Guia de Aves de Chile
View allAll Photos Tagged Nativitatis
Die Krippe ist also fertig .....
Alors, la crèche est prête .....
Så julekrybben er klar .....
Så, födelsecenen är klar .....
Entonces, el belén está listo ...
Allora, il presepe è pronto .....
Så fødselsscenen er klar .....
Ita, qui utrum nativitas est paratum .....
Então, o presépio está pronto ...
At a time when we formulate wishes and requests, I would love to share a "tomorrow" made of more understanding, peace and humanity among us all.
For everyone, a Happy Christmas , Feliz Natal, ¡Feliz Navidad, Gëzuar Krishtlindjet, Häid jõule, Maligayang Pasko, Hyvää Joulua, Joyeux Noël, Frohe Weihnachten, Καλά Χριστούγεννα, Gleðileg jól, Buon Natale, God jul, Wesołych Świąt, 圣诞节快乐, メリークリスマス, С Рождеством , Nollaig Shona, Veselé Vánoce, मेरी क्रिसमस, Mutlu Noeller, Lorem Nativitatis, สุขสันต์วันคริสมาสต์, Geseënde Kersfees
Press L for larger view
Canon EOS 5D MKII + Canon EF 17-40 f/4 L @ 20 mm
ISO 100 - f/11 - 150s
Lee ND 0.9+ Lee GND 0.9 HE
Buon Natale / JOYEUX NOËL
LEICA R8 - 24mm
FUJICOLOR SUPERIA 800
Expired Film 04-2001
Nedeleg laouen
buon Natale
Merry Christmas
bona paschixedda
felicem diem Nativitatis
Frohe Weihnachten
ميلاد مجيد
glædelig jul
feliz Navidad
hyvää joulua
selamat Natal
gleðileg jól
god jul
vrolijk Kerstfeest
کریسمس مبارک
God Jul
veselé Vánoce
สุขสันต์วันคริสต์มาส
Noeliniz kutlu olsun
с Рождеством Христовым
Mừng Chúa Giáng Sinh
feliz Natal
καλά Χριστούγεννα (
Nollaig chridheil
메리크리스마스
圣诞快乐
весела коледа
Buon Natale / JOYEUX NOËL
LEICA R8 - 24mm
FUJICOLOR SUPERIA 800
Expired Film 04-2001
Nedeleg laouen
buon Natale
Merry Christmas
bona paschixedda
felicem diem Nativitatis
Frohe Weihnachten
ميلاد مجيد
glædelig jul
feliz Navidad
hyvää joulua
selamat Natal
gleðileg jól
god jul
vrolijk Kerstfeest
کریسمس مبارک
God Jul
veselé Vánoce
สุขสันต์วันคริสต์มาส
Noeliniz kutlu olsun
с Рождеством Христовым
Mừng Chúa Giáng Sinh
feliz Natal
καλά Χριστούγεννα (
Nollaig chridheil
메리크리스마스
圣诞快乐
весела коледа
More than 5000 bones cover the walls and columns of this chapel in Évora. These bones come from the medieval graves of the town's burghers. The whole structure holds thanks to the cement that burns the bones arranged in various patterns. On the ceiling of this room there is an inscription "Melior est die mortis die nativitati" - "Better is the day of death than the day of birth".
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More about this image
generationvoyage.fr/joyeux-noel-langues/
AFRIKAANS : « Geseënde Kersfees »
ALBANAIS : « Gëzuar Krishtlindja »
ALLEMAND : « Frohe Weihnachten » ou « Fröhliche Weihnachten »
ALSACIEN : « Gleckika Wïanachta »
ANGLAIS : « Merry Christmas » ou « Happy Christmas »
ARABE : « Miilaad majiid »
ARMÉNIEN : « Shnorhavor Surb tsnund »
BAS-SAXON : « Vrolik Kersfees »
BASQUE : « Eguberri on »
BENGALI : « Subho baradin »
BIÉLORUSSE : « Z Bozym naradzenniem »
BIRMAN : « Christmas nay hma mue pyaw pa »
BOSNIAQUE : « Sretan Božić »
BRETON : « Nedeleg laouen »
BULGARE : « Vesela koleda »
CATALAN : « Bon Nadal »
CHINOIS : « Shèng dàn kuài lè »
CORÉEN : « Seun-tan chu-ka-hae-yo »
CORNIQUE : « Nadelek lowen »
CORSE : « Bon Natale »
CRÉOLE GUADELOUPÉEN : « Jwayé Nwèl »
CRÉOLE HAITIEN : « Jwaye Nowel »
CRÉOLE MARTINIQUAIS : « Jwayé Nwèl »
CRÉOLE RÉUNIONNAIS : « Zwayé Noèl »
CROATE : « Sretan Božić »
DANOIS : « Glædelig jul »
ESPAGNOL : « Feliz Navidad »
ESPÉRANTO : « Gojan Kristnaskon »
ESTONIEN : « Häid jõule »
FÉROÏEN : « Gleðilig jól »
FINNOIS : « Hyvää joulua »
FRANCIQUE LORRAIN : « Frohe Weihnachte »
FRISON : « Noflike Krystdagen »
FRIOULAN : « Bon nadâl »
GAÉLIQUE D’ÉCOSSE : « Nollaig chridheil »
GAÉLIQUE D’IRLANDE : « Nollaig shona »
GALICIEN : « Bo Nadal »
GALLOIS : « Nadolig llawen »
GÉORGIEN : « Ahali tseli »
GREC : « Kala christougenna » ou « Kala xristougenna »
HAWAÏEN : « Mele Kalikimaka »
HÉBREU : « Christmas sameakh » (rarement utilisé)
HINDI : « Krismas ki subhkamna »
HONGROIS : « Boldog karácsonyt »
ILOCANO : « Naragsak a paskua »
INDONÉSIEN : « Selamat Natal »
ISLANDAIS : « Gleðileg jól »
ITALIEN : « Buon Natale » ou « Gioioso Natale »
JAVANAIS : « Sugeng Natal »
JAPONAIS : « Merii kurisumasu »
KABYLE : « Assegass amegass »
KINYARWANDA : « Noheli nziza »
KURDE : « Noela we pîroz be »
LANGUEDOCIEN (OCCITAN) : « Bon nadal »
LAO : « Souksan van Christmas »
LATIN : « Felix dies Nativitatis »
LETTON : « Priecīgus Ziemassvētkus »
LIGURE : « Bun Denâ » ou « Bun Natâle »
LINGALA : « Noël esengo »
LITUANIEN : « Su Kalėdomis » ou « Linksmų Kalėdų »
LUXEMBOURGEOIS : « Schéi Chrëschtdeeg »
MACÉDONIEN : « Srećen Božić »
MALAIS : « Selamat hari natal »
MALAYALAM : « Christmas ashamshagal »
MALGACHE : « Tratry ny Krismasy » ou « Arahabaina tratry ny Krismasy »
MALTAIS : « Il-milied it-tajjeb » ou « Milied hieni »
MANX : « Nollick ghennal »
MAORI : « Meri Kirihimete »
NÉERLANDAIS : « Vrolijk Kerstfeest »
NIÇOIS : « Bouòni Calèna »
NORVÉGIEN : « God jul »
OCCITAN : « Bon Nadal »
PERSAN : « Krissmas khojaste » ou « Krissmas farkhonde »
POLONAIS : « Wesołych świąt bożego Narodzenia »
PORTUGAIS : « Feliz Natal »
PROVENÇAL : « Bòn nové »
ROMANI : « Baxtalo Krečuno »
ROUMAIN : « Un Crăciun fericit »
RUKIGA : « Noheiri nungi » ou « Webale Noheiri »
RUSSE : « S rojdestvom Kristovom »
SAMOAN : « Ia manuia le Kerisimasi »
SARDE : « Bona pasca’e Nadale » (logudorois) ou « Bona paschixedda » (campidanois)
SERBE : « Srecan bozic »
SHONA : « Krisimas yakanaka »
SINDHI : « Chrismas joon wadhayoon »
SINGHALAIS : « Suba nattalak wewa »
SLOVAQUE : « Vesele vianoce »
SLOVÈNE : « Vesel božič » ou « Vesele božične praznike »
SOBOTA : « Dobro dedek »
SRANAN : « Switi Krisneti »
SUÉDOIS : « God jul »
SWAHILI : « Noël ya furaha »
TAGALOG : « Maligayang pasko »
TAHITIEN : « Ia orana e te noera »
TCHÈQUE : « Veselé Vánoce »
THAI : « Souksaan wan Christmas »
TURC : « Noeliniz kutlu olsun »
UDMURT : « Shuldyr Ymuśton »
UKRAINIEN : « Z Rizdvom Hrystovym »
VIETNAMIEN : « Mừng Chúa Giáng Sinh »
WALLON : « Djoyeus Noyé »
YIDDISH : « A gute nitl »
YORUBA : « E kun odun Keresimesi »
ZOULOU : « Ukhisimusi omuhle »
Magique est LA GRANDE MOTTE ⭐
⭐ Joyeux Noël ⭐Buon Natale ⭐Merry Christmas
à vous tous
Amis du Monde entier
qui si gentiment venez me voir : Soyez Heureux ⭐
*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*
c'est devant notre jolie Mairie enrubannée
qu'est : La Forêt Magique
Liana 1 h
Magique est LA GRANDE MOTTE ⭐
⭐ Joyeux Noël ⭐Buon Natale ⭐Merry Christmas
à vous tous
Amis du Monde entier
qui si gentiment venez me voir : Soyez Heureux ⭐
*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*
AFRIKAANS * Geseënde Kersfees
ALBANAIS * Gëzuar Krishtlindja
ALLEMAND * Frohe Weihnachten/Fröhliche Weihnachten
ALSACIEN * Gleckika Wïanachta
ANGLAIS * Merry Christmas / * Happy Christmas
ARABE * Miilaad majiid
ARMÉNIEN * Shnorhavor Surb tsnund
AUTRICHIEN * Frohe Weihnachten
BAS-SAXON * Vrolik Kersfees
BASQUE * Eguberri on
BENGALI * Subho baradin
BIÉLORUSSE * ЗБожым нараджэннем (Z Bozym naradzenniem)
BIRMAN * Christmas nay hma mue pyaw pa
BOSNIAQUE * Sretan Božić
BRETON * Nedeleg laouen
BULGARE * весела коледа / Vesela koleda / Chestita Koleda
CATALAN * Bon Nadal
CHINOIS * 圣诞快乐 (shèng dàn kuài lè)
CHYPRIOTE * Mutlu yillar / Kala Christouyenna
CORÉEN * Seun-tan chu-ka-hae-yo
CORNIQUE * Nadelek lowen
CORSE * Bon Natale
CRÉOLE GUADELOUPÉEN * Jwaïeu Nouel
CRÉOLE HAITIEN * Jwaye nowel
CRÉOLE MARTINIQUAIS * Jénwèl
CRÉOLE RÉUNIONNAIS * Zwayé Noèl
CROATE * Sretan Božić
DANOIS * Glædelig jul
ESPAGNOL * Feliz Navidad
ESPÉRANTO * Gojan Kristnaskon
ESTONIEN * Häid jõule / Roomsaid Joulu Puhi
FÉROÏEN * Gleðilig jól
FINLANDAIS * Iloista Joulua / Huyvä Joulua
FINNOIS * Hyvää joulua
FRANÇAIS * Joyeux Noël
FRANCIQUE LORRAIN * Frohe Weihnachte
FRISON * Noflike Krystdagen
FRIOULAN * Bon nadâl
GAÉLIQUE D’ÉCOSSE * Nollaig chridheil
GAÉLIQUE D’IRLANDE * Nollaig shona
GALICIEN * Bo Nadal
GALLOIS * Nadolig llawen
GÉORGIEN * Ahali tseli
GREC * Kala christougenna / kala xristougenna
HAWAÏEN * Mele Kalikimaka
HÉBREU * Christmas sameakh (rarement utilisé)
HINDI * Krismas ki subhkamna
HOLLANDAIS * Vroolijk Kerfeest
HONGROIS * Boldog Karácsonyt / Kellemes karacsonyi unnepeket
ILOCANO * Naragsak a paskua
INDONÉSIEN * Selamat Natal
IRLANDAIS * Nodlaig mhaith chugnat
ISLANDAIS * Gleðileg jól
ITALIEN * Buon Natale * Gioioso Natale * Buone Feste
Natalizie * Buon Natale
JAVANAIS * Sugeng Natal
JAPONAIS * Meri kurisumasu
KABYLE * Assegass amegass
KINYARWANDA * Noheli nziza
KURDE * Noela we pîroz be
LANGUEDOCIEN OCCITAN *.* Bon nadal
LAOS * ouksan van Christmas
LATIN * Felix dies Nativitatis
LETTON * Priecīgus Ziemassvētkus
LIGURE * Bun Denâ / Bun Natâle
LINGALA * Noël esengo
LITUANIEN * Su Kaledoms / Linksmu Kaledu
LUXEMBOURGEOIS * Schéi Chrëschtdeeg
MACÉDONIEN * Sreken Bozik
MALAIS * Selamat hari natal
MALAYALAM * Christmas ashamshagal
MALGACHE * Tratry ny Krismasy * Arahabaina tratry ny Krismasy * Arahaba tratry ny Krismasy
MALTAIS * Il-milied it-tajjeb * Milied hieni
MANX * Nollick ghennal
MAORI * Meri Kirihimete
NÉERLANDAIS * Vrolijk Kerstfeest
NIÇOIS * Bouòni Calèna
NORVÉGIEN * God jul / Gledelig Jul
OCCITAN * Bon Nadal
PERSAN * Krissmas khojaste / Krissmas farkhonde
POLONAIS * Wesołych Świąt
PORTUGAIS * Feliz Natal
PROVENÇAL * Bòn nové
ROMANI * Baxtalo Krečuno
ROUMAIN * Un Crăciun fericit * Sarbatori vesele
RUSSE * CPождеством Xристовом (S rojdestvom Kristovom)
SAMOA * NIa manuia le Kerisimasi
SARDE * Bona pasca’e Nadale (logudorois) * Bona paschixedda (campidanois)
SERBE * Срећан Божић (srecan bozic)
SHONA * Krisimas yakanaka
SINDHI * Chrismas joon wadhayoon
SLOVAQUE * Vesele vianoce
SLOVÈNE * Vesel božič * Vesele božične praznike
SOBOTA * Dobro dedek
SUÉDOIS * God jul
SWAHILI * Noël ya furaha
TAGALOG * Maligayang pasko
TAHITIEN * Ia orana e te noera
TCHÈQUE * Veselé Vánoce
THAI * สุขสันต์วันคริสตร์มาส (souksaan wan Christmas)
TURC * Noeliniz kutlu olsun * Mutlu yillar
UDMURT * Shuldyr Ymuśton
UKRAINIENZ * Rizdvom Hrystovym
VIETNAMIEN * Mừng Chúa Giáng Sinh
WALLON * Djoyeus Noyé
« Noël n’est pas un jour ni une saison, c’est un état d’esprit. »
( Calvin Coolidge )
✰〜❄〜❤〜✰〜❄〜❤〜❄〜✰〜❤〜❄〜✰
Dans quelques heures ... Il y aura plein de cadeaux aux pieds de vos sapins...
Mais pour que Noël soit vraiment une réussite ...
... il faut avant tout que l'esprit de Noël soit présent dans vos cœurs.
Et l'esprit de Noël, c'est avant tout ... L' Amour.
Je vous souhaite de Merveilleuses Fêtes de Noël... et beaucoup d'Amour à tous... Soyez Heureux!!!
Alexandra
✰〜❄〜❤〜✰〜❄〜❤〜❄〜✰〜❤〜❄〜✰
In a few hours, there will be a lot of gifts under your Christmas trees...
But, for Christmas to be a real success, the spirit of Christmas should be in your hearts....
Before anything else, the spirit of Christmas is about LOVE.
I wish you a wonderful Christmas... and lot of LOVE to everybody... Be Happy!
✰〜❄〜❤〜✰〜❄〜❤〜❄〜✰〜❤〜❄〜✰
AFRIKAANS geseënde Kersfees
ALBANAIS gëzuar Krishtlindja
ALLEMAND frohe Weihnachten / fröhliche Weihnachten
ALSACIEN gleckika Wïanachta
ANGLAIS merry Christmas / happy Christmas
ARABE ميلاد مجيد (miilaad majiid)
ARMÉNIEN Shnorhavor Surb tsnund
AZERI Noel bayraminiz mubarak
BAS-SAXON vrolik Kersfees
BASQUE Eguberri on
BENGALI subho baradin
BIÉLORUSSE З Божым нараджэннем (Z Bozym naradzenniem)
BIRMAN Christmas nay hma mue pyaw pa
BOSNIEN sretan Božić
BRETON Nedeleg laouen
BULGARE весела коледа (vesela koleda)
CATALAN bon Nadal
CH'TI joïeux Noé
CHEROKEE ulihelisdi danisdayohihvi
CHINOIS 圣诞快乐 (shèng dàn kuài lè)
CORÉEN 메리크리스마스
CORNIQUE Nadelek lowen
CORSE bon Natale
CRÉOLE GUADELOUPÉEN jwayé Nwèl
CRÉOLE HAITIEN jwaye Nowel
CRÉOLE MARTINIQUAIS bon Nwel
CRÉOLE RÉUNIONNAIS zwayé Noèl
CROATE sretan Božić
DANOIS glædelig jul
DHOLUO bedgi sikuku maber
ESPAGNOL feliz Navidad
ESPÉRANTO gojan Kristnaskon
ESTONIEN häid jõule
FÉROÏEN gleðilig jól
FILIPINO Maligayang Pasko
FINNOIS hyvää joulua
FRANÇAIS joyeux Noël
FRANCIQUE LORRAIN frohe Weihnachte
FRISON noflike Krystdagen
FRIOULAN bon nadâl
GAÉLIQUE D'ÉCOSSE Nollaig chridheil
GAÉLIQUE D'IRLANDE Nollaig shona
GALICIEN bo Nadal
GALLO boune Neoua
GALLOIS Nadolig llawen
GÉORGIEN gilocav shoba axal wels
GREC Καλα Χριστούγεννα (kala christougenna / kala xristougenna)
HAWAÏEN mele Kalikimaka
HÉBREU חג מולד שמח (hag molad saméa'h)
HINDI Krismas ki subhkamna
HONGROIS boldog karácsonyt
IGBO annuri Ekeresimesi
ILOCANO naragsak a paskua
INDONÉSIEN selamat Natal
ISLANDAIS gleðileg jól
ITALIEN buon Natale
JAVANAIS sugeng Natal
JAPONAIS merii kurisumasu
KABYLE tameghra tameggazt
KHMER រីករាយបុណ្យណូអ៊ែល (rik reay bon Noel)
KINYARWANDA Noheli nziza
KIRUNDI Noheli nziza
KURDE Noela we pîroz be
LANGUEDOCIEN (OCCITAN) bon nadal
LAO souksan van Christmas
LATIN felix dies Nativitatis
LETTON priecīgus Ziemassvētkus
LIANGMAI mathabou Christmas
LIGURE bón dênâ / bón natâle
LINGALA Noël esengo
LITUANIEN su Kalėdomis / linksmų Kalėdų
LUXEMBOURGEOIS schéi Chrëschtdeeg
MACÉDONIEN среќен Божиќ (srećen Božić, formel) / Христос се роди (Hristos se rodi, informel) / Навистина се роди (Navistina se rodi, en réponse à la forme informelle)
MALAIS selamat hari natal
MALAYALAM Christmas ashamshagal
MALGACHE tratry ny Krismasy / arahabaina tratry ny Krismasy / arahaba tratry ny Krismasy
MALTAIS il-milied it-tajjeb / milied hieni
MANX Nollick ghennal
MAORI meri Kirihimete
MIZO Krismas chibai
MONÉGASQUE bon Natale
MONGOL zul sariin bayariin mend hurgie
NÉERLANDAIS vrolijk Kerstfeest
NIÇOIS bouòni Calèna
NORMAND jostous Noué
NORMAND (JÈRRIAIS) bouan Noué
NORVÉGIEN god jul
OCCITAN bon Nadal
OROMO baga ayyaana dhaloota Kiristoos isin ga'e
PAPIAMENTO bon pasku
PERSAN کریسمس مبارک (Christmas mobaarak)
POLONAIS wesołych świąt bożego Narodzenia
PORTUGAIS feliz Natal
PROVENÇAL bòn nové
ROMANI baxtalo Krečuno
ROUMAIN un Crăciun fericit
RUKIGA Noheiri nungi / webale Noheiri
RUSSE с Рождеством Христовым (S rozhdestvom Kristovom)
SAMOAN ia manuia le Kerisimasi
SARDE bona pasca’e Nadale (logudorois) / bona paschixedda (campidanois)
SERBE Христос се роди (Hristos se rodi)
SHONA Krisimas yakanaka
SILÉSIEN Radosnych godów
SINDHI Chrismas joon wadhayoon
SINGHALAIS suba nattalak wewa
SLOVAQUE vesele vianoce
SLOVÈNE vesel božič / vesele božične praznike
SOBOTA dobro dedek
SRANAN switi Krisneti
SUÉDOIS God Jul
SWAHILI heri la Krismasi
TAGALOG Maligayang Pasko
TAHITIEN 'ia 'oa'oa e teie Noera
TAMOUL கிறிஸ்மஸ் தின நல் வாழ்த்துக்கள் (Krismas dina nal vaagethoukkal)
TCHÈQUE veselé Vánoce
TELUGU Krismas shubhakankshalu
THAI สุขสันต์วันคริสต์มาส (souksaan wan Christmas)
TONGAN mele Kilisimasi
TSWANA (SETSWANA) Keresemose sentle
TURC Noeliniz kutlu olsun
UDMURT Shuldyr Ymuśton
UKRAINIEN З Різдвом Христовим (Z Rizdvom Khrystovym) / Щасливого Різдва Христового (ʃtʃaslyvogo rizdva Hrystovogo)
VIETNAMIEN Mừng Chúa Giáng Sinh
WALLON (orthographe à betchfessîs) djoyeus Noyé
YIDDISH אַ גוטע ניטל (a gute nitl)
YORUBA e kun odun Keresimesi
ZOULOU UKhisimusi omuhle
AFRIKAANS = geseënde Kersfees
ALBANIAN = gëzuar Krishtlindja
ALSATIAN = gleckika Wïanachta
ARABIC = ميلاد مجيد (miilaad majiid)
ARMENIAN = Shnorhavor Surb tsnund
AZERI = Noel bayraminiz mubarak
BASQUE = Eguberri on
BELARUSIAN = З Божым нараджэннем (Z Bozym naradzenniem)
BENGALI = subho baradin
BOSNIAN = sretan Božić
BRETON = Nedeleg laouen
BULGARIAN = весела коледа (vesela koleda)
BURMESE = Christmas nay hma mue pyaw pa
CATALAN = bon Nadal
CH'TI = joïeux Noé
CHEROKEE = ulihelisdi danisdayohihvi
CHINESE = 圣诞快乐 (shèng dàn kuài lè)
CORNISH = Nadelek lowen
CORSICAN = bon Natale
CROATIAN = sretan Božić
CZECH = veselé Vánoce
DANISH = glædelig jul
DHOLUO = bedgi sikuku maber
DUTCH = vrolijk Kerstfeest
ENGLISH = merry Christmas
ESPERANTO = gojan Kristnaskon
ESTONIAN = häid jõule
FAROESE = gleðilig jól
FILIPINO = Maligayang Pasko
FINNISH = hyvää joulua
FRENCH = joyeux Noël
FRISIAN = noflike Krystdagen
FRIULAN = bon nadâl
GALICIAN = bo Nadal
GEORGIAN = gilocav shoba axal wels
GERMAN = frohe Weihnachten / fröhliche Weihnachten
GREEK = Καλα Χριστούγεννα (kala christougenna / kala xristougenna)
HAITIAN CREOLE = jwaye Nowel
HAWAIIAN = mele Kalikimaka
HEBREW = חג מולד שמח (hag molad saméa'h)
HINDI = Krismas ki subhkamna
HUNGARIAN = boldog karácsonyt
ICELANDIC = gleðileg jól
IGBO = annuri Ekeresimesi
ILOCANO = naragsak a paskua
INDONESIAN = selamat Natal
IRISH GAELIC = Nollaig shona
ITALIAN = buon Natale
JAVANESE = sugeng Natal
JAPANESE = merii kurisumasu
KABYLIAN = tameghra tameggazt
KHMER = រីករាយបុណ្យណូអ៊ែល (rik reay bon Noel)
KINYARWANDA = Noheli nziza
KIRUNDI = Noheli nziza
KOREAN = 메리크리스마스
KURDISH = Noela we pîroz be
LAO = souksan van Christmas
LATIN = felix dies Nativitatis
LATVIAN = priecīgus Ziemassvētkus
LIANGMAI = mathabou Christmas
LIGURIAN = bón dênâ / bón natâle
LITHUANIAN = su Kalėdomis / linksmų Kalėdų
LOW SAXON = vrolik Kersfees
LUXEMBOURGEOIS = schéi Chrëschtdeeg
MACEDONIAN = среќен Божиќ (srećen Božić, formal) / Христос се роди (Hristos se rodi, informal) / Навистина се роди (Navistina se rodi, as a reply to the informal greeting)
MALAGASY = tratry ny Krismasy / arahabaina tratry ny Krismasy / arahaba tratry ny Krismasy
MALAY = selamat hari natal
MALAYALAM = Christmas ashamshagal
MALTESE = il-milied it-tajjeb / milied hieni
MANX = Nollick ghennal
MAORI = meri Kirihimete
MIZO = Krismas chibai
MONÉGASQUE = bon Natale
MONGOLIAN = zul sariin bayariin mend hurgie
NORMAN = jostous Noué
NORMAN = (JÈRRIAIS) bouan Noué
NORWEGIAN = god jul
OCCITAN = bon Nadal
OROMO = baga ayyaana dhaloota Kiristoos isin ga'e
PAPIAMENTU = bon pasku
PERSIAN = کریسمس مبارک (Christmas mobaarak)
POLISH = wesołych świąt bożego Narodzenia
PORTUGUESE = feliz Natal
ROMANI = baxtalo Krečuno
ROMANIAN = un Crăciun fericit
RUKIGA = Noheiri nungi / webale Noheiri
RUSSIAN = с Рождеством Христовым (S rozhdestvom Khristovym)
SAMOAN = ia manuia le Kerisimasi
SARDINIAN = bona pasca’e Nadale (logudorese) / bona paschixedda (campidanese)
SCOTTISH GAELIC = Nollaig chridheil
SERBIAN = Христос се роди (Hristos se rodi)
SHONA = Krisimas yakanaka
SILESIAN = Radosnych godów
SINDHI = Chrismas joon wadhayoon
SINHALESE = suba nattalak wewa
SLOVAK = vesele vianoce
SLOVENIAN = vesel božič / vesele božične praznike
SOBOTA = dobro dedek
SPANISH = feliz Navidad
SRANAN = switi Krisneti
SWAHILI = heri la Krismasi
SWEDISH = God Jul
TAGALOG = Maligayang Pasko
TAHITIAN = 'ia 'oa'oa e teie Noera
TAMIL = கிறிஸ்மஸ் தின நல் வாழ்த்துக்கள் (Krismas dina nal vaagethoukkal)
TELUGU = Krismas shubhakankshalu
THAI = สุขสันต์วันคริสต์มาส (souksaan wan Christmas)
TONGAN = mele Kilisimasi
TSWANA = (SETSWANA) Keresemose sentle
TURKISH = Noeliniz kutlu olsun
UDMURT = Shuldyr Ymuśton
UKRAINIAN = З Різдвом Христовим (Z Rizdvom Khrystovym) / Щасливого Різдва Христового (ʃtʃaslyvogo rizdva Hrystovogo)
VIETNAMESE = Mừng Chúa Giáng Sinh
WALOON = ("betchfessîs" spelling) djoyeus Noyé
WELSH = Nadolig llawen
WEST INDIAN CREOLE = jénwèl
YIDDISH = אַ גוטע ניטל (a gute nitl)
YORUBA = e kun odun Keresimesi
ZULU= UKhisimusi omuhle
kONICA T3
(T3n
Lens 50mm / 1.7
JOYEUX NOËL
Nedeleg laouen
buon Natale
Merry Christmas
bona paschixedda
felicem diem Nativitatis
Frohe Weihnachten
ميلاد مجيد
glædelig jul
feliz Navidad
hyvää joulua
selamat Natal
gleðileg jól
god jul
vrolijk Kerstfeest
کریسمس مبارک
God Jul
veselé Vánoce
สุขสันต์วันคริสต์มาส
Noeliniz kutlu olsun
с Рождеством Христовым
Mừng Chúa Giáng Sinh
feliz Natal
καλά Χριστούγεννα (
Nollaig chridheil
메리크리스마스
圣诞快乐
весела коледа
Un año más ha ocurrido lo inetable.
Los más prestigiosos virólogos a nivel mundial nos explican la aparición de síntomas relacionados con el virus de la Nativitas nativitatis, comunmente llamado Navidad, que tras estudios concienzudos desde hace aproximadamente dos mil años no encuentran otra explicación para su propagación que la de transferencia horizontal de genes.
Como todo virus es una entidad microscópica que infecta a todo tipo de organismos, desde el ser humano a plantas y debido a su forma simple y pequeña de materia viva y por tanto, a su minúsculo tamaño, no puede ser observado más que por submicroscopios.
Así se observa como los seres humanos se sonríen ( incluso sin conocerse) y se desean Felices Fiestas y Próspero Año Nuevo, se les despiertan deseos irresistibles de comprar regalos para sus allegados, ponen espumillón, lucecitas y bolas de colores en los árboles( que incomprensiblemente son expuestos en los salones de las casas particulares y a la entrada de los comercios), se montan belenes y los niños se sienten atraídos hacía los escaparates de las jugueterías y aprenden nombres complejos que después escribirán ( algunos con ayuda de los adultos) en su carta a Los Reyes Magos de Oriente, dejando temblando las cuentas corrientes de todos , y no de frío…precisamente.
En las granjas, los pavos notan que llegan sus últimos días.
Y todo ello con una musiquilla de fondo y extraños cánticos, popularmente conocidos como villancicos.
Entos síntomas, entre otros, aparecen a nivel mundial unos días antes del 25 de Diciembre y desaparecen el 6 de Enero.
Los avances farmacéuticos no han podido encontrar ningún componente ni principio activo para combatir los efectos del virus, ya que no responde a ningún antibiótico conocido.
A diferencia de otros virus, el Nativitas nativitatis no provoca daño en el organismo infectado, por tanto, déjate infectar por el Nativitas Nativitatis.
FELICES FIESTAS !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Ante cualquier duda no consulte con su farmacéutico y diríjase al Portal de Belén.
Pilar.
Allen Freunden und Bekannten schöne Feiertage
AFRIKAANS geseënde Kersfees
ALBANIAN gëzuar Krishtlindja
ALSATIAN gleckika Wïanachta
ARABIC miilaad majiid
ARMENIAN Shnorhavor Surb tsnund
BASQUE Eguberri on
BELARUSIAN З Божым нараджэннем (Z Bozym naradzenniem)
BENGALI subho baradin
BOSNIAN sretan Božić
BRETON Nedeleg laouen
BULGARIAN весела коледа (vesela koleda)
BURMESE Christmas nay hma mue pyaw pa
CATALAN bon Nadal
CHINESE 圣诞快乐 (shèng dàn kuài lè)
CORNISH Nadelek lowen
CORSICAN bon Natale
CROATIAN sretan Božić
CZECH veselé Vánoce
DANISH glædelig jul
DUTCH vrolijk Kerstfeest
ENGLISH merry Christmas
ESPERANTO gojan Kristnaskon
ESTONIAN häid jõule
FAROESE gleðilig jól
FINNISH hyvää joulua
FRENCH joyeux Noël
FRISIAN noflike Krystdagen
FRIULAN bon nadâl
GALICIAN bo Nadal
GEORGIAN Ahali tseli
GERMAN frohe Weihnachten / fröhliche Weihnachten
GREEK kala christougenna / kala xristougenna
HAITIAN CREOLE jwaye nowel
HAWAIIAN mele Kalikimaka
HEBREW christmas sameakh (barely used)
HINDI Krismas ki subhkamna
HUNGARIAN boldog Karácsonyt
ICELANDIC gleðileg jól
ILOCANO naragsak a paskua
INDONESIAN selamat Natal
IRISH GAELIC Nollaig shona
ITALIAN buon Natale / gioioso Natale
JAVANESE sugeng Natal
JAPANESE meri kurisumasu
KABYLIAN assegass amegass
KINYARWANDA Noheli nziza
KOREAN seun-tan chu-ka-hae-yo
KURDISH Noela we pîroz be
LAO souksan van Christmas
LATIN felix dies Nativitatis
LATVIAN priecīgus Ziemassvētkus
LIGURIAN bun Denâ / bun Natâle
LITHUANIAN su Kaledoms
LOW SAXON vrolik Kersfees
LUXEMBOURGEOIS schéi Chrëschtdeeg
MACEDONIAN sreken Bozik
MALAGASY tratry ny Krismasy / arahabaina tratry ny Krismasy / arahaba tratry ny Krismasy
MALAY selamat hari natal
MALAYALAM Christmas ashamshagal
MALTESE il-milied it-tajjeb / milied hieni
MANX Nollick ghennal
MAORI meri Kirihimete
NORWEGIAN god jul
OCCITAN bon Nadal
PERSIAN krissmas khojaste / krissmas farkhonde
POLISH Wesołych Świąt
PORTUGUESE feliz Natal
ROMANI baxtalo Krečuno
ROMANIAN un Crăciun fericit
RUSSIAN C Pождеством Xристовом (S rojdestvom Kristovom)
SAMOAN ia manuia le Kerisimasi
SARDINIAN bona pasca’e Nadale (logudorese) / bona paschixedda (campidanese)
SCOTTISH GAELIC Nollaig chridheil
SERBIAN Срећан Божић (srecan bozic)
SHONA krisimas yakanaka
SINDHI Chrismas joon wadhayoon
SLOVAK vesele vianoce
SLOVENIAN vesel božič / vesele božične praznike
SOBOTA dobro dedek
SPANISH feliz Navidad
SWEDISH god jul
TAGALOG maligayang pasko
TAHITIAN ia orana e te noera
THAI สุขสันต์วันคริสตร์มาส (souksaan wan Christmas)
TURKISH Noeliniz kutlu olsun
UDMURT Shuldyr Ymuśton
UKRAINIAN Z Rizdvom Hrystovym
VIETNAMESE Mừng Chúa Giáng Sinh
WALOON ("betchfessîs" spelling) djoyeus Noyé
WELSH Nadolig llawen
WEST INDIAN CREOLE jénwèl
Joyeux Noël !
Merry Chrismas !
geseënde Kersfees !
gëzuar Krishtlindja !
frohe Weihnachten / fröhliche Weihnachten !
gleckika Wïanachta !
merry Christmas / happy Christmas !
ميلاد مجيد
Shnorhavor Surb tsnund
Noel bayraminiz mubarak
vrolik Kersfees
Eguberri on
subho baradin
З Божым нараджэннем (Z Bozym naradzenniem)
Christmas nay hma mue pyaw pa
sretan Božić
Nedeleg laouen
весела коледа (vesela koleda)
bon Nadal
ulihelisdi danisdayohihvi
圣诞快乐 (shèng dàn kuài lè)
즐거운 크리쓰마쓰
Nadelek lowen
bon Natale
jwayé Nwèl
jwaye Nowel
bon Nwel
zwayé Noèl
sretan Božić
glædelig jul
bedgi sikuku maber
feliz Navidad
gojan Kristnaskon
häid jõule
gleðilig jól
hyvää joulua
joyeux Noël
frohe Weihnachte
noflike Krystdagen
bon nadâl
Nollaig chridheil
Nollaig shona
bo Nadal
boune Neoua
Nadolig llawen
gilocav shoba axal wels
Καλα Χριστούγεννα (kala christougenna / kala xristougenna)
mele Kalikimaka
חג מולד שמח (hag molad saméa'h)
Krismas ki subhkamna
boldog karácsonyt
annuri Ekeresimesi
naragsak a paskua
selamat Natal
gleðileg jól
buon Natale
sugeng Natal
merii kurisumasu
tameghra tameggazt
រីករាយបុណ្យណូអ៊ែល (rik reay bon Noel)
Noheli nziza
Noheli nziza
Noela we pîroz be
bon nadal
souksan van Christmas
felix dies Nativitatis
priecīgus Ziemassvētkus
bón dênâ / bón natâle
Noël esengo
su Kalėdomis / linksmų Kalėdų
schéi Chrëschtdeeg
среќен Божиќ (srećen Božić)
selamat hari natal
Christmas ashamshagal
tratry ny Krismasy / arahabaina tratry ny Krismasy / arahaba tratry ny Krismasy
il-milied it-tajjeb / milied hieni
Nollick ghennal
meri Kirihimete
Krismas chibai
bon Natale
zul sariin bayariin mend hurgie
vrolijk Kerstfeest
bouòni Calèna
god jul
bon Nadal
baga ayyaana dhaloota Kiristoos isin ga'e
bon pasku
کریسمس مبارک (Christmas mobaarak)
wesołych świąt bożego Narodzenia
feliz Natal
bòn nové
baxtalo Krečuno
un Crăciun fericit
Noheiri nungi / webale Noheiri
с Рождеством Христовым (S rozhdestvom Kristovom)
ia manuia le Kerisimasi
bona pasca’e Nadale (logudorois) / bona paschixedda (campidanois)
Христос се роди (Hristos se rodi)
Krisimas yakanaka
Radosnych godów
Chrismas joon wadhayoon
suba nattalak wewa
vesele vianoce
vesel božič / vesele božične praznike
dobro dedek
switi Krisneti
god jul
Maligayang Pasko
'ia 'oa'oa e teie Noera
கிறிஸ்மஸ் தின நல் வாழ்த்துக்கள் (Krismas dina nal vaagethoukkal)
veselé Vánoce
Krismas shubhakankshalu
สุขสันต์วันคริสต์มาส (souksaan wan Christmas)
mele Kilisimasi
Keresemose sentle
Noeliniz kutlu olsun
Shuldyr Ymuśton
Z Rizdvom Hrystovym
Mừng Chúa Giáng Sinh
djoyeus Noyé
אַ גוטע ניטל (a gute nitl)
e kun odun Keresimesi
UKhisimusi omuhle
Merry Christmas - Joyeux Noël - Feliz Navidad
AFRIKAANS geseënde Kersfees - ALBANIAN gëzuar Krishtlindja - ALSATIAN gleckika Wïanachta - ARABIC miilaad majiid - BASQUE Eguberri on - BENGALI subho baradin - BRETON Nedeleg laouen - BULGARIAN Vasel Koleda - BURMESE Christmas nay hma mue pyaw pa - CORSICAN bon Natale - CROAT sretan Božic - CZECH veselé Vánoce - DANISH glædelig jul - DUTCH vrolijk Kerstfeest - ESPERANTO gojan Kristnaskon - ESTONIAN häid jõule - FINNISH hyvää joulua - FRIULAN bon nadal - GALICIAN bo Nadal - GERMAN frohe Weihnachten - GREEK kala christougenna - HAITIAN CREOLE jwaye nowel - HEBREW christmas sameakh - HINDI Krismas ki subhkamna - HUNGARIAN boldog Karácsonyt - ICELANDIC gleðileg jól - INDONESIAN selamat Natal - IRISH GAELIC Nollaig shona - ITALIAN buon Natale - JAPANESE meri kurisumasu - KABYLIAN assegass amegass - KOREAN seun-tan chu-ka-hae-yo - KURDISH Noela we pîroz be - LAO souksan van Christmas - LATIN felix dies Nativitatis - LATVIAN priecigus Ziemassvetkus - LITHUANIAN su Kaledoms - LOW SAXON vrolik Kersfees - LUXEMBOURGEOIS schéi Chrëschtdeeg - MACEDONIAN sreken Bozik - MALAGASY tratry ny Krismasy - MALTESE milied hieni - MAORI meri Kirihimete - NORWEGIAN god jul - OCCITAN bon Nadal - PERSIAN eydet mobârak - POLISH Wesolych Swiat - PORTUGUESE feliz Natal - ROMANIAN un Crãciun fericit - RUSSIAN Pozdrevlyayu s prazdnikom Rozhdestva! - SAMOAN ia manuia le Kerisimasi - SARDINIAN bona pasca’e Nadale - SCOTTISH GAELIC Nollaig chridheil - SERBIAN srecan bozic - SHONA krisimas yakanaka - SLOVAK vesele vianoce - SLOVENIAN vesel božic - SOBOTA dobro dedek - SWEDISH god jul - TAGALOG maligayang pasko - THAI Suksan Wan Christmas! - TURKISH Noeliniz kultu olsun - UDMURT Shuldyr Ymuston - UKRAINIAN Z Rizdvom Hrystovym - VIETNAMESE Chuc Mung Giang Sinh! - WALOON djoyeus Noyé - WELSH Nadolig llawen - WEST INDIAN CREOLE jénwèl
St Mary's at Barlavington, a small c1200 church under the Downs of West Sussex, and within the bounds of the South Downs National Park.
The Annunciation (from the Vulgate Latin annuntiatio (or nuntiatio) nativitatis Christi), also referred to as the Annunciation to the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Annunciation of Our Lady or the Annunciation of the Lord, is the Christian celebration of the announcement by the Angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary that she would conceive and become the mother of Jesus, the Son of God, marking his Incarnation. Gabriel told Mary to name her son Yehoshua , meaning "YHWH is salvation".
Arthur James John Ayres (1902-85) studied sculpture at the RA Schools, where he also taught for some years from 1947. Much of his work was religious in nature, including monuments and fittings - there is a pulpit by him at Bredon, Worcestershire that dates from 1939 and at least one example in one of the rebuilt City churches in London. Ayres also produced purely decorative sculpture on buildings, particularly in the earlier part of his career. Late in life, his involvement in the restoration and proposed completion of the fragmentary mediaeval figures on the west front of Wells cathedral in the early 1970s aroused great controversy. This project was curtailed, though elsewhere he completed a figure on the main gable of the south transept of Westminster abbey. His studio was in Hampstead.
Processed in On1 10.5 LrCC and PsCC.the 2 smaller images were captured on my Nikon D800 in 2016...
all copyrights reserved ©2016 Art Hutchins ~ Art's Eye photographic©.http://artseyephotographic.zenfolio.com/
Cluj-Napoca, România.
The Church of Saint Michael is a Gothic-style Roman Catholic church in Cluj-Napoca. It is the second largest church (after the Black Church of Brasov) in Transylvania, Romania. The nave is 50 meters long and 24 meters wide, the apse is 20×10 m. The tower with its height of 76 meter (80 meter including the cross) is the highest one in Transylvania. The western portal is decorated with the three coats of arms of Sigismund as King of Hungary, as King of the Czech Kingdom and as Holy Roman Emperor.
The construction was begun probably in place of the Saint James Chapel. The financing of the church was partly done by the citizens, partly from the income of indulgences. (The first related document from 1349, signed by the archbishop of Avignon and fifteen other bishops grants the indulgence for those contributing to the illumination and furniture of the Saint Michael Church.) The construction was completed between 1442-1447, the old tower was built between 1511-1545. The tower that stands today was erected in 1862.
The church was Protestant between 1545-1566, and Unitarian in the period 1566-1716, after that it was reconfiscated by the Catholic Church during the counter-reformation.
The oldest of its sections is the altar, inaugurated in 1390, while the newest part is the clock tower, which was built in Gothic Revival style (1837-1862).
geseënde Kersfees /
gëzuar Krishtlindja /
Frohe Weihnachten /
gleckika Wïanachta /
መልካም የገና (melkam' yeghena) / የልደት በዓል (yel'det' be'al) /
Merry Christmas /
ميلاد مجيد (miilaad majiid) /
Shnorhavor Surb tsnund /
Noel bayraminiz mubarak /
Nowélé ya mboté /
vrolik Kersfees /
Eguberri on /
subho baradin /
З Божым нараджэннем (Z Bozym naradzenniem) /
Christmas nay hma mue pyaw pa /
sretan Božić /
Nedeleg laouen /
весела коледа (vesela koleda) /
bon Nadal /
joïeux Noé /
ulihelisdi danisdayohihvi /
圣诞快乐 (shèng dàn kuài lè) /
메리크리스마스 /
Nadelek lowen /
bon Natale /
jwayé Nwèl /
jwaye Nowel /
bon Nwel /
zwayé Noèl /
sretan Božić /
glædelig jul/
bedgi sikuku maber /
feliz Navidad /
gojan Kristnaskon /
häid jõule /
gleðilig jól /
Maligayang Pasko /
hyvää joulua /
joyeux Noël /
frohe Weihnachte /
noflike Krystdagen /
bon nadâl /
Nollaig chridheil /
Nollaig shona /
bo Nadal /
boune Neoua /
Nadolig llawen /
gilocav shoba axal wels /
καλά Χριστούγεννα (kala khristougenna / kala xristougenna) /
mele Kalikimaka /
חג מולד שמח (hag molad saméa'h) /
Krismas ki subhkamna /
boldog karácsonyt /
annuri Ekeresimesi /
naragsak a paskua /
selamat Natal /
gleðileg jól /
buon Natale /
sugeng Natal /
merii kurisumasu /
tameghra tameggazt /
រីករាយបុណ្យណូអ៊ែល (rik reay bon Noel) /
Noheli nziza /
Noheli nziza /
Noela we pîroz be /
bon nadal /
souksan van Christmas /
felix dies Nativitatis (traduction littérale) / felicem diem Nativitatis /
priecīgus Ziemassvētkus /
mathabou Christmas /
bón dênâ / bón natâle /
eyenga elamu ya mbotama ya Yezu /
su Kalėdomis / linksmų Kalėdų /
mbagaliza amazalibwa a'malungi /
mbendheza amaisuka agobhusa /
schéi Chrëschtdeeg /
среќен Божиќ (srećen Božić, / Христос се роди / Навистина се роди (Navistina se rodi, /
selamat hari natal /
Christmas ashamshagal /
tratry ny Krismasy / arahabaina tratry ny Krismasy / arahaba tratry ny Krismasy /
il-milied it-tajjeb / milied hieni /
Nollick ghennal /
meri Kirihimete /
Krismas chibai /
bon Natale /
zul sariin bayariin mend hurgie /
vrolijk Kerstfeest /
bouòni Calèna /
jostous Noué /
bouan Noué /
god jul /
bon Nadal /
baga ayyaana dhaloota Kiristoos isin ga'e /
bon pasku /
کریسمس مبارک (Christmas mobaarak) /
wesołych świąt bożego Narodzenia /
feliz Natal /
bòn nové /
baxtalo Krečuno /
un Crăciun fericit /
Noheiri nungi / webale Noheiri /
с Рождеством Христовым (S rozhdestvom Kristovom) /
ia manuia le Kerisimasi /
bona Pasca de Nadale (logudorois) / bona paschixedda (campidanois) /
Христос се роди (Hristos se rodi) /
Krisimas yakanaka /
Radosnych godów /
Chrismas joon wadhayoon /
suba nattalak wewa /
wanikiya Tonpi ampetu kin washte kte ni / wanikiya Tonpi (ampetu) wowiyushkin /
vesele vianoce /
vesel božič / vesele božične praznike /
dobro dedek /
switi Krisneti /
God Jul /
heri la Krismasi /
Maligayang Pasko /
'ia 'oa'oa e teie Noera /
asgwass amaynou /
கிறிஸ்மஸ் தின நல் வாழ்த்துக்கள் (Krismas dina nal vaagethoukkal) /
veselé Vánoce /
Krismas shubhakankshalu /
สุขสันต์วันคริสต์มาส (souksaan wan Christmas) /
mele Kilisimasi /
Keresemose sentle /
Noeliniz kutlu olsun /
Shuldyr Ymuśton /
З Різдвом Христовим (Z Rizdvom Khrystovym) / Щасливого Різдва Христового (ʃtʃaslyvogo rizdva Hrystovogo) /
Mừng Chúa Giáng Sinh /
djoyeus Noyé /
אַ גוטע ניטל (a gute nitl) /
e kun odun Keresimesi /
UKhisimusi omuhle /
Álbum: Orquídeas em Selos – Orchids on Stamps.
Selo: Flickingeria nativitatis (Ridl.) J.J.Wood in Orchadian 7: 145 (1982).
País: Ilhas Cristmas. É um território externo da Austrália.
Série: Orchids.
Emissão:1994.
Photo by ® Sylvio R. Pereira.
AFRIKAANS geseënde Kersfees
ALBANAIS gëzuar Krishtlindja
ALLEMAND frohe Weihnachten / fröhliche Weihnachten
ALSACIEN gleckika Wïanachta
ANGLAIS merry Christmas / happy Christmas
ARABE ميلاد مجيد (miilaad majiid)
ARMÉNIEN Shnorhavor Surb tsnund
AZERI Noel bayraminiz mubarak
BAS-SAXON vrolik Kersfees
BASQUE Eguberri on
BENGALI subho baradin
BIÉLORUSSE З Божым нараджэннем (Z Bozym naradzenniem)
BIRMAN Christmas nay hma mue pyaw pa
BOSNIAQUE sretan Božić
BRETON Nedeleg laouen
BULGARE весела коледа (vesela koleda)
CATALAN bon Nadal
CHEROKEE ulihelisdi danisdayohihvi
CHINOIS 圣诞快乐 (shèng dàn kuài lè)
CORÉEN seun-tan chu-ka-hae-yo
CORNIQUE Nadelek lowen
CORSE bon Natale
CRÉOLE GUADELOUPÉEN jwayé Nwèl
CRÉOLE HAITIEN jwaye Nowel
CRÉOLE MARTINIQUAIS jénwèl
CRÉOLE RÉUNIONNAIS zwayé Noèl
CROATE sretan Božić
DANOIS glædelig jul
ESPAGNOL feliz Navidad
ESPÉRANTO gojan Kristnaskon
ESTONIEN häid jõule
FÉROÏEN gleðilig jól
FINNOIS hyvää joulua
FRANÇAIS joyeux Noël
FRANCIQUE LORRAIN frohe Weihnachte
FRISON noflike Krystdagen
FRIOULAN bon nadâl
GAÉLIQUE D'ÉCOSSE Nollaig chridheil
GAÉLIQUE D'IRLANDE Nollaig shona
GALICIEN bo Nadal
GALLO boune Neoua
GALLOIS Nadolig llawen
GÉORGIEN Gilotsavt Shobas
GREC kala christougenna / kala xristougenna
HAWAÏEN mele Kalikimaka
HÉBREU חג מולד שמח (hag molad saméa'h)
HINDI Krismas ki subhkamna
HONGROIS boldog karácsonyt
IGBO annuri Ekeresimesi
ILOCANO naragsak a paskua
INDONÉSIEN selamat Natal
ISLANDAIS gleðileg jól
ITALIEN buon Natale / gioioso Natale
JAVANAIS sugeng Natal
JAPONAIS merii kurisumasu
KABYLE assegass amegass
KINYARWANDA Noheli nziza
KIRUNDI Noheli nziza
KURDE Noela we pîroz be
LANGUEDOCIEN (OCCITAN) bon nadal
LAO souksan van Christmas
LATIN felix dies Nativitatis
LETTON priecīgus Ziemassvētkus
LIGURE bón dênâ / bón natâle
LINGALA Noël esengo
LITUANIEN su Kalėdomis / linksmų Kalėdų
LUXEMBOURGEOIS schéi Chrëschtdeeg
MACÉDONIEN среќен Божиќ (srećen Božić)
MALAIS selamat hari natal
MALAYALAM Christmas ashamshagal
MALGACHE tratry ny Krismasy / arahabaina tratry ny Krismasy / arahaba tratry ny Krismasy
MALTAIS il-milied it-tajjeb / milied hieni
MANX Nollick ghennal
MAORI meri Kirihimete
MONÉGASQUE bon Natale
NÉERLANDAIS vrolijk Kerstfeest
NIÇOIS bouòni Calèna
NORVÉGIEN god jul
OCCITAN bon Nadal
PAPIAMENTO bon pasku
PERSAN کریسمس مبارک (Christmas mobaarak)
POLONAIS Wesołych Świąt
PORTUGAIS feliz Natal
PROVENÇAL bòn nové
ROMANI baxtalo Krečuno
ROUMAIN un Crăciun fericit
RUKIGA Noheiri nungi / webale Noheiri
RUSSE C Pождеством Xристовом (S rozhdestvom Kristovom)
SAMOAN ia manuia le Kerisimasi
SARDE bona pasca’e Nadale (logudorois) / bona paschixedda (campidanois)
SERBE Срећан Божић (srecan bozic)
SHONA krisimas yakanaka
SINDHI Chrismas joon wadhayoon
SINGHALAIS suba nattalak wewa
SLOVAQUE vesele vianoce
SLOVÈNE vesel božič / vesele božične praznike
SOBOTA dobro dedek
SRANAN switi Krisneti
SUÉDOIS god jul
SWAHILI heri la Krismasi
TAGALOG maligayang pasko
TAHITIEN 'ia 'oa'oa e teie Noera
TAMOUL Nathaar thina vaalthukal
TCHÈQUE veselé Vánoce
THAI สุขสันต์วันคริสตร์มาส (souksaan wan Christmas)
TURC Noeliniz kutlu olsun
UDMURT Shuldyr Ymuśton
UKRAINIEN Z Rizdvom Hrystovym
VIETNAMIEN Mừng Chúa Giáng Sinh
WALLON djoyeus Noyé
YIDDISH אַ גוטע ניטל (a gute nitl)
ZOULOU UKhisimusi omuhle
Fardela de Pascua, Christmas Shearwater, Puffinus nativitatis.
Especie # 2.009
Eastern Island
Región de Valparaíso
Chile
Dans une centaine de langues :
Geseënde Kersfees - Gëzuar Krishtlindja - Frohe Weihnachten - Gleckika Wïanachta
Merry Christmas - Miilaad majiid - Shnorhavor Surb tsnund - Vrolik Kersfees
Eguberri on - Subho baradin - З Божым нараджэннем - Christmas nay hma mue pyaw pa
Sretan Božić - Nedeleg laouen - весела коледа - Bon Nadal - 圣诞快乐
Seun-tan chu-ka-hae-yo - Nadelek lowen - Bon Natale - Jwayé Nwèl
Jwaye Nowel - Jénwèl - Zwayé Noèl - Sretan Božić - Glædelig jul - Feliz Navidad
gojan Kristnaskon - Häid jõule - Gleðilig jól - Hyvää joulua - Joyeux Noël
Frohe Weihnachte - Noflike Krystdagen - Bon nadâl - Nollaig chridheil - Nollaig shona
Bo Nadal - Nadolig llawen - Ahali tseli - Kala christougenna - Mele Kalikimaka
Christmas sameakh - Krismas ki subhkamna - Boldog karácsonyt - Naragsak a paskua
Selamat Natal - Gleðileg jól - Buon Natale - Sugeng Natal - Merii kurisumasu
Assegass amegass - Noheli nziza - Noela we pîroz be - Bon nadal - Souksan van Christmas
Felix dies Nativitatis - Priecīgus Ziemassvētkus - Bun Denâ - Noël esengo - Su Kalėdomis
Schéi Chrëschtdeeg - Cреќен Божиќ - Selamat hari natal - Christmas ashamshagal
Tratry ny Krismasy - Il-milied it-tajjeb - Nollick ghennal - Meri Kirihimete - Vrolijk Kerstfeest
Bouòni Calèna - God jul - Bon Nadal - Krissmas khojaste - Wesołych Świąt
Feliz Natal - Bòn nové - Baxtalo Krečuno - Un Crăciun fericit - Noheiri nungi
C Pождеством Xристовом - Ia manuia le Kerisimasi - Bona pasca’e Nadale
Срећан Божић - Krisimas yakanaka - Chrismas joon wadhayoon - Vesele vianoce
Vesel božič - Dobro dedek - God jul - Noël ya furaha - Maligayang pasko
Ia orana e te noera - Veselé Vánoce - สุขสันต์วันคริสตร์มาส - Noeliniz kutlu olsun
Shuldyr Ymuśton - Z Rizdvom Hrystovym - Mừng Chúa Giáng Sinh - Djoyeus Noyé
Frohe Weihnachten, Bon Nadal, عيد ميلاد مجيد , Весела Коледа, Veselé Vánoce, 聖誕節快樂 , Joyeux Noël, God jul, Feliz Natal, Lorem Nativitatis, Καλά Χριστούγεννα, С Рождеством, Buon Natale, Среќен Божиќ., FELIZ NAVIDAD
Christmas or Christmas Day (Old English: Crīstesmæsse, meaning "Christ's Mass") is an annual festival commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ,[6][7] observed most commonly on December 25[4][8][9] as a religious and cultural celebration among billions of people around the world.[2][10][11] A feast central to the Christian liturgical year, it is prepared for by the season of Advent or Nativity Fast and is prolonged by the Octave of Christmas and the season of Christmastide. Christmas Day is a public holiday in many of the world's nations,[12][13][14] is celebrated culturally by a large number of non-Christian people,[1][15][16] and is an integral part of the Christmas and holiday season.
While the birth year of Jesus is estimated among modern historians to have been between 7 and 2 BC, the exact month and day of his birth are unknown,[17][18] and are not the focus of the Church's Christmas celebration.[19][20][21] His birth is mentioned in two of the four canonical gospels. By the early-to-mid 4th century, the Western Christian Church had placed Christmas on December 25,[22] a date later adopted in the East,[23][24] although some churches celebrate on the December 25 of the older Julian calendar, which, in the Gregorian calendar, currently corresponds to January 7, the day after the Western Christian Church celebrates the Epiphany. The date of Christmas may have initially been chosen to correspond with the day exactly nine months after early Christians believed Jesus to have been conceived,[25] or with one or more ancient polytheistic festivals that occurred near southern solstice (i.e., the Roman winter solstice);[26][27] a further solar connection has been suggested because of a biblical verse[a] identifying Jesus as the "Sun of righteousness".[25][28][29]
The celebratory customs associated in various countries with Christmas have a mix of pre-Christian, Christian, and secular themes and origins.[30] Popular modern customs of the holiday include gift giving, completing an Advent calendar or Advent wreath, Christmas music and caroling, an exchange of Christmas cards, church services, a special meal, and the display of various Christmas decorations, including Christmas trees, Christmas lights, nativity scenes, garlands, wreaths, mistletoe, and holly. In addition, several closely related and often interchangeable figures, known as Santa Claus, Father Christmas, Saint Nicholas, and Christkind, are associated with bringing gifts to children during the Christmas season and have their own body of traditions and lore.[31] Because gift-giving and many other aspects of the Christmas festival involve heightened economic activity, the holiday has become a significant event and a key sales period for retailers and businesses. The economic impact of Christmas is a factor that has grown steadily over the past few centuries in many regions of the world.Christians celebrate the birth of Jesus to the Virgin Mary as a fulfillment of the Old Testament's Messianic prophecy.[44] The Bible contains two accounts which describe the events surrounding Jesus' birth. Depending on one's perspective, these accounts either differ from each other or tell two versions of the same story.[45][46] These biblical accounts are found in the Gospel of Matthew, namely Matthew 1:18, and the Gospel of Luke, specifically Luke 1:26 and 2:40. According to these accounts, Jesus was born to Mary, assisted by her husband Joseph, in the city of Bethlehem.According to popular tradition, the birth took place in a stable, surrounded by farm animals. A manger (that is, a feeding trough) is mentioned in Luke 2:7, where it states Mary "wrapped him in swaddling clothes and laid him in a manger, because there was no room for them in the inn" (KJV); and "She wrapped him in cloths and placed him in a manger, because there was no guest room available for them" (NIV). Shepherds from the fields surrounding Bethlehem were told of the birth by an angel, and were the first to see the child.[47] Popular tradition also holds that three kings or wise men (named Melchior, Caspar, and Balthazar) visited the infant Jesus in the manger, though this does not strictly follow the biblical account. The Gospel of Matthew instead describes a visit by an unspecified number of magi, or astrologers, sometime after Jesus was born while the family was living in a house (Matthew 2:11), who brought gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh to the young child Jesus. The visitors were said to be following a mysterious star, commonly known as the Star of Bethlehem, believing it to announce the birth of a king of the Jews.[48] The commemoration of this visit, the Feast of Epiphany celebrated on January 6, is the formal end of the Christmas season in some churches.
Christians celebrate Christmas in various ways. In addition to this day being one of the most important and popular for the attendance of church services, there are other devotions and popular traditions. In some Christian denominations, children re-enact the events of the Nativity with animals to portray the event with more realism or sing carols that reference the event. A long artistic tradition has grown of producing painted depictions of the nativity in art. Nativity scenes are traditionally set in a stable with livestock and include Mary, Joseph, the infant Jesus in the manger, the three wise men, the shepherds and their sheep, the angels, and the Star of Bethlehem.[49] Some Christians also display a small re-creation of the Nativity, known as a Nativity scene or crèche, in their homes, using figurines to portray the key characters of the event. Prior to Christmas Day, the Eastern Orthodox Church practices the 40-day Nativity Fast in anticipation of the birth of Jesus, while much of Western Christianity celebrates four weeks of Advent. The final preparations for Christmas are made on Christmas Eve, and many families' major observation of Christmas actually falls in the evening of this day.The Chronography of 354 AD contains early evidence of the celebration on December 25 of a Christian liturgical feast of the birth of Jesus. This was in Rome, while in Eastern Christianity the birth of Jesus was already celebrated in connection with the Epiphany on January 6.[50][51] The December 25 celebration was imported into the East later: in Antioch by John Chrysostom towards the end of the 4th century,[51] probably in 388, and in Alexandria only in the following century.[52] Even in the West, the January 6 celebration of the nativity of Jesus seems to have continued until after 380.[53] In 245, Origen of Alexandria, writing about Leviticus 12:1–8, commented that Scripture mentions only sinners as celebrating their birthdays, namely Pharaoh, who then had his chief baker hanged (Genesis 40:20–22), and Herod, who then had John the Baptist beheaded (Mark 6:21–27), and mentions saints as cursing the day of their birth, namely Jeremiah (Jeremiah 20:14–15) and Job (Job 3:1–16).[54] In 303, Arnobius ridiculed the idea of celebrating the birthdays of gods, a passage cited as evidence that Arnobius was unaware of any nativity celebration.[55] Since Christmas does not celebrate Christ's birth "as God" but "as man", this is not evidence against Christmas being a feast at this time.[7] The fact the Donatists of North Africa celebrated Christmas may indicate that the feast was established by the time that church was created in 311.[citation needed]
Many popular customs associated with Christmas developed independently of the commemoration of Jesus' birth, with certain elements having origins in pre-Christian festivals that were celebrated around the winter solstice by pagan populations who were later converted to Christianity. These elements, including the Yule log from Yule and gift giving from Saturnalia,[56] became syncretized into Christmas over the centuries. The prevailing atmosphere of Christmas has also continually evolved since the holiday's inception, ranging from a sometimes raucous, drunken, carnival-like state in the Middle Ages,[57] to a tamer family-oriented and children-centered theme introduced in a 19th-century reformation.[58][59] Additionally, the celebration of Christmas was banned on more than one occasion within certain Protestant groups, such as the Puritans, due to concerns that it was too pagan or unbiblical.[60][61]Choice of December 25 date
One theory to explain the choice of 25 December for the celebration of the birth of Jesus is that the purpose was to Christianize the pagan festival in Rome of the Dies Natalis Solis Invicti means "the birthday of the Unconquered Sun", a festival inaugurated by the Roman emperor Aurelian (270–275) to celebrate the sun god and celebrated at the winter solstice, 25 December.[68][69] According to this theory, during the reign of the emperor Constantine, Christian writers assimilated this feast as the birthday of Jesus, associating him with the 'sun of righteousness' mentioned in Malachi 4:2 (Sol Iustitiae).[68][69]
An explicit expression of this theory appears in an annotation of uncertain date added to a manuscript of a work by 12th-century Syrian bishop Jacob Bar-Salibi. The scribe who added it wrote: "It was a custom of the Pagans to celebrate on the same 25 December the birthday of the Sun, at which they kindled lights in token of festivity. In these solemnities and revelries the Christians also took part. Accordingly when the doctors of the Church perceived that the Christians had a leaning to this festival, they took counsel and resolved that the true Nativity should be solemnised on that day." [70] This idea became popular especially in the 18th and 19th centuries.[71][72][73]
In the judgement of the Church of England Liturgical Commission, this view has been seriously challenged[74] by a view based on an old tradition, according to which the date of Christmas was fixed at nine months after 25 March, the date of the vernal equinox, on which the Annunciation was celebrated.[75] This alternative view is considered academically to be "a thoroughly viable hypothesis", though not certain.[76] The Jewish calendar date of 14 Nisan was believed to be that of creation,[77] as well as of the Exodus and so of Passover, and Christians held that the new creation, both the death of Jesus and the beginning of his human life, occurred on the same date, which some put at 25 March in the Julian calendar.[74][78][79][80] It was a traditional Jewish belief that great men lived a whole number of years, without fractions, so that Jesus was considered to have been conceived on 25 March, as he died on 25 March, which was calculated to have coincided with 14 Nisan.[81] Sextus Julius Africanus (c.160 – c.240) gave 25 March as the day of creation and of the conception of Jesus.[82] In his work Adversus Haereses, Irenaeus (c. 130–202) identified the conception of Jesus as March 25 and linked it to the crucifixion at the time of the equinox, with the birth of Jesus nine months after on December 25 at the time of the solstice.[83] An anonymous work known as De Pascha Computus (243) linked the idea that creation began at the spring equinox, on 25 March, with the conception or birth (the word nascor can mean either) of Jesus on 28 March, the day of the creation of the sun in the Genesis account. One translation reads: "O the splendid and divine providence of the Lord, that on that day, the very day, on which the sun was made, the 28 March, a Wednesday, Christ should be born. For this reason Malachi the prophet, speaking about him to the people, fittingly said, 'Unto you shall the sun of righteousness arise, and healing is in his wings.'"[7][84] The tractate De solstitia et aequinoctia conceptionis et nativitatis Domini nostri Iesu Christi et Iohannis Baptistae falsely attributed to John Chrysostom also argued that Jesus was conceived and crucified on the same day of the year and calculated this as 25 March.[75][80] This anonymous tract also states: "But Our Lord, too, is born in the month of December ... the eight before the calends of January [25 December] ..., But they call it the 'Birthday of the Unconquered'. Who indeed is so unconquered as Our Lord ...? Or, if they say that it is the birthday of the Sun, He is the Sun of Justice."[7] A passage of the Commentary on the prophet Daniel by Hippolytus of Rome, written in about 204, has also been appealed to.[85][86]
With regard to a December religious feast of the sun as a god (Sol), as distinct from a solstice feast of the (re)birth of the astronomical sun, one scholar has commented that, "while the winter solstice on or around December 25 was well established in the Roman imperial calendar, there is no evidence that a religious celebration of Sol on that day antedated the celebration of Christmas".[87] "Thomas Talley has shown that, although the Emperor Aurelian's dedication of a temple to the sun god in the Campus Martius (C.E. 274) probably took place on the 'Birthday of the Invincible Sun' on December 25, the cult of the sun in pagan Rome ironically did not celebrate the winter solstice nor any of the other quarter-tense days, as one might expect."[83] The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought remarks on the uncertainty about the order of precedence between the religious celebrations of the Birthday of the Unconquered Sun and of the birthday of Jesus, stating that the hypothesis that 25 December was chosen for celebrating the birth of Jesus on the basis of the belief that his conception occurred on 25 March "potentially establishes 25 December as a Christian festival before Aurelian's decree, which, when promulgated, might have provided for the Christian feast both opportunity and challenge".[88]
The Chronography of 354, an illuminated manuscript compiled in Rome, is an early reference to the date of the nativity as December 25.[89] In the East, early Christians celebrated the birth of Christ as part of Epiphany (January 6), although this festival emphasized celebration of the baptism of Jesus.[90]
Christmas was promoted in the Christian East as part of the revival of Catholicism following the death of the pro-Arian Emperor Valens at the Battle of Adrianople in 378. The feast was introduced to Constantinople in 379, and to Antioch in about 380. The feast disappeared after Gregory of Nazianzus resigned as bishop in 381, although it was reintroduced by John Chrysostom in about 400.[7]Gift giving
The exchanging of gifts is one of the core aspects of the modern Christmas celebration, making it the most profitable time of year for retailers and businesses throughout the world. Gift giving was common in the Roman celebration of Saturnalia, an ancient festival which took place in late December and may have influenced Christmas customs.[56] On Christmas, people exchange gifts based on the tradition associated with St. Nicholas,[164] and the gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh which were given to the baby Jesus by the Magi.[165][166]Using the Julian calendar
Some Eastern Orthodox national churches, including those of Russia, Georgia, Ukraine, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and the Greek Patriarchate of Jerusalem mark feasts using the older Julian calendar. December 25 on the Julian calendar currently corresponds to January 7 on the internationally used Gregorian calendar. However, other Orthodox Christians, such as the churches of Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Antioch, Alexandria, Albania, Finland, and the Orthodox Church in America, among others, began using the Revised Julian calendar in the early 20th century, which at present corresponds exactly to the Gregorian calendar.[9]
The original date of the celebration in Eastern Christianity was January 6, in connection with Epiphany, and that is still the date of the celebration for the Armenian Apostolic Church and in Armenia, where it is a public holiday. As of 2014, there is a difference of 13 days between the modern Gregorian calendar and the older Julian calendar. Those who continue to use the Julian calendar or its equivalents thus celebrate December 25 and January 6, which on the Gregorian calendar translate as January 7 and January 19. For this reason, Egypt, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Russia, Georgia, Ukraine, Serbia, Montenegro, the Republic of Macedonia, and the Republic of Moldova celebrate Christmas on what in the Gregorian calendar is January 7. Eastern Orthodox Churches in Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Antioch, Alexandria, Albania, Finland, and the Orthodox Church in America celebrate Christmas on December 25 in the revised Julian calendar, corresponding to December 25 also in the Gregorian calendar.
Christmas or Christmas Day (Old English: Crīstesmæsse, meaning "Christ's Mass") is an annual festival commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ,[6][7] observed most commonly on December 25[4][8][9] as a religious and cultural celebration among billions of people around the world.[2][10][11] A feast central to the Christian liturgical year, it is prepared for by the season of Advent or Nativity Fast and is prolonged by the Octave of Christmas and the season of Christmastide. Christmas Day is a public holiday in many of the world's nations,[12][13][14] is celebrated culturally by a large number of non-Christian people,[1][15][16] and is an integral part of the Christmas and holiday season.
While the birth year of Jesus is estimated among modern historians to have been between 7 and 2 BC, the exact month and day of his birth are unknown,[17][18] and are not the focus of the Church's Christmas celebration.[19][20][21] His birth is mentioned in two of the four canonical gospels. By the early-to-mid 4th century, the Western Christian Church had placed Christmas on December 25,[22] a date later adopted in the East,[23][24] although some churches celebrate on the December 25 of the older Julian calendar, which, in the Gregorian calendar, currently corresponds to January 7, the day after the Western Christian Church celebrates the Epiphany. The date of Christmas may have initially been chosen to correspond with the day exactly nine months after early Christians believed Jesus to have been conceived,[25] or with one or more ancient polytheistic festivals that occurred near southern solstice (i.e., the Roman winter solstice);[26][27] a further solar connection has been suggested because of a biblical verse[a] identifying Jesus as the "Sun of righteousness".[25][28][29]
The celebratory customs associated in various countries with Christmas have a mix of pre-Christian, Christian, and secular themes and origins.[30] Popular modern customs of the holiday include gift giving, completing an Advent calendar or Advent wreath, Christmas music and caroling, an exchange of Christmas cards, church services, a special meal, and the display of various Christmas decorations, including Christmas trees, Christmas lights, nativity scenes, garlands, wreaths, mistletoe, and holly. In addition, several closely related and often interchangeable figures, known as Santa Claus, Father Christmas, Saint Nicholas, and Christkind, are associated with bringing gifts to children during the Christmas season and have their own body of traditions and lore.[31] Because gift-giving and many other aspects of the Christmas festival involve heightened economic activity, the holiday has become a significant event and a key sales period for retailers and businesses. The economic impact of Christmas is a factor that has grown steadily over the past few centuries in many regions of the world.Christians celebrate the birth of Jesus to the Virgin Mary as a fulfillment of the Old Testament's Messianic prophecy.[44] The Bible contains two accounts which describe the events surrounding Jesus' birth. Depending on one's perspective, these accounts either differ from each other or tell two versions of the same story.[45][46] These biblical accounts are found in the Gospel of Matthew, namely Matthew 1:18, and the Gospel of Luke, specifically Luke 1:26 and 2:40. According to these accounts, Jesus was born to Mary, assisted by her husband Joseph, in the city of Bethlehem.According to popular tradition, the birth took place in a stable, surrounded by farm animals. A manger (that is, a feeding trough) is mentioned in Luke 2:7, where it states Mary "wrapped him in swaddling clothes and laid him in a manger, because there was no room for them in the inn" (KJV); and "She wrapped him in cloths and placed him in a manger, because there was no guest room available for them" (NIV). Shepherds from the fields surrounding Bethlehem were told of the birth by an angel, and were the first to see the child.[47] Popular tradition also holds that three kings or wise men (named Melchior, Caspar, and Balthazar) visited the infant Jesus in the manger, though this does not strictly follow the biblical account. The Gospel of Matthew instead describes a visit by an unspecified number of magi, or astrologers, sometime after Jesus was born while the family was living in a house (Matthew 2:11), who brought gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh to the young child Jesus. The visitors were said to be following a mysterious star, commonly known as the Star of Bethlehem, believing it to announce the birth of a king of the Jews.[48] The commemoration of this visit, the Feast of Epiphany celebrated on January 6, is the formal end of the Christmas season in some churches.
Christians celebrate Christmas in various ways. In addition to this day being one of the most important and popular for the attendance of church services, there are other devotions and popular traditions. In some Christian denominations, children re-enact the events of the Nativity with animals to portray the event with more realism or sing carols that reference the event. A long artistic tradition has grown of producing painted depictions of the nativity in art. Nativity scenes are traditionally set in a stable with livestock and include Mary, Joseph, the infant Jesus in the manger, the three wise men, the shepherds and their sheep, the angels, and the Star of Bethlehem.[49] Some Christians also display a small re-creation of the Nativity, known as a Nativity scene or crèche, in their homes, using figurines to portray the key characters of the event. Prior to Christmas Day, the Eastern Orthodox Church practices the 40-day Nativity Fast in anticipation of the birth of Jesus, while much of Western Christianity celebrates four weeks of Advent. The final preparations for Christmas are made on Christmas Eve, and many families' major observation of Christmas actually falls in the evening of this day.The Chronography of 354 AD contains early evidence of the celebration on December 25 of a Christian liturgical feast of the birth of Jesus. This was in Rome, while in Eastern Christianity the birth of Jesus was already celebrated in connection with the Epiphany on January 6.[50][51] The December 25 celebration was imported into the East later: in Antioch by John Chrysostom towards the end of the 4th century,[51] probably in 388, and in Alexandria only in the following century.[52] Even in the West, the January 6 celebration of the nativity of Jesus seems to have continued until after 380.[53] In 245, Origen of Alexandria, writing about Leviticus 12:1–8, commented that Scripture mentions only sinners as celebrating their birthdays, namely Pharaoh, who then had his chief baker hanged (Genesis 40:20–22), and Herod, who then had John the Baptist beheaded (Mark 6:21–27), and mentions saints as cursing the day of their birth, namely Jeremiah (Jeremiah 20:14–15) and Job (Job 3:1–16).[54] In 303, Arnobius ridiculed the idea of celebrating the birthdays of gods, a passage cited as evidence that Arnobius was unaware of any nativity celebration.[55] Since Christmas does not celebrate Christ's birth "as God" but "as man", this is not evidence against Christmas being a feast at this time.[7] The fact the Donatists of North Africa celebrated Christmas may indicate that the feast was established by the time that church was created in 311.[citation needed]
Many popular customs associated with Christmas developed independently of the commemoration of Jesus' birth, with certain elements having origins in pre-Christian festivals that were celebrated around the winter solstice by pagan populations who were later converted to Christianity. These elements, including the Yule log from Yule and gift giving from Saturnalia,[56] became syncretized into Christmas over the centuries. The prevailing atmosphere of Christmas has also continually evolved since the holiday's inception, ranging from a sometimes raucous, drunken, carnival-like state in the Middle Ages,[57] to a tamer family-oriented and children-centered theme introduced in a 19th-century reformation.[58][59] Additionally, the celebration of Christmas was banned on more than one occasion within certain Protestant groups, such as the Puritans, due to concerns that it was too pagan or unbiblical.[60][61]Choice of December 25 date
One theory to explain the choice of 25 December for the celebration of the birth of Jesus is that the purpose was to Christianize the pagan festival in Rome of the Dies Natalis Solis Invicti means "the birthday of the Unconquered Sun", a festival inaugurated by the Roman emperor Aurelian (270–275) to celebrate the sun god and celebrated at the winter solstice, 25 December.[68][69] According to this theory, during the reign of the emperor Constantine, Christian writers assimilated this feast as the birthday of Jesus, associating him with the 'sun of righteousness' mentioned in Malachi 4:2 (Sol Iustitiae).[68][69]
An explicit expression of this theory appears in an annotation of uncertain date added to a manuscript of a work by 12th-century Syrian bishop Jacob Bar-Salibi. The scribe who added it wrote: "It was a custom of the Pagans to celebrate on the same 25 December the birthday of the Sun, at which they kindled lights in token of festivity. In these solemnities and revelries the Christians also took part. Accordingly when the doctors of the Church perceived that the Christians had a leaning to this festival, they took counsel and resolved that the true Nativity should be solemnised on that day." [70] This idea became popular especially in the 18th and 19th centuries.[71][72][73]
In the judgement of the Church of England Liturgical Commission, this view has been seriously challenged[74] by a view based on an old tradition, according to which the date of Christmas was fixed at nine months after 25 March, the date of the vernal equinox, on which the Annunciation was celebrated.[75] This alternative view is considered academically to be "a thoroughly viable hypothesis", though not certain.[76] The Jewish calendar date of 14 Nisan was believed to be that of creation,[77] as well as of the Exodus and so of Passover, and Christians held that the new creation, both the death of Jesus and the beginning of his human life, occurred on the same date, which some put at 25 March in the Julian calendar.[74][78][79][80] It was a traditional Jewish belief that great men lived a whole number of years, without fractions, so that Jesus was considered to have been conceived on 25 March, as he died on 25 March, which was calculated to have coincided with 14 Nisan.[81] Sextus Julius Africanus (c.160 – c.240) gave 25 March as the day of creation and of the conception of Jesus.[82] In his work Adversus Haereses, Irenaeus (c. 130–202) identified the conception of Jesus as March 25 and linked it to the crucifixion at the time of the equinox, with the birth of Jesus nine months after on December 25 at the time of the solstice.[83] An anonymous work known as De Pascha Computus (243) linked the idea that creation began at the spring equinox, on 25 March, with the conception or birth (the word nascor can mean either) of Jesus on 28 March, the day of the creation of the sun in the Genesis account. One translation reads: "O the splendid and divine providence of the Lord, that on that day, the very day, on which the sun was made, the 28 March, a Wednesday, Christ should be born. For this reason Malachi the prophet, speaking about him to the people, fittingly said, 'Unto you shall the sun of righteousness arise, and healing is in his wings.'"[7][84] The tractate De solstitia et aequinoctia conceptionis et nativitatis Domini nostri Iesu Christi et Iohannis Baptistae falsely attributed to John Chrysostom also argued that Jesus was conceived and crucified on the same day of the year and calculated this as 25 March.[75][80] This anonymous tract also states: "But Our Lord, too, is born in the month of December ... the eight before the calends of January [25 December] ..., But they call it the 'Birthday of the Unconquered'. Who indeed is so unconquered as Our Lord ...? Or, if they say that it is the birthday of the Sun, He is the Sun of Justice."[7] A passage of the Commentary on the prophet Daniel by Hippolytus of Rome, written in about 204, has also been appealed to.[85][86]
With regard to a December religious feast of the sun as a god (Sol), as distinct from a solstice feast of the (re)birth of the astronomical sun, one scholar has commented that, "while the winter solstice on or around December 25 was well established in the Roman imperial calendar, there is no evidence that a religious celebration of Sol on that day antedated the celebration of Christmas".[87] "Thomas Talley has shown that, although the Emperor Aurelian's dedication of a temple to the sun god in the Campus Martius (C.E. 274) probably took place on the 'Birthday of the Invincible Sun' on December 25, the cult of the sun in pagan Rome ironically did not celebrate the winter solstice nor any of the other quarter-tense days, as one might expect."[83] The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought remarks on the uncertainty about the order of precedence between the religious celebrations of the Birthday of the Unconquered Sun and of the birthday of Jesus, stating that the hypothesis that 25 December was chosen for celebrating the birth of Jesus on the basis of the belief that his conception occurred on 25 March "potentially establishes 25 December as a Christian festival before Aurelian's decree, which, when promulgated, might have provided for the Christian feast both opportunity and challenge".[88]
The Chronography of 354, an illuminated manuscript compiled in Rome, is an early reference to the date of the nativity as December 25.[89] In the East, early Christians celebrated the birth of Christ as part of Epiphany (January 6), although this festival emphasized celebration of the baptism of Jesus.[90]
Christmas was promoted in the Christian East as part of the revival of Catholicism following the death of the pro-Arian Emperor Valens at the Battle of Adrianople in 378. The feast was introduced to Constantinople in 379, and to Antioch in about 380. The feast disappeared after Gregory of Nazianzus resigned as bishop in 381, although it was reintroduced by John Chrysostom in about 400.[7]Gift giving
The exchanging of gifts is one of the core aspects of the modern Christmas celebration, making it the most profitable time of year for retailers and businesses throughout the world. Gift giving was common in the Roman celebration of Saturnalia, an ancient festival which took place in late December and may have influenced Christmas customs.[56] On Christmas, people exchange gifts based on the tradition associated with St. Nicholas,[164] and the gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh which were given to the baby Jesus by the Magi.[165][166]Using the Julian calendar
Some Eastern Orthodox national churches, including those of Russia, Georgia, Ukraine, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and the Greek Patriarchate of Jerusalem mark feasts using the older Julian calendar. December 25 on the Julian calendar currently corresponds to January 7 on the internationally used Gregorian calendar. However, other Orthodox Christians, such as the churches of Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Antioch, Alexandria, Albania, Finland, and the Orthodox Church in America, among others, began using the Revised Julian calendar in the early 20th century, which at present corresponds exactly to the Gregorian calendar.[9]
The original date of the celebration in Eastern Christianity was January 6, in connection with Epiphany, and that is still the date of the celebration for the Armenian Apostolic Church and in Armenia, where it is a public holiday. As of 2014, there is a difference of 13 days between the modern Gregorian calendar and the older Julian calendar. Those who continue to use the Julian calendar or its equivalents thus celebrate December 25 and January 6, which on the Gregorian calendar translate as January 7 and January 19. For this reason, Egypt, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Russia, Georgia, Ukraine, Serbia, Montenegro, the Republic of Macedonia, and the Republic of Moldova celebrate Christmas on what in the Gregorian calendar is January 7. Eastern Orthodox Churches in Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Antioch, Alexandria, Albania, Finland, and the Orthodox Church in America celebrate Christmas on December 25 in the revised Julian calendar, corresponding to December 25 also in the Gregorian calendar.
Christmas or Christmas Day (Old English: Crīstesmæsse, meaning "Christ's Mass") is an annual festival commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ,[6][7] observed most commonly on December 25[4][8][9] as a religious and cultural celebration among billions of people around the world.[2][10][11] A feast central to the Christian liturgical year, it is prepared for by the season of Advent or Nativity Fast and is prolonged by the Octave of Christmas and the season of Christmastide. Christmas Day is a public holiday in many of the world's nations,[12][13][14] is celebrated culturally by a large number of non-Christian people,[1][15][16] and is an integral part of the Christmas and holiday season.
While the birth year of Jesus is estimated among modern historians to have been between 7 and 2 BC, the exact month and day of his birth are unknown,[17][18] and are not the focus of the Church's Christmas celebration.[19][20][21] His birth is mentioned in two of the four canonical gospels. By the early-to-mid 4th century, the Western Christian Church had placed Christmas on December 25,[22] a date later adopted in the East,[23][24] although some churches celebrate on the December 25 of the older Julian calendar, which, in the Gregorian calendar, currently corresponds to January 7, the day after the Western Christian Church celebrates the Epiphany. The date of Christmas may have initially been chosen to correspond with the day exactly nine months after early Christians believed Jesus to have been conceived,[25] or with one or more ancient polytheistic festivals that occurred near southern solstice (i.e., the Roman winter solstice);[26][27] a further solar connection has been suggested because of a biblical verse[a] identifying Jesus as the "Sun of righteousness".[25][28][29]
The celebratory customs associated in various countries with Christmas have a mix of pre-Christian, Christian, and secular themes and origins.[30] Popular modern customs of the holiday include gift giving, completing an Advent calendar or Advent wreath, Christmas music and caroling, an exchange of Christmas cards, church services, a special meal, and the display of various Christmas decorations, including Christmas trees, Christmas lights, nativity scenes, garlands, wreaths, mistletoe, and holly. In addition, several closely related and often interchangeable figures, known as Santa Claus, Father Christmas, Saint Nicholas, and Christkind, are associated with bringing gifts to children during the Christmas season and have their own body of traditions and lore.[31] Because gift-giving and many other aspects of the Christmas festival involve heightened economic activity, the holiday has become a significant event and a key sales period for retailers and businesses. The economic impact of Christmas is a factor that has grown steadily over the past few centuries in many regions of the world.Christians celebrate the birth of Jesus to the Virgin Mary as a fulfillment of the Old Testament's Messianic prophecy.[44] The Bible contains two accounts which describe the events surrounding Jesus' birth. Depending on one's perspective, these accounts either differ from each other or tell two versions of the same story.[45][46] These biblical accounts are found in the Gospel of Matthew, namely Matthew 1:18, and the Gospel of Luke, specifically Luke 1:26 and 2:40. According to these accounts, Jesus was born to Mary, assisted by her husband Joseph, in the city of Bethlehem.According to popular tradition, the birth took place in a stable, surrounded by farm animals. A manger (that is, a feeding trough) is mentioned in Luke 2:7, where it states Mary "wrapped him in swaddling clothes and laid him in a manger, because there was no room for them in the inn" (KJV); and "She wrapped him in cloths and placed him in a manger, because there was no guest room available for them" (NIV). Shepherds from the fields surrounding Bethlehem were told of the birth by an angel, and were the first to see the child.[47] Popular tradition also holds that three kings or wise men (named Melchior, Caspar, and Balthazar) visited the infant Jesus in the manger, though this does not strictly follow the biblical account. The Gospel of Matthew instead describes a visit by an unspecified number of magi, or astrologers, sometime after Jesus was born while the family was living in a house (Matthew 2:11), who brought gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh to the young child Jesus. The visitors were said to be following a mysterious star, commonly known as the Star of Bethlehem, believing it to announce the birth of a king of the Jews.[48] The commemoration of this visit, the Feast of Epiphany celebrated on January 6, is the formal end of the Christmas season in some churches.
Christians celebrate Christmas in various ways. In addition to this day being one of the most important and popular for the attendance of church services, there are other devotions and popular traditions. In some Christian denominations, children re-enact the events of the Nativity with animals to portray the event with more realism or sing carols that reference the event. A long artistic tradition has grown of producing painted depictions of the nativity in art. Nativity scenes are traditionally set in a stable with livestock and include Mary, Joseph, the infant Jesus in the manger, the three wise men, the shepherds and their sheep, the angels, and the Star of Bethlehem.[49] Some Christians also display a small re-creation of the Nativity, known as a Nativity scene or crèche, in their homes, using figurines to portray the key characters of the event. Prior to Christmas Day, the Eastern Orthodox Church practices the 40-day Nativity Fast in anticipation of the birth of Jesus, while much of Western Christianity celebrates four weeks of Advent. The final preparations for Christmas are made on Christmas Eve, and many families' major observation of Christmas actually falls in the evening of this day.The Chronography of 354 AD contains early evidence of the celebration on December 25 of a Christian liturgical feast of the birth of Jesus. This was in Rome, while in Eastern Christianity the birth of Jesus was already celebrated in connection with the Epiphany on January 6.[50][51] The December 25 celebration was imported into the East later: in Antioch by John Chrysostom towards the end of the 4th century,[51] probably in 388, and in Alexandria only in the following century.[52] Even in the West, the January 6 celebration of the nativity of Jesus seems to have continued until after 380.[53] In 245, Origen of Alexandria, writing about Leviticus 12:1–8, commented that Scripture mentions only sinners as celebrating their birthdays, namely Pharaoh, who then had his chief baker hanged (Genesis 40:20–22), and Herod, who then had John the Baptist beheaded (Mark 6:21–27), and mentions saints as cursing the day of their birth, namely Jeremiah (Jeremiah 20:14–15) and Job (Job 3:1–16).[54] In 303, Arnobius ridiculed the idea of celebrating the birthdays of gods, a passage cited as evidence that Arnobius was unaware of any nativity celebration.[55] Since Christmas does not celebrate Christ's birth "as God" but "as man", this is not evidence against Christmas being a feast at this time.[7] The fact the Donatists of North Africa celebrated Christmas may indicate that the feast was established by the time that church was created in 311.[citation needed]
Many popular customs associated with Christmas developed independently of the commemoration of Jesus' birth, with certain elements having origins in pre-Christian festivals that were celebrated around the winter solstice by pagan populations who were later converted to Christianity. These elements, including the Yule log from Yule and gift giving from Saturnalia,[56] became syncretized into Christmas over the centuries. The prevailing atmosphere of Christmas has also continually evolved since the holiday's inception, ranging from a sometimes raucous, drunken, carnival-like state in the Middle Ages,[57] to a tamer family-oriented and children-centered theme introduced in a 19th-century reformation.[58][59] Additionally, the celebration of Christmas was banned on more than one occasion within certain Protestant groups, such as the Puritans, due to concerns that it was too pagan or unbiblical.[60][61]Choice of December 25 date
One theory to explain the choice of 25 December for the celebration of the birth of Jesus is that the purpose was to Christianize the pagan festival in Rome of the Dies Natalis Solis Invicti means "the birthday of the Unconquered Sun", a festival inaugurated by the Roman emperor Aurelian (270–275) to celebrate the sun god and celebrated at the winter solstice, 25 December.[68][69] According to this theory, during the reign of the emperor Constantine, Christian writers assimilated this feast as the birthday of Jesus, associating him with the 'sun of righteousness' mentioned in Malachi 4:2 (Sol Iustitiae).[68][69]
An explicit expression of this theory appears in an annotation of uncertain date added to a manuscript of a work by 12th-century Syrian bishop Jacob Bar-Salibi. The scribe who added it wrote: "It was a custom of the Pagans to celebrate on the same 25 December the birthday of the Sun, at which they kindled lights in token of festivity. In these solemnities and revelries the Christians also took part. Accordingly when the doctors of the Church perceived that the Christians had a leaning to this festival, they took counsel and resolved that the true Nativity should be solemnised on that day." [70] This idea became popular especially in the 18th and 19th centuries.[71][72][73]
In the judgement of the Church of England Liturgical Commission, this view has been seriously challenged[74] by a view based on an old tradition, according to which the date of Christmas was fixed at nine months after 25 March, the date of the vernal equinox, on which the Annunciation was celebrated.[75] This alternative view is considered academically to be "a thoroughly viable hypothesis", though not certain.[76] The Jewish calendar date of 14 Nisan was believed to be that of creation,[77] as well as of the Exodus and so of Passover, and Christians held that the new creation, both the death of Jesus and the beginning of his human life, occurred on the same date, which some put at 25 March in the Julian calendar.[74][78][79][80] It was a traditional Jewish belief that great men lived a whole number of years, without fractions, so that Jesus was considered to have been conceived on 25 March, as he died on 25 March, which was calculated to have coincided with 14 Nisan.[81] Sextus Julius Africanus (c.160 – c.240) gave 25 March as the day of creation and of the conception of Jesus.[82] In his work Adversus Haereses, Irenaeus (c. 130–202) identified the conception of Jesus as March 25 and linked it to the crucifixion at the time of the equinox, with the birth of Jesus nine months after on December 25 at the time of the solstice.[83] An anonymous work known as De Pascha Computus (243) linked the idea that creation began at the spring equinox, on 25 March, with the conception or birth (the word nascor can mean either) of Jesus on 28 March, the day of the creation of the sun in the Genesis account. One translation reads: "O the splendid and divine providence of the Lord, that on that day, the very day, on which the sun was made, the 28 March, a Wednesday, Christ should be born. For this reason Malachi the prophet, speaking about him to the people, fittingly said, 'Unto you shall the sun of righteousness arise, and healing is in his wings.'"[7][84] The tractate De solstitia et aequinoctia conceptionis et nativitatis Domini nostri Iesu Christi et Iohannis Baptistae falsely attributed to John Chrysostom also argued that Jesus was conceived and crucified on the same day of the year and calculated this as 25 March.[75][80] This anonymous tract also states: "But Our Lord, too, is born in the month of December ... the eight before the calends of January [25 December] ..., But they call it the 'Birthday of the Unconquered'. Who indeed is so unconquered as Our Lord ...? Or, if they say that it is the birthday of the Sun, He is the Sun of Justice."[7] A passage of the Commentary on the prophet Daniel by Hippolytus of Rome, written in about 204, has also been appealed to.[85][86]
With regard to a December religious feast of the sun as a god (Sol), as distinct from a solstice feast of the (re)birth of the astronomical sun, one scholar has commented that, "while the winter solstice on or around December 25 was well established in the Roman imperial calendar, there is no evidence that a religious celebration of Sol on that day antedated the celebration of Christmas".[87] "Thomas Talley has shown that, although the Emperor Aurelian's dedication of a temple to the sun god in the Campus Martius (C.E. 274) probably took place on the 'Birthday of the Invincible Sun' on December 25, the cult of the sun in pagan Rome ironically did not celebrate the winter solstice nor any of the other quarter-tense days, as one might expect."[83] The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought remarks on the uncertainty about the order of precedence between the religious celebrations of the Birthday of the Unconquered Sun and of the birthday of Jesus, stating that the hypothesis that 25 December was chosen for celebrating the birth of Jesus on the basis of the belief that his conception occurred on 25 March "potentially establishes 25 December as a Christian festival before Aurelian's decree, which, when promulgated, might have provided for the Christian feast both opportunity and challenge".[88]
The Chronography of 354, an illuminated manuscript compiled in Rome, is an early reference to the date of the nativity as December 25.[89] In the East, early Christians celebrated the birth of Christ as part of Epiphany (January 6), although this festival emphasized celebration of the baptism of Jesus.[90]
Christmas was promoted in the Christian East as part of the revival of Catholicism following the death of the pro-Arian Emperor Valens at the Battle of Adrianople in 378. The feast was introduced to Constantinople in 379, and to Antioch in about 380. The feast disappeared after Gregory of Nazianzus resigned as bishop in 381, although it was reintroduced by John Chrysostom in about 400.[7]Gift giving
The exchanging of gifts is one of the core aspects of the modern Christmas celebration, making it the most profitable time of year for retailers and businesses throughout the world. Gift giving was common in the Roman celebration of Saturnalia, an ancient festival which took place in late December and may have influenced Christmas customs.[56] On Christmas, people exchange gifts based on the tradition associated with St. Nicholas,[164] and the gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh which were given to the baby Jesus by the Magi.[165][166]Using the Julian calendar
Some Eastern Orthodox national churches, including those of Russia, Georgia, Ukraine, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and the Greek Patriarchate of Jerusalem mark feasts using the older Julian calendar. December 25 on the Julian calendar currently corresponds to January 7 on the internationally used Gregorian calendar. However, other Orthodox Christians, such as the churches of Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Antioch, Alexandria, Albania, Finland, and the Orthodox Church in America, among others, began using the Revised Julian calendar in the early 20th century, which at present corresponds exactly to the Gregorian calendar.[9]
The original date of the celebration in Eastern Christianity was January 6, in connection with Epiphany, and that is still the date of the celebration for the Armenian Apostolic Church and in Armenia, where it is a public holiday. As of 2014, there is a difference of 13 days between the modern Gregorian calendar and the older Julian calendar. Those who continue to use the Julian calendar or its equivalents thus celebrate December 25 and January 6, which on the Gregorian calendar translate as January 7 and January 19. For this reason, Egypt, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Russia, Georgia, Ukraine, Serbia, Montenegro, the Republic of Macedonia, and the Republic of Moldova celebrate Christmas on what in the Gregorian calendar is January 7. Eastern Orthodox Churches in Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Antioch, Alexandria, Albania, Finland, and the Orthodox Church in America celebrate Christmas on December 25 in the revised Julian calendar, corresponding to December 25 also in the Gregorian calendar.