National Geographic Nomination Group
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The Pierre Bremond House is one of the 11 houses built between 1859 and 1910 that make up the Bremond Block Historic District. The block was added to National Register of Historic Places in 1970, and is considered one of the few remaining upper-class Victorian neighborhoods of the middle to late nineteenth century in Texas. Six of the eleven houses were built or expanded for members of the families of brothers Eugene and John Bremond, who were prominent in late-nineteenth-century Austin social, merchandising, and banking circles. Of these six residences, all but one were designed and built by the Austin contractor, George Fiegel.
The Pierre Bremond House sits in the center of the 400 block of W. Seventh St. between the John Bremond, Jr. House on its east side, and the Eugene Bremond House, the house of Pierre's father, on its west side. Built in 1898, the two-story, tan brick house was the last Bremond house to be built. It is a subdued late Victorian with a low-pitched hip roof, a double gallery, and an unobtrusive tower on the west side.
While the Pierre Bremond House may be the least ornate of all the houses, Pierre's home was the most spacious. Renovated in 2012, the house is currently owned by the Texas Classroom Teachers Association, who also own the John Bremond, Jr. home next door that serves as the association headquarters.
Sources:
Williamson, Roxanne, "Bremond Block Historic District". Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved June 20, 2021.
Library of Congress, Historic American Buildings Survey
Bremond Block Historic District, National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form
wow thank you so much ..faints and shocked . xx I can't thank you enough for this nomination . I will cherish this forever . I looked at the other nominations and they are truly amazing . Thank you for even considering me Dreamart fashion xxx
Public vote here :
docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdwfggCvdRrCqzu5fXMQPe6n...
Constructed in 1890, this house at 718 E. Main St. in Carlinville was built for William Surman, a clothing merchant. The house is listed as contributing for its architectural significance in the Carlinville Historic District, added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.
Carlinville is the seat of Macoupin County in central Illinois. At the 2020 census, the population of Carlinville was 5,710.
Source: National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: Carlinville Historic District
Beverley Lyons is a Scottish entertainment journalist, vlogger and broadcaster.
She heads up lifestyle and entertainment website theshowbizlion.com and was digital Showbiz editor at The Daily Record.
She created Clubber Of The Week in the Glasgow Evening Times and wrote a daily showbiz and lifestyle column there. She founded the daily Razz pages for the Scottish Daily Record newspaper covering entertainment as showbiz editor, until leaving in 2016. She subsequently set up her own media and digital PR company, TheShowbizLion.com to write daily for the national titles.
Beverley is a regular BBC Scotland contributor and was guest presenter on STV 2’s Live At Five. She was a guest host on The Music Match for BBC Radio Scotland. She was team captain on BBC Scotland radio show Famous For Five Minutes with comedians Craig Hill and Frankie Boyle.
Beverley has received several nominations for Entertainment Journalist of the Year in Scotland and she has been awarded the New Media Journalist of the Year and currently holds the title of Trinity Mirror’s Digital Journalist of the Year.
I met Beverley walking her dog in Trongate this week ... just as she was heading off for a date with Robbie Williams!
Have a chocolate or two :)
Shadows stroke Venetian columns.
A new Nomination Contest has opened at Takara. Not a member yet? Please join and then participate! :)
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Here's a new gallery by an amazing photographer...
Please find the time to take a look at Jac's great work.
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Foto nominacion #4
En esta cuarta foto "nomino" a Alice Alicja Cieliczka, Alice si aceptas el reto deberás poner una foto cada dia durante cinco dias, nominar cada día a algún miembro de este grupo "World Locations/Lugares del Mundo" y publicarla al menos en este grupo, que sea en blanco y negro, pudiendo ser con alguna de sus variantes, como virados, ¿te atreves?, recuerda que cuando nomines a alguien tienes que enviarle un Flickrcorreo para que lo sepa y pueda seguir el juego
Picture nomination No. 4
In this fourth picture "nominated" Alice Alicja Cieliczka, Alice if you accept the challenge you must post a picture every day for five days, nominate each day to a member of this group "World Locations / Venues of the World" and publish at least in this group, which is in black and white, may be with some of its variants, such as toning, do you dare ?, homines recalls that when someone have to send a FlickrMail to know and can follow the game
An Oscar nomination animated short film titled paperman really struck me. I have been in kind of a rut, and have been struggling to produce ideas; not much inspiration. I came across this film a couple days ago and it instantly made me press replay. From the subtle realistic gestures, to the score by Christophe Beck, it really took me back in my chair with my hands on my head. Inspiration was instantly conveyed to the right side of my brain and will reside. Thank you Disney.
I wanted to share some great news with my flickr friends about this 15 minute film I made last year.
Earlier this year I entered Dragonfly into a couple of film festivals. I was delighted when it won Best Documentary at the BIAFF which is the main UK amateur film festival. The judges at the BIAFF encouraged me to enter the film into the Wildscreen festival, which is the professional international wildlife film festival held biennially in Bristol.
I am amazed and really pleased to be able to share with you that my film has been nominated and will be screened at the festival and be in the running for a Panda Award (the wildlife Oscars). Given that I'm up against the Discovery Channel and the BBC Natural History unit in my category I'm not expecting to win, but I'm hugely chuffed that my film is considered worthy of sitting in amongst professionally produced films. Here is a link to the nominations page www.wildscreenfestival.org/awards.aspx I can't beleive I'm on the same page as David Attenborough! :-)
If you've not seen the film, you can access it via my website at www.wildlifelens.co.uk or go directly to it on Vimeo vimeo.com/76976406
Andy
www.youtube.com/watch?v=rog8ou-ZepE
Ice bucket challenge nominated by cold frog and Lisa Outsider.
My next nomination is Chaos. Lucifer and Miles Cantelou
Yes, I was going to be taking a little break from flickr but I've had a couple of pieces of lovely news over the last half a week. As you can probably guess from the above, I've been nominated for an award on the Hipstography website, for a portfolio of mine they published earlier last year. Some of you may remember that. Really chuffed to be included, especially amongst some really wonderful fellow photographers. Well, apparently once the nominations were chosen it is then a public vote. So, y'all should duck over there, take a gander at the fantastic nominations and vote for your faves! You can find the right page here .
Also, although many of you will have noticed, I was super pleased to get an honourable mention in the Mobile Photography Awards street category that was announced late last week, for this photo . Anyhoo, big thanks to all of you for your continued encouragement and company, I've learnt so much from keeping company with you all on this place. Appreciate it everyone!
NB: Although I did not win this category, the same shot of bathers at Bondi won the Hipstography monochrome photo of the year. Yay.
Pompeo congratulates Nechirvan Barzani on KRG presidential nomination
ERBIL, Kurdistan Region – US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo congratulated Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) Prime Minister Nechirvan Barzani on his nomination for the KRG presidency, according to a State Department readout published Wednesday night.
During a surprise visit to Erbil on Wednesday evening, Pompeo congratulated PM Barzani on his nomination for the presidency – a post which has been frozen since Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) president Masoud Barzani resigned in 2017 following the Kurdistan independence referendum.
According to a readout from the US State Department, Pompeo also emphasized “strong US support for continued dialogue between the KRG and the central government in Baghdad.”
Following an unscheduled stop in the Iraqi capital Baghdad on Wednesday morning, Pompeo travelled on to Erbil, where he also met with Masoud Barzani and Kurdistan Region Security Council Chancellor Masrour Barzani – who has been nominated for the office of prime minister.
If approved, the two Barzani cousins will hold both the top seats of government. They will only be successful if the KDP gets its way in government formation talks with the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) and the Change Movement (Gorran) – their nearest rivals.
PM Barzani described his meeting with Pompeo as “productive”.
They “discussed the recent territorial defeat of ISIS in Syria” while underscoring “the value of our strategic relationship with Iraq and our longstanding friendship with the IKR [Iraqi Kurdistan Region], which is vital for ensuring mutual security and regional stability.”
Pompeo is touring several Middle Eastern states to drum up support for America’s anti-Iran campaign and to reassure allies in the wake of US President Donald Trump’s bombshell decision to withdraw troops from northern Syria
O'Halloran, Thomas J.,, photographer.
Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm announcing her candidacy for presidential nomination
1/25/72 [25 January 1972]
1 photograph : safety negative ; film width 35mm (roll format)
Notes:
Title from contact sheet folder caption.
Forms part of: U.S. News & World Report Magazine Photograph Collection (Library of Congress).
Subjects:
Chisholm, Shirley,--1924-2005--Political activity.
Presidential elections--1970-1980.
Legislators--New York (State)--1970-1980.
Format: Film negatives--1970-1980.
Rights Info: No known restrictions on publication.
Repository: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print
Part Of: U.S. News & World Report Magazine Photograph Collection (Library of Congress) (DLC) 92517073
Higher resolution image is available (Persistent URL): hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsca.55937
Call Number: LC-U9-25383- 31
Stagecoach Glasgow Volvo B11RT 54206 is bein used on a tour of Scotland to transport the Young Scot team round the country in their quest to drum up nominations for Young Scot 2013.
Today it was in Aberdeen at the Bon Accord Centre.
Belgian postcard in de 'De 50 mooiste vrouwen van de eeuw' (The 50 most beautiful women of the century) series by P magazine, no. 32. Photo: McLaren / Isopress.
Carmen Electra (1972) is an American glamour model and actress, who began her career as a singer. Prince produced her debut record. She later appeared on the television series Baywatch (1997-1998). She made her film debut in the horror comedy American Vampire (1997), and has had roles in multiple parody films. Electra featured several times as a model in Playboy magazine.
Carmen Electra was born Tara Leigh Patrick in 1972 in Sharonville, Ohio, near Cincinnati. Her parents were Harry Patrick, a guitarist and entertainer, and his wife Patricia, a singer. Electra attended Ann Weigel Elementary School and studied dance at Dance Artists studio in Western Hills until age nine, when she enrolled in the School for Creative and Performing Arts (SCPA), Cincinnati. Electra graduated from Princeton High School in Sharonville in 1990, having transferred there from SCPA two years prior. Additionally, Electra attended and graduated from Barbizon Modeling and Acting School in Cincinnati. Electra started her professional career in 1990 as a dancer at Kings Island in Mason, Ohio, in the show It's Magic, one of the more popular shows in the park's history. In 1991, she got her first boost when a scout for Prince spotted the 18-years-old Electra fronting for a rap group in Los Angeles. Soon after, she signed a recording contract with Prince's Paisley Park Records. She had moderate success with a single named Go-Go Dancer and released a self-titled album for Prince's Paisley Park label in 1993. She also toured Europe as Prince's opening act on his 1992 Diamonds and Pearls Tour. Carmen returned to work for Prince at his Los Angeles nightclub Glam Slam. She performed there every weekend with the Erotic City dancers, led by choreographer and director Jamie King. During her time at Paisley Park Records, she officially became known as Carmen Electra. In 1995, after her short-lived singing career, Electra started appearing in television shows. In May 1996, she was featured in a nude pictorial in Playboy magazine, the first of several. This exposure led to higher profile television appearances, including as the host of MTV's dating game show Singled out (1997) and the role of lifeguard Lani McKenzie in Baywatch (1997–1998). Baywatch was a popular action series about the Los Angeles County lifeguards who patrol the beaches of Los Angeles County. In 2003, she returned to Baywatch for the reunion feature, Baywatch: Hawaiian Wedding (Jeremy Garelick, 2003) which was a box office hit. Carmen Electra was featured in Playboy four more times: June 1997, December 2000, April 2003, and the January 2009 anniversary issue. She was on the cover of the last three of these issues. In 1997, Electra made her film debut in the horror comedy American Vampire (Luis Esteban, 1997) with Adam West. Its plot follows a young male teenager (Trevor Lissauer) who encounters a sexy female vampire (Electra) while his parents vacation in Europe. The film has attained cult-like status with its tongue in cheek humour and its many references to the Beach Party films of Frankie Avalon and Annette Funicello. That year, she also appeared in the comedy Good Burger (Brian Robbins, 1997). In 1999, she appeared in the Bloodhound Gang's music video of The Inevitable Return of the Great White Dope, and the mockumentary The Mating Habits of the Earthbound Human (Jeff Abugov, 1999) with David Hyde Pierce and Lucy Liu.
In de new Millennium, Carmen Electra's film career got a boost with the horror comedy Scary Movie (Keenen Ivory Wayans, 2000), a parody of the horror, slasher, and mystery film genres. Despite a mixed critical reception, the film received positive reviews from audiences and was a box office success, grossing $278 million worldwide on a $19 million budget. It was followed by four sequels. In 2004, Electra appeared in the remake of the 1970s TV show Starsky & Hutch (Todd Phillips, 2004), with Ben Stiller and Owen Wilson, for which she won an MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss. Subsequently she played supporting parts in such films as Cheaper by the Dozen 2 (Adam Shankman, 2005) with Steve Martin, Scary Movie 4 (David Zucker, 2006), and the box office success Date Movie (Aaron Seltzer 2006) with Alyson Hannigan. Electra won the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress for her combined performances in Date Movie and Scary Movie 4. Other films include Epic Movie (Jason Friedberg, Aaron Seltzer, 2007), Meet the Spartans (Jason Friedberg, Aaron Seltzer, 2008) and Disaster Movie (Jason Friedberg, Aaron Seltzer, 2008) with Kim Kardashian in her film debut. Although some see these films among of the worst films ever, most of them did well at the box office. Meet the Spartans and Disaster Movie received in 2009 five nominations for the 29th Golden Raspberry Awards: Worst Picture, Worst Director, Worst Screenplay, Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-Off, or Sequel, and Worst Supporting Actress (Electra). Disaster Movie won a sixth for Kardashian. Electra also appeared in commercials for Maxim Men's Hair Color products (2004–2005), and Ritz Camera Centers (2006). She is featured in some video spoofs of lonelygirl15 that advertised Epic Movie. That same year she appeared as the face and spokesperson for Max Factor cosmetics in their television and print ads. In late 2006, Electra was featured in commercials by Taco Bell. In 2007, Electra became a published author with the release of her book, How to Be Sexy. Electra appeared as a guest judge on So You Think You Can Dance Season in 2011 and Britain's Got Talent in 2012. Carmen Electra was married to NBA star Dennis Rodman. She and Rodman wed in November 1998 at Little Chapel of the Flowers in Las Vegas, Nevada, but nine days later, Rodman filed for annulment, claiming he was of "unsound mind" when the pair wed. The couple reconciled and celebrated New Year's Eve together, but they mutually agreed to end their marriage in April 1999 under "amicable circumstances." In 2003, Electra married Dave Navarro, lead guitarist for the rock band Jane's Addiction. The couple documented their courtship and marriage in an MTV reality television show called 'Til Death Do Us Part: Carmen and Dave. In 2006, she and Navarro announced their separation, and the divorce was finalised in 2007. In 2012, she appeared as one of the celebrity bachelorettes on the TV dating show The Choice.
Sources: Wikipedia and IMDb.
The 1918–20 "Spanish flu" influenza pandemic resulted in dramatic mortality worldwide.
A pandemic (from Greek πᾶν, pan, 'all' and δῆμος, demos, 'people') is an epidemic of disease that has spread across a large region, for instance multiple continents, or worldwide. A widespread endemic disease with a stable number of infected people is not a pandemic. Further, flu pandemics generally exclude recurrences of seasonal flu.
Throughout history, there have been a number of pandemics of diseases such as smallpox and tuberculosis. One of the most devastating pandemics was the Black Death (also known as The Plague), which killed an estimated 75–200 million people in the 14th century. Other notable pandemics include the 1918 influenza pandemic (Spanish flu) and the 2009 flu pandemic (H1N1). Current pandemics include HIV/AIDS and the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic.
Contents
1Definition and stages
2Management
3Current pandemics
3.1HIV/AIDS
3.2Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
4Notable outbreaks
4.1Cholera
4.2Influenza
4.3Typhus
4.4Smallpox
4.5Measles
4.6Tuberculosis
4.7Leprosy
4.8Malaria
4.9Yellow fever
5Concerns about future pandemics
5.1Antibiotic resistance
5.2Viral hemorrhagic fevers
5.3Coronaviruses
5.4Influenza
5.5Zika virus
6Economic consequences
7Biological warfare
8In popular culture
9See also
10Notes
11References
12Further reading
13External links
Definition and stages[edit]
The World Health Organization's former influenza pandemic alert phases—WHO no longer uses this old system of six phases
A pandemic is an epidemic occurring on a scale that crosses international boundaries, usually affecting people on a worldwide scale.[1] Pandemics can also occur in important agricultural organisms (livestock, crop plants, fish, tree species) or in other organisms.[citation needed] A disease or condition is not a pandemic merely because it is widespread or kills many people; it must also be infectious. For instance, cancer is responsible for many deaths but is not considered a pandemic because the disease is neither infectious nor contagious.[2]
The World Health Organization (WHO) previously applied a six-stage classification to describe the process by which a novel influenza virus moves from the first few infections in humans through to a pandemic. This starts with the virus mostly infecting animals, with a few cases where animals infect people, then moves through the stage where the virus begins to spread directly between people and ends with a pandemic when infections from the new virus have spread worldwide. In February 2020, a WHO spokesperson clarified that "there is no official category [for a pandemic]".[a][3]
In a virtual press conference in May 2009 on the influenza pandemic, Dr. Keiji Fukuda, Assistant Director-General ad interim for Health Security and Environment, WHO said "An easy way to think about pandemic ... is to say: a pandemic is a global outbreak. Then you might ask yourself: 'What is a global outbreak'? Global outbreak means that we see both spread of the agent ... and then we see disease activities in addition to the spread of the virus."[4]
In planning for a possible influenza pandemic, the WHO published a document on pandemic preparedness guidance in 1999, revised in 2005 and in February 2009, defining phases and appropriate actions for each phase in an aide-mémoire titled WHO pandemic phase descriptions and main actions by phase. The 2009 revision, including definitions of a pandemic and the phases leading to its declaration, were finalized in February 2009. The pandemic H1N1 2009 virus was neither on the horizon at that time nor mentioned in the document.[5][6] All versions of this document refer to influenza. The phases are defined by the spread of the disease; virulence and mortality are not mentioned in the current WHO definition, although these factors have previously been included.[7]
Management[edit]
See also: Mathematical modelling of infectious disease
The goals of community mitigation: (1) delay outbreak peak; (2) reduce peak burden on healthcare, known as flattening the curve; and (3) diminish overall cases and health impact.[8][9]
The basic strategies in the control of an outbreak are containment and mitigation. Containment may be undertaken in the early stages of the outbreak, including contact tracing and isolating infected individuals to stop the disease from spreading to the rest of the population, other public health interventions on infection control, and therapeutic countermeasures such as vaccinations which may be effective if available.[10] When it becomes apparent that it is no longer possible to contain the spread of the disease, it will then move on to the mitigation stage, when measures are taken to slow the spread of disease and mitigate its effects on the health care system and society. In reality, a combination of both containment and mitigation measures may be undertaken at the same time to control an outbreak.[11]
A key part of managing an infectious disease outbreak is trying to decrease the epidemic peak, known as flattening the epidemic curve.[8] This helps decrease the risk of health services being overwhelmed and providing more time for a vaccine and treatment to be developed.[8] Non-pharmaceutical interventions may be taken to manage the outbreak; for example in a flu pandemic, these actions may include personal preventive measures such as hand hygiene, wearing face-masks and self-quarantine; community measures aimed at social distancing such as closing schools and cancelling mass gathering events; community engagement to encourage acceptance and participation in such interventions; as well as environmental measures such as cleaning of surfaces.[9]
Another strategy, suppression, requires more extreme long-term non-pharmaceutical interventions so as to reverse the pandemic by reducing the basic reproduction number to less than 1. The suppression strategy, which include stringent population-wide social distancing, home isolation of cases and household quarantine, was undertaken by China during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic where entire cities were placed under lockdown, but such strategy carries with it considerable social and economic costs.[12]
Current pandemics[edit]
HIV/AIDS[edit]
Main article: AIDS pandemic
Estimated HIV/AIDS prevalence among young adults (15-49) by country as of 2008
HIV originated in Africa, and spread to the United States via Haiti between 1966 and 1972.[13] AIDS is currently a pandemic, with infection rates as high as 25% in southern and eastern Africa. In 2006, the HIV prevalence rate among pregnant women in South Africa was 29%.[14] Effective education about safer sexual practices and bloodborne infection precautions training have helped to slow down infection rates in several African countries sponsoring national education programs.[citation needed]
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)[edit]
Main article: 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
People queueing outside a Wuhan pharmacy to buy face masks and medical supplies
A new coronavirus was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, in late December 2019,[15] as causing a cluster of cases of an acute respiratory disease, referred to as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). According to media reports, more than 200 countries and territories have been affected, with major outbreaks in the United States, central China, Italy, Spain, and Iran.[16][17] On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization characterized the spread of COVID-19 as a pandemic.[18][19] As of 3 April 2020, the number of SARS-CoV-2 infected persons reached one million, the death toll was 55,132 and the number of patients recovered was 225,335.[20]
Notable outbreaks[edit]
See also: List of epidemics, Columbian Exchange, and Globalization and disease
There have been a number of significant epidemics and pandemics recorded in human history, generally zoonoses such as influenza and tuberculosis, which came about with domestication of animals. There have been a number of particularly significant epidemics that deserve mention above the "mere" destruction of cities:
Plague of Athens, from 430 to 426 BCE. During the Peloponnesian War, typhoid fever killed a quarter of the Athenian troops, and a quarter of the population over four years. This disease fatally weakened the dominance of Athens, but the sheer virulence of the disease prevented its wider spread; i.e. it killed off its hosts at a rate faster than they could spread it. The exact cause of the plague was unknown for many years. In January 2006, researchers from the University of Athens analyzed teeth recovered from a mass grave underneath the city, and confirmed the presence of bacteria responsible for typhoid.[21]
Contemporary engraving of Marseille during the Great Plague of Marseille in 1720–1721
Antonine Plague, from 165 to 180 AD. Possibly smallpox brought to the Italian peninsula by soldiers returning from the Near East; it killed a quarter of those infected, and up to five million in all.[22] At the height of a second outbreak, the Plague of Cyprian (251–266), which may have been the same disease, 5,000 people a day were said to be dying in Rome.
Plague of Justinian, from 541 to 750, was the first recorded outbreak of the bubonic plague. It started in Egypt, and reached Constantinople the following spring, killing (according to the Byzantine chronicler Procopius) 10,000 a day at its height, and perhaps 40% of the city's inhabitants. The plague went on to eliminate a quarter to half the human population of the known world.[23][24] It caused Europe's population to drop by around 50% between 550 AD and 700 AD.[25]
Black Death, from 1331 to 1353. The total number of deaths worldwide is estimated at 75 to 200 million people.Black Death#cite ref-ABC/Reuters 1-1 Eight hundred years after the last outbreak, the plague returned to Europe. Starting in Asia, the disease reached Mediterranean and western Europe in 1348 (possibly from Italian merchants fleeing fighting in Crimea), and killed an estimated 20 to 30 million Europeans in six years;[26] a third of the total population,[27] and up to a half in the worst-affected urban areas.[28] It was the first of a cycle of European plague epidemics that continued until the 18th century.[29] There were more than 100 plague epidemics in Europe in this period.[30] The disease recurred in England every two to five years from 1361 to 1480.[31] By the 1370s, England's population was reduced by 50%.[32] The Great Plague of London of 1665–66 was the last major outbreak of the plague in England. The disease killed approximately 100,000 people, 20% of London's population.[33]
The third plague pandemic started in China in 1855, and spread to India, where 10 million people died.[34] During this pandemic, the United States saw its first outbreak: the San Francisco plague of 1900–1904.[35] Today, isolated cases of plague are still found in the western United States.[36]
Spanish flu, from 1918 to 1920. It infected 500 million people around the world,[37] including people on remote Pacific islands and in the Arctic, and resulted in the deaths of 50 to 100 million people.[37][38] Most influenza outbreaks disproportionately kill the very young and the very old, with higher survival rate for those in between, but the Spanish flu had an unusually high mortality rate for young adults.[39] Spanish flu killed more people than World War I did and it killed more people in 25 weeks than AIDS did in its first 25 years.[40][41] Mass troop movements and close quarters during World War I caused it to spread and mutate faster; the susceptibility of soldiers to Spanish flu might have been increased due to stress, malnourishment and chemical attacks.[42] Improved transportation systems made it easier for soldiers, sailors, and civilian travelers to spread the disease.[43]
Aztecs dying of smallpox, Florentine Codex (compiled 1540–1585)
Encounters between European explorers and populations in the rest of the world often introduced local epidemics of extraordinary virulence. Disease killed part of the native population of the Canary Islands in the 16th century (Guanches). Half the native population of Hispaniola in 1518 was killed by smallpox. Smallpox also ravaged Mexico in the 1520s, killing 150,000 in Tenochtitlán alone, including the emperor, and Peru in the 1530s, aiding the European conquerors.[44] Measles killed a further two million Mexican natives in the 17th century. In 1618–1619, smallpox wiped out 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans.[45] During the 1770s, smallpox killed at least 30% of the Pacific Northwest Native Americans.[46] Smallpox epidemics in 1780–1782 and 1837–1838 brought devastation and drastic depopulation among the Plains Indians.[47] Some believe the death of up to 95% of the Native American population of the New World was caused by Old World diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza.[48] Over the centuries, the Europeans had developed high degrees of immunity to these diseases, while the indigenous peoples had no such immunity.[49]
Smallpox devastated the native population of Australia, killing around 50% of Indigenous Australians in the early years of British colonisation.[50] It also killed many New Zealand Māori.[51] As late as 1848–49, as many as 40,000 out of 150,000 Hawaiians are estimated to have died of measles, whooping cough and influenza. Introduced diseases, notably smallpox, nearly wiped out the native population of Easter Island.[52] Measles killed more than 40,000 Fijians, approximately one-third of the population, in 1875,[53] and in the early 21st century devastated the Andamanese population.[54] The Ainu population decreased drastically in the 19th century, due in large part to infectious diseases brought by Japanese settlers pouring into Hokkaido.[55]
Researchers concluded that syphilis was carried from the New World to Europe after Columbus' voyages. The findings suggested Europeans could have carried the nonvenereal tropical bacteria home, where the organisms may have mutated into a more deadly form in the different conditions of Europe.[56] The disease was more frequently fatal than it is today. Syphilis was a major killer in Europe during the Renaissance.[57] Between 1602 and 1796, the Dutch East India Company sent almost a million Europeans to work in Asia. Ultimately, fewer than a third made their way back to Europe. The majority died of diseases.[58] Disease killed more British soldiers in India and South Africa than war.[59]
As early as 1803, the Spanish Crown organized a mission (the Balmis expedition) to transport the smallpox vaccine to the Spanish colonies, and establish mass vaccination programs there.[60] By 1832, the federal government of the United States established a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans.[61] From the beginning of the 20th century onwards, the elimination or control of disease in tropical countries became a driving force for all colonial powers.[62] The sleeping sickness epidemic in Africa was arrested due to mobile teams systematically screening millions of people at risk.[63] In the 20th century, the world saw the biggest increase in its population in human history due to lessening of the mortality rate in many countries due to medical advances.[64] The world population has grown from 1.6 billion in 1900 to an estimated 6.8 billion in 2011.[65]
Cholera[edit]
Main article: Cholera outbreaks and pandemics
Since it became widespread in the 19th century, cholera has killed tens of millions of people.[66]
1817–1824 cholera pandemic. Previously restricted to the Indian subcontinent, the pandemic began in Bengal, then spread across India by 1820. 10,000 British troops and countless Indians died during this pandemic.[67] It extended as far as China, Indonesia (where more than 100,000 people succumbed on the island of Java alone) and the Caspian Sea before receding. Deaths in the Indian subcontinent between 1817 and 1860 are estimated to have exceeded 15 million persons. Another 23 million died between 1865 and 1917. Russian deaths during a similar period exceeded 2 million.[68]
1826–1837 cholera pandemic. Reached Russia (see Cholera Riots), Hungary (about 100,000 deaths) and Germany in 1831, London in 1832 (more than 55,000 persons died in the United Kingdom),[69] France, Canada (Ontario), and United States (New York City) in the same year,[70] and the Pacific coast of North America by 1834. It is believed that more than 150,000 Americans died of cholera between 1832 and 1849.[71]
1846–1860 cholera pandemic. Deeply affected Russia, with more than a million deaths. A two-year outbreak began in England and Wales in 1848 and claimed 52,000 lives.[72] Throughout Spain, cholera caused more than 236,000 deaths in 1854–55.[73] It claimed 200,000 lives in Mexico.[74]
1863–75 cholera pandemic. Spread mostly in Europe and Africa. At least 30,000 of the 90,000 Mecca pilgrims fell victim to the disease. Cholera claimed 90,000 lives in Russia in 1866.[75]
In 1866, there was an outbreak in North America. It killed some 50,000 Americans.[71]
1881–96 cholera pandemic. The 1883–1887 epidemic cost 250,000 lives in Europe and at least 50,000 in the Americas. Cholera claimed 267,890 lives in Russia (1892);[76] 120,000 in Spain;[77] 90,000 in Japan and 60,000 in Persia.
In 1892, cholera contaminated the water supply of Hamburg, and caused 8,606 deaths.[78]
1899–1923 cholera pandemic. Had little effect in Europe because of advances in public health, but Russia was badly affected again (more than 500,000 people dying of cholera during the first quarter of the 20th century).[79] The sixth pandemic killed more than 800,000 in India. The 1902–1904 cholera epidemic claimed more than 200,000 lives in the Philippines.[80]
1961–75 cholera pandemic. Began in Indonesia, called El Tor after the new biotype responsible for the pandemic, and reached Bangladesh in 1963, India in 1964, and the Soviet Union in 1966. Since then the pandemic has reached Africa, South America, and Central America.
Influenza[edit]
Main article: Influenza pandemic
Advice for travelers (in French and English) on the risks of epidemics abroad; posters from the Charles De Gaulle airport, Paris
The Greek physician Hippocrates, the "Father of Medicine", first described influenza in 412 BC.[81]
The first influenza pandemic was recorded in 1580, and since then, influenza pandemics occurred every 10 to 30 years.[82][83][84]
The 1889–1890 flu pandemic, also known as Russian Flu, was first reported in May 1889 in Bukhara, Uzbekistan. By October, it had reached Tomsk and the Caucasus. It rapidly spread west and hit North America in December 1889, South America in February–April 1890, India in February–March 1890, and Australia in March–April 1890. The H3N8 and H2N2 subtypes of the Influenza A virus have each been identified as possible causes. It had a very high attack and mortality rate, causing around a million fatalities.[85]
The "Spanish flu", 1918–1919. First identified early in March 1918 in U.S. troops training at Camp Funston, Kansas. By October 1918, it had spread to become a worldwide pandemic on all continents, and eventually infected about one-third of the world's population (or ≈500 million persons).[37] Unusually deadly and virulent, it ended almost as quickly as it began, vanishing completely within 18 months. Within six months, some 50 million people were dead;[37] some estimates put the total number of fatalities worldwide at over twice that number.[86] About 17 million died in India, 675,000 in the United States,[87] and 200,000 in the United Kingdom. The virus that caused Spanish flu was also implicated as a cause of encephalitis lethargica in children.[88] The virus was recently reconstructed by scientists at the CDC studying remains preserved by the Alaskan permafrost. The H1N1 virus has a small but crucial structure that is similar to the Spanish flu.[89]
The "Asian Flu", 1957–58. A H2N2 virus first identified in China in late February 1957. It caused about two million deaths globally.[90] The Asian flu spread to the United States by June 1957 and caused about 70,000 deaths in the U.S.
The "Hong Kong Flu", 1968–69. A H3N2 virus first detected in Hong Kong in early 1968, and spread to the United States later that year. This pandemic of 1968 and 1969 killed approximately one million people worldwide.[91] It caused about 34,000 deaths in the United States.
The "Swine Flu", 2009–10. An H1N1 virus first detected in Mexico in early 2009, and spread to the United States later that year. This pandemic was estimated to have killed around 284,000 people worldwide.[92][failed verification] It was estimated to have caused about 12,000 deaths in the United States alone.
Typhus[edit]
Typhus is sometimes called "camp fever" because of its pattern of flaring up in times of strife. (It is also known as "gaol fever" and "ship fever", for its habits of spreading wildly in cramped quarters, such as jails and ships.) Emerging during the Crusades, it had its first impact in Europe in 1489, in Spain. During fighting between the Christian Spaniards and the Muslims in Granada, the Spanish lost 3,000 to war casualties, and 20,000 to typhus. In 1528, the French lost 18,000 troops in Italy, and lost supremacy in Italy to the Spanish. In 1542, 30,000 soldiers died of typhus while fighting the Ottomans in the Balkans.
During the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), about eight million Germans were killed by bubonic plague and typhus.[93] The disease also played a major role in the destruction of Napoleon's Grande Armée in Russia in 1812. During the retreat from Moscow, more French military personnel died of typhus than were killed by the Russians.[94] Of the 450,000 soldiers who crossed the Neman on 25 June 1812, fewer than 40,000 returned. More military personnel were killed from 1500–1914 by typhus than from military action.[95] In early 1813, Napoleon raised a new army of 500,000 to replace his Russian losses. In the campaign of that year, more than 219,000 of Napoleon's soldiers died of typhus.[96] Typhus played a major factor in the Irish Potato Famine. During World War I, typhus epidemics killed more than 150,000 in Serbia. There were about 25 million infections and 3 million deaths from epidemic typhus in Russia from 1918 to 1922.[96] Typhus also killed numerous prisoners in the Nazi concentration camps and Soviet prisoner of war camps during World War II. More than 3.5 million Soviet POWs died out of the 5.7 million in Nazi custody.[97]
Smallpox[edit]
A child with smallpox infection, c. 1908
Smallpox was a contagious disease caused by the variola virus. The disease killed an estimated 400,000 Europeans per year during the closing years of the 18th century.[98] During the 20th century, it is estimated that smallpox was responsible for 300–500 million deaths.[99][100] As recently as the early 1950s, an estimated 50 million cases of smallpox occurred in the world each year.[101] After successful vaccination campaigns throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the WHO certified the eradication of smallpox in December 1979. To this day, smallpox is the only human infectious disease to have been completely eradicated,[102] and one of two infectious viruses ever to be eradicated along with rinderpest.[103]
Measles[edit]
Historically, measles was prevalent throughout the world, as it is highly contagious. According to the U.S. National Immunization Program, 90% of people were infected with measles by age 15. Before the vaccine was introduced in 1963, there were an estimated three to four million cases in the U.S. each year.[104] Measles killed around 200 million people worldwide over the last 150 years.[105] In 2000 alone, measles killed some 777,000 worldwide out of 40 million cases globally.[106]
Measles is an endemic disease, meaning it has been continually present in a community, and many people develop resistance. In populations that have not been exposed to measles, exposure to a new disease can be devastating. In 1529, a measles outbreak in Cuba killed two-thirds of the natives who had previously survived smallpox.[107] The disease had ravaged Mexico, Central America, and the Inca civilization.[108]
Tuberculosis[edit]
In 2007, the prevalence of TB per 100,000 people was highest in Sub-Saharan Africa, and was also relatively high in Asian countries like India.
One-quarter of the world's current population has been infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and new infections occur at a rate of one per second.[109] About 5–10% of these latent infections will eventually progress to active disease, which, if left untreated, kills more than half its victims. Annually, eight million people become ill with tuberculosis, and two million die from the disease worldwide.[110] In the 19th century, tuberculosis killed an estimated one-quarter of the adult population of Europe;[111] by 1918, one in six deaths in France were still caused by tuberculosis. During the 20th century, tuberculosis killed approximately 100 million people.[105] TB is still one of the most important health problems in the developing world.[112]
Leprosy[edit]
Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is caused by a bacillus, Mycobacterium leprae. It is a chronic disease with an incubation period of up to five years. Since 1985, 15 million people worldwide have been cured of leprosy.[113]
Historically, leprosy has affected people since at least 600 BC.[114] Leprosy outbreaks began to occur in Western Europe around 1000 AD.[115][116] Numerous leprosoria, or leper hospitals, sprang up in the Middle Ages; Matthew Paris estimated that in the early 13th century, there were 19,000 of them across Europe.[117]
Malaria[edit]
Past and current malaria prevalence in 2009
Malaria is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of the Americas, Asia, and Africa. Each year, there are approximately 350–500 million cases of malaria.[118] Drug resistance poses a growing problem in the treatment of malaria in the 21st century, since resistance is now common against all classes of antimalarial drugs, except for the artemisinins.[119]
Malaria was once common in most of Europe and North America, where it is now for all purposes non-existent.[120] Malaria may have contributed to the decline of the Roman Empire.[121] The disease became known as "Roman fever".[122] Plasmodium falciparum became a real threat to colonists and indigenous people alike when it was introduced into the Americas along with the slave trade. Malaria devastated the Jamestown colony and regularly ravaged the South and Midwest of the United States. By 1830, it had reached the Pacific Northwest.[123] During the American Civil War, there were more than 1.2 million cases of malaria among soldiers of both sides.[124] The southern U.S. continued to be afflicted with millions of cases of malaria into the 1930s.[125]
Yellow fever[edit]
Yellow fever has been a source of several devastating epidemics.[126] Cities as far north as New York, Philadelphia, and Boston were hit with epidemics. In 1793, one of the largest yellow fever epidemics in U.S. history killed as many as 5,000 people in Philadelphia—roughly 10% of the population. About half of the residents had fled the city, including President George Washington.[127] In colonial times, West Africa became known as "the white man's grave" because of malaria and yellow fever.[128]
Concerns about future pandemics[edit]
See also: Pandemic prevention
Antibiotic resistance[edit]
Main article: Antibiotic resistance
Antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", may contribute to the re-emergence of diseases which are currently well controlled.[129] For example, cases of tuberculosis that are resistant to traditionally effective treatments remain a cause of great concern to health professionals. Every year, nearly half a million new cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are estimated to occur worldwide.[130] China and India have the highest rate of multidrug-resistant TB.[131] The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that approximately 50 million people worldwide are infected with MDR TB, with 79 percent of those cases resistant to three or more antibiotics. In 2005, 124 cases of MDR TB were reported in the United States. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR TB) was identified in Africa in 2006, and subsequently discovered to exist in 49 countries, including the United States. There are about 40,000 new cases of XDR-TB per year, the WHO estimates.[132]
In the past 20 years, common bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcescens and Enterococcus, have developed resistance to various antibiotics such as vancomycin, as well as whole classes of antibiotics, such as the aminoglycosides and cephalosporins. Antibiotic-resistant organisms have become an important cause of healthcare-associated (nosocomial) infections (HAI). In addition, infections caused by community-acquired strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in otherwise healthy individuals have become more frequent in recent years.
Viral hemorrhagic fevers[edit]
Viral hemorrhagic fevers such as Ebola virus disease, Lassa fever, Rift Valley fever, Marburg virus disease and Bolivian hemorrhagic fever are highly contagious and deadly diseases, with the theoretical potential to become pandemics.[133] Their ability to spread efficiently enough to cause a pandemic is limited, however, as transmission of these viruses requires close contact with the infected vector, and the vector has only a short time before death or serious illness. Furthermore, the short time between a vector becoming infectious and the onset of symptoms allows medical professionals to quickly quarantine vectors, and prevent them from carrying the pathogen elsewhere. Genetic mutations could occur, which could elevate their potential for causing widespread harm; thus close observation by contagious disease specialists is merited.[citation needed]
Coronaviruses[edit]
Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). A new strain of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) causes Coronavirus disease 2019, or COVID-19.[134]
COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the WHO on 11 March 2020.
Some coronaviruses are zoonotic, meaning they are transmitted between animals and people. Detailed investigations found that SARS-CoV was transmitted from civet cats to humans, and MERS-CoV from dromedary camels to humans. Several known coronaviruses are circulating in animals that have not yet infected humans. Common signs of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even death. Standard recommendations to prevent the spread of infection include regular hand washing, covering mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing, thoroughly cooking meat and eggs, and avoiding close contact with anyone showing symptoms of respiratory illness such as coughing and sneezing. The recommended distance from other people is 6 feet, a practice more commonly called social distancing.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome[edit]
In 2003 the Italian physician Carlo Urbani (1956–2003) was the first to identify severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) as a new and dangerously contagious disease, although he became infected and died. It is caused by a coronavirus dubbed SARS-CoV. Rapid action by national and international health authorities such as the World Health Organization helped to slow transmission and eventually broke the chain of transmission, which ended the localized epidemics before they could become a pandemic. However, the disease has not been eradicated and could re-emerge. This warrants monitoring and reporting of suspicious cases of atypical pneumonia.[135]
Influenza[edit]
Main article: Influenza pandemic
President Barack Obama is briefed in the Situation Room about the 2009 flu pandemic, which killed as many as 17,000 Americans.[136]
Wild aquatic birds are the natural hosts for a range of influenza A viruses. Occasionally, viruses are transmitted from these species to other species, and may then cause outbreaks in domestic poultry or, rarely, in humans.[137][138]
H5N1 (Avian flu)[edit]
Main article: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1
In February 2004, avian influenza virus was detected in birds in Vietnam, increasing fears of the emergence of new variant strains. It is feared that if the avian influenza virus combines with a human influenza virus (in a bird or a human), the new subtype created could be both highly contagious and highly lethal in humans. Such a subtype could cause a global influenza pandemic, similar to the Spanish flu or the lower mortality pandemics such as the Asian Flu and the Hong Kong Flu.
From October 2004 to February 2005, some 3,700 test kits of the 1957 Asian Flu virus were accidentally spread around the world from a lab in the U.S.[139]
In May 2005, scientists urgently called upon nations to prepare for a global influenza pandemic that could strike as much as 20% of the world's population.[140]
In October 2005, cases of the avian flu (the deadly strain H5N1) were identified in Turkey. EU Health Commissioner Markos Kyprianou said: "We have received now confirmation that the virus found in Turkey is an avian flu H5N1 virus. There is a direct relationship with viruses found in Russia, Mongolia and China." Cases of bird flu were also identified shortly thereafter in Romania, and then Greece. Possible cases of the virus have also been found in Croatia, Bulgaria and the United Kingdom.[141]
By November 2007, numerous confirmed cases of the H5N1 strain had been identified across Europe.[142] However, by the end of October, only 59 people had died as a result of H5N1, which was atypical of previous influenza pandemics.
Avian flu cannot be categorized as a "pandemic" because the virus cannot yet cause sustained and efficient human-to-human transmission. Cases so far are recognized to have been transmitted from bird to human, but as of December 2006 there had been few (if any) cases of proven human-to-human transmission.[143] Regular influenza viruses establish infection by attaching to receptors in the throat and lungs, but the avian influenza virus can attach only to receptors located deep in the lungs of humans, requiring close, prolonged contact with infected patients, and thus limiting person-to-person transmission.
Zika virus[edit]
Main articles: 2015–16 Zika virus epidemic, Zika virus, and Zika fever
An outbreak of Zika virus began in 2015 and strongly intensified throughout the start of 2016, with more than 1.5 million cases across more than a dozen countries in the Americas. The World Health Organization warned that Zika had the potential to become an explosive global pandemic if the outbreak was not controlled.[144]
Economic consequences[edit]
In 2016, the Commission on a Global Health Risk Framework for the Future estimated that pandemic disease events would cost the global economy over $6 trillion in the 21st century—over $60 billion per year.[145] The same report recommended spending $4.5 billion annually on global prevention and response capabilities to reduce the threat posed by pandemic events.
Biological warfare[edit]
Further information: Biological warfare
In 1346, according to secondhand and uncorroborated accounts by Mussi, the bodies of Mongol warriors who had died of plague were thrown over the walls of the besieged Crimean city of Kaffa (now Theodosia). After a protracted siege, during which the Mongol army under Jani Beg was suffering the disease, they catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls to infect the inhabitants. It has been speculated that this operation may have been responsible for the arrival of the Black Death in Europe. However, historians believe it would have taken far too long for the bodies to become contagious.[146]
The Native American population was devastated after contact with the Old World by introduction of many fatal diseases.[147][148][149] In a well documented case of germ warfare involving British commander Jeffery Amherst and Swiss-British officer Colonel Henry Bouquet, their correspondence included a proposal and agreement to give smallpox-infected blankets to Indians in order to "Extirpate this Execrable Race". During the siege of Fort Pitt late in the French and Indian War, as recorded in his journal by sundries trader and militia Captain, William Trent, on 24 June 1763, dignitaries from the Delaware tribe met with Fort Pitt officials, warned them of "great numbers of Indians" coming to attack the fort, and pleaded with them to leave the fort while there was still time. The commander of the fort refused to abandon the fort. Instead, the British gave as gifts two blankets, one silk handkerchief and one linen from the smallpox hospital to two Delaware Indian dignitaries.[150] The dignitaries were met again later and they seemingly hadn't contracted smallpox.[151] A relatively small outbreak of smallpox had begun spreading earlier that spring, with a hundred dying from it among Native American tribes in the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes area through 1763 and 1764.[151] The effectiveness of the biological warfare itself remains unknown, and the method used is inefficient compared to respiratory transmission and these attempts to spread the disease are difficult to differentiate from epidemics occurring from previous contacts with colonists,[152] as smallpox outbreaks happened every dozen or so years.[153] However historian Francis Jennings believes that the attempt at biological warfare was "unquestionably effective at Fort Pitt".[154]
During the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), Unit 731 of the Imperial Japanese Army conducted human experimentation on thousands, mostly Chinese. In military campaigns, the Japanese army used biological weapons on Chinese soldiers and civilians. Plague fleas, infected clothing, and infected supplies encased in bombs were dropped on various targets. The resulting cholera, anthrax, and plague were estimated to have killed around 400,000 Chinese civilians.
Diseases considered for or known to be used as a weapon include anthrax, ebola, Marburg virus, plague, cholera, typhus, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularemia, brucellosis, Q fever, machupo, Coccidioides mycosis, Glanders, Melioidosis, Shigella, Psittacosis, Japanese B encephalitis, Rift Valley fever, yellow fever, and smallpox.[155]
Spores of weaponized anthrax were accidentally released from a military facility near the Soviet closed city of Sverdlovsk in 1979. The Sverdlovsk anthrax leak is sometimes called "biological Chernobyl".[155] In January 2009, an Al-Qaeda training camp in Algeria was reportedly wiped out by the plague, killing approximately 40 Islamic extremists. Some experts said the group was developing biological weapons,[156] however, a couple of days later the Algerian Health Ministry flatly denied this rumour stating "No case of plague of any type has been recorded in any region of Algeria since 2003".[157]
In popular culture[edit]
This section contains a list of miscellaneous information. Please relocate any relevant information into other sections or articles. (March 2020)
Pieter Bruegel's The Triumph of Death (c. 1562) reflects the social upheaval and terror that followed the plague that devastated medieval Europe.
Pandemics appear in multiple fiction works. A common use is in disaster films, where the protagonists must avoid the effects of the plague, for example zombies.[clarification needed]
Literature
The Decameron, a 14th-century writing by Italian author Giovanni Boccaccio, circa 1353
The Last Man, an 1826 novel by Mary Shelley
The Betrothed, an 1842 historical novel by Alessandro Manzoni describing the plague that struck Milan around 1630.
Pale Horse, Pale Rider, a 1939 short novel by Katherine Anne Porter
The Plague, a 1947 novel by Albert Camus
Earth Abides, a 1949 novel by George R. Stewart
I Am Legend, a 1954 science fiction/horror novel by American writer Richard Matheson
The Andromeda Strain, a 1969 science fiction novel by Michael Crichton
The Last Canadian, a 1974 novel by William C. Heine
The Black Death, a 1977 novel by Gwyneth Cravens describing an outbreak of the Pneumonic plague in New York[158]
The Stand, a 1978 novel by Stephen King
And the Band Played On, a 1987 non-fiction account by Randy Shilts about the emergence and discovery of the HIV / AIDS pandemic
Doomsday Book, a 1992 time-travel novel by Connie Willis
The Last Town on Earth, a 2006 novel by Thomas Mullen
World War Z, a 2006 novel by Max Brooks
Company of Liars (2008), by Karen Maitland
The Passage trilogy by Justin Cronin with The Passage (2010), The Twelve (2012), and The City of Mirrors (2016)
Station Eleven, a 2014 novel by Emily St. John Mandel
Film
The Seventh Seal (1957), set during the Black Death
The Last Man on Earth (1964), a horror/science fiction film based on the Richard Matheson novel I Am Legend
Andromeda Strain (1971), a U.S. science fiction film based on the 1969 science fiction novel by Michael Crichton.
The Omega Man (1971), an English science fiction film, based on the Richard Matheson novel I Am Legend
And the Band Played On (film) (1993), a HBO movie about the emergence of the HIV / AIDS pandemic; based on the 1987 non-fiction book by journalistRandy Shilts
The Stand (1994), based on the eponymous novel by Stephen King about a worldwide pandemic of biblical proportions
The Horseman on the Roof (Le Hussard sur le Toit) (1995), a French film dealing with an 1832 cholera outbreak
Twelve Monkeys (1995), set in a future world devastated by a man-made virus
Outbreak (1995), fiction film focusing on an outbreak of an Ebola-like virus in Zaire and later in a small town in California.
Smallpox 2002 (2002), a fictional BBC docudrama
28 Days Later (2002), a fictional horror film following the outbreak of an infectious 'Rage' virus that destroys all of mainland Britain
Yesterday (2004), a movie about the social aspects of the AIDS crisis in Africa.
End Day (2005), a fictional BBC docudrama
I Am Legend (2007), a post-apocalyptic action thriller film film starring Will Smith based on the Richard Matheson novel I Am Legend
28 Weeks Later (2007), the sequel film to 28 Days Later, ending with the evident spread of infection to mainland Europe
The Happening (2008), a fictional suspense film about an epidemic caused by an unknown neurotoxin that induces human suicides to reduce population and restore ecological balance
Doomsday (2008), in which Scotland is quarantined following an epidemic
Black Death (2010) action horror film set during the time of the first outbreak of bubonic plague in England
After Armageddon (2010), fictional History Channel docudrama
Contagion (2011), American thriller centering on the threat posed by a deadly disease and an international team of doctors contracted by the CDC to deal with the outbreak
How to Survive a Plague (2012), a documentary film about the early years of the AIDS epidemic
World War Z (2013) American apocalyptic action horror film based on the novel by Max Brooks
The Normal Heart (2014), film depicts the rise of the HIV-AIDS crisis in New York City between 1981 and 1984
Television
Spanish Flu: The Forgotten Fallen (2009), a television drama
Helix (2014–2015), a television series that depicts a team of scientists from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) who are tasked to prevent pandemics from occurring.
The Last Man on Earth (2015–2018), a television series about a group of survivors after a pandemic has wiped out most life (humans and animals) on Earth
12 Monkeys (2015–2018), a television series that depicts James Cole, a time traveler, who travels from the year 2043 to the present day to stop the release of a deadly virus.
Survivors (1975–1977), classic BBC series created by Terry Nation. The series follows a group of people as they come to terms with the aftermath of a world pandemic.
Survivors (2008), BBC series, loosely based on the Terry Nation book which came after the series, instead of a retelling of the original TV series.
The Last Train 1999 written by Matthew Graham
World Without End (2012), chronicles the experiences of the medieval English town of Kingsbridge during the outbreak of the Black Death, based on Ken Follett's 2007 novel of the same name.
The Hot Zone (2019), a television series based on the 1994 non-fiction book of the same name by Richard Preston.
Pandemic: How to Prevent an Outbreak (2020), Netflix's docuseries
The Walking Dead (2010–), a virus appears that kills people and then revives them by turning them into zombies. An Atlanta group will try to survive in this new, post-apocalyptic world
Games
Resident Evil series (1996-2020), video game series focusing on T-virus pandemic and eventual zombie apocalypse as part of a bioterrorism act. The video games later evolved to be focusing on parasites and bioweapons.
Deus Ex, A World Wide Plague known as grey death infects the world created by Majestic 12 to bring about population reduction and New World order.
Pandemic (2008), a cooperative board game in which the players have to discover the cures for four diseases that break out at the same time.
Plague Inc. (2012), a smartphone game from Ndemic Creations, where the goal is to kill off the human race with a plague.
The Last of Us (2013), a post-apocalyptic survival game centred around an outbreak of a Cordyceps-like fungal infection.
Tom Clancy's The Division (2015) A video game about a bioterrorist attack that has devastated the United States and thrown New York into anarchy.
See also[edit]
Pandemic portal
iconViruses portal
List of epidemics
Biological hazard
Bushmeat
Compartmental models in epidemiology
Crowdmapping
Disease X
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)
Mathematical modelling of infectious disease
Medieval demography
Mortality from infectious diseases
Pandemic severity index
Public health emergency of international concern
Super-spreader
Syndemic
Tropical disease
Timeline of global health
WHO pandemic phases
Notes[edit]
^ For clarification, WHO does not use the old system of six phases—ranging from phase 1 (no reports of animal influenza causing human infections) to phase 6 (a pandemic)—that some people may be familiar with from H1N1 in 2009.
References[edit]
^ Porta, Miquel, ed. (2008). Dictionary of Epidemiology. Oxford University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-19-531449-6. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
^ A. M., Dumar (2009). Swine Flu: What You Need to Know. Wildside Press LLC. p. 7. ISBN 978-1434458322.
^ "WHO says it no longer uses 'pandemic' category, but virus still emergency". Reuters. 24 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
^ "WHO press conference on 2009 pandemic influenza" (PDF). World Health Organization. 26 May 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
^ "Pandemic influenza preparedness and response" (PDF). World Health Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2011.
^ "WHO pandemic phase descriptions and main actions by phase" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2011.
^ "A whole industry is waiting for an epidemic". Der Spiegel. 21 July 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Anderson RM, Heesterbeek H, Klinkenberg D, Hollingsworth TD (March 2020). "How will country-based mitigation measures influence the course of the COVID-19 epidemic?". The Lancet. 395 (10228): 931–934. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30567-5. PMID 32164834. A key issue for epidemiologists is helping policy makers decide the main objectives of mitigation—eg, minimising morbidity and associated mortality, avoiding an epidemic peak that overwhelms health-care services, keeping the effects on the economy within manageable levels, and flattening the epidemic curve to wait for vaccine development and manufacture on scale and antiviral drug therapies.
^ Jump up to: a b "Community Mitigation Guidelines to Prevent Pandemic Influenza—United States, 2017". Recommendations and Reports. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 66 (1). 12 April 2017.
^ "3. Strategies for Disease Containment". Ethical and Legal Considerations in Mitigating Pandemic Disease: Workshop Summary.
^ Baird, Robert P. (11 March 2020). "What It Means to Contain and Mitigate the Coronavirus". The New Yorker.
^ "Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID19 mortality and healthcare demand" (PDF). Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team. 16 March 2020.
^ Chong, Jia-Rui (30 October 2007). "Analysis clarifies route of AIDS". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
^ "The South African Department of Health Study". Avert.org. 2006. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
^ "WHO Statement Regarding Cluster of Pneumonia Cases in Wuhan, China". WHO. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
^ "Covid-19 Coronavirus Pandemic (Live statistics)". Worldometer. 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
^ "Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases by Johns Hopkins CSSE". gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
^ "WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19—11 March 2020". WHO. 11 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
^ "Coronavirus confirmed as pandemic". BBC News. 11 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
^ Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU). "John Hopkins," April 03, 2020
^ "Ancient Athenian Plague Proves to Be Typhoid". Scientific American. 25 January 2006.
^ Past pandemics that ravaged Europe. BBC News, 7 November. 2005
^ "Cambridge Catalogue page 'Plague and the End of Antiquity'". Cambridge.org. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
^ Quotes from book "Plague and the End of Antiquity" Archived 16 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Lester K. Little, ed., Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541–750, Cambridge, 2006. ISBN 0-521-84639-0
^ "Plague, Plague Information, Black Death Facts, News, Photos". National Geographic. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
^ Death on a Grand Scale. MedHunters.
^ Stéphane Barry and Norbert Gualde, in L'Histoire No. 310, June 2006, pp. 45–46, say "between one-third and two-thirds"; Robert Gottfried (1983). "Black Death" in Dictionary of the Middle Ages, volume 2, pp. 257–267, says "between 25 and 45 percent".
^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Plague" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 693–705.
^ "A List of National Epidemics of Plague in England 1348–1665". Urbanrim.org.uk. 4 August 2010. Archived from the original on 8 May 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
^ Revill, Jo (16 May 2004). "Black Death blamed on man, not rats". The Observer. London. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
^ "Texas Department of State Health Services, History of Plague". Dshs.state.tx.us. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
^ Igeji, Mike. "Black Death". BBC. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
^ The Great Plague of London, 1665. The Harvard University Library, Open Collections Program: Contagion.
^ "Zoonotic Infections: Plague". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 20 April 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
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Christina Applegate (born November 25, 1971) is an American actress and dancer who as an adolescent actress started playing the role of Kelly Bundy on the Fox sitcom Married... with Children (1987–97). In her adult years, Applegate established a film and television career, winning an Emmy and earning Tony and Golden Globe nominations. She is also known for doing the voice of Brittany in the Alvin and the Chipmunks film series.
She has had major roles in several films, including Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead (1991), The Big Hit (1998), Prince Charming (2001), The Sweetest Thing (2002), Grand Theft Parsons (2003), Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy (2004) and its sequel, Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues (2013), Farce of the Penguins (2007), Hall Pass (2011), and Vacation (2015). She has also starred in numerous Broadway theatre productions such as the 2005 revival of the musical Sweet Charity. She played the lead role in the television sitcoms Jesse (1998–2000) and Samantha Who? (2007–09) and starred in the NBC comedy Up All Night (2011–12) before leaving over the creative direction of the series, which was cancelled shortly afterward.
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[This is a set of 9 photos] The Church of the Cross is an historic church in Bluffton, Beaufort County, South Carolina, overlooking the May River. It is in Carpenter Gothic style. Made of unfinished cypress wood it is constructed with the board and batten pattern of vertical strips of wood along the surfaces. Constructed in a cruciform design, the church has four clearly defined facades. The front, or east facade, has a pointed-arch doorway flanked by a mullioned lancet window on each side, the arched portion using a palmetto design; these windows have shutters, a feature used throughout the church. Above the door is a 3-part lancet window with smaller trefoil-shaped windows on either side. The same door and window styles are used throughout. On the north facade is an open belltower that does not rise much in height. Photos of the apse (west facade) did not turn out.
Construction began in 1854, and the church was consecrated in 1857. The interior has exposed timbers of pine, rose tinted glass and pink plaster, which enhances the soft light. The architect was Edward Brickell White (1806-1882) of Charleston, South Carolina.
info on the church: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Cross
info on the architect: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Brickell_White
Church of the Cross was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 29, 1975 with ID 75001686. The nomination form is located at
www.nationalregister.sc.gov/beaufort/S10817707022/S108177...
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Romanian postcard by Casa Filmului Acin, no. 136. Collection: Alina Deaconu.
Geneviève Bujold (1942) is a Canadian actress. She was nominated for an Academy Award in 1970 for her leading role as Anna Boleyn in the historical drama film Anne of the Thousand Days (1969). She has played roles in more than fifty films and played both English- and French-speaking characters. Her other films include The Trojan Women (1971), Earthquake (1974), Obsession (1976), Coma (1978), and Dead Ringers (1988).
Geneviève Bujold was born in 1942 in Montreal in Canada. She was the daughter of Laurette (née Cavanagh), a maid, and Joseph Firmin Bujold, a bus driver. After twelve years of strict education in a Catholic convent, she attended the Conservatoire d'art dramatique de Montréal. Her acting training was classically French. She first rose to prominence in French-language cinema in the 1960s. Her Canadian feature film debut was in the psychological horro-fantasy Amanita Pestilens (René Bonnière, 1963). She appeared in several films by Canadian director and cinematographer Michel Brault, a founder of cinéma vérité. In France, she made two films: Philippe de Broca's Le Roi de cœur/King of Hearts (1966), with Alan Bates, and Louis Malle's crime film Le voleur/The Thief of Paris (1967), with Jean-Paul Belmondo. Bujold won the Prix Suzanne as the Discovery of the Year and Elle magazine called her "The Girl of the Day". Despite having established herself in France, however, she returned to Canada. In 1967, Bujold married the eleven years older director Paul Almond and they had a son, Matt Almond. Matt now also works in the film world, but mainly behind the scenes. Bujold was directed several times by her husband in such films as Isabel (1968), Act of the Heart (1970) and Journey (1972). After their divorce in 1973, she continued to play in his films, such as Final Assignment (1980) and The Dance Goes On (1992). Bujold gave birth to her second son in 1980 with her new partner Dennis Hastings.
Geneviève Bujold earned a Golden Globe Award and an Oscar nomination for the title role of Anne Boleyn in the British production Anne of the Thousand Days (Charles Jarrott, 1969), with Richard Burton. Producer Hal B. Wallis cast her after seeing her in Isabel. In 1971, she was sued by the studio for US$450,000 in damages after she withdrew her commitment to play in Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots (Charles Jarrott, 1971). Instead, she played the role of Cassandra, a Greek prophet, in Michael Cacoyannis's film version of The Trojan Women (1971), opposite Katharine Hepburn, Vanessa Redgrave, and Irene Papas. She settled the lawsuit with Universal, agreeing to a three-picture film contract starting with the disaster film Earthquake (Mark Robson, 1974), starring with Charlton Heston and Ava Gardner. The film is notable for the use of an innovative sound effect called Sensurround, which created the sense of actually experiencing an earthquake in theatres. A year later, Philippe de Broca cast her alongside Jean-Paul Belmondo and Capucine in the comedy L'incorrigible/The Incorrigible (Philippe de Broca, 1975). In 1976 she appeared in Brian De Palma's thriller Obsession opposite Cliff Robertson and alongside Jack Lemmon in Love and Other Crimes. In 1977 she starred in the French Western Un autre homme, une autre chance/Another Man - Another Woman (Claude Lelouch, 1977) with James Caan. She played classic female title roles of stage literature in theatre productions recorded for television, such as Saint Joan in George Bernard Shaw's play of the same name for NBC in 1967, Antigone in Jean Anouilh's adaptation of the Greek tragedy on Broadway in 1974 and Cleopatra in Shaw's Caesar and Cleopatra in 1976.
Geneviève Bujold attracted attention when she became one of the first women to play a leading role in an action film in the medical thriller Coma (Michael Crichton, 1978), which was a box office hit. Murder by Decree (1979) was a Canadian Sherlock Holmes adaptation starring Christopher Plummer as Holmes and James Mason as Dr. Watson. Bujold appeared alongside Clint Eastwood in the Neo-noir slasher Tightrope (1984) produced by Clint Eastwood and written and directed by Richard Tuggle. She also starred in ambitious independent films including three films by Alan Rudolph, Choose Me (1984), Trouble in Mind (1985) and The Moderns (1988). That year, Bujold also starred in David Cronenberg's Dead Ringers (1988) opposite Jeremy Irons. In the mid-1990s, she left the US TV production Star Trek: Voyager after only a few days of shooting, leaving the leading role to Kate Mulgrew. In the new century, she played a supporting role alongside Ewan McGregor and Ashley Judd in Eye of the Beholder (Stephan Elliott, 2000), the US remake of the French thriller Mortelle Randonnée/Deadly Circuit (Claude Miller, 1983) with Michel Serrault and Isabelle Adjani. Another supporting role followed in the Canadian romantic drama La Turbulence des fluides/Chaos and Desire (Manon Briand, 2002) with Pascale Bussières. In 2006 she starred in the Canadian drama Délivrez-moi/Deliver Me (Denis Chouinard, 2006) alongside Céline Bonnier. More recently, Bujold played a woman battling dementia in the sleeper romantic drama Still Mine (Michael McGowan, 2012) with James Cromwell. The Washington Post called her performance "superb" and "remarkably detailed".
Sources: Wikipedia (German, Dutch and English), and IMDb.
And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.
French postcard by Editions P.I., no. 742. Photo: Paramount, 1956.
American actress Shirley MacLaine (1934) is among Hollywood's most unique stars. With her auburn hair cut impishly short, she made her film debut in Hitchcock's black comedy The Trouble With Harry (1955). She earned Oscar nominations for Some Came Running (1959), for Billy Wilder's The Apartment, and for Irma La Douce (1963). Later triumphs included Sweet Charity! (1969), The Turning Point (1977), Being There (1979) and Terms of Endearment (1983). And she's still going strong.
Shirley MacLaine was born Shirley MacLean Beaty in 1934 in Richmond, USA. She was the daughter of drama coach and former actress Kathlyn MacLean Beaty and Ira O. Beaty, a professor of psychology and philosophy. Her younger brother, Warren Beatty, also grew up to be an important Hollywood figure as an actor/director/producer and screenwriter. MacLaine took dance lessons from age two, first performed publicly at age four, and at 16 went to New York, making her Broadway debut as a chorus girl in Me and Juliet (1953). When not scrambling for theatrical work, MacLaine worked as a model. Her big break came in 1954 when she was understudying Broadway actress Carol Haney in The Pajama Game. Haney fractured her ankle, MacLaine replaced her and was spotted, and offered a movie contract by producer Hal Wallis. Her film debut was Alfred Hitchcock's black comedy The Trouble With Harry (1955). Later that year, she co-starred opposite Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis in the comedy Artists and Models (Frank Tashlin, 1955). In her next feature, Around the World in 80 Days (Michael Anderson, 1956), she appeared as an Indian princess. The film was completed not too long before her daughter, Sachi Parker (born Stephanie), was born. Father was her husband Steve Parker, whom she had married in 1954 and would divorce in 1982.
Shirley MacLaine earned her first Oscar nomination for her portrayal of a pathetic tart who shocks a conservative town by showing up on the arm of young war hero Frank Sinatra in Some Came Running (Vincente Minnelli, 1959). She then got the opportunity to show off her long legs and dancing talents in Can-Can (Walter Lang, 1960). Prior to that, she appeared in a bit part with Rat Packers Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr., and Peter Lawford in Oceans Eleven (Lewis Milestone, 1960). MacLaine, the only female member of the famed group, would later recount her experiences with them in her seventh book My Lucky Stars. In 1960, she won her second Oscar nomination for Billy Wilder's comedy/drama The Apartment, and the third nomination for Irma La Douce (Billy Wilder, 1963), both opposite Jack Lemmon. MacLaine's career was in high gear during the 1960s, with her appearing in everything from dramas to madcap comedies to musicals such as What a Way to Go! (J. Lee Thompson, 1964) and Bob Fosse's Sweet Charity! (1969). In addition to her screen work, she actively participated in Robert Kennedy's 1968 presidential campaign and served as a Democratic Convention delegate. She was similarly involved in George McGovern's 1972 campaign.
Bored by sitting around on movie sets all day awaiting her scenes, Shirley MacLaine started writing down her thoughts and was thus inspired to add writing to her list of talents. She published her first book, Don't Fall Off the Mountain in 1970. She next tried her hand at series television in 1971, starring in the comedy Shirley's World (1971-72) as a globe-trotting photographer. The role reflected her real-life reputation as a world traveller, and these experiences resulted in her second book Don't Fall Off the Mountain and the documentary The Other Half of the Sky - A China Memoir (1975) which she scripted, produced, and co-directed with Claudia Weill. MacLaine returned to Broadway in 1976 with a spectacular one-woman show A Gypsy in My Soul, and the following year entered a new phase in her career playing a middle-aged former ballerina who regrets leaving dance to live a middle-class life in The Turning Point (Herbert Ross, 1977). It meant her fourth Best Actress Oscar nomination. MacLaine was also memorable starring as a lonely political wife opposite Peter Sellers' simple-minded gardener in Being There (Hal Asby, 1979), but did not again attract too much attention until she played the over-protective, eccentric widow Aurora Greenway in Terms of Endearment (James L. Brooks, 1983). After 20 years in the film industry, she finally took home the Best Actress Oscar for this role. In 1983, she also published the candid Out on a Limb, bravely risking public ridicule by describing her experiences and theories concerning out-of-body travel and reincarnation.
Shirley MacLaine's film appearances were sporadic through the mid-'80s, although she did appear in a few television specials. In 1988, she came back strong with three great roles in Madame Sousatzka (John Schlesinger, 1988), Steel Magnolias (Herbert Ross, 1989), and particularly Postcards from the Edge (Mike Nichols, 1990), in which she played a fading star clinging to her own career while helping her daughter (Meryl Streep), a drug-addicted, self-destructive actress. Through the '90s, MacLaine specialized in playing rather crusty and strong-willed eccentrics, such as her title character in the comedy Guarding Tess (Hugh Wilson, 1994). In 1997, MacLaine stole scenes as a wise grande dame who helps pregnant, homeless Ricki Lake in Mrs. Winterbourne (Richard Benjamin, 1997), and the same year revived Aurora Greenway in The Evening Star (Robert Harling, 1997), the critically maligned sequel to Terms of Endearment. MacLaine's onscreen performances were few and far between in the first half of the next decade, but in 2005 she returned in relatively full force, appearing in three features. She took on a pair of grandmother roles in the comedy-dramas In Her Shoes (Curtis Hanson, 2005) and Rumor Has It... (Rob Reiner, 2005), and was a perfect fit for the part of Endora in the big-screen take on the classic sitcom Bewitched (Nora Ephron, 2005). In the coming years, McLaine would continue to give critically acclaimed performances in movies like Coco Chanel (Christian Duguay, 2008), Valentine's Day, (Garry Marshall, 2010), and Bernie (Richard Linklater, 2011). For a long time, MacLaine did seminars on her books, but in the mid-'90s stopped giving talks, claiming she did not want "to be anyone's guru." She does, however, continue writing and remains a popular writer. For 2015, four new films with her are announced or in pre-production.
Sources: AllMovie, Wikipedia, and IMDb.
And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.
Spanish postcard by Postal Oscar Color S.A., Hospitalet (Barcelona), no. 465. Photo: United Artists TV Inc. David Janssen in The Fugitive (1963-1967).
The Fugitive was one of the best American television shows of the 1960s. In the long run, it was the prototype of many other shows that were to follow it. It contained a combination of drama and crime events put together along with some breathtaking suspense and cliffhanging excitement as the standard formula for this show, and it did extremely well giving the series several Emmy nominations for its excellent writing and acting for its star of the show: David Janssen. He played Dr. Richard Kimble, an innocent victim of blind justice..... Falsely accused of the murder of his wife when a train wreck frees him on route to the death house... Other characters were Detective Lt. Philip Gerard (Barry Morse) and the crippled Fred Johnson (Bill Raisch).
David Janssen was born David Harold Meyer in 1931 in Naponee, Nebraska, to Berniece Mae (Graf), a former Miss Nebraska who had toured as a Ziegfeld Follies showgirl, and Harold Edward Meyer, a banker. After his parents' marriage ended, mom and son moved to Los Angeles, California in 1938. Berniece married Eugene Janssen and David later took his stepfather's last name. It was his stage mother who pushed him towards show business as a child and he appeared in bit parts in TV variety shows, radio shows, and stage plays. His film debut was a bit part in the Sonja Henie vehicle It's a Pleasure (William A. Seiter, 1945). As a teenager, he attended Fairfax High School. David was a talented basketball and track athlete who won a scholarship to UCLA. However, an injury from pole vaulting led to the loss of the scholarship and a disappointed David decided not to pursue college. At age 20, after a stint of summer stock in Maine, David landed a contract at Universal-International in the Talent Program. This apprenticeship was interrupted after less than a year when the Army called him up. Stationed for two years at the Fort Ord base in northern California, Corporal Janssen was discharged at age 23 and was able finally to concentrate on Hollywood. However, the studio dropped him after allegedly becoming disenchanted with his odd hairline and big prominent ears.
David Janssen had better luck at Universal, where he would play supporting parts in such films as To Hell and Back (Jesse Hibbs, 1955) with Audie Murphy, and All That Heaven Allows (Douglas Sirk, 1955), starring Jane Wyman and Rock Hudson. As a contract player, he gained valuable experience in everything from acting and dancing to horseback riding and boxing. He had his breakthrough on TV as the star of Richard Diamond, Private Detective (1957-1960). He resumed his film career after the series ended. David appeared in the war drama Hell to Eternity (Phil Karlson, 1960), for which he garnered great reviews and was nominated for a Golden Globe as "Most Promising Newcomer." 1961 was an especially busy year for Janssen, who played the lead in five feature films, including Twenty Plus Two (Joseph M. Newman, 1961), and Man-Trap (Edmond O'Brien, 1961) with Jeffrey Hunter and Stella Stevens. His biggest success came from his lead in the TV series The Fugitive (1963), playing the heroic, wrongfully convicted Dr. Richard Kimble, on the run for a murder he didn't commit. He gave a remarkable, layered portrayal as a man who had been cast aside by society yet retained his humanity and remained filled with integrity and compassion for others. After the series ended, Janssen launched himself into a grueling schedule by appearing in lead and supporting roles in films, but he had better luck with made-for-TV-movie roles and a short-lived series, O'Hara, U.S. Treasury (1971). He had another hit series with the cult favorite Harry O (1973-1976). Janssen continued appearing in lead roles in nearly 20 made-for-TV-movies during the 1970s as well as other TV projects. He died in 1980 from a sudden heart attack at his Malibu home at the age of 48. Matt-282 at IMDb: "Unfounded speculation holds that Janssen succumbed to alcoholism, a problem that plagued him most of his adult life. There were even unfounded rumors about drug use. However, a much more reasonable explanation for David Janssen's sudden demise is that this intense, dedicated, determined actor simply worked himself to death."
Source: Wikipedia and IMDb.
This was the last postcard in our TV series. For now. But, please check out our albums Dutch TV History and Vintage TV Heroes, and our blog European Film Star Postcards.
Big German collectors card by Ross Verlag. Photo: Paramount.
American screen legend Gary Cooper (1901-1961) is well remembered for his stoic, understated acting style in more than one hundred Westerns, comedies and dramas. He received five Oscar nominations and won twice for his roles as Alvin York in Sergeant York (1941) and as Will Kane in High Noon (1952).
Frank James Cooper was born in Helena, Montana in 1901. His parents were English immigrants, Alice Cooper-Brazier and Charles Henry Cooper, a prominent lawyer, rancher, and eventually a state supreme court judge. Frank left school in 1918 and returned to the family ranch to help raise their five hundred head of cattle and work full-time as a cowboy. In 1919, his father arranged for his son to complete his high school education at Gallatin County High School in Bozeman, Montana. His English teacher, Ida W. Davis, played an important role in encouraging him to focus on academics, join the school's debating team, and become involved in dramatics. He was in a car accident as a teenager that caused him to walk with a limp for the rest of his life. In the fall of 1924, Cooper's parents moved to Los Angeles to administer the estates of two relatives. Cooper joined them and there he met some cowboys from Montana who were working as film extras and stuntmen in low-budget Western films. Cooper decided to try his hand working as a film extra for five dollars a day, and as a stuntman for twice that amount. In early 1925, Cooper began his film career working as an extra and stuntman on Poverty Row in such silent Westerns as Riders of the Purple Sage (Lynn Reynolds, 1925) with Tom Mix, and The Trail Rider (W.S. Van Dyke, 1925) with Buck Jones. Cooper paid for a screen test and hired casting director Nan Collins to work as his agent. Collins changed his first name to ‘Gary’ after her hometown of Gary, Indiana. Cooper also worked in non-Western films. He appeared as a masked Cossack in The Eagle (Clarence Brown, 1925) with Rudolph Valentino, as a Roman guard in Ben-Hur (Fred Niblo, 1925) with Ramón Novarro, and as a flood survivor in The Johnstown Flood (Irving Cummings, 1926) with George O'Brien. Gradually he began to land credited roles that offered him more screen time, such as Tricks (Bruce M. Mitchell, 1925), in which he played the film's antagonist. As a featured player, he began to attract the attention of major film studios and in June 1926, Cooper signed a contract with Samuel Goldwyn Productions. His first important film role was in The Winning of Barbara Worth (Henry King, 1926) with Ronald Colman and Vilma Bánky. The film was a major success, and critics called Cooper a "dynamic new personality" and future star. Cooper signed a five-year contract with Jesse L. Lasky at Paramount Pictures for $175 per week. In 1927, with help from established silent film star Clara Bow, Cooper landed high-profile roles opposite her in Children of Divorce (Frank Lloyd, 1927) and Wings (William A. Wellman, 1927), the first film to win an Academy Award for Best Picture. With each new film, Cooper's acting skills improved and his popularity continued to grow, especially among female movie-goers. He received a thousand fan letters per week. The studio placed him opposite popular leading ladies in films such as Beau Sabreur (John Waters, 1928) with Evelyn Brent, Half a Bride (Gregory La Cava, 1928) with Esther Ralston, and Lilac Time (George Fitzmaurice, 1928) with Colleen Moore. The latter introduced synchronized music and sound effects and became one of the biggest box office hits of the year.
In 1929, Gary Cooper became a major film star with his first sound picture, The Virginian, (Victor Fleming, 1929). The Virginian was one of the first sound films to define the Western code of honour and helped establish many of the conventions of the Western genre. The romantic image of the tall, handsome, and shy cowboy hero that embodied male freedom, courage, and honour was created in large part by Cooper's performance in the film. Cooper transitioned naturally to the sound medium, with his deep, clear, and pleasantly drawling voice. One of the high points of Cooper's early career was his portrayal of a sullen legionnaire in Josef von Sternberg's Morocco (1930) with Marlene Dietrich in her American debut. Cooper produced one of his finest performances to that point in his career. In the Dashiell Hammett crime drama City Streets (Rouben Mamoulian, 1931) he played a misplaced cowboy in a big city who gets involved with gangsters to save the woman (Sylvia Sidney) he loves. After making ten films in two years Cooper was exhausted and had lost thirty pounds. In May 1931, he sailed to Algiers and then Italy, where he lived for the next year. During his time abroad, Cooper stayed with the Countess Dorothy di Frasso who taught him about good food and vintage wines, how to read Italian and French menus in the finest restaurants, and how to socialize among Europe's nobility and upper classes. In 1932, a healthy Cooper returned to Hollywood and negotiated a new contract with Paramount for two films per year, a salary of $4,000 per week, and director and script approval. He appeared opposite Helen Hayes in A Farewell to Arms (Frank Borzage, 1932), the first film adaptation of an Ernest Hemingway novel. Critics praised his highly intense and at times emotional performance, and the film went on to become one of the year's most commercially successful films. The following year, Cooper appeared in the Ernst Lubitsch comedy Design for Living (1933) with Miriam Hopkins and Fredric March and based loosely on the successful Noël Coward play. Wikipedia: “The film received mixed reviews and did not do well at the box office, but Cooper's performance was singled out for its versatility and revealed his genuine ability to do light comedy”. Then, he appeared in his first of seven films by director Henry Hathaway, Now and Forever (1934), with Carole Lombard and Shirley Temple. The film was a box-office success. His next two Henry Hathaway films were the melodrama Peter Ibbetson (1935) with Ann Harding, about a man caught up in a dream world created by his love for a childhood sweetheart, and the romantic adventure The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935), about a daring British officer and his men who defend their stronghold at Bengal against rebellious local tribes. The latter was nominated for six Academy Awards and became one of Cooper's most popular and successful adventure films.
Gary Cooper returned to Poverty Row for the first time since his early silent film days to make Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (Frank Capra, 1936) with Jean Arthur for Columbia Pictures. Cooper plays the character of Longfellow Deeds, an innocent, sweet-natured writer of greeting cards who inherits a fortune, leaves behind his idyllic life in Vermont and travels to New York where he faces a world of corruption and deceit. For his performance in Mr. Deeds, Cooper received his first Oscar nomination. In the adventure film The General Died at Dawn (Lewis Milestone, 1936) with Madeleine Carroll, he plays an American soldier of fortune in China who helps the peasants defend themselves against the oppression of a cruel warlord. Written by playwright Clifford Odets, the film was a critical and commercial success. In Cecil B. DeMille's sprawling frontier epic The Plainsman (1936) with Jean Arthur—his first of four films with the director—Cooper portrays Wild Bill Hickok in a highly-fictionalized version of the opening of the American western frontier. That year, Cooper appeared for the first time on the Motion Picture Herald exhibitor's poll of top ten film personalities, where he would remain for the next twenty-two years. In Ernst Lubitsch's romantic comedy Bluebeard's Eighth Wife (1938) with Claudette Colbert, Cooper plays a wealthy American businessman in France who falls in love with an impoverished aristocrat's daughter and persuades her to become his eighth wife. In the adventure film Beau Geste (William A. Wellman, 1939) with Ray Milland, he joined the French Foreign Legion to find adventure in the Sahara fighting local tribes. Wikipedia: “Beau Geste provided Cooper with magnificent sets, exotic settings, high-spirited action, and a role tailored to his personality and screen persona.” Cooper cemented his cowboy credentials in The Westerner (William Wyler, 1940). He won his first Academy Award for Best Actor in 1942 for his performance as Alvin York, the most decorated U.S. soldier from the Great War, in Sergeant York (Howard Hawks, 1941). Cooper worked with Ingrid Bergman in For Whom the Bell Tolls (Sam Wood, 1943) which earned him his third Oscar nomination. The film was based on a novel by Ernest Hemingway, with whom Cooper developed a strong friendship. On 23 October 1947, he appeared before the House Un-American Activities Committee in Washington, not under subpoena but responding to an invitation to give testimony on the alleged infiltration of Hollywood by communists. Although he never said he regretted having been a friendly witness, as an independent producer, he hired blacklisted actors and technicians. He did say he had never wanted to see anyone lose the right to work, regardless of what he had done. Cooper won his second Oscar for his performance as Marshal Will Kane in High Noon (Fred Zinnemann, 1952), one of his finest roles and a kind of come-back after a series of flops. He continued to play the lead in films almost to the end of his life. His later box office hits included the influential Western Vera Cruz (Robert Aldrich, 1954) in which he guns down villain Burt Lancaster in a showdown, William Wyler's Friendly Persuasion (1956), in which he portrays a Quaker farmer during the American Civil War, Billy Wilder's Love in the Afternoon (1957) with Audrey Hepburn, and the hard-edged action Western Man of the West (Anthony Mann, 1958), with Lee J. Cobb. Cooper's final film was the British-American co-production The Naked Edge (Michael Anderson, 1961). In April 1960, Cooper underwent surgery for prostate cancer after it had metastasized to his colon. But by the end of the year cancer had spread to his lungs and bones. On 13 May 1961, six days after his sixtieth birthday, Gary Cooper died. The young and handsome Cooper had affairs with Clara Bow, Lupe Velez, Marlene Dietrich and Tallulah Bankhead. In 1933, he married socialite Veronica Balfe, who, billed as Sandra Shaw, enjoyed a short-lived acting career. They had an ‘open’ marriage and Cooper also had relationships with the actresses Grace Kelly, Anita Ekberg, and Patricia Neal. Sir Cecil Beaton also claimed to have had an affair with him.
Sources: Wikipedia and IMDb.
And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.
British postcard in the Picturegoer Series, London, no. 1084. Photo: R.K.O. Radio. Fred Astaire in Follow the Fleet (Mark Sandrich, 1936).
American dancer, choreographer, singer, and actor Fred Astaire (1899-1987) was a unique dancer with his top hat and tails, his uncanny sense of rhythm, perfectionism, and innovation. He began his highly successful partnership with Ginger Rogers in Flying Down to Rio (1933). They danced together in 10 musicals in which he made all song and dance routines integral to the plotlines. Another innovation was that a closely tracking dolly camera filmed his dance routines in as few shots as possible. His career in film, television and theatre spanned a total of 76 years.
Fred Astaire was born Frederick Austerlitz in 1899 in Omaha, Nebraska, to Johanna (Geilus) and Fritz Austerlitz, a brewer. 'Astaire' was a name that he and his sister Adele had adopted for their vaudeville act when they were about 5 years old. It is said that the name comes from an uncle who had L'Astaire as his surname. They conquered Broadway in 1917 with the play 'Over the Top'. In the 1920s, Adele and Fred performed regularly in Broadway theatres. Their duo ended in 1932 when she married her first husband, Lord Charles Cavendish, a son of the Duke of Devon. Astaire headed to Hollywood. There is a famous story about the RKO Pictures screen test of Fred Astaire who was rejected with "Can't sing. Can't act. Gets a bit bald. Can dance a little". Many of the millions of fans of his films thought he could dance quite well after all. Cole Porter wrote a number of songs specifically for him. Signed to RKO, he was loaned to MGM to appear in the musical Dancing Lady (Robert Z. Leonard, 1933) with Joan Crawford. The film was a breakthrough for Astaire, who appears as himself and dances with Crawford. He first worked with Ginger Rogers in his second film, Flying down to Rio (Thornton Freeland, 1933). It was a box office success. They danced together in 9 RKO pictures. Their characters, after initially disliking each other, fell in love and performed dance and song numbers together. The two sang the hits of popular composers such as George Gershwin, Irving Berlin and Cole Porter in their films. The combination of the two dancers and the choreography of Hermes Pan made dance an important element of the Hollywood film musical. His films with Rogers include The Gay Divorcee (Mark Sandrich, 1934), Top Hat (Mark Sandrich, 1935), and Carefree (Mark Sandrich, 1938). During these years, he was also active in recording and radio.
From the late 1930s, Ginger Rogers concentrated more and more on her solo career, and Fred Astaire danced with other partners. He danced with Rita Hayworth in You'll Never Get Rich (Sidney Lanfield, 1941) and You Were Never Lovelier (William A. Seiter, 1942), with Eleanor Powell in Broadway Melody of 1940 (Norman Taurog, 1940), and with Joan Leslie in The Sky's the Limit ( Edward H. Griffith, 1943). Astaire also worked with Bing Crosby in Holiday Inn (Mark Sandrich, 1942) and Blue Skies (Stuart Heisler, 1946). After the great box-office failure of the fantasy comedy Yolanda and the Thief (Vincente Minnelli, 1945), Astaire temporarily retired from the film business. He soon returned to the big screen to take over the role of the injured Gene Kelly in Easter Parade (Charles Walters, 1948) opposite Judy Garland and Peter Lawford. Later he starred in The Band Wagon (Vincente Minnelli, 1953) with Cyd Charisse. One of his last musical roles was as fashion photographer Dick Avery alongside Audrey Hepburn in Funny Face (Stanley Donen, 1957). By the end of the 1950s, the popularity of musical films had waned considerably. Astaire, now in his 60s, increasingly refrained from dance roles, although he still appeared in television dance specials in the 1960s, which won several Emmy Awards. Astaire continued to act, appearing in such films as On the Beach (Stanley Kramer, 1959), Finian's Rainbow (Francis Ford Coppola, 1968) alongside Petula Clark, and The Towering Inferno (John Guillermin, 1974) where he received his only Oscar nomination in the Best Supporting Actor category. His last film was Ghost Story (John Irvin, 1981). Fred Astaire died of pneumonia in 1987 and, like Ginger Rogers, is buried in the Oakwood Memorial Park Cemetery in Chatsworth, California. He was married twice. He was first married to Phyllis Livingston Potter from 1933 till her death in 1954. They had two children, Ava Astaire-McKenzie and Fred Astaire Jr. From 1980 till his death in 1987, he was married to Robyn Smith.
Sources: Diana Hamilton (IMDb), Wikipedia (Dutch and German), and IMDb.
And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.
Vintage postcard by European Greetings, no. 535615. Image: Disney. Pocahontas and John Smith in Pocahontas (Mike Gabriel, Eric Goldberg, 1995).
Pocahontas (Mike Gabriel, Eric Goldberg, 1995) was the 33rd Disney animated feature film and is loosely based on the life of the Native American woman of the same name. The film tells the romance between the daughter of an Algonquin chief named Pocahontas and Capt. John Smith, an English soldier, who journeyed to the New World, seventeenth-century Virginia, with other settlers to begin fresh lives. Her powerful father, Chief Powhatan, disapproves of their relationship and wants her to marry a native warrior, the tribe's dashing bachelor, Kocoum. Meanwhile, Smith's fellow Englishmen hope to rob the Native Americans of their gold. Can Pocahontas' love for Smith save the day? Pocahontas was released to mixed reactions from reviewers, who praised its animation and music but criticized its story; the film's racial overtones and historical inaccuracy also garnered a mix of condemnation and praise. However, everybody liked Meeko, Pocahontas's pet raccoon with a love of food, especially John Smith's biscuits.
During the famed "Disney Renaissance", a period that started with the release of The Little Mermaid (1989), the studio was creating modern classics with every film they released. Many at Disney had high hopes for Pocahontas (1995) upon its initial release. Then-studio head Jeffrey Katzenberg regarded it even as a more prestigious project than The Lion King (1994), and believed that it had a chance of earning an Academy Award nomination for Best Picture, following in the steps of Beauty and the Beast (1991). The design for the film is sumptuous, with mostly blues and a seamless style that never gets in the way and illustrates the action (and the feminine nature of the film) beautifully. The film was less successful commercially than was hoped. Pocahontas dealt with more adult themes and tones and did not appeal to younger children, as much as the earlier Disney hits had. However, Pocahontas did succeed at the box office, earning $346 million, and it received two Academy Awards for Best Musical or Comedy Score for Alan Menken and Best Original Song for 'Colors of the Wind'.
Sources: Wikipedia and IMDb.
And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.
Nomination for Drisyam 2008 exhibition, Ernakulam Town Hall (26th - 30th December) Taken on Alleppey beach.
A-Z members,
Thank you all so very much for joining us a third time on a long, fun photography journey through the alphabet. MARVEL_DOLLS and I have enjoyed hosting this group because of you. I really do believe the best and kindest of the doll community is here.
The final day of voting is Friday, August 28.
To view the final round of nominations and vote, visit the discussion thread:
www.flickr.com/groups/2962397@N20/discuss/72157715364881846/
Again, thank you to everyone and a special thank you to MARVEL_DOLLS, a superhero in her own right in this dolly universe. Without your leadership and creativity, there would have been no A-Z group. I can't think of a better person to co-moderate a group with. Thank you for all those years ago asking me to join you on this adventure.
Actress stars as Nia Portokalos on the CBS television sitcom "My Big Fat Greek Life." The series is about a woman and her over-the-top Greek family.
My Big Fat Greek Life is an American television sitcom that aired on CBS from February 24 to April 13, 2003. The series is a continuation of the 2002 film My Big Fat Greek Wedding and was produced by Sony Pictures Television and Tom Hanks' Playtone Productions for CBS. The two lead characters' names are changed, from Toula and Ian, to Nia and Thomas. Series star Nia Vardalos also oversaw the show as one of the co-executive producers, along with Hanks and his wife Rita Wilson, who made a guest appearance in one episode as Nia's cousin.
Nia Vardalos - Antonia Eugenia "Nia" Vardalos (born September 24, 1962) is a Canadian actress and screenwriter. She starred in and wrote the romantic comedy film My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002), which garnered her nominations for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical, and which went on to spawn a media franchise.
Early life - Vardalos was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, on September 24, 1962. She is the daughter of Greek-Canadian parents Doreen Christakos, a bookkeeper and homemaker, and Constantine "Gus" Vardalos, a land developer who was born in Kalavryta. She attended St. George School and Shaftesbury High School in Winnipeg and Toronto Metropolitan University in Toronto.
She gained fame with her movie about a woman's struggle to find love in My Big Fat Greek Wedding. First performed as a one-woman show of the same name, the film was a critical and commercial success. The film earned Vardalos an Academy Award nomination for Best Writing, a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy and a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination. The sleeper hit quickly became one of the highest-grossing independent films of all time, and the number one romantic comedy of all time. Vardalos hosted Saturday Night Live in the fall of 2002.
Vardalos starred in and wrote My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2, which was released in March 2016. It earned over $60 million domestically from an $18 million budget.
In 2023, Vardalos reprised her role as Toula Portakalos in My Big Fat Greek Wedding 3 for which she served as director and screenwriter. That same year, she guest starred in the midseason finale of the first part of season three of the television series Chucky as Evelyn Elliot, a fellow death row inmate in Texas.
LINK to video - Nia Vardalos On George Stroumboulopoulos Tonight: INTERVIEW - www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uu2kqPV4Fr4
Belgian promotion card by Cinémanie. Photo: Carice van Houten and Sebastian Koch in Zwartboek/Black Book (Paul Verhoeven, 2006).
Paul Verhoeven (1938) is the most famous, provocative and challenging Dutch film director. He worked in the Netherlands, Hollywood, and France, and his films include box-office hits like the Oscar-nominated Turks Fruit/Turkish Delight (1973), Soldaat van Oranje/Soldier of Orange (1977), Basic Instinct (1988), Zwartboek/Black Book (2006) and Elle (2016) with Isabelle Huppert. He also became known for his four violent, yet intelligent, Science-Fiction films RoboCop (1987), Total Recall (1990), Starship Troopers (1997), and Hollow Man (2000). Verhoeven often tackles controversial topics that have no easy resolution and his work has a strong visual style with a heavy use of special effects.
Paul Verhoeven was born in 1938 in the Netherlands. He was the son of a school teacher, Wim Verhoeven, and a hat maker, Nel van Schaardenburg. In 1943 the family moved to The Hague and Paul lived through the trauma of the war. The Verhoeven house was near a German military base with V1 and V2 rocket launchers, which was repeatedly bombed by Allied forces. Their neighbours' house was hit and Verhoeven's parents were almost killed when bombs fell on a street crossing. Following his primary and high school education, he was accepted at the prestigious University of Leiden. He graduated with a degree in math and physics. While at the university he became interested in filmmaking and directed some short films in the early 1960s. He entered the Royal Netherlands Navy, where he began his film career by making a short documentary for the Navy, Het Korps Mariniers/The Marine Corps (1965). The stunning result was awarded the "Silver Sun Award", a French award for military films. Verhoeven took his skills to Dutch television. First, he made a documentary about Anton Mussert, leader of the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (NSB), named Mussert (1968). Then he directed the 12-episode Dutch TV series, Floris (1969), about a medieval knight. The series was phenomenally successful and established Verhoeven's career in the Netherlands. The concept of Floris was inspired by foreign series like Ivanhoe and Thierry La Fronde. The adventure series featured actor Rutger Hauer, and the script was written by Gerard Soeteman. Verhoeven would later frequently work with both of them on his Dutch films. Verhoeven's first feature was the comedy Wat zien ik/Business is Business (1971) about two Amsterdam prostitutes who have to choose between love and work. It quickly became the fourth highest-grossing Dutch film. His second film, Turks Fruit/Turkish Delight (1973), about the passionate love story of an artist and a young liberal girl from a conservative background, was an even bigger hit and gained him great popularity in the Netherlands. In 1999, Turkish Delight received the award for Best Dutch Film of the Century at the Netherlands Film Festival. The film starred the debuting Monique van de Ven and Rutger Hauer. They re-teamed with Verhoeven for Keetje Tippel/Cathy Tippel (1975). His Dutch films, especially Soldaat van Oranje/Soldier of Orange (1977), starring Rutger Hauer and Jeroen Krabbé, and the horror film De vierde man/The Fourth Man (1983), starring Jeroen Krabbéand Renée Soutendijk, received international recognition. In between Verhoeven made the film Spetters (1980) with Renée Soutendijk and Rutger Hauer. The story is sometimes compared to Saturday Night Fever, but the film has more explicit violence and sexuality. Verhoeven co-scripted Soldaat van Oranje (1977) and later also Flesh+Blood (1985).
In 1985, Paul Verhoeven moved to the US. He had already directed an episode of the HBO TV series The Hitchhiker (1983). His first American film was the medieval epic Flesh+Blood (1985), which starred Rutger Hauer and Jennifer Jason Leigh. He had a falling out with Hauer on the set and it would become the last film they made together. His next film RoboCop (1987) and, especially, Total Recall (1990) were blockbusters. Total Recall starred Arnold Schwarzenegger and Sharon Stone. It earned two Oscar nominations and received the Academy Award for its dazzling special effects. Sometimes accused of portraying excessive violence in his films, Verhoeven replies that he is only recording the violence of society. His next film, the intense and provocative thriller Basic Instinct (1992) became the ninth-highest-grossing film of the year. It starred Michael Douglas and Sharon Stone. The film's most notorious scene shows Stone's character in a police interrogation, where she uncrosses her legs, briefly revealing her vulva. In 1995, Verhoeven became the first nominee ever to show up at the Razzie Awards. He accepted the 'Worst Director' and 'Worst Picture' awards for Showgirls (1995). Afterwards, the film enjoyed success on the home video market, generating more than $100 million from video rentals. Several of his Dutch and American films have been photographed by Jost Vacano, including the hit cult film, Starship Troopers (1997), starring Casper Van Dien. It was followed by Hollow Man (2000), Verhoeven's variation on the themes of HG Wells's 'The Invisible Man'. Both films received an Academy Award nomination for Best Visual Effects. In 2006, Verhoeven reappeared with his Dutch film Zwartboek/Black Book about underground resistance activities in the Netherlands during the Second World War. The film, co-written by Gerard Soeteman and starring Carice van Houten, became an instant success and was nominated for a Bafta Award. In 2007, Verhoeven published the book 'Jezus van Nazaret'(Jesus of Nazareth ) which reviews the ideas of Jesus of Nazareth and the alleged corruption of these same ideas over the last 2,000 years. Nine years later followed the French thriller and comedy of manners Elle (2016), which won the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Lead actress Isabelle Huppert received an Oscar nomination for her bravura performance as a businesswoman who finds a way to get back at her aggressor after she is violently raped. Next year follows another French film, Benedetta/Blessed Virgin (2021) about a 17th-century nun in Italy who suffers from disturbing religious and erotic visions. It is a biographical film about the life of Benedetta Carlini, which will be portrayed by Elle co-star Virginie Efira. Paul Verhoeven was knighted in the Order of the Netherlands Lion in 2007. Since 1967, he has been married to Martine Tours and they have two daughters, Claudia and Helen.
Sources: Geoffrey MacNab (Screen Daily), R.J. Lahey (IMDb), Wikipedia, and IMDb.
And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.
French postcard by Viny, no. 6. Photo: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM).
William Powell (1892-1984) was an American actor, whose career began in silent film. He is best known for the Thin Man film series in which he starred opposite Myrna Loy. Powell was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Leading Actor a total of three times.
William Horatio Powell was born in Pittsburgh in 1892. He always wanted to act. When he was 18, he started studying drama at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York. He graduated in 1912. He then went to Broadway. In 1922 he began a career in Hollywood with a role alongside Marion Davies in When Knighthood Was in Flower (Robert G. Vignola, 1922). In 1924 he signed a studio contract with Paramount Pictures and went on to star in numerous productions, including the now-lost 1926 premiere of The Great Gatsby (Herbert Brenon, 1926), starring Warner Baxter and Lois Wilson. In the silent era, he primarily played sinister characters such as thieves, blackmailers, and bad husbands. He finally attracted attention as Leo, the arrogant film director in Josef von Sternberg's The Last Command (1928) alongside Emil Jannings. The big success for Powell came with the advent of the talkies in the late 1920s, which also showcased his pleasant voice. The crime film The Canary Murder Case (Malcolm St. Clair, Frank Tuttle, 1929), in which he portrayed Philo Vance, the private detective best known from the novels of S. S. Van Dine, who investigates the death of Louise Brooks, "the Canary." It established him in more positive roles. Together with Kay Francis, Powell formed an on-screen pair in six films from 1930 to 1932. In 1931, he married actress Carole Lombard, whom he divorced in 1933.
In 1934, William Powell went to MGM, where he was teamed with Myrna Loy in Manhattan Melodrama (W.S. Van Dyke, 1934). While Philo Vance made Powell a star, another detective, Nick Charles, made him famous. Powell received an Academy Award nomination for the role of the wealthy amateur detective Nick Charles in the crime comedy The Thin Man (W.S. Van Dyke, 1934) with Myrna Loy as his wealthy wife Nora. Between 1934 and 1947 he appeared in 14 films as Loy's partner. In 1935, he had a relationship with Jean Harlow and they got engaged. However, they never married. Harlow died in 1937. Powell starred in the Best Picture winner for 1936, The Great Ziegfeld (Robert Z. Leonard, 1936). He received his second Academy Award nomination for My Man Godfrey (1936) and his third for his work in Life with Father (Michael Curtiz, 1947) with Irene Dunne and Elizabeth Taylor. His screen appearances became less frequent after that, and his last role was in Mister Roberts (John Ford, Mervyn LeRoy, 1955). William Powell died of natural causes in Palm Springs in 1984. He was married three time. His wives were Eileen Wilson (1915-1930), Carole Lombard (1931-1933) and Diana Lewis (1940-1984 - his death). With Wilson, he had a son, William Powell. His son stabbed himself to death while taking a shower. He left a four-page good-bye letter to his father, with whom he was very close.
Sources: Tony Fontana (IMDb), Wikipedia, and IMDb.
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French postcard by Editions P.I., offered by Les Carbones Korès 'Carboplane', no. 877. Photo: Paramount Pictures.
Eva Marie Saint, born 4 July 1924, is an American actress with a career spanning 70 years. She is best known for starring in Elia Kazan's On the Waterfront (1954), for which she won an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress, and Alfred Hitchcock's North by Northwest (1959). She received Golden Globe and BAFTA Award nominations for A Hatful of Rain (1957) and won a Primetime Emmy Award for the television miniseries People Like Us (1990).
Eva Marie Saint was born in Newark, New Jersey, in 1924. Her parents were Quakers: Eva Marie née Rice and John Merle Saint. She had one older sister, Adelaide Louise Saint. Eva Marie attended Bethlehem Central High School in Delmar, New York, near Albany, graduating in 1942. According to her yearbook, Eva Marie's nickname was "Bubbles" and her ambition was to be a teacher. She was also a cheerleader as well as senior class secretary. Saint studied acting at Bowling Green State University. Her introduction to television began as an NBC page. She appeared in the very early live NBC TV show Campus Hoopla in 1946–47. She also appeared in the Bonnie Maid's Versa-Tile Varieties on NBC in 1949 as one of the original singing 'Bonnie Maid'" used in the live commercials. She appeared in a 1947 Life Magazine special about television, and also in a 1949 feature Life article about her as a struggling actress earning minimum amounts from early TV while trying to make ends meet in New York City. In the late 1940s, Saint continued to make her living by extensive work in radio and television. In 1953, she won the Drama Critics Award for her Broadway stage role in the Horton Foote play, 'The Trip to Bountiful' (1953), in which she co-starred with Lillian Gish and Jo Van Fleet. In 1955, Saint was nominated for her first Emmy for "Best Actress In A Single Performance" on The Philco Television Playhouse, for playing the young mistress of middle-aged E. G. Marshall in Middle of the Night by Paddy Chayefsky. She won another Emmy nomination for the 1955 television musical version of Our Town, adapted from the Thornton Wilder play of the same name. Co-stars were Paul Newman and Frank Sinatra. A TV critic dubbed her 'the Helen Hayes of television.'"
Eva Marie Saint made her feature film debut in On the Waterfront (Elia Kazan, 1954), starring Marlon Brando. She played Edie Doyle whose brother's death sets the film's drama in motion. Although the role of Edie properly is a lead, producer Sam Spiegel listed her as a Supporting Actress in the hopes of getting her a nomination for the Academy Award. The ploy worked and she won the Oscar. Her performance also earned her a BAFTA (British Academy of Film and Television Award) nomination for 'Most Promising Newcomer.' In his review for The New York Times, film critic A. H. Weiler wrote, "In casting Eva Marie Saint—a newcomer to movies from TV and Broadway—Mr. Kazan has come up with a pretty and blond artisan who does not have to depend on these attributes. Her parochial school training is no bar to love with the proper stranger. Amid scenes of carnage, she gives tenderness and sensitivity to genuine romance." The film was a major success and launched Saint's movie career. She received $7,500 for the role. She next appeared alongside Bob Hope in That Certain Feeling for which she received $50,000. She was then offered $100,000 to star in the lavish Civil War epic Raintree County (Edward Dmytryk, 1957) with Elizabeth Taylor and Montgomery Clift. After that, she next starred with Don Murray in A Hatful of Rain (Fred Zinnemann, 1957), the pioneering drug-addiction drama, which although made later than Raintree Country was released earlier in 1957. She received a BAFTA nomination for the 'Best Foreign Actress' for her performance. Alfred Hitchcock surprised many by choosing Saint over dozens of other candidates for the femme fatale role in the suspense classic North by Northwest (1959) with Cary Grant and James Mason. Pedro Borges at IMDb: "Written by Ernest Lehman, the film updated and expanded upon the director's early "wrong man" spy adventures of the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, including The 39 Steps (1935), Young and Innocent (1937), and Saboteur (1942)". North by Northwest became a box-office hit. In his review in The New York Times, critic Abe H. Weiler wrote, "In casting Eva Marie Saint as [Cary Grant's] romantic vis-a-vis, Mr. Hitchcock has plumbed some talents not shown by the actress heretofore. Although she is seemingly a hard, designing type, she also emerges both the sweet heroine and a glamorous charmer."
Although North by Northwest might have propelled her to the top ranks of stardom, Eva Marie Saint chose to limit her film work in order to spend time with her husband since 1951, director Jeffrey Hayden, and their two children. In the 1960s, Saint continued to distinguish herself in both high-profile and offbeat pictures. She co-starred with Paul Newman in Exodus (Ottoi Preminger, 1960), a historical drama about the founding of the state of Israel adapted from the novel of the same name by Leon Uris. She also co-starred with Warren Beatty, Karl Malden, and Angela Lansbury as a tragic beauty in the drama All Fall Down (John Frankendheimer, 1962), based upon a novel by James Leo Herlihy and a screenplay by William Inge. She appeared with Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton in the melodrama The Sandpiper (Vincente Minnelli, 1965) and with James Garner in the World War II thriller 36 Hours (George Seaton, 1965). Saint joined an all-star cast in the comedic satire, The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming, (Norman Jewison, 1966), and the international racing drama, Grand Prix (John Frankenheimer, 1966), presented in Cinerama.
Saint received some of her best reviews for co-starring as the wife of George Segal in Loving (Irvin Kershner, 1970), about a commercial artist's relationship with his wife and other women. It was critically acclaimed but did not have wide viewership. Because of the mostly second-rate film roles that came her way in the 1970s, Saint returned to television and the stage in the 1980s. She appeared in a number of made-for-television films. She played the mother of Cybill Shepherd on the television series, Moonlighting (1986-1988), which lasted three years. She received an Emmy nomination for the TV series, How The West Was Won (Vincent McEveety, Bernard McEveety, 1976-1977), and an Emmy nomination for Taxi!!! (1978). She was reunited with On the Waterfront co-star Karl Malden in the TV Mini-Series Fatal Vision (David Greene, 1984), this time as the wife of his character, as he investigated the murder of his daughter and granddaughters. Saint returned to the big screen for the first time in over a decade in Nothing in Common (Garry Marshall, 1986), in which she played the mother of Tom Hanks's character. Critics applauded her return to features. Saint was soon back on the small screen in numerous projects. After receiving five nominations, she won her first Emmy Award for the TV movie People Like Us (William Hale, 1990). She appeared in a number of television productions in the 1990s and was cast as the mother of radio producer, Roz Doyle, in a 1999 episode of the comedy series Frasier. Saint returned to feature films in I Dreamed of Africa (Hugh Hudson, 2000) with Kim Basinger. In 2005 she co-starred with Jessica Lange and Sam Shepard in Don't Come Knocking (Wim Wenders, 2005), and appeared in the family film Because of Winn-Dixie (Wayne Wang, 2005). Saint appeared as Martha Kent, the adoptive mother of Superman, in Superman Returns (Bryan Singer, 2006) alongside Brandon Routh. In 2009, she made a rare public appearance at the 81st Academy Awards ceremony as a Best Supporting Actress presenter. Saint has lent her voice to the 2012 Nickelodeon animated series The Legend of Korra, a sequel to the hit TV show Avatar: The Last Airbender, playing the now-elderly Katara, a main character from the original series. She played the adult version of Willa in the film adaptation of the novel Winter's Tale (Mark Helprin, 2014). Most recently, Saint appeared at the 2018 Academy Award ceremonies and played in the drama Mariette in Ecstasy (John Bailey, 2019), set in a turn-of-the-century religious community about a nun who has recently taken her vows. She has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, one for motion pictures at 6624 Hollywood Boulevard, and one for television at 6730 Hollywood Boulevard. Eva Marie Saint was married to producer and director Jeffrey Hayden from 1951 till his death in 2016. They had two children together: son Darrell Hayden (1955) and daughter Laurette Hayden (1958). Eva Marie Saint lives in Santa Monica, California.
Sources: Pedro Borges (IMDb), Wikipedia, and IMDb.
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#challengeonnaturephotography
7 nature photos and 7 nominations in 7 days
This is Day 1 of my #challengeonnaturephotograph. Thanks to Bill Eden for his nomination and kind words.
My first picture was taken in Morocco, a small flock of Trumpeter Finch drinking from a small puddle near Merzouga. I take the opportunity to tell that there's a Whitehawk birding tour next March/April and there are still 3 spaces left!
I nominate Vivek Khanzode for the #challengeonnaturephotography, an accomplished photographer that specializes on bird photography. During the short time I've spent with him, I learned a lot just watching him dealing with the challenges of photographing neotropical birds.
Now it's up to Vivek to post a new image each day for 7 days, tag me in the post, and nominate a new person each day by tagging them.