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Flint in the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA
Flint is the "official" state gemstone of Ohio (actually, there's no such thing as "official" anything). "Flint" is sometimes used as a lithologic term by modern geologists, but it is a synonym for chert. Flint and chert are the same - they are cryptocrystalline, quartzose sedimentary rocks. Rockhounds often assert that flint is high-quality while chert is low-quality. Some geologists assert that "flint" implies a biogenic origin and "chert" implies a chemical origin.
Many cherts do have a chemical origin - chert nodules are moderately common in some limestone units. The nodules form during diagenesis - pre-existing silica components in the carbonate sediments are dissolved, mobilized, and reprecipitated as chert masses. Some cherts do have a biogenic origin - for example, radiolarian cherts (rich in radiolarian microfossils) or spicular cherts (rich in siliceous sponge spicules).
The most famous flint deposit in Ohio is Flint Ridge, in Licking County. At this locality, the Middle Pennsylvanian-aged Vanport Flint is exposed in several places. The geologic literature on the Vanport Flint is relatively sparse, with inaccurate, incomplete descriptions and characterizations. For example, the literature describes the Vanport as a sheet of flint at Flint Ridge - it's actually a meganodule horizon. Other descriptions refer to the chert as the remains of siliceous sponges. In reality, siliceous sponge spicules are quite scarce in Vanport samples.
Two graduate student projects during the 2000s, conducted at two different universities, had very different conclusions & interpretations about the origin of the Vanport Flint. A 2003 study concluded that chert at Flint Ridge is biogenic in origin. A 2006 study concluded that the chert is chemical in origin. Some Pennsylvanian-aged cherts in eastern America are inferred to be ultimately derived from quartzose eolian dust on seafloors.
Modern flint knappers value the Vanport Flint for being multicolored and high-quality (= very few impurities). With artificial heating, the flint is more easily knapped into arrowheads, spear points, and other objects. Prehistoric American Indians quarried the Vanport Flint at many specific sites on Flint Ridge. Old Indian flint pits can be examined along hiking trails in Flint Ridge State Park. Many authentic Indian artifacts found in Ohio (arrowheads & spearpoints - "projectile points") are composed of Vanport Flint.
Seen here is a flint specimen at Nethers Flint Quarries near the eastern end of Flint Ridge. This is a fee site - currently $7.50 per person to collect and 50 cents per pound of flint kept. Pits have been frequently dug out and filled in over the years. Many pits encounter flint meganodules. Flint colors here range from white to black. Other common colors include reddish, yellowish, brownish, grayish, and bluish. Many samples have paleofractures and small vugs filled with chalcedony and/or megaquartz (= visible quartz crystals in a chert / flint). Larger vugs are often not completely filled and are lined with quartz crystals ("geodes", but usually not subspherically shaped). Brecciation is present in some samples - the angular clasts are cemented together by chalcedony (for example, see this photo - click on the image once or twice to zoom in). Thin color bands called "pinstripes" are often present - such samples are called "Nethers Flint". Rottenstone / tripoli can be seen at the edges of some flint pieces here; rottenstone forms by long-term weathering. Weathering spherulites can be present in either the flint or the rottenstone. Fossils at this site are uncommon, but include fusulinid foraminifera, corals, and molluscs. Tiny peloids or peloid-like structures can occur in the flint. Minerals observed here include quartz, macrobotryoidal chalcedony, hematite, limonite, turgite, barite, siderite (or ferroan dolomite), and rarely pyrite. The iron oxides coat fractures and joint surfaces.
Stratigraphy: Vanport Flint, Allegheny Group, upper Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Nethers Flint Quarries - flint pit in the woods on the southwestern side of Flint Ridge Road, eastern Flint Ridge, far-western Muskingum County, east-central Ohio, USA (vicinity of 40° 00.137’ North latitude, 82° 11.544’ West longitude)
Dorothy (1617,-1687), daughter of Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Lord of Cameron and Mary Sheffield daughter of John Sheffield, 2nd Lord Sheffield of Butterwicke (1568) and
Douglas daughter of William Howard, Lord of Effingham) second wife of Sir Richard Hutton 1648 - Her Fairfax grandparents lie at Otley SEE ATTACHED
She had 5 children:
1 Sir Thomas Hutton of Poppleton 1638-1704)
2 Richard Hutton of Pudsey (1708)
3 Matthew Hutton (d1711, rector of Aynhoe)
4 Charles Hutton (b 1644, dsp 1695)
5 Dorothy Hutton
Her brother Sir Thomas Fairfax was one of the outstanding military commanders of the Civil War who was the victorious commander of the New Model Army at the Battle of Naseby
6201 heads the Scarborough Flyer towards the Wilmslow stop as it passes under the bridge at Nether Alderley. It is interesting that there are two repeater signals here due to both the lines being set up for bi-directional traffic.
Ann eldest daugher and co-heiress of Christopher Pemberton, wife of Francis Morgan 1556 and 3 daughters.
1. Frances married William Gent of Norton near Daventry
2. Elizabeth1592 married Augustine Crispe 1597 of Broughton, parents of Francis 1600, Thomas and Anne
3. ?
"The Chancel arch is also Norman and its builders incorporated into the South pillar an altar stone dedicated to Jove. In doing so they destroyed half the inscription but what remains enables the whole of it to be inferred. It was dedicated to Jupiter by a centurion called Titinius Pines, probably in the 3rd century AD. Where the 12th century builders found this altar one would certainly like to know. The likely places are Durnovaria, Roman Dorchester, only 5 miles away, or a small Romano-British villa at Forston, excavated in 1960, little more than a mile from Godmanstone."
Leaflet available at Holy Trinity Church, Godmanstone.
www.romanbritain.freeserve.co.uk/Rbgods.htm mentions the stone in its list of the Gods and Goddesses of Roman Britain, as dedicated to Jupiter Optimus Maximus, quoting from the Journal of Roman Studies 1965 "Godmanstone (nr Dorchester, Dorset): altar by Titinius Pines, of [XX V(aleria)] V(ictrix)(?)."
Flint from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA. (~8.6 centimeters across at its widest)
Flint is the "official" state gemstone of Ohio (actually, there's no such thing as "official" anything). "Flint" is sometimes used as a lithologic term by modern geologists, but it is a synonym for chert. Flint and chert are the same - they are cryptocrystalline, quartzose sedimentary rocks. Rockhounds often assert that flint is high-quality while chert is low-quality. Some geologists assert that "flint" implies a biogenic origin and "chert" implies a chemical origin.
Many cherts do have a chemical origin - chert nodules are moderately common in some limestone units. The nodules form during diagenesis - pre-existing silica components in the carbonate sediments are dissolved, mobilized, and reprecipitated as chert masses. Some cherts do have a biogenic origin - for example, radiolarian cherts (rich in radiolarian microfossils) or spicular cherts (rich in siliceous sponge spicules).
The most famous flint deposit in Ohio is Flint Ridge, in Licking County. At this locality, the Middle Pennsylvanian-aged Vanport Flint is exposed in several places. The geologic literature on the Vanport Flint is relatively sparse, with inaccurate, incomplete descriptions and characterizations. For example, the literature describes the Vanport as a sheet of flint at Flint Ridge - it's actually a meganodule horizon. Other descriptions refer to the chert as the remains of siliceous sponges. In reality, siliceous sponge spicules are quite scarce in Vanport samples.
Two graduate student projects during the 2000s, conducted at two different universities, had very different conclusions & interpretations about the origin of the Vanport Flint. A 2003 study concluded that chert at Flint Ridge is biogenic in origin. A 2006 study concluded that the chert is chemical in origin.
Studies done by geologists at Ohio State University at Newark indicate that the Vanport Flint has a relatively complex history, the details of which are still being worked out.
Modern flint knappers value the Vanport Flint for being multicolored and high-quality (= very few impurities). With artificial heating, the flint is more easily knapped into arrowheads, spear points, and other objects. Prehistoric American Indians quarried the Vanport Flint at many specific sites on Flint Ridge. Old Indian flint pits can be examined along hiking trails in Flint Ridge State Park ("State Memorial"). Many authentic Indian artifacts found in Ohio (arrowheads & spearpoints - "projectile points") are composed of Vanport Flint.
The reddish, orangish-brown, and yellowish areas are colored by iron oxides (hematite and possibly limonite).
Most of the sample has many thin, closely-spaced lines and is known as "pinstripe flint" or "Nethers flint". The striping resembles Liesegang banding in sandstones, which results from groundwater moving through porous rocks and precipitating minerals - usually iron oxide (e.g., see: www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/albums/72157647217431341 ). Flint/chert, however, has low porosity and very low permeability, so pinstripe banding must have a different origin (?).
The upper left area has brecciated flint with many angular flint clasts cemented together with chalcedony (= translucent, microcrystalline, fibrous quartz) and minor megaquartz (= macroscopic quartz crystals in chert).
Stratigraphy: Vanport Flint, Allegheny Group, upper Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Nethers Flint Quarries - flint pit in the woods on the southwestern side of Flint Ridge Road, eastern Flint Ridge, far-western Muskingum County, east-central Ohio, USA (vicinity of 40° 00.137’ North latitude, 82° 11.544’ West longitude)
The church of St Peter & St Paul at Nether Heyford is tucked away down a quiet lane and at first sight appears fairly modest by some standards with its simple squared-off tower and it's delightful caramel-coloured stonework.
The building is largely 14th century with later alterations and within is surprisingly spacious with an emphasis on width rather than height. The internal walls refreshingly retain their plaster, lightening the interior considerably (along with mostly clear-glazed windows). The most notable features here are the medieval Mauntell brass in the sanctuary and a fine mid-16th century wall monument to the Morgan family in the south aisle.
historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1041021
The church appears to be open and welcoming to visitors.
Sir Richard Hutton 1613-1648 son of Sir Thomas and Dame Anne on the other wall, with his 2 wives Dorothy Fairfax and Ursula Sheffield.
Richard m1 (29.01.1633-4) Ursula daughter of Sir Edmund Sheffield, son of 1st Earl of Mulgrave who died an hour after giving birth to daughter Ursula who died an infant.
Ursula was named after her grandmother Ursula daughter of Sir Robert Tyrwhitt 1581 and Elizabeth Oxenbridge flic.kr/p/q3fcSg
Richard m2 Dorothy Fairfax (1617,-1687), daughter of Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Lord of Cameron) They had 5 children:
1 Sir Thomas Hutton of Poppleton 1638-1704)
2 Richard Hutton of Pudsey (1708)
3 Matthew Hutton (d1711, rector of Aynhoe)
4 Charles Hutton (b 1644, dsp 1695)
5 Dorothy Hutton
Farmstead in the Cabrach. Between 1782 and 1869 William Souter farmed here. See Cabrach set for details re absentee landlord Christopher Moran.
24/02/13
The weir and River Trent at Nether Lock, Newark, with the Sugar Beet factory in the background, 7.7.24.
7Artisans 18mm f6.4.
From Elizabeth Zimmerman's Knitter's Almanac, September chapter, "Nether Garments".
Knit circa 1993-1994.
Holes in the left leg and ankle despite hardly ever being worn. (Moths?)
Now what? Darn the holes, or cut them off above the knees for knicker length longies to be worn under a skirt?
St Nicholas
Church of England
Early 13th century church, located in the centre of the village, and listed as one of Simon Jenkin's 'England's Thousand Best Churches'.
Farmstead in the Cabrach. Between 1782 and 1869 William Souter farmed here. See Cabrach set for details re absentee landlord Christopher Moran.
Knox College students set lights for "The Nether," presented Nov. 2-5, 2016 in Harbach Theatre. More: www.knox.edu/news/news-archive/knox-college-theatre-prese...
Farmstead in the Cabrach. Between 1782 and 1869 William Souter farmed here. See Cabrach set for details re absentee landlord Christopher Moran.
Knox College students set lights for "The Nether," presented Nov. 2-5, 2016 in Harbach Theatre. More: www.knox.edu/news/news-archive/knox-college-theatre-prese...
Farmstead in the Cabrach. Between 1782 and 1869 William Souter farmed here. See Cabrach set for details re absentee landlord Christopher Moran.
The church of St Peter & St Paul at Nether Heyford is tucked away down a quiet lane and at first sight appears fairly modest by some standards with its simple squared-off tower and it's delightful caramel-coloured stonework.
The building is largely 14th century with later alterations and within is surprisingly spacious with an emphasis on width rather than height. The internal walls refreshingly retain their plaster, lightening the interior considerably (along with mostly clear-glazed windows). The most notable features here are the medieval Mauntell brass in the sanctuary and a fine mid-16th century wall monument to the Morgan family in the south aisle.
historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1041021
The church appears to be open and welcoming to visitors.