Costa Rica's free trade zones (FTZ) where they benefit from investment and tax incentives.
In spite of impressive growth in the Gross domestic product (GDP), low inflation, moderate interest rates and an acceptable unemployment level, Costa Rica in 2017 was facing a liquidity crisis due to a growing debt and budget deficit. By August 2017, the Treasury was having difficulty paying its obligations. Other challenges facing the country in its attempts to improve the economy by increasing foreign investment include a poor infrastructure and a need to improve public sector efficiency.
Costa Rica was sparsely inhabited by indigenous peoples before coming under Spanish rule in the 16th century. It remained a peripheral colony of the empire until independence as part of the short-lived First Mexican Empire, followed by membership in the United Provinces of Central America, from which it formally declared independence in 1847. Since then, Costa Rica has remained among the most stable, prosperous, and progressive nations in Latin America. Following the brief Costa Rican Civil War, it permanently abolished its army in 1949, becoming one of only a few sovereign nations without a standing army.
The country has consistently performed favourably in the Human Development Index (HDI), placing 69th in the world as of 2015, among the highest of any Latin American nation. It has also been cited by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) as having attained much higher human development than other countries at the same income levels, with a better record on human development and inequality than the median of the region.
Costa Rica also has progressive environmental policies. It is the only country to meet all five UNDP criteria established to measure environmental sustainability. It was ranked 42nd in the world, and third in the Americas, in the 2016 Environmental Performance Index, and was twice ranked the best performing country in the New Economics Foundation's (NEF) Happy Planet Index, which measures environmental sustainability, and was identified by the NEF as the greenest country in the world in 2009. Costa Rica plans to become a carbon-neutral country by 2021. By 2016, 98.1% of its electricity was generated from green sources particularly hydro, solar, geothermal and biomass.
HISTORY
PRE-COLUMBIAN PERIOD
Historians have classified the indigenous people of Costa Rica as belonging to the Intermediate Area, where the peripheries of the Mesoamerican and Andean native cultures overlapped. More recently, pre-Columbian Costa Rica has also been described as part of the Isthmo-Colombian Area.
Stone tools, the oldest evidence of human occupation in Costa Rica, are associated with the arrival of various groups of hunter-gatherers about 10,000 to 7,000 years BCE in the Turrialba Valley. The presence of Clovis culture type spearheads and arrows from South America opens the possibility that, in this area, two different cultures coexisted.
Agriculture became evident in the populations that lived in Costa Rica about 5,000 years ago. They mainly grew tubers and roots. For the first and second millennia BCE there were already settled farming communities. These were small and scattered, although the timing of the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture as the main livelihood in the territory is still unknown.
The earliest use of pottery appears around 2,000 to 3,000 BCE. Shards of pots, cylindrical vases, platters, gourds and other forms of vases decorated with grooves, prints, and some modelled after animals have been found.
The impact of indigenous peoples on modern Costa Rican culture has been relatively small compared to other nations, since the country lacked a strong native civilization to begin with. Most of the native population was absorbed into the Spanish-speaking colonial society through inter-marriage, except for some small remnants, the most significant of which are the Bribri and Boruca tribes who still inhabit the mountains of the Cordillera de Talamanca, in the southeastern part of Costa Rica, near the frontier with Panama.
SPANISH COLONIZATION
The name la costa rica, meaning "rich coast" in the Spanish language, was in some accounts first applied by Christopher Columbus, who sailed to the eastern shores of Costa Rica during his final voyage in 1502, and reported vast quantities of gold jewelry worn by natives. The name may also have come from conquistador Gil González Dávila, who landed on the west coast in 1522, encountered natives, and appropriated some of their gold.
During most of the colonial period, Costa Rica was the southernmost province of the Captaincy General of Guatemala, nominally part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. In practice, the captaincy general was a largely autonomous entity within the Spanish Empire. Costa Rica's distance from the capital of the captaincy in Guatemala, its legal prohibition under Spanish law from trade with its southern neighbor Panama, then part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada (i.e. Colombia), and lack of resources such as gold and silver, made Costa Rica into a poor, isolated, and sparsely-inhabited region within the Spanish Empire. Costa Rica was described as "the poorest and most miserable Spanish colony in all America" by a Spanish governor in 1719.
Another important factor behind Costa Rica's poverty was the lack of a significant indigenous population available for encomienda (forced labor), which meant most of the Costa Rican settlers had to work on their own land, preventing the establishment of large haciendas (plantations). For all these reasons, Costa Rica was, by and large, unappreciated and overlooked by the Spanish Crown and left to develop on its own. The circumstances during this period are believed to have led to many of the idiosyncrasies for which Costa Rica has become known, while concomitantly setting the stage for Costa Rica's development as a more egalitarian society than the rest of its neighbors. Costa Rica became a "rural democracy" with no oppressed mestizo or indigenous class. It was not long before Spanish settlers turned to the hills, where they found rich volcanic soil and a milder climate than that of the lowlands.
INDEPENDENCE
Like the rest of Central America, Costa Rica never fought for independence from Spain. On September 15, 1821, after the final Spanish defeat in the Mexican War of Independence (1810–21), the authorities in Guatemala declared the independence of all of Central America. That date is still celebrated as Independence Day in Costa Rica even though, technically, under the Spanish Constitution of 1812 that had been readopted in 1820, Nicaragua and Costa Rica had become an autonomous province with its capital in León.
Upon independence, Costa Rican authorities faced the issue of officially deciding the future of the country. Two bands formed, the Imperialists, defended by Cartago and Heredia cities which were in favor of joining the Mexican Empire, and the Republicans, represented by the cities of San José and Alajuela who defended full independence. Because of the lack of agreement on these two possible outcomes, the first civil war of Costa Rica occurred. The battle of Ochomogo (es) took place on the Hill of Ochomogo, located in the Central Valley in 1823. The conflict was won by the Republicans and, as a consequence, the city of Cartago lost its status as the capital, which moved to San José.
In 1838, long after the Federal Republic of Central America ceased to function in practice, Costa Rica formally withdrew and proclaimed itself sovereign. The considerable distance and poor communication routes between Guatemala City and the Central Plateau, where most of the Costa Rican population lived then and still lives now, meant the local population had little allegiance to the federal government in Guatemala. From colonial times to now, Costa Rica's reluctance to become economically tied with the rest of Central America has been a major obstacle to efforts for greater regional integration.
ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE 19TH CENTURY
Coffee was first planted in Costa Rica in 1808, and by the 1820s, it surpassed tobacco, sugar, and cacao as a primary export. Coffee production remained Costa Rica's principal source of wealth well into the 20th century, creating a wealthy class of growers, the so-called Coffee Barons. The revenue helped to modernize the country.
Most of the coffee exported was grown around the main centers of population in the Central Plateau and then transported by oxcart to the Pacific port of Puntarenas after the main road was built in 1846. By the mid-1850s the main market for coffee was Britain. It soon became a high priority to develop an effective transportation route from the Central Plateau to the Atlantic Ocean. For this purpose, in the 1870s, the Costa Rican government contracted with U.S. businessman Minor C. Keith to build a railroad from San José to the Caribbean port of Limón. Despite enormous difficulties with construction, disease, and financing, the railroad was completed in 1890.
Most Afro-Costa Ricans descend from Jamaican immigrants who worked in the construction of that railway and now make up about 3% of Costa Rica's population. U.S. convicts, Italians and Chinese immigrants also participated in the construction project. In exchange for completing the railroad, the Costa Rican government granted Keith large tracts of land and a lease on the train route, which he used to produce bananas and export them to the United States. As a result, bananas came to rival coffee as the principal Costa Rican export, while foreign-owned corporations (including the United Fruit Company later) began to hold a major role in the national economy and eventually became a symbol of the exploitative export economy. The major labor dispute between the peasants and the United Fruit Company (The Great Banana Strike) was a major event in the country's history and was an important step that would eventually lead to the formation of effective trade unions in Costa Rica, as the company was required to sign a collective agreement with its workers in 1938.
20TH CENTURY
Historically, Costa Rica has generally enjoyed greater peace and more consistent political stability than many of its fellow Latin American nations. Since the late 19th century, however, Costa Rica has experienced two significant periods of violence. In 1917–19, General Federico Tinoco Granados ruled as a military dictator until he was overthrown and forced into exile. The unpopularity of Tinoco's regime led, after he was overthrown, to a considerable decline in the size, wealth, and political influence of the Costa Rican military. In 1948, José Figueres Ferrer led an armed uprising in the wake of a disputed presidential election between Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia (who had been president between 1940 and 1944) and Otilio Ulate Blanco. With more than 2,000 dead, the resulting 44-day Costa Rican Civil War was the bloodiest event in Costa Rica during the 20th century.
The victorious rebels formed a government junta that abolished the military altogether, and oversaw the drafting of a new constitution by a democratically elected assembly. Having enacted these reforms, the junta transferred power to Ulate on November 8, 1949. After the coup d'état, Figueres became a national hero, winning the country's first democratic election under the new constitution in 1953. Since then, Costa Rica has held 14 presidential elections, the latest in 2014. With uninterrupted democracy dating back to at least 1948, the country is the region's most stable.
GEOGRAPHY
Costa Rica is located on the Central American isthmus, lying between latitudes 8° and 12°N, and longitudes 82° and 86°W. It borders the Caribbean Sea (to the east) and the Pacific Ocean (to the west), with a total of 1,290 kilometres of coastline, 212 km on the Caribbean coast and 1,016 km on the Pacific. Costa Rica also borders Nicaragua to the north (309 km of border) and Panama to the south-southeast (330 km of border). In total, Costa Rica comprises 51,100 square kilometres plus 589 square kilometres of territorial waters.
The highest point in the country is Cerro Chirripó, at 3,819 metres; it is the fifth highest peak in Central America. The highest volcano in the country is the Irazú Volcano (3,431 m) and the largest lake is Lake Arenal. There are 14 known volcanoes in Costa Rica, and six of them have been active in the last 75 years. The country has also experienced at least ten earthquakes of magnitude 5.7 or higher (3 of magnitude 7.0 or higher) in the last century.
Costa Rica also comprises several islands. Cocos Island (24 square kilometres) stands out because of its distance from the continental landmass, 480 kilometres from Puntarenas, but Isla Calero is the largest island of the country (151.6 square kilometres). Over 25% of Costa Rica's national territory is protected by SINAC (the National System of Conservation Areas), which oversees all of the country's protected areas. Costa Rica also possesses the greatest density of species in the world.
CLIMATE
Because Costa Rica is located between 8 and 12 degrees north of the Equator, the climate is tropical year round. However, the country has many microclimates depending on elevation, rainfall, topography, and by the geography of each particular region.
Costa Rica's seasons are defined by how much rain falls during a particular period. The year can be split into two periods, the dry season known to the residents as summer (verano), and the rainy season, known locally as winter (invierno). The "summer" or dry season goes from December to April, and "winter" or rainy season goes from May to November, which almost coincides with the Atlantic hurricane season, and during this time, it rains constantly in some regions.
The location receiving the most rain is the Caribbean slopes of the Cordillera Central mountains, with an annual rainfall of over 5,000 mm. Humidity is also higher on the Caribbean side than on the Pacific side. The mean annual temperature on the coastal lowlands is around 27 °C, 20 °C in the main populated areas of the Cordillera Central, and below 10 °C on the summits of the highest mountains.
FLORA AND FAUNA
Costa Rica is home to a rich variety of plants and animals. While the country has only about 0.03% of the world's landmass, it contains 5% of the world's biodiversity. Around 25% of the country's land area is in protected national parks and protected areas, the largest percentage of protected areas in the world (developing world average 13%, developed world average 8%). Costa Rica has successfully managed to diminish deforestation from some of the worst rates in the world from 1973 to 1989, to almost zero by 2005.
One national park, the Corcovado National Park, is internationally renowned among ecologists for its biodiversity (including big cats and tapirs) and is where visitors can expect to see an abundance of wildlife. Corcovado is the one park in Costa Rica where all four Costa Rican monkey species can be found. These include the white-headed capuchin, the mantled howler, the endangered Geoffroy's spider monkey, and the Central American squirrel monkey, found only on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica and a small part of Panama, and considered endangered until 2008, when its status was upgraded to vulnerable. Deforestation, illegal pet-trading, and hunting are the main reasons for its threatened status.
Tortuguero National Park – the name Tortuguero can be translated as "Full of Turtles" – is home to spider, howler, and white-throated capuchin monkeys; the three-toed sloth and two-toed sloth; 320 species of birds; and a variety of reptiles. The park is recognized for the annual nesting of the endangered green turtle, and is the most important nesting site for the species. Giant leatherback, hawksbill, and loggerhead turtles also nest there. The Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve is home to about 2,000 plant species, including numerous orchids. Over 400 types of birds and more than 100 species of mammals can be found there.
Over 840 species of birds have been identified in Costa Rica. As is the case in much of Central America, the avian species in Costa Rica are a mix of North and South American species. The country's abundant fruit trees, many of which bear fruit year round, are hugely important to the birds, some of whom survive on diets that consist only of one or two types of fruit. Some of the country's most notable avian species include the resplendent quetzal, scarlet macaw, three-wattled bellbird, bare-necked umbrellabird, and the keel-billed toucan. The Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad is allowed to collect royalties on any biological discoveries of medical importance. Costa Rica is a center of biological diversity for reptiles and amphibians, including the world's fastest running lizard, the spiny-tailed iguana (Ctenosaura similis).
WIKIPEDIA
This policy forum focused on how NGOs and government agencies are collaborating with the private sector to help solve poverty and development-related public policy problems.
Participants included:
Gates Foundation, Rob Rosen, Director of Philanthropic Partnerships
State Department, Melike Yetken, Head of Corporate Social Responsibility
TechnoServe, Simon Winter, Senior Vice President for Development
Inter-American Development Bank, Mark Lopes, Executive Director
Millennium Challenge Corp., Kim Kyeh, Vice President for Compact Operations
Professor Andrew Kline, Moderator
MPA students Mellissa Wiehenstroer and Jesslin Grude, Hosts
Professor Jeremy Shiffman, Opening remarks on poverty and development
Bathroom graffiti found at Terminal Four, Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), Los Angeles, California.
PP-22 - Policy Statements
Mr Dan Sjöblom
Director-General
Swedish Post and Telecom Authority
Bucharest, Romania
28th September 2022
©ITU/Rowan Farrell
Name: Kate Freund
Title: Science Policy Specialist
Duty station: Headquarters/Science Applications Program, Falls Church, Virginia
Where did you go to school: Undergraduate: Pomona College, Graduate: Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies
What did you study? Conservation Biology/ Environmental Management – focusing on climate change and impacts to wildlife and ecosystems
How did you get interested in conservation? I grew up in Oregon running around in the woods, building forts and exploring. Conservation was natural fit that combined my interest in politics and ecology.
What’s your favorite thing about working for FWS? Working with amazing, committed people!
If you could have one incredible animal adaptation, what would it be? Definitely the sense of direction of a migratory bird – I get lost constantly.
Policy Statements ITU PP-22
H.E. Mr Abdullah Alswaha
Minister of Communications and Information Technology
Bucharest, Romania
26 September 2022
©ITU/Rowan Farrell
ECB Forum on Central Banking 2019
20 Years of European Economic and Monetary Union
Sintra, Portugal, 17-19 June 2019
Finance Minister Tito Mboweni delivering the 2020 Medium Term Budget policy statement.
The 2020 Medium Term Budget Policy Statement (MTBPS) charts a course that will enable South Africa to begin the difficult task of economic recovery. Government’s central policy goals over the next three years are to position the economy for faster, broad-based economic growth, and to return the public finances to a sustainable position. Achieving these objectives will require determined action [Photo:GCIS]
Sun Guidelines on Public Discourse
Many of us at Sun are doing work that could change the world. Contributing to online communities by blogging, wiki posting, participating in forums, etc., is a good way to do this. You are encouraged to tell the world about your work, without asking permission first, but we expect you to read and follow the advice in this note.
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Many employees put a disclaimer on their front page saying who they work for, but that they're not speaking officially. This is good practice, but don't count on it to avoid trouble; it may not have much legal effect. Community sites contain material written by Sun employees and are governed by company policies. When employees leave Sun, material written during their employment normally remains in place and is subject to the same policies. Sun Alumni are invited to have their non-Sun blog syndicated on our Alumni Blogs site and may continue to contribute material to wikis and forums, where additional terms and conditions apply.
Rev 2.0, Updated May, 2008
Rev 1.0
Photos from the At-Large Policy Session 3: Unfinished Business: The Challenges of Auctions session at the ICANN77 Policy Forum.
Governor O'Malley speaks to Maryland Higher Education Commission Policy Forum by Tom Nappi at Morgan State University stydent center, Baltimore, Maryland
The Garver Building has been around since the beginning of the 20th Century in Madison. During this time the United States Sugar Company had a presence in Madison at this location where it served as a feed and supply building, and later as a sugar beet refinery. The USSC Madison plant lasted from 1906 to 1924.
Later on, James R. Garver came along and converted the building into a feed mill just around the beginning of the 1930s. Incredibly, some of the remnants of the mill still can be seen on the walls of the building such as the name of the business and some old forgotten staircases. The building remained a feed company until 1997.
I was lucky enough to talk to an employee who works in the newly-converted office that sits adjacent to this building. He said that years ago a fire broke out in the building and most of the inside of the structure was ruined. According to him, there are still plans to convert this abandoned building into a maintenance facility for the nearby Olbrich Botanical Gardens, but it'll cost an arm and a leg to demolish most of the building so they can build something more structurally sound for maintenance. He did mention though that the original entrance would try to saved much like some other nearby buildings that have been converted into new business locations.
Information was found on these two links:
www.cityofmadison.com/planning/pdf/GarverFeasibility.pdf
www.cityofmadison.com/planning/landmark/nominations/117_3...
Both .pdfs are worth reading - there's also some cool old photos of what the building used to look like when it was in use.
Andrew Davis, Investment Analyst and Associate Director of Equity Research, T. Rowe Price, and Hunter Keay, Managing Director, Senior Analyst: Airlines, Aerospace and Defense, Wolfe Research discuss Wall Street and aviation policy during “The Future of Flight: Aviation Policy Summit” sponsored by The Hill and Airlines for America at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C., on Tuesday, September 16, 2014.
ECB Forum on Central Banking 2019
20 Years of European Economic and Monetary Union
Sintra, Portugal, 17-19 June 2019
ECB Forum on Central Banking 2019
20 Years of European Economic and Monetary Union
Sintra, Portugal, 17-19 June 2019
al quida was te first radicalist terror organization to be organized to directly oppose U.S. foreign policy.
In 399 B.C. Socrates was charged, tried, and sentenced to death on charges that he did not believe in the accepted gods and corrupted the Athenian youth.
In Plato's Apology we find the oration Socrates delivered when the judges found him guilty.
i find that out of context the words speak depths and volumes of wisdom that we should give consideration to when adapting foreign policy in a post bin laden world.
"for you have done this thinking you should be freed from the necessity of giving an account of your life. The very contrary however, as i affirm, will happen to you. Your accusers will be more numerous, Whom i have now restrained, though you did not perceive it ; and they will be more severe, inasmuch as they are young and you will be more indignant. For, if you think that by putting men to death you will restrain any one from upbraiding you because you do not live well, you are much mistaken ; for this method of escape is neither possible nor honorable, but that other is most honorable and most easy, not to put a check upon others, but for a man to take heed to himself, how he may be most perfect. Having predicted thus much to those of you who have condemned me, i take leave of you."
"But it is now time to depart, - for me to die, for you to live. But which of us is going to be a better state is unknown to everyone but god."
399 b.c. Socrates
I am also reminded of Mark Anthony's (83 B.C. - 30 B.C.) words
"the evil that men do lives after them ; the good is oft interred with their bones"
Policy Statements ITU PP-22
Mr Don Graves
Deputy Secretary of Commerce
United States Department of Commerce
Bucharest, Romania
26 September 2022
©ITU/Rowan Farrell
Image ©Licensed to i-Images Picture Agency. 18/10/2018. London, United Kingdom. Policy Exchange.
From left to right; Admiral Lord West, Brian Wood MC, Dean Godson, General Petraeus, Julie Marionneau and Johnny Mercer MP, during a panel at Policy Exchange in an event on the legal pursuit of veterans.
Picture by Gustavo Valiente / i-Images
Almost two years after the presentation of the EU Global Strategy and more than a year after Jean Claude Juncker’s white book on the future of Europe, the European Union still struggles with major challenges and threats that seem to undermine the stability of the security environment within its borders and in its neighbourhood. In the aftermath of Brexit and with the proximity of to the European Parliament elections in 2019, the third International Conference Europe as a Global Actor (Lisbon, May 24 & 25, 2018) will discuss the role the EU can play in the current global transformations, as well as the domestic and external obstacles it faces as a global actor.
The Center for International Studies of ISCTE-IUL organized the third edition of the International Conference “Europe as a global actor”, on 24 and 25 May.
The opening lecture was given by the Portuguese Minister of Foreign Affairs, Augusto Santos Silva, on May 24, at 09:30 am.
The Conference Program also included a debate on the state of the Union with the presence of Portuguese MEPs, panels and round-tables on the challenges of the Common Security and Defense Policy, the future of European security and defense, the EU’s relationship with other global players and the future of the European Union as a global player. In addition to the presence of several invited scholars, in plenary sessions moderated by Portuguese journalists, the program also included the presentation of communications by around 40 international researchers in this area of knowledge.
May 25th
10h00-12h00 | Roundtable III
Roundtable: State of the Union – Portuguese Members of the European Parliament (Aud. B203) – session in Portuguese
Moderator: Ricardo Alexandre (CEI-IUL; Journalist TSF)
Cláudia Monteiro de Aguiar (EPP)
Carlos Zorrinho (S&D)
António Marinho e Pinto (ALDE)
João Ferreira (GUE / NGL)
Pedro Mota Soares (CDS-PP) (tbc)
12h00 – 14h00 – Lunch Break
14h00 – 15h45 |Parallel Sessions III
Panel 7 – Economy, Energy and Geopolitics (Room C201)
Moderator: Timea Pal (CEI-IUL)
Simon Schlegel (ISG) & Allison Nathan Araujo de Miranda (ISCSP): “EU Global Strategy 2020-2030: the Revival of the Franco-German Consensus-Engine in face of the EU-Lusophone Trade Relations”
Paloma Diaz Topete (College of Europe): “In Varietate Concordia or Divide et Impera? The Security Implications of Chinese FDI in EU Member States”
Natallia Tsiareshchanka (College of Europe; University of Kent): “Nord Stream 2: when geopolitical and commercial interests are at stake”
Zuzanna Gulczyńska (Adam Mickiewicz University, College of Europe, University Lille 2): “The energy cooperation between the EU and Algeria – what legal future?”
Panel 8 – Soft & Normative Power (Room C302)
Moderator: Ana Mónica Fonseca (CEI-IUL)
Idalina Conde (ISCTE-IUL): “Tables as metaphors. Europe in the World and cultural diplomacy”
Andrea Perilli (College of Europe): “Erasmus student or EU ambassador? People-to-people contact in the European Neighbourhood policy: the cases of Georgia, Ukraine and Tunisia”
Osman Sabri Kiratli (Bogazici University): “When do Voters Choose to Delegate?: Europeans’ Attitudes on Multilateral Aid”
João Espada Rodrigues (CEI-IUL): “EU and Democracy Promotion”
Nezka Figelj (University of Trieste): “EU not only a payer but also a player in the Middle-East and North Africa (MENA)”
15h45 – 16h15 – Coffee Break
16h15 – 17h45 | Parallel Sessions IV
Panel 9 – EU and Crisis Management (Room C201)
Moderator: Diogo Lemos (CEI-IUL)
Csaba Toro (Karoli Gaspar University of the Reformed Church in Hungary): “External institutional partnerships as vehicles of implementation in pursuit of effective and adaptive EU contribution to international crisis management”
Inês Marques Ribeiro (CEI-IUL): “A critical discourse analysis of the normative justification of the EU’s crisis management actorness”
Pablo Arconada Ledesma (Universidad de Valladolid): “European Union’s Missions In Somalia: Ten Years Of Successes And Failures (2008-2018)”
Panel 10 – Political Parties, Populism, Euroscepticism (Room C301)
Moderator: Riccardo Marchi (CEI-IUL)
Ewa Szczepankiewicz-Rudzka (Jagiellonian University, Krakow): “From Consensus to Skepticism?: Attitudes of Polish Society towards European Integration”
Ana Mónica Fonseca (CEI-IUL): “The SPD in government: a party in crisis”
Pedro Ponte e Sousa (FCSH-UNL & IPRI): “Portuguese foreign relations with the United States in the age of Trump: aligning with the superpower or supporting a European global stance?”
Teona Lavrelashvili (European Commission, KU Leuven) & Alex Andrione-Moylan (KU Leuven): “The populist playbook in the Western Balkans: Case of Serbia and Montenegro”
18h00 – 20h00 | Roundtable IV
Closing Roundtable The Future of Transatlantic Relations (Aud. B203):
Moderator: Bárbara Reis (Público)
Sven Biscop (Egmont Royal Institute for Foreign Relations, Brussels)
Mike Haltzel (Center for Transatlantic Relations; Johns Hopkins University SAIS)
Carlos Gaspar (IPRI-NOVA)
Susana Pedro
14 January 2016 - Opening of the OECD Policy Forum on the Future of Work. OECD, Conference Centre, Paris, France. Guy Ryder, General Director, International Labour Organisation.
For more information, visit: www.oecd.org/employment/ministerial/policy-forum/
Photo: OECD/Marco Illuminati
PP22 - Policy Statements
H.E. Mr Puthyvuth Sok
Secretary of State
Ministry of Post and Telecommunications
Bucharest, Romania
27 September 2022
©ITU/Rowan Farrell
Participants in the Nairobi Summit: Maximizing Impact of Women, Peace and Security Policies in Africa at the Crown Plaza Hotel in Nairobi, Kenya on Wednesday, July 23, 2014. The symposium was organized by the Institute for Inclusive Security and the University of Nairobi. (Pete Muller for the Institute for Inclusive Security)
Policy Statements ITU PP-22
H.E. Mr Md. Daud ALI
Ambassador
Bangladesh Embassy in Bucharest
Bucharest, Romania
27 September 2022
©ITU/Rowan Farrell