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After spending the morning checking out Martyrs' Lane in Baku (see Baku album), we were on our way to see Gobustan, with it's ancient petroglyphs. I knew the mud volcanoes were on the way and so through my good guide Ibrahim, I managed to beg my driver to take a detour through some really rough unsealed roads (surprising, given the number of cars that visit the mud volcanoes). He agreed with some reluctance and for an additional fee. We cross a railway line on the way and although I could see a train station far, far away on one side, I was surprised by these empty freight cars stabled here on the other side. I was wondering what king of freight traffic the semi desert areas around would offer. (Gobustan, Azerbaijan, Sept. 2017)
The Firehole River is one of two major tributaries of the Madison River. It flows north approximately 21 miles (34 km) from its source in Madison Lake on the Continental Divide to join the Gibbon River at Madison Junction in Yellowstone National Park. The Firehole flows through several significant geyser basins in the park to include the Upper Geyser Basin, which contains the world-famous geyser Old Faithful. The river was named by early trappers for the steam that makes it appear to be smoking as if on fire.
The Firehole contains three of Yellowstone's major waterfalls: Kepler Cascades south of Old Faithful, Firehole Falls and the Cascades of the Firehole in Firehole Canyon.
The river is surrounded by geothermal features which empty water into it. One effect of the input of this water is to increase the temperature of the water. Temperatures in the river have been measured as high as 30 °C (86 °F) and average 5 to 10 °C (9 to 18 °F) higher than areas upstream of geothermal influence.
Water entering the river from geothermal features contains dissolved chemicals and minerals. Levels of boron and arsenic have been found to above the standard limits for protection of aquatic organisms. Despite these levels, rainbow trout live and spawn in these waters.
Firehole River has been a fishing mecca since the late 1800s and is known today for its excellent fly fishing.
YouTube video: www.youtube.com/watch?v=PKj8I_HII7I
Dragon's Mouth Spring
The name of Yellowstone National Park's "Mud Volcano" feature and the surrounding area is misleading; it consists of hot springs, mud pots and fumaroles, rather than a true mud volcano. Depending upon the precise definition of the term mud volcano, the Yellowstone formation could be considered a hydrothermal mud volcano cluster. The feature is much less active than in its first recorded description, although the area is quite dynamic. Yellowstone is an active geothermal area with a magma chamber near the surface, and active gases are chiefly steam, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide. However, there are some Mud Volcanoes and Mud Geysers elsewhere in Yellowstone. One, the "Vertically Gifted Cyclic Mud Pot" sometimes acts as a geyser, throwing mud up to 30 feet high.
Yellowstone National Park
Buffalo at the Mud Volcano Area of Yellowstone loaf around the spa, surrounded by food, warmth, and a nice view. Their jingle: O give me a snort for the Bison Resort, where the grizz and the wolves stay away...
Churning Cauldron, Mud Volcano Trail.
The name of Yellowstone National Park's "Mud Volcano" feature and the surrounding area is misleading; it consists of hot springs, mud pots and fumaroles, rather than a true mud volcano. Depending upon the precise definition of the term mud volcano, the Yellowstone formation could be considered a hydrothermal mud volcano cluster. The feature is much less active than in its first recorded description, although the area is quite dynamic. Yellowstone is an active geothermal area with a magma chamber near the surface, and active gases are chiefly steam, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide. However, there are some Mud Volcanoes and Mud Geysers elsewhere in Yellowstone. One, the "Vertically Gifted Cyclic Mud Pot" sometimes acts as a geyser, throwing mud up to 30 feet high.
The name of Yellowstone National Park's "Mud Volcano" feature and the surrounding area is misleading; it consists of hot springs, mud pots and fumaroles, rather than a true mud volcano. Depending upon the precise definition of the term mud volcano, the Yellowstone formation could be considered a hydrothermal mud volcano cluster. The feature is much less active than in its first recorded description, although the area is quite dynamic. Yellowstone is an active geothermal area with a magma chamber near the surface, and active gases are chiefly steam, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide. However, there are some Mud Volcanoes and Mud Geysers elsewhere in Yellowstone. One, the "Vertically Gifted Cyclic Mud Pot" sometimes acts as a geyser, throwing mud up to 30 feet high.
The name of Yellowstone National Park's "Mud Volcano" feature and the surrounding area is misleading; it consists of hot springs, mud pots and fumaroles, rather than a true mud volcano. Depending upon the precise definition of the term mud volcano, the Yellowstone formation could be considered a hydrothermal mud volcano cluster. The feature is much less active than in its first recorded description, although the area is quite dynamic. Yellowstone is an active geothermal area with a magma chamber near the surface, and active gases are chiefly steam, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide. However, there are some Mud Volcanoes and Mud Geysers elsewhere in Yellowstone. One, the "Vertically Gifted Cyclic Mud Pot" sometimes acts as a geyser, throwing mud up to 30 feet high.
Geothermal features in the Mud Volcano area of Yellowstone NP, WY. Copyright 2023, Big Dog Productions, David K. Hobby, photographer
Being Azerbaijan, oil installations can never be too far away, and so here, in the middle of nowhere, on the way to the mud volcanoes near Gobustan is this oil installation. You can see the dry semi desert and the kind of terrain we had to pass over to get to the mud volcanoes. Part of the unsealed road can also be seen, this is a stretch without ridges or pits or corrugations, though there is plenty of loose earth and rubble. (Gobustan, Azerbaijan, Sept. 2017)
The name of Yellowstone National Park's "Mud Volcano" feature and the surrounding area is misleading; it consists of hot springs, mud pots and fumaroles, rather than a true mud volcano. Depending upon the precise definition of the term mud volcano, the Yellowstone formation could be considered a hydrothermal mud volcano cluster. The feature is much less active than in its first recorded description, although the area is quite dynamic. Yellowstone is an active geothermal area with a magma chamber near the surface, and active gases are chiefly steam, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide. However, there are some Mud Volcanoes and Mud Geysers elsewhere in Yellowstone. One, the "Vertically Gifted Cyclic Mud Pot" sometimes acts as a geyser, throwing mud up to 30 feet high.
Hot springs are sites where groundwater emerges at the Earth’s surface (or on the seafloor). Hot spring water has to be higher in temperature than the human body (an admittedly arbitrary definition): over 98° Fahrenheit or over 37° Celsius. Geysers are hot springs that episodically erupt columns of water. The highest concentration of geysers and hot springs anywhere is at the Yellowstone Hotspot Volcano in northwestern Wyoming, USA.
Mud Volcano is the namesake of Yellowstone’s Mud Volcano Group, on the western side of the Yellowstone River, north of Yellowstone Lake. Historical evidence indicates that, in the 1800s, Mud Volcano was a cinder cone volcano-shaped feature that had impressive mud eruptions. A hydrothermal explosion apparently destroyed much of the cone. What remains is a 7 meter-diameter, subcircular hot spring pool bordered by a high wall on its southern, southwestern, and western sides. Well-developed mudcracks are present along the northern and northeastern edges of the pool. The mud formed by chemical decomposition of rhyolitic volcanic tuffs. Rising volcanic hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) oxidized above the water table and became sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Published research has shown that microbes also produce sulfuric acid in the Mud Volcano area, by oxidizing elemental sulfur (S). Sulfuric acid is a strong acid and readily altered the rhyolitic rocks, resulting in clay minerals, which became mud when mixed with water. Dark gray wisps in the muddy water represent fine-grained iron sulfide (pyrite). Two energetic vents are present at Mud Volcano - their activity is undercutting the adjacent high wall. In 1998, researchers measured the water here at 187° Fahrenheit (= 86° Celsius), with a pH of 3 (= acidic).
Grand Prismatic is the largest hot spring in Yellowstone, and is considered to be the third largest in the world-New Zealand has the two largest springs. Grand Prismatic sits upon a wide, spreading mound where water flows evenly on all sides forming a series of small, stair-step terraces. The Hayden Expedition in 1871 named this spring because of its beautiful coloration, and artist Thomas Moran made water-color sketches depicting its rainbow-like colors. The sketches seemed exaggerations and geologist A.C. Peale returned in 1878 to verify the colors. The colors begin with a deep blue center followed by pale blue. Green algae forms beyond the shallow edge. Outside the scalloped rim a band of yellow fades into orange. Red then marks the outer border. Steam often shrouds the spring which reflects the brilliant colors. Grand Prismatic discharges an estimated 560 gallons per minute.
We spotted these mud volcanoes from the cliffs on our walk along the coast near East Quantoxhead. They appear to be well preserved given their age (Lias, 200-180 ma).
Hot springs are sites where groundwater emerges at the Earth’s surface (or on the seafloor). Hot spring water has to be higher in temperature than the human body (an admittedly arbitrary definition): over 98° Fahrenheit or over 37° Celsius. Geysers are hot springs that episodically erupt columns of water. The highest concentration of geysers and hot springs anywhere is at the Yellowstone Hotspot Volcano in northwestern Wyoming, USA.
Mud Volcano is the namesake of Yellowstone’s Mud Volcano Group, on the western side of the Yellowstone River, north of Yellowstone Lake. Historical evidence indicates that, in the 1800s, Mud Volcano was a cinder cone volcano-shaped feature that had impressive mud eruptions. A hydrothermal explosion apparently destroyed much of the cone. What remains is a 7 meter-diameter, subcircular hot spring pool bordered by a high wall on its southern, southwestern, and western sides. Well-developed mudcracks are present along the northern and northeastern edges of the pool. The mud formed by chemical decomposition of rhyolitic volcanic tuffs. Rising volcanic hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) oxidized above the water table and became sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Published research has shown that microbes also produce sulfuric acid in the Mud Volcano area, by oxidizing elemental sulfur (S). Sulfuric acid is a strong acid and readily altered the rhyolitic rocks, resulting in clay minerals, which became mud when mixed with water. Dark gray wisps in the muddy water represent fine-grained iron sulfide (pyrite). Two energetic vents are present at Mud Volcano - their activity is undercutting the adjacent high wall. In 1998, researchers measured the water here at 187° Fahrenheit (= 86° Celsius), with a pH of 3 (= acidic).
The name of Yellowstone National Park's "Mud Volcano" feature and the surrounding area is misleading; it consists of hot springs, mud pots and fumaroles, rather than a true mud volcano. Depending upon the precise definition of the term mud volcano, the Yellowstone formation could be considered a hydrothermal mud volcano cluster. The feature is much less active than in its first recorded description, although the area is quite dynamic. Yellowstone is an active geothermal area with a magma chamber near the surface, and active gases are chiefly steam, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide. However, there are some Mud Volcanoes and Mud Geysers elsewhere in Yellowstone. One, the "Vertically Gifted Cyclic Mud Pot" sometimes acts as a geyser, throwing mud up to 30 feet high.
Yellowstone National Park
Thermal pools, or hot springs are some of the most beautiful sights in Yellowstone. The water color ranges from a deep sapphire blue to a bright teal in these pools. Many are surrounded by rainbow-colored bacteria. Some erupt gently, sending small waves out from the center. The underground channels are larger than that of geysers, allowing the cooled water to return. This causes them to remain in equilibrium.
Read more at Suite101: Geothermal Features of Yellowstone National Park: Geysers, Hot Springs, Mudpots, Thermal Pools, Fumaroles www.suite101.com/content/geothermal-features-of-yellowsto...