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200 Hour yoga teacher training course in Rishikesh India is taught by an experienced and best-certified yoga teachers team from Rishikesh, who provide personalized attention to each student. The curriculum includes in-depth knowledge of traditional Hatha yoga and Ashtanga vinyasa yoga, asana body alignment and adjustment techniques, yogic anatomy and physiology, yoga philosophy, teaching methodology, mantra, pranayama, and ethics for yoga teachers.
In addition, the course offers training in Ayurveda, the traditional Indian system of medicine, which helps students understand the relationship between yoga and Ayurveda, and how to use Ayurvedic principles to create personalized yoga practices for their students.
The course duration of 200-hour yoga teacher training at Yoga Om Shanti Om Yoga Ashram is typically 25 days. Upon completion of the course, students will receive a 200-hour Yoga Alliance certification, which enables the glorious opportunity to register as registered themself to become RYT-200 and be able to teach yoga worldwide.
The course has multiple aims and objectives, which include:
» Develop a daily practice of kriyas, asanas, pranayama, bandha, mudras, and dhyana.
» Delve deeper into Yoga Anatomy and Physiology.
» Introduction to Structural Yoga Therapy.
» Study philosophy from the classical treatises of Yoga (Bhagavad Gita, Patanjali Yoga Sutras, Hathayoga Pradipika, Gheranda Samhita, and the Upanishads).
» Introduction to Ayurveda and Marma Points.
» Design and teach a 90-minute asana class to your peers which incorporates these components.
» Plan and teach a 30-minute presentation to your peers regarding yoga-related topics (i.e., Yoga Nidra, Ayurveda, yogic diet, anatomy, physiology, chakras, philosophy, mudras, Mantra Chanting & Keertan, etc.)
»To provide a comprehensive understanding of yoga philosophy, including the history, theory, and concepts of yoga.
To teach students the techniques and principles of Hatha and Ashtanga yoga, including asanas, pranayama, meditation, and relaxation techniques.
»To provide knowledge of human anatomy and physiology as it pertains to yoga practice, including common injuries and how to avoid them.
»To teach students the principles of alignment and adjustment, including how to modify yoga poses to meet the individual needs of students.
»To provide training in teaching methodology, including sequencing, class planning, and teaching techniques.
»To teach students the importance of ethical behavior and professionalism in the field of yoga teaching.
»To provide training in Ayurveda, including the principles of Ayurvedic medicine and how it relates to yoga practice.
»To provide a safe and supportive learning environment for students to deepen their own yoga practice and gain confidence in teaching others.
»To prepare students to become certified yoga teachers through the Yoga Alliance, enabling them to teach yoga worldwide.
»To make you a proficient and confident yoga teacher, under the guidelines of Yoga Alliance, USA.
WHAT DO THE COURSE FEES INCLUDE?
» Daily nutritious vegetarian meals, detox juices, and teas
» Weekend excursions
» yoga material ( books, yoga t-shirts, ayurvedic body massage, etc)
» One the Himalayas sightseeing trip
» Private accommodation
Quick Link
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Cuban amateur boxing system
Foreign influence contributed to the development of Cuban amateur boxing. Before Fidel Castro took power in 1959, Cuba’s achievements in amateur boxing were diminutive. Components of their boxing style were derived from American Professional Boxing. After the Revolution, Eastern European methodology replaced the American influences. Andrei Chervenko of the Soviet Union has trained Teofilo Stevenson and Europe’s Vasili Romanov has trained boxers as well.
The Cuban amateur boxing system along with other sports programs start in grammar schools. Sports are considered a high priority in the Cuban education system and its there a potential athlete can be recognized. From the age of 12, talented youths are sent to specialized schools where they can focus on enhancing their skills. From there the young boxers train throughout a very competitive youth program. The ones that graduate from the program are sent to the top school in Wajay, where they train advanced drills and exercises. The support that the state gives is crucial to the advancement of the highly technical boxing program.
Amateur boxer Teofilo Stevenson who had won three Olympic gold medals in (1972, 1976, and 1980) has made many contributions to Cuba and Cuban boxing. He is equally known for his sportsmanship, receiving the UNESCO Pierre de Coubertin Fair Play prize in 1989. After retiring in boxing in 1986 he has served both in the Cuban parliament and as a vice president of the Cuban Boxing Federation.
After a career of fighting for their country most Cubans continue to stay in the sport, many as administrators or trainers. Through this way the knowledge and experience is passed down to the next generation of athletes. Source: Wikipedia (Please note: given the dates on the footnotes, it is very possible that this information is out of date and needs to be updated.)
Disclaimer: I am someone who enjoys photography, not a professional photographic scientist, to whom some of my methodology would make cringe. However, these findings are good enough to be illuminating to me and others interested in the performance of the Pentacon Six Carl Zeiss Jena Sonnar 180mm f/2.8 and the Arsat 2X K-6B Teleconverter.
Canon EOS Elan 7E. Evaluative metering with +2 stops exposure compensation, tripod, MLU, 10 second timer. Pentacon Six to EOS glassless adapter. Test target shot near minimum focus distance of 1.7 meters without teleconverter, and roughly double that with teleconverter.
Frame Aperture Shutter Speed
22 TC f/2.8 1/30
23 TC f/4 1/15
24 TC f/5.6 1/8
25 TC f/8 1/4
26 f/2.8 1/125
27 f/4 1/60
28 f/5.6 1/30
29 f/8 1/15
5% added to all LP/MM values due to negatives including 5% extra outside of test chart. Limitation of viewfinder.
Kodak Vision 250D film used @400. Cinestill C-41 kit, developer 5 minutes 37C, blix 8 minutes.
Note that "True Megapixel" values will seem low because digital cameras don't really resolve true detail between every pixel. In other words you can't shoot 3000 white and 3000 black lines on a digital camera that has 6000 pixels on the long side and be able to tell the lines apart. The megapixel counts of digital cameras are very inflated as far as resolution goes. You need about 3 true megapixels to make a good 9x6 print and about 8 true megapixels to make a good 15x10 print for the purpose of this analysis. Don't try to compare it to the rated pixel counts of digital cameras.
Note that LP/MM values are the limits using my particular setup, not necessarily the upper limit of the lens itself.
No digital sharpening was applied at any point in these comparisons. You could possibly improve these numbers by adding some, but I just don't like the look of digital sharpening.
These results are from the center of the frame, but in my previous testing the Sonnar maintains great resolution right to the edge of a 6x6 frame. The teleconverter only drops in resolution on the extreme edge of a 6x6, the part you might accidentally crop off, so it's pretty good too.
Crops shown are the center 4 megapixels of 36-megapixel full frame images. You need to view them at 200% to observe the line pairs.
Epson 4490 @2400dpi (increasing beyond this dpi does not improve resolution)
True for all apertures with and without teleconverter.
Adjusted LP/MM: 28
True Megapixels (36x24mm): 2.7
True Megapixels (56x41mm): 7.2
True Megapixels (56x56mm): 9.8
Pentax K-1 50mm f/2.8 macro pixel shift digitization results:
f/2.8
No Teleconverter
Horizontal Lines Per Picture Height: 18.5
Vertical Lines Per Picture Height: 19.5
Horizontal Adjusted LP/MM: 40
Vertical Adjusted LP/MM: 43
True Megapixels (36x24mm): 5.9
True Megapixels (56x41mm, stitched frames): 16
True Megapixels (56x56mm, stitched frames): 22
With Teleconverter
Horizontal Lines Per Picture Height: 12.5
Vertical Lines Per Picture Height: 14.5
Horizontal Adjusted LP/MM: 27
Vertical Adjusted LP/MM: 32
True Megapixels (36x24mm): 3
True Megapixels (56x41mm, stitched frames): 8
True Megapixels (56x56mm, stitched frames): 11
Notes: Teleconverter images perfectly usable wide open, if intent on 35mm is prints 10 inches or smaller, or intent on 56mm is prints 16 inches or smaller. For teleconverter, wide open result is same resolution on Epson vs. DSLR digitization and no advantage is gained. Without teleconverter, significant resolution is gained from DSLR digitization.
f/4
No Teleconverter
Horizontal Lines Per Picture Height: 19.5
Vertical Lines Per Picture Height: 20
Horizontal Adjusted LP/MM: 43
Vertical Adjusted LP/MM: 44
True Megapixels (36x24mm): 6.5
True Megapixels (56x41mm, stitched frames): 17
True Megapixels (56x56mm, stitched frames): 24
With Teleconverter
Horizontal Lines Per Picture Height: 14.5
Vertical Lines Per Picture Height: 17.5
Horizontal Adjusted LP/MM: 32
Vertical Adjusted LP/MM: 38
True Megapixels (36x24mm): 4.2
True Megapixels (56x41mm, stitched frames): 11
True Megapixels (56x56mm, stitched frames): 15
Notes: Not much difference between f/2.8 and f/4 when no teleconverter is used. Moderate difference when teleconverter used.
f/5.6
No Teleconverter
Horizontal Lines Per Picture Height: Over 20
Vertical Lines Per Picture Height: Over 20
Horizontal Adjusted LP/MM: Over 44
Vertical Adjusted LP/MM: Over 44
True Megapixels (36x24mm): Over 6.7
True Megapixels (56x41mm, stitched frames): Over 18
True Megapixels (56x56mm, stitched frames): Over 24
With Teleconverter
Horizontal Lines Per Picture Height: 17
Vertical Lines Per Picture Height: 20
Horizontal Adjusted LP/MM: 37
Vertical Adjusted LP/MM: 44
True Megapixels (36x24mm): 5.6
True Megapixels (56x41mm, stitched frames): 15
True Megapixels (56x56mm, stitched frames): 20
Notes: Highest number of fine lines resolved at f/5.6 with no teleconverter. Beyond the ability of my Pentax K-1 with 50mm macro lens at f/10 and pixel shift to pick up. At f/5.6 with teleconverter, it's about as sharp as f/2.8 without teleconverter.
f/8
No Teleconverter
Horizontal Lines Per Picture Height: 17
Vertical Lines Per Picture Height: 20+
Horizontal Adjusted LP/MM: 37
Vertical Adjusted LP/MM: Over 44
True Megapixels (36x24mm): Over 5.6
True Megapixels (56x41mm, stitched frames): Over 15
True Megapixels (56x56mm, stitched frames): Over 20
With Teleconverter
Horizontal Lines Per Picture Height: 14.5
Vertical Lines Per Picture Height: 20
Horizontal Adjusted LP/MM: 32
Vertical Adjusted LP/MM: 44
True Megapixels (36x24mm): 4.9
True Megapixels (56x41mm, stitched frames): 13
True Megapixels (56x56mm, stitched frames): 18
Notes: Even though f/8 has slightly less resolution than f/5.6, it appears to make the sharpest image to the human eye, probably from an increase in microcontrast from reduction in ghosting and flaring. Only on this aperture can I clearly see the fine texture of the paper in the black areas on the test target.
Conclusion: f/8 makes the image which appears to be most detailed, while f/5.6 contains the highest actual resolution. Wide open is perfectly usable for moderately sized prints. The lens is a little better at resolving vertical lines than horizontal ones. The teleconverter is not a huge disadvantage in resolution for such a good lens. The main disadvantage of the teleconverter is losing 3 stops of shutter speed while handholding. The Pentacon Six 180mm Sonnar is an excellent lens that is sharp enough to use with or without a teleconverter even on 35mm format, and is superb on medium format. If you can manage its weight and slow focusing, it's a more affordable alternative to buying a 200mm f/2.8 35mm lens, or 400mm f/5.6 lens.
The above graph appeared on Reddit in early 2021.
The source quoted was MediaCloud.org/Alan Austin - Source Media Cloud, Australian Office of Financial Management.
The above graph was prepared by Media Cloud, an international independent media research organization. It graphically depicts the partisan impact of main stream media in influencing public perceptions, therefore the course of political debate in Australia. It would be most interesting to see similar research done calling out the partisan role of MSM in manipulating public opinion on other issues within our society. Media Cloud does have methodology which can make this happen.
The graph prompted me to record my own perceptions of where Australia has come from since the vested interests of the mainstream media colluded with the Abbott LNP opposition from 2007 to 2013 to bring down the Rudd Gillard Rudd Labor governments.
Australia subsequently, under 3 LNP Prime Ministers, has suffered enormously, environmentally, socially and financially, following 9 years of what many experts believe is the most ideologically driven, inept, self-serving and corrupt governance Australians have endured since federation in 1901.
When Tony Abbott was elected in 2013 he rode into government on a wave of media hype styled to present the LNP as stronger on borders and as superior economic managers.
The overwhelming evidence now is that, that campaign, mainly perpetrated by the Murdoch Media and other vested interest right wing aligned media organisations, unrelentingly and very effectively focussed on government debt between 2007 and 2013, particularly during the period Labor was tasked with dealing with the Global financial crisis.
With the aid of a compliant media the Abbott opposition used attack, distraction and misinformation to deflect from critically assessing the record of the preceding Howard Government who had squandered the huge profits of the mining boom and who failed to invest heavily in Australian infrastructure when the opportunity presented.
The Rudd/Gillard Labor Governments from 2007 to 2013 were viciously pilloried at every post by the mainstream media, particularly the Murdoch newspapers and particularly about the level of national debt. This was despite Labor successfully negotiating the GFC with one of the best performing economies in the world.
Politics in Australia sank to new lows during the Abbott years, steadied under Turnbull and has gone rogue under Morrison.
Nine years of LNP government has accomplished very little for average Australians. Our health system has been progressively white anted, the NBN was made a political football and is now costing much more to bring it up to speed than would have been the case under the former FTTH model. Climate Change and renewables policy has been the bane of several prime ministers, mainly because big polluters have bought government policy, in some cases they even wrote it for the government.
Successive LNP governments since 2013 have been in turmoil with one scandal after another while at the same time the extreme right of the LNP began to gain control at every step of the implementation of the government's agenda.
Despite the best efforts of the MSM to conceal the reality, debt has run out of control, with Australian debt passing the trillion dollar mark in 2020. The myth of LNP financial superiority, which the media has tried desperately to keep alive, has now been glaringly exposed, as Australia debt levels hurtled north, way beyond the debt levels of any previous National government. The other myth that's been exposed is that LNP Governments tax less than Labor Governments. The Morrison Government in 2020 became the highest taxing government in Australia's history but its who they tax and who they don't tax that causes the most pain for average Australians.
Australia's Debt Clock It's well worth scrolling down and taking some time to digest this information.
Openly hostile electoral tactics backed by MSM were successful in seeing the LNP's Tony Abbott elected in 2013 and even Labor power brokers conceded that Abbott, as an opposition leader, was indeed very effective.
Once in government many of the promises made by Abbott before the election were jettisoned and the LNP machine took over. Abbott's penchant for lying set him well apart from any previous Prime Minister although Morrison has taken it to another level during his tenure.
Since Abbott we have seen the impacts of the governments ideological belief in small government beginning with the removal of significant levels of regulation which had formerly protected Australians from corrupt processes. Privatisation of financially viable government authorities, selling them off to mates of the government who would return the favour by donating to the LNP. Attacking any government organisation that called the government to account or threatened their ideology. Stacking the judiciary with compliant judges, sacking bureaucrats and staff with long experience in the public service. Severely defunding the ABC and even calling into question the important role of science in leading Australia into the future. The ABC and the CSIRO and other environmental government organisations were threatened with change or be defunded and funding redirected to bodies ideologically in sinque with the government.
Tony Abbott was hell bent on maliciously reversing every part of the previous Labor governments legacy and ticking off the very public list of 100 objectives handed to the government by the Institute of Public Affairs (IPA), a right wing think tank.
Since the election of the LNP in 2013 the government and its successors have become increasingly electorally pragmatic and secretive, some say fascist in its tendencies. Attacking whistle blowers who expose corrupt ministerial behaviours. Bringing defamation cases against private citizens who dare criticise a minister. Protecting ministers alleged to have committed crimes. One could write a long list.
At the same time the government is restricting access to freedom of information processes and more and more power is being put in the hands of ministers to make decisions, or to over-ride legislated ones.
The government at the same time is becoming more targeted in attacking its critics, fine tuning legislation to allow these attacks to be effective. As they gradually organise themselves to deal with dissent the government is becoming more recognisably arrogant. No Morrison Government minister has been called to account despite numerous crises, crises that in any other government would see the minister stood down or replaced.
Pork barreling (corruption) has been taken to a whole new level by the Morrison Government and when challenged the government has dismissed the issue as just the accepted norm of governance. Former NSW Premier Gladys Berejiklian called it that way saying it's how politics works before she voluntarily resigned in late 2020 following allegations of having a secret affair with a former government minister who had been convicted of corrupt behavior.
After Abbott was unceremoniously dumped as Prime Minister his replacement, Malcolm Turnbull, a moderate, stood no chance of survival as big coal and oil poured millions into destabilizing any action on climate change.
Turnbull was thrown out in a coup led by Peter Dutton but the perverse politics of the LNP saw Scott Morrison somehow able to sneak in under him and, to Australia's great detriment, emerge as leader.
By 2018 the Australian public had become more educated about the divisive direction that the LNP and Scott Morrison were taking Australia but the vested interests of the main stream media stood up and united to ensure Labor leader Bill Shorten never got a look in in his campaign to become the first Labor leader since Kevin Rudd.
Of course, the intervention of Clive Palmer played a massive part in the re-election of Scott Morrison. It has been variously reported that coal mining magnate Clive Palmer and his backers contributed up to $87 million to the Palmer United Party in an effort to ensure that the LNP were re-elected. Palmer United, although they stood candidates in most seats, failed to win a single seat but their preferences, particularly in Queensland, swayed the result in favour of conservative parties. The fact that Palmer has a huge mine right alongside the much-maligned Adani Mine ready to go in Queensland of course had nothing to do with his massive spend. (sarcasm)
Morrison was narrowly returned as Prime Minister after the 2018 election and a chance for a more honest, egalitarian, compassionate and environmentally sustainable government slipped away.
Scandal after scandal, unbelievable levels of mounting government and household debt and glaring failures all along the way to deal effectively with climate change and with Australia's Covid 19 response mean the LNP's Scott Morrison will go to the polls again in early May 2022 as a likely underdog.
With more than 16 billion set aside by the LNP government to be handed out as inducements/bribes before the 2022 election the campaign is already shaping up to be one of the nastiest since the Abbott years, Morrison, a Trumpist, backed by big business, big polluters and the religious right arrogantly believes the country will support his re-election because 'God is on his side' as he proudly proclaimed after his 'miracle' win in the 2018 election.
His record on every front has been abysmal, pragmatic yes, but lazy nevertheless, inept, if not incompetent, and as many believe, brazenly corrupt.
It's to be hoped Australians finally see there is no future in retaining such scoundrels in Australia's parliament but given the partisan power of MSM it will be tough for Labor and change focused independents to win as the main stream media seeks to control the narrative. Clive Palmer, who still does not have approval for his Queensland mega coal mine, has promised that he will invest even more money in seeking to retain the Morrison Government. The $87 million spent in the 2018 election will pale into insignificance compared to what he and his backers will spend in 2022.
It's hard to imagine any mainstream newspaper not going along with Palmer's plan as the advertising revenue bonanza they will receive from him will be huge and will almost assuredly buy their political affiliations, and their editorials.
More than ever before Australian's need to educate and assert themselves and send a clear message that incompetent, if not corrupt governance will no longer be tolerated.
Lies, distraction and misinformation perpetrated by politicians and compliant main stream media journalists needs to be called out and while social media has played an increasingly effective role in doing that, one wonders how long it can continue to call the government to account. The governments tactics of threatening journalists and even private citizens with defamation and other legal sanctions are increasingly desperate as investigative journalists uncover much that the government seeks to keep under wraps. We've seen by its recent actions that the government is on the attack against social media as the effectiveness of its role in holding the government to account grows but this action is as much about protecting the governments media partners (News Limited) from commercial impacts as seen by the recent legislation aimed at reeling in Google, Facebook and Twitter.
Morrison went to the 2018 election promising a Royal Commission into the Banks but vigorously resisted it until it became impossible to defend their behaviour. He also promised a Corruption Royal Commission however its now clear he had no intention of doing so let alone making it retrospective and certainly not one that he cannot write the terms of reference for.
If politics in Australia is not to slide further into the abyss the 2022 federal election must bring about a change of government, either by a Labor win or, by a parliament where independents hold the balance of power.
Rex Patrick - Australian Independent Senator posted the following summation of Scott Morrison and the LNP on Twitter - 31.1.2022.
"If you spin, rort, cover-up, disrespect, don't enforce team standards, persecute whistleblowers, lack transparency, cause waste and ignore science, you will lose the trust of the electorate and you will lose the election."
PS. Rex Patrick, an excellent independent, lost his seat at the 2022 election. Go figure?
The leader of the cosmic revolution, the leader and mentor of the philosophical kingdom----Fangruida (Smirh)
Marco
1The evolution of the world and the multidimensional evolution of the natural universe(Fangruida)
Planetary society theory, natural universe, birth and death theory, natural philosophy, rational structure theory, natural world, multidimensional hybrid, complex structure theory(Fangruida)
2 Human society development and interest theory liberal rational structuralism theory biological species social survival mode modal structure evolution theory hybrid logic definition logic theory
Polymerization Purification Logic and Thinking Natural Language Orbits Formal Language Orbits and Hybrid Logic Blending Deductive Language Orbits
3 The Three-Sex Theory of the Philosophical Revolution Multi-body theory, multi-dimensional theory - guiding the guiding light of the world and human beings
The revolution of philosophy, the three-dimensional multidimensional structure of consciousness, the two-way and multi-structure of consciousness and the nervous system, the epistemological methodology of the universe
Hybrid orbit of AA language Evolution and hybridization of advanced nervous system Orbits of nerve cells and genes Advanced neural activity genes
Superconducting structure of nerve reflex arc
B. Natural Cosmology - Matter - Species - Life - Particles - Introduction to Human and Its Social Development "Nature Cosmic Architecture and Super-Rotational Domain Fields"
C. Multi-directionality of the natural universe Multi-dimensional material, spirit, existence, consciousness, species, life, third body, fourth body organism D. Generality and special coupling of species evolution and universality and eternality of natural matter Sex
E. Generalization of the natural structure of the universe. Orderly disordered chaos F. Life species and natural universes Special species in the position of the natural universe Human position in the natural universe and natural history procedures G Universe and particle universe - matter - species - particles -Life - Ultra-micro and super-macro super characteristics
H. Human society - the birth and evolution of life's advanced wisdom species M. The origin and future of the universe Mathematical philosophy and integration and purification
Even without humans, the planets and matter of the natural universe will still move naturally. The natural universe is not absolutely related to humans and all biologically active species. The greatness of mankind is nothing but a drop in the ocean. After all, human beings are advanced intelligent animal species. They whimsically believe that biological species can transcend the earth, transcend the moon, transcend Mars, transcend the sun, and transcend the galaxy. Then human beings become truly gods. Of course, human wisdom and creativity are earth-shattering and undeniable. N. Geophysics, geochemistry, geobiology, and geochemistry are extensive in the universe and their limitations and particularities.
The great role of science and technology The connection between the limitations and limitations of science and technology and human intelligence
Materiality. Natural. Species. Biological. Sociality----particles, universe, intermediates (intermediate, including invisible plastids), integrative complex functional infinity
1. The history of philosophy and the essence of philosophy of development
2. The breadth, depth and influence of modern philosophy
3. Various schools and schools of world philosophy
4. Philosophy and science and technology
5. Philosophy and Religion, Religious Philosophy
6. Philosophy and society
7. The link between philosophy and politics, economy, culture, military, technology, etc.
8. Changes in cognitive level deviation and thinking structure of several major propositions of philosophy
9. Philosophy and the Universe, Nature
10. The basic principles of philosophy, the brain's high neural activity threshold and genetic redundancy
11. The three-dimensional multidimensional structural consciousness of the philosophy of revolutionary philosophy and the two-dimensional and multi-structured cosmological methodology of the nervous system
12. Importance. natural. kind. biological. Social----particles, universe, intermediates (intermediates, including invisible plastids), complex and complex functions
13. Natural Universe - Particles - Intermediates - Biology - Division and integration of matter and species
14. Multidimensionality of nature, evolutionary complex transformation of ordered disordered chaos
15. Human consciousness and the progression of high levels of neuromotor activity in the brain and the biosocial foundations and activities of nature and biomes. Threshold of human late nervous system
16. Natural Progress Human Evolution and Future Changes Characteristics of Human Society and Planetary Society
Human survival and restriction threshold
17. The changes in the universe and the beginning and end of the universe will be zero, will the solar system and the earth be destroyed?
18. Everything in human society will exist or collapse. Time domain and eternality of the physics theorem
19. Material species, life, high-intelligence, life - the necessity of historical planning and the process of the universe
20. The Milky Way is homogeneity or heterogeneity outside the solar system.
(The manuscript is the essential manuscript of the important philosophical works of Fang Ruida (Smith), which has been revised and revised by the original author. Now the author agrees to translate the multi-language version for readers to read.
Compile Wels.2017 Paris Newyork)
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Enc:Résumé du programme de philosophie révolutionnaire philosophique - Philosophie naturelle et philosophie rationnelle ----- L'essentiel de la philosophie naturelle de Smith (Classiques classiques) (2016v3.6 Global Mobile Edition) Versions chinoise et anglaise Compilation: Wels
1L'évolution du monde et l'évolution multidimensionnelle de l'univers naturel
Théorie de la société planétaire, univers naturel, théorie de la naissance et de la mort, philosophie naturelle, théorie de la structure rationnelle, monde naturel, hybride multidimensionnel, théorie de la structure complexe
2 Théorie du développement et des intérêts de la société humaine théorie du structuralisme rationnel libéral espèce biologique mode de survie sociale structure modale théorie de l'évolution théorie de la logique hybride définition théorie de la théorie
Polymérisation Purification Logique et Pensée Orbites en langage naturel Orbites en langage formel et logique hybride Mélange d'orbites en langage déductif
3 La théorie tripartite de la révolution philosophique Théorie multicorps, théorie multidimensionnelle - guider la lumière du monde et des êtres humains
La révolution de la philosophie, la structure tridimensionnelle multidimensionnelle de la conscience, la structure à double sens et multiple de la conscience et du système nerveux, la méthodologie épistémologique de l'univers
Orbite hybride du langage AA Evolution et hybridation du système nerveux avancé Orbites de cellules nerveuses et de gènes Gènes d'activité neuronale avancés
Structure supraconductrice de l'arc réflexe nerveux
B. Cosmologie naturelle - Matière - Espèces - Vie - Particules - Introduction à l'homme et à son développement social "Architecture cosmique de la nature et champs de domaines super-rotationnels"
C. Multidirectionnalité de l'univers naturel Matière, esprit, existence, conscience, espèce, vie, troisième corps, organisme du quatrième corps multidimensionnel D. Généralité et couplage particulier de l'évolution des espèces et de l'universalité et de l'éternité de la matière naturelle Le sexe
E. Généralisation de la structure naturelle de l'univers Chaos désordonné et ordonné F. Espèces de la vie et univers naturels Espèces spéciales dans la position de l'univers naturel Position humaine dans l'univers naturel et procédures d'histoire naturelle G Univers et univers de particules - matière - espèce - espèces - particules -Life - Caractéristiques ultra micro et super macro
H. Société humaine - naissance et évolution de l'espèce de sagesse avancée de la vie M. L'origine et l'avenir de l'univers Philosophie mathématique et intégration et purification
Même sans les humains, les planètes et la matière de l'univers naturel continueront de se déplacer naturellement. L'univers naturel n'est pas absolument lié à l'homme et à toutes les espèces biologiquement actives. La grandeur de l'humanité n'est qu'une goutte d'eau dans l'océan. Après tout, les êtres humains sont des espèces animales intelligentes avancées qui croient de manière fantaisiste que les espèces biologiques peuvent transcender la Terre, transcender la Lune, transcender Mars, transcender le Soleil et transcender la galaxie. Bien entendu, la sagesse et la créativité humaines sont bouleversantes et indéniables. N. La géophysique, la géochimie, la géobiologie et la géochimie occupent une place importante dans l’univers, avec ses limites et ses particularités.
Le grand rôle de la science et de la technologie Le lien entre les limites et les limites de la science et de la technologie et l'intelligence humaine
La matérialité. Naturel. Espèces. Biologique. Socialité ---- Particules, Univers, Intermédiaires (intermédiaires, y compris les plastides invisibles), Infini fonctionnel complexe intégratif
Краткое изложение программы «Философская революционная философия - естественная философия и рациональная философия» ----- «Основы естественной философии Смита» Смита (издание 2016v3.6 Global Mobile) Сборник версий на китайском и английском языках: Wels
1Эволюция мира и многомерная эволюция естественной вселенной
Теория планетного общества, естественная вселенная, теория рождения и смерти, естественная философия, теория рациональной структуры, естественный мир, многомерный гибрид, теория сложной структуры
2 Развитие человеческого общества и теория интересов либеральная рациональная структурализм теория биологических видов социальная модель выживания модальная структура эволюционная теория гибридная логика определение логическая теория
Полимеризационная очистка Логика и мышление Орбиты естественного языка Формальные языковые орбиты и гибридное логическое смешение дедуктивных языковых орбит
3 Теория трех полов философской революции. Теория множественных тел, многомерная теория - направляющий свет мира и людей.
Революция философии, трехмерная многомерная структура сознания, двусторонняя и многоструктурная структура сознания и нервной системы, эпистемологическая методология вселенной
Гибридная орбита языка АА. Эволюция и гибридизация развитой нервной системы. Орбиты нервных клеток и генов. Гены продвинутой нейронной активности.
Сверхпроводящая структура нервно-рефлекторной дуги
B. Природная космология - Материя - Виды - Жизнь - Частицы - Введение в человека и его социальное развитие "Природа космической архитектуры и суперротационных полей"
C. Разнонаправленность природной вселенной. Многомерный материал, дух, существование, сознание, виды, жизнь, третье тело, организм четвертого тела. D. Общность и особая связь эволюции видов, универсальности и вечности естественной материи. секс
E. Обобщение естественного строения вселенной. Упорядоченный беспорядочный хаос F. Виды жизни и естественные вселенные Особые виды в положении естественной вселенной Положение человека в естественной вселенной и процедуры естественной истории G Вселенная и частица вселенной - вещество - виды - частицы -Life - Супер-микро и супер-макро супер характеристики
H. Человеческое общество - рождение и эволюция жизненно важных видов мудрости М. Происхождение и будущее вселенной Математическая философия, интеграция и очищение
Даже без людей планеты и материя естественной вселенной будут двигаться естественным образом. Естественная вселенная не имеет абсолютно никакого отношения к человеку и всем биологически активным видам. Величие человечества - не что иное, как капля в океане. В конце концов, люди - продвинутые интеллектуальные виды животных, они причудливо верят, что биологические виды могут превосходить Землю, превосходить Луну, превосходить Марс, превосходить Солнце и превосходить галактику. Тогда люди становятся настоящими богами. Конечно, человеческая мудрость и креативность потрясающие и неоспоримые. N. Геофизика, геохимия, геобиология и геохимия обширны во вселенной и их ограничениях и особенностях.
Великая роль науки и техники Связь между ограничениями науки и техники и человеческим интеллектом
Существенность. Естественность. Виды. Биологический. Социальность ---- частицы, вселенная, промежуточные звенья (промежуточные, включая невидимые пластиды), интегративный комплекс, функциональная бесконечность
Zusammenfassung des Programms für revolutionäre Philosophische Philosophie - Naturphilosophie und Rationalphilosophie ----- Smiths Grundlagen der Naturphilosophie Klassiker (2016v3.6 Global Mobile Edition) Chinesische und englische Versionen Zusammenstellung: Wels
1Die Entwicklung der Welt und die multidimensionale Entwicklung des natürlichen Universums
Planetarische Gesellschaftstheorie, natürliches Universum, Geburts- und Sterbetheorie, Naturphilosophie, Theorie der rationalen Struktur, natürliche Welt, multidimensionaler Hybrid, komplexe Strukturtheorie
2 Menschliche Gesellschaft Entwicklung und Interessestheorie Liberal Rationaler Strukturalismus Theorie biologische Art soziales Überleben Modus Modalstruktur Evolutionstheorie Hybridlogik Definition Logiktheorie
Polymerisationsreinigungslogik und Denken Natürliche Sprache Bahnen Formale Sprachbahnen und hybride logische Vermischung Deduktive Sprachbahnen
3 Die Drei-Sex-Theorie der philosophischen Revolution Mehrkörpertheorie, mehrdimensionale Theorie - das Leitlicht der Welt und der Menschen
Die Revolution der Philosophie, die dreidimensionale mehrdimensionale Struktur des Bewusstseins, die Zwei- und Mehrfachstruktur des Bewusstseins und des Nervensystems, die epistemologische Methodologie des Universums
Hybridbahn der AA-Sprache Evolution und Hybridisierung des fortgeschrittenen Nervensystems Bahnen von Nervenzellen und Genen Fortgeschrittene neuronale Aktivitätsgene
Supraleitende Struktur des Nervenreflexbogens
B. Natürliche Kosmologie - Materie - Spezies - Leben - Partikel - Einführung in die menschliche Entwicklung und ihre soziale Entwicklung "Naturkosmische Architektur und Felder mit überrationalen Domänen"
C. Multidirektionalität des natürlichen Universums Multidimensionales Material, Geist, Existenz, Bewusstsein, Spezies, Leben, dritter Körper, vierter Körperorganismus D. Allgemeingültigkeit und besondere Kopplung von Speziesentwicklung und Universalität und Ewigkeit natürlicher Materie Sex
E. Verallgemeinerung der natürlichen Struktur des Universums Ordentlich ungeordnetes Chaos F. Lebensarten und natürliche Universen Spezielle Arten in der Position des natürlichen Universums Position des Menschen im natürlichen Universum und naturgeschichtliche Verfahren G Universum und Teilchenuniversum - Materie - Spezies - Teilchen -Life - Ultra-Mikro- und Super-Makro-Supereigenschaften
H. Die menschliche Gesellschaft - die Geburt und Entwicklung der fortschrittlichen Weisheitsart des Lebens M. Der Ursprung und die Zukunft des Universums Mathematische Philosophie, Integration und Reinigung
Selbst ohne Menschen werden sich die Planeten und die Materie des natürlichen Universums natürlich bewegen. Das natürliche Universum ist nicht absolut mit dem Menschen und allen biologisch aktiven Spezies verbunden. Die Größe der Menschheit ist nichts anderes als ein Tropfen im Ozean. Schließlich sind Menschen fortgeschrittene intelligente Tierarten. Sie glauben seltsam, dass biologische Arten die Erde, den Mond, den Mars, die Sonne und die Galaxie transzendieren können, dann werden die Menschen zu echten Göttern. Natürlich sind menschliche Weisheit und Kreativität weltbewegend und unbestreitbar. N. Die Geophysik, Geochemie, Geobiologie und Geochemie sind im Universum umfangreich und ihre Grenzen und Besonderheiten.
Die große Rolle von Wissenschaft und Technologie Die Verbindung zwischen den Grenzen und Grenzen von Wissenschaft und Technologie und der menschlichen Intelligenz
Wesentlichkeit Natürlich. Arten. Biologisch. Sozialität - Partikel, Universum, Zwischenprodukte (Zwischenprodukte, einschließlich unsichtbarer Plastiden), integrative komplexe funktionale Unendlichkeit
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Das Manuskript ist ein wesentliches Manuskript wichtiger philosophischer Werke Smiths, das vom ursprünglichen Autor überarbeitet und genehmigt wurde. Mit Zustimmung des Autors wird die mehrsprachige Version für den Leser übersetzt.
Kompiliere Wels. 2017 in Paris Newyork
1The evolution of the world and the multidimensional evolution of the natural universe
Planetary society theory, natural universe, birth and death theory, natural philosophy, rational structure theory, natural world, multidimensional hybrid, complex structure theory
2 Human society development and interest theory liberal rational structuralism theory biological species social survival mode modal structure evolution theory hybrid logic definition logic theory
Polymerization Purification Logic and Thinking Natural Language Orbits Formal Language Orbits and Hybrid Logic Blending Deductive Language Orbits
3 The Three-Sex Theory of the Philosophical Revolution Multi-body theory, multi-dimensional theory - guiding the guiding light of the world and human beings
The revolution of philosophy, the three-dimensional multidimensional structure of consciousness, the two-way and multi-structure of consciousness and the nervous system, the epistemological methodology of the universe
Hybrid orbit of AA language Evolution and hybridization of advanced nervous system Orbits of nerve cells and genes Advanced neural activity genes
Superconducting structure of nerve reflex arc
B. Natural Cosmology - Matter - Species - Life - Particles - Introduction to Human and Its Social Development "Nature Cosmic Architecture and Super-Rotational Domain Fields"
C. Multi-directionality of the natural universe Multi-dimensional material, spirit, existence, consciousness, species, life, third body, fourth body organism D. Generality and special coupling of species evolution and universality and eternality of natural matter Sex
E. Generalization of the natural structure of the universe. Orderly disordered chaos F. Life species and natural universes Special species in the position of the natural universe Human position in the natural universe and natural history procedures G Universe and particle universe - matter - species - particles -Life - Ultra-micro and super-macro super characteristics
H. Human society - the birth and evolution of life's advanced wisdom species M. The origin and future of the universe Mathematical philosophy and integration and purification
Even without humans, the planets and matter of the natural universe will still move naturally. The natural universe is not absolutely related to humans and all biologically active species. The greatness of mankind is nothing but a drop in the ocean. After all, human beings are advanced intelligent animal species. They whimsically believe that biological species can transcend the earth, transcend the moon, transcend Mars, transcend the sun, and transcend the galaxy. Then human beings become truly gods. Of course, human wisdom and creativity are earth-shattering and undeniable. N. Geophysics, geochemistry, geobiology, and geochemistry are extensive in the universe and their limitations and particularities.
The great role of science and technology The connection between the limitations and limitations of science and technology and human intelligence
Materiality. Natural. Species. Biological. Sociality----particles, universe, intermediates (intermediate, including invisible plastids), integrative complex functional infinity
1. The history of philosophy and the essence of philosophy of development
2. The breadth, depth and influence of modern philosophy
3. Various schools and schools of world philosophy
4. Philosophy and science and technology
5. Philosophy and Religion, Religious Philosophy
6. Philosophy and society
7. The link between philosophy and politics, economy, culture, military, technology, etc.
8. Changes in cognitive level deviation and thinking structure of several major propositions of philosophy
9. Philosophy and the Universe, Nature
10. The basic principles of philosophy, the brain's high neural activity threshold and genetic redundancy
11. The three-dimensional multidimensional structural consciousness of the philosophy of revolutionary philosophy and the two-dimensional and multi-structured cosmological methodology of the nervous system
12. Importance. natural. kind. biological. Social----particles, universe, intermediates (intermediates, including invisible plastids), complex and complex functions
13. Natural Universe - Particles - Intermediates - Biology - Division and integration of matter and species
14. Multidimensionality of nature, evolutionary complex transformation of ordered disordered chaos
15. Human consciousness and the progression of high levels of neuromotor activity in the brain and the biosocial foundations and activities of nature and biomes. Threshold of human late nervous system
16. Natural Progress Human Evolution and Future Changes Characteristics of Human Society and Planetary Society
Human survival and restriction threshold
17. The changes in the universe and the beginning and end of the universe will be zero, will the solar system and the earth be destroyed?
18. Everything in human society will exist or collapse. Time domain and eternality of the physics theorem
19. Material species, life, high-intelligence, life - the necessity of historical planning and the process of the universe
20. The Milky Way is homogeneity or heterogeneity outside the solar system.
(The manuscript is the essential manuscript of the important philosophical works of Fang Ruida (Smith), which has been revised and revised by the original author. Now the author agrees to translate the multi-language version for readers to read.
Compile Wels.2017 Paris Newyork)
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Enc:Résumé du programme de philosophie révolutionnaire philosophique - Philosophie naturelle et philosophie rationnelle ----- L'essentiel de la philosophie naturelle de Smith (Classiques classiques) (2016v3.6 Global Mobile Edition) Versions chinoise et anglaise Compilation: Wels
1L'évolution du monde et l'évolution multidimensionnelle de l'univers naturel
Théorie de la société planétaire, univers naturel, théorie de la naissance et de la mort, philosophie naturelle, théorie de la structure rationnelle, monde naturel, hybride multidimensionnel, théorie de la structure complexe
2 Théorie du développement et des intérêts de la société humaine théorie du structuralisme rationnel libéral espèce biologique mode de survie sociale structure modale théorie de l'évolution théorie de la logique hybride définition théorie de la théorie
Polymérisation Purification Logique et Pensée Orbites en langage naturel Orbites en langage formel et logique hybride Mélange d'orbites en langage déductif
3 La théorie tripartite de la révolution philosophique Théorie multicorps, théorie multidimensionnelle - guider la lumière du monde et des êtres humains
La révolution de la philosophie, la structure tridimensionnelle multidimensionnelle de la conscience, la structure à double sens et multiple de la conscience et du système nerveux, la méthodologie épistémologique de l'univers
Orbite hybride du langage AA Evolution et hybridation du système nerveux avancé Orbites de cellules nerveuses et de gènes Gènes d'activité neuronale avancés
Structure supraconductrice de l'arc réflexe nerveux
B. Cosmologie naturelle - Matière - Espèces - Vie - Particules - Introduction à l'homme et à son développement social "Architecture cosmique de la nature et champs de domaines super-rotationnels"
C. Multidirectionnalité de l'univers naturel Matière, esprit, existence, conscience, espèce, vie, troisième corps, organisme du quatrième corps multidimensionnel D. Généralité et couplage particulier de l'évolution des espèces et de l'universalité et de l'éternité de la matière naturelle Le sexe
E. Généralisation de la structure naturelle de l'univers Chaos désordonné et ordonné F. Espèces de la vie et univers naturels Espèces spéciales dans la position de l'univers naturel Position humaine dans l'univers naturel et procédures d'histoire naturelle G Univers et univers de particules - matière - espèce - espèces - particules -Life - Caractéristiques ultra micro et super macro
H. Société humaine - naissance et évolution de l'espèce de sagesse avancée de la vie M. L'origine et l'avenir de l'univers Philosophie mathématique et intégration et purification
Même sans les humains, les planètes et la matière de l'univers naturel continueront de se déplacer naturellement. L'univers naturel n'est pas absolument lié à l'homme et à toutes les espèces biologiquement actives. La grandeur de l'humanité n'est qu'une goutte d'eau dans l'océan. Après tout, les êtres humains sont des espèces animales intelligentes avancées qui croient de manière fantaisiste que les espèces biologiques peuvent transcender la Terre, transcender la Lune, transcender Mars, transcender le Soleil et transcender la galaxie. Bien entendu, la sagesse et la créativité humaines sont bouleversantes et indéniables. N. La géophysique, la géochimie, la géobiologie et la géochimie occupent une place importante dans l’univers, avec ses limites et ses particularités.
Le grand rôle de la science et de la technologie Le lien entre les limites et les limites de la science et de la technologie et l'intelligence humaine
La matérialité. Naturel. Espèces. Biologique. Socialité ---- Particules, Univers, Intermédiaires (intermédiaires, y compris les plastides invisibles), Infini fonctionnel complexe intégratif
Краткое изложение программы «Философская революционная философия - естественная философия и рациональная философия» ----- «Основы естественной философии Смита» Смита (издание 2016v3.6 Global Mobile) Сборник версий на китайском и английском языках: Wels
1Эволюция мира и многомерная эволюция естественной вселенной
Теория планетного общества, естественная вселенная, теория рождения и смерти, естественная философия, теория рациональной структуры, естественный мир, многомерный гибрид, теория сложной структуры
2 Развитие человеческого общества и теория интересов либеральная рациональная структурализм теория биологических видов социальная модель выживания модальная структура эволюционная теория гибридная логика определение логическая теория
Полимеризационная очистка Логика и мышление Орбиты естественного языка Формальные языковые орбиты и гибридное логическое смешение дедуктивных языковых орбит
3 Теория трех полов философской революции. Теория множественных тел, многомерная теория - направляющий свет мира и людей.
Революция философии, трехмерная многомерная структура сознания, двусторонняя и многоструктурная структура сознания и нервной системы, эпистемологическая методология вселенной
Гибридная орбита языка АА. Эволюция и гибридизация развитой нервной системы. Орбиты нервных клеток и генов. Гены продвинутой нейронной активности.
Сверхпроводящая структура нервно-рефлекторной дуги
B. Природная космология - Материя - Виды - Жизнь - Частицы - Введение в человека и его социальное развитие "Природа космической архитектуры и суперротационных полей"
C. Разнонаправленность природной вселенной. Многомерный материал, дух, существование, сознание, виды, жизнь, третье тело, организм четвертого тела. D. Общность и особая связь эволюции видов, универсальности и вечности естественной материи. секс
E. Обобщение естественного строения вселенной. Упорядоченный беспорядочный хаос F. Виды жизни и естественные вселенные Особые виды в положении естественной вселенной Положение человека в естественной вселенной и процедуры естественной истории G Вселенная и частица вселенной - вещество - виды - частицы -Life - Супер-микро и супер-макро супер характеристики
H. Человеческое общество - рождение и эволюция жизненно важных видов мудрости М. Происхождение и будущее вселенной Математическая философия, интеграция и очищение
Даже без людей планеты и материя естественной вселенной будут двигаться естественным образом. Естественная вселенная не имеет абсолютно никакого отношения к человеку и всем биологически активным видам. Величие человечества - не что иное, как капля в океане. В конце концов, люди - продвинутые интеллектуальные виды животных, они причудливо верят, что биологические виды могут превосходить Землю, превосходить Луну, превосходить Марс, превосходить Солнце и превосходить галактику. Тогда люди становятся настоящими богами. Конечно, человеческая мудрость и креативность потрясающие и неоспоримые. N. Геофизика, геохимия, геобиология и геохимия обширны во вселенной и их ограничениях и особенностях.
Великая роль науки и техники Связь между ограничениями науки и техники и человеческим интеллектом
Существенность. Естественность. Виды. Биологический. Социальность ---- частицы, вселенная, промежуточные звенья (промежуточные, включая невидимые пластиды), интегративный комплекс, функциональная бесконечность
Zusammenfassung des Programms für revolutionäre Philosophische Philosophie - Naturphilosophie und Rationalphilosophie ----- Smiths Grundlagen der Naturphilosophie Klassiker (2016v3.6 Global Mobile Edition) Chinesische und englische Versionen Zusammenstellung: Wels
1Die Entwicklung der Welt und die multidimensionale Entwicklung des natürlichen Universums
Planetarische Gesellschaftstheorie, natürliches Universum, Geburts- und Sterbetheorie, Naturphilosophie, Theorie der rationalen Struktur, natürliche Welt, multidimensionaler Hybrid, komplexe Strukturtheorie
2 Menschliche Gesellschaft Entwicklung und Interessestheorie Liberal Rationaler Strukturalismus Theorie biologische Art soziales Überleben Modus Modalstruktur Evolutionstheorie Hybridlogik Definition Logiktheorie
Polymerisationsreinigungslogik und Denken Natürliche Sprache Bahnen Formale Sprachbahnen und hybride logische Vermischung Deduktive Sprachbahnen
3 Die Drei-Sex-Theorie der philosophischen Revolution Mehrkörpertheorie, mehrdimensionale Theorie - das Leitlicht der Welt und der Menschen
Die Revolution der Philosophie, die dreidimensionale mehrdimensionale Struktur des Bewusstseins, die Zwei- und Mehrfachstruktur des Bewusstseins und des Nervensystems, die epistemologische Methodologie des Universums
Hybridbahn der AA-Sprache Evolution und Hybridisierung des fortgeschrittenen Nervensystems Bahnen von Nervenzellen und Genen Fortgeschrittene neuronale Aktivitätsgene
Supraleitende Struktur des Nervenreflexbogens
B. Natürliche Kosmologie - Materie - Spezies - Leben - Partikel - Einführung in die menschliche Entwicklung und ihre soziale Entwicklung "Naturkosmische Architektur und Felder mit überrationalen Domänen"
C. Multidirektionalität des natürlichen Universums Multidimensionales Material, Geist, Existenz, Bewusstsein, Spezies, Leben, dritter Körper, vierter Körperorganismus D. Allgemeingültigkeit und besondere Kopplung von Speziesentwicklung und Universalität und Ewigkeit natürlicher Materie Sex
E. Verallgemeinerung der natürlichen Struktur des Universums Ordentlich ungeordnetes Chaos F. Lebensarten und natürliche Universen Spezielle Arten in der Position des natürlichen Universums Position des Menschen im natürlichen Universum und naturgeschichtliche Verfahren G Universum und Teilchenuniversum - Materie - Spezies - Teilchen -Life - Ultra-Mikro- und Super-Makro-Supereigenschaften
H. Die menschliche Gesellschaft - die Geburt und Entwicklung der fortschrittlichen Weisheitsart des Lebens M. Der Ursprung und die Zukunft des Universums Mathematische Philosophie, Integration und Reinigung
Selbst ohne Menschen werden sich die Planeten und die Materie des natürlichen Universums natürlich bewegen. Das natürliche Universum ist nicht absolut mit dem Menschen und allen biologisch aktiven Spezies verbunden. Die Größe der Menschheit ist nichts anderes als ein Tropfen im Ozean. Schließlich sind Menschen fortgeschrittene intelligente Tierarten. Sie glauben seltsam, dass biologische Arten die Erde, den Mond, den Mars, die Sonne und die Galaxie transzendieren können, dann werden die Menschen zu echten Göttern. Natürlich sind menschliche Weisheit und Kreativität weltbewegend und unbestreitbar. N. Die Geophysik, Geochemie, Geobiologie und Geochemie sind im Universum umfangreich und ihre Grenzen und Besonderheiten.
Die große Rolle von Wissenschaft und Technologie Die Verbindung zwischen den Grenzen und Grenzen von Wissenschaft und Technologie und der menschlichen Intelligenz
Wesentlichkeit Natürlich. Arten. Biologisch. Sozialität - Partikel, Universum, Zwischenprodukte (Zwischenprodukte, einschließlich unsichtbarer Plastiden), integrative komplexe funktionale Unendlichkeit
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Das Manuskript ist ein wesentliches Manuskript wichtiger philosophischer Werke Smiths, das vom ursprünglichen Autor überarbeitet und genehmigt wurde. Mit Zustimmung des Autors wird die mehrsprachige Version für den Leser übersetzt.
Kompiliere Wels. 2017 in Paris Newyork
哲學革命哲學綱領提要--自然哲學和理性哲學----- 方瑞達（Smith）自然哲學經典著作精要（2016v3.6全球手機版 中英雙語版）編譯：Wels
①世界變革與自然宇宙的多維變化演變
星球社會綜合 論 自然宇宙生滅論 自然哲學理性結構論 自然世界多維雜化複變結構論
②人類社會發展生息論 自由理性結構主義論 生物物種社會生存模式模態結構演化論 雜化邏輯定義邏輯論
聚化提純邏輯和思維 自然語言軌道 形式語言軌道和雜化邏輯混成演繹語言軌道 思維的自然結構方式論
③哲學革命的三性論 多體論，多維論-引導引領世界和人類的指路明燈
哲學的革命 哲學的三維多維結構 意識和神經系統的雙向和多項結構 萬物之宗的認識論方法論思維結構
AA語言的雜化軌道 高級神經系統的進化和雜化軌道 神經細胞和基因的躍遷 高級神經活動基因
神經反射弧的超導結構
B《自然宇宙論-物質-物種-生命-粒子-人類及其社會發展概論 《 自然宇宙體系結構和超旋矢域場》
C.自然宇宙的多向性多維性物質，精神，存在，意識，物種，生命，第三體，第四體生物D.物種進化繁衍的一般性和特殊耦合性和自然物質的普遍性和永恆性
E.宇宙自然結構的泛化複變有序無序混沌F. 生命物種和自然宇宙特殊物種在自然宇宙的位置人類在自然宇宙的位置和自然歷史程序G 宇宙和粒子宇宙-物質-物種-粒子-生命-超微性和超宏性超特性
H.人類社會-生命高級智慧物種的誕生和演變衍化 M.宇宙的起源和未來 數理哲學和積化與純化
即使沒有人類，自然宇宙的星球和物質依舊會自然運動。自然宇宙本質上和人類以及一切生物活性物種並不是絕對關聯。人類再偉大也不過是滄海一粟。人類畢竟是高級智慧動物物種而已，異想天開地認為生物物種可以超越地球，超越月球，超越火星，超越太陽，超越銀河，那麼人類就真正變成天神天仙了。當然，人類的智慧和創造力是驚天動地的，不可否認。 N.地球物理學，地球化學，地球生物學，地球生物化學在大宇宙中的廣延性以及局限性和特殊性。
O科學和技術的偉大作用 科學技術和人類智能的局限性和有限性之關聯
物質性。自然性。物種性。生物性。社會性----粒子，宇宙，中間體（中間質，包括隱形質體），聚化複變泛函無窮
1.哲學的歷史與發展哲學的本質
2.現代哲學的廣度，深度和影響力
3.世界哲學的各種學校和學校
4.哲學和科學技術
5.哲學與宗教，宗教哲學
6.哲學與社會
7.哲學與政治，經濟，文化，軍事，技術等之間的聯繫。
8.哲學的幾個主要命題認知等級偏差和思維結構的變化
9.哲學與宇宙，自然
10。哲學的基本原理，大腦的高神經活動閾值和基因冗餘
11.哲學的革命哲學的三維多維結構意識和神經系統的雙向和多重結構宇宙的認識論方法論
12.重要性。自然。種類。生物。社會性----粒子，宇宙，中間體（中間體，包括看不見的質體），綜合複雜的功能無限
13.自然宇宙 - 粒子 - 中間體 - 生物 - 物質和物種的分裂和整合
14.自然界的多維性，有序無序混沌的進化複雜變換
15.人類意識和大腦的高水平神經運動進展以及自然和生物群落的生物社會基礎和活動。人類晚期神經系統的閾值
16.自然進展人類進化和未來變化人類社會和行星社會的特徵
人類生存和限制門檻
17.宇宙的變化以及宇宙的起點和終點都將為零，太陽系和地球會被毀滅嗎？
18.人類社會中的一切都將存在或崩潰。物理定理的時域和永恆
19.物質物種生命體高級智慧生命 - 歷史計劃和宇宙過程的必要性
20.銀河係是太陽系外的同質性或異質性
(原稿系方瑞達（史密斯）重要哲學著作精要手稿，經原作者反复校審修改後審定。現經作者同意，翻譯多語對照版本，供廣大讀者閱讀。
編譯Wels.2017 Paris Newyork)
Fangruida (F.D Smith) est né à Shanghai le 16 mai 1949. (La date de sa naissance, il existe différentes versions. 16 avril 1950, 13 mai 1949, 13 mai 1949, plusieurs versions. Selon les informations pertinentes, cela devrait être en mai 1949, date anniversaire. Ce devrait être le 16 mai ou le 16 mai 1950. Par conséquent, cette dernière est généralement adoptée, c'est-à-dire le 16 mai 1949. Les autres versions sont inexactes ou basées sur des rumeurs, une fausse déclaration, etc. Lettre). Physicien, astronome, géologue, biologiste, cosmologiste, astronaute, scientifique en médecine, inventeur (roquette Fagruida, tunnel spatial Fangruida, etc.), philosophe, penseur, savant religieux, Économiste, sociologue, anthropologue, écrivain, éducateur. Lois Fang Ruida, Fang Ruidaism et de nombreux travaux de recherche importants.
Fangruida(F.D Smith)，1949年5月16日出生於上海。 （有關他的出生日期，有各種版本。1950年4月16日，1949年5月13日，1949年5月13日，等幾種版本。根據相關資料，應當是1949年5月，生日應當是5月16日，或者是1950年5月16日為準。所以，一般採用後者，即1949年5月16日。其他版本不准確，或是以訛傳訛，或是誤傳等，不足為信）。世界著名的物理學家，天文學家，地質學家，生物學家，宇宙學家，宇航學家，醫學家，發明家（Fagruida火箭，Fangruida太空隧道等），哲學家，思想家，宗教學家，經濟學家，社會學家，人類學家，文學家，教育家。方瑞達Laws，方瑞達主義，以及許多重要研究著作。
Fangruida (F.D Smith) est né à Shanghai le 16 mai 1949. (La date de sa naissance, il existe différentes versions. 16 avril 1950, 13 mai 1949, 13 mai 1949, plusieurs versions. Selon les informations pertinentes, cela devrait être en mai 1949, date anniversaire. Ce devrait être le 16 mai ou le 16 mai 1950. Par conséquent, cette dernière est généralement adoptée, c'est-à-dire le 16 mai 1949. Les autres versions sont inexactes ou basées sur des rumeurs, une fausse déclaration, etc. Lettre). Physicien, astronome, géologue, biologiste, cosmologiste, astronaute, scientifique en médecine, inventeur (roquette Fagruida, tunnel spatial Fangruida, etc.), philosophe, penseur, savant religieux, Économiste, sociologue, anthropologue, écrivain, éducateur. Lois Fang Ruida, Fang Ruidaism et de nombreux travaux de recherche importants.
For some thoughts on the Panasonic S1R and my ad hoc "test methodology", please click the top image below.
The Zeiss 35mm f/1.4 Distagon ZM is one of the top 3-4 lenses for the M-mount, although it doesn't get the notoriety that a less capable lens like a Noctilux 50mm f/0.95 gets.
I got the silver edition of this lens years ago, but it is really mediocre on my Sony A7x cameras. I must have "decided" to sell this lens at least a half dozen times, and in fact, I had it listed on eBay some 3-4 times. Every time, I did not get the price I was seeking, and I did not have the heart to dump it for a low ball price.
After many YEARS, finally, today when I took some test shots with the Panasonic, it was like a light turning on. The image quality is really stunning, and I don't think anyone who shoots with this lens on a Leica M camera like an M10 or M 240 or even an SL really has any idea how amazing this lens is. I suspect the word will get around quickly once people start shooting with this lens on a Panasonic S1R or a future Sigma full-frame Foveon camera.
The shot above is the absolute lower left corner of the frame, at 100% magnification, shot at f/1.4. There is nothing more in the frame to the left or below what you see above. This is also SOOC JPEG, with no post processing.
This is nothing short of stunning.
Interior design is the art or process of designing the interior, often including the exterior, of a room or building. An interior designer (or a team of designers) is someone who coordinates and manages such civil engineering projects. Interior design is a multifaceted profession that includes conceptual development, communicating with the stakeholders of a project and the management and execution of the design. Interior design is the process of shaping the experience of interior space, through the manipulation of special volume as well as surface treatment.
Although we now have help from technology in getting the best designs ready, for instance faux stone manufacturing system and other methodologies that can help in providing us with the best alternate of original highly expensive items, interior designing has a huge history behind.
Recent history
In the past, building interiors were put together instinctively as a part of the process of construction. The profession of interior design has been a consequence of the development of society and the complex architecture that has resulted from the development of industrial processes. The pursuit of effective use of space, user well-being and functional design has contributed to the development of the contemporary interior design. The profession of interior design is separate and distinct from the role of interior decorator, a term commonly used in the US. The term is less common in the UK where the profession of interior design is still unregulated and therefore, strictly speaking, not yet officially a profession. In ancient India, architects used to work as interior designers. This can be seen from the references of Vishwakarma, the architect – one of the gods in Indian mythology. Additionally, the sculptures depicting ancient texts and events are seen in palaces built in 17th century India. In ancient Egypt, “soul houses” or models of houses were placed in tombs as receptacles for food offerings. From these, it is possible to discern details about the interior design of different residences throughout the different Egyptian dynasties such as changes in ventilation, porticoes, columns, loggias, windows, and doors. Throughout the 17th and 18th century, and into the early 19th Century, interior decoration was the concern of the homemaker, an employed upholsterer or craftsman who would advise on the artistic style for an interior space. Architects would also employ craftsmen or artisans to complete interior design for their buildings.
Commercial interior design
From the middle-to- late 19th century, interior design services expanded in industrial economies of the West. As the middle-class in America and Europe grew in size and prosperity, they began to desire the domestic trappings of wealth to cement their new status. Large furniture firms began to branch out into general interior design and management, offering full house furnishings in a variety of styles. This business model flourished from the mid-century to 1914, when this role was increasingly usurped by independent, often amateur, designers. This paved the way for the emergence of the professional interior design in the mid-20th century. In the 1850s and 1860s, upholsterers began to expand their business transactions. They framed their business more broadly and in artistic terms and began to advertise their furnishings to the public. To meet the growing demand for contract interior work on projects such as offices, hotels, and public buildings, these enterprises (furniture stores, dealers) became large and complex. In order to service the growing clients, they began to employ builders, joiners, plasterers, textile designers, artists, and furniture designers, as well as engineers and technicians to fulfill the job requirements. Firms began to publish and circulate catalogues with prints for different lavish styles to attract the attention of expanding middle classes in Europe and America.
Retail advertising
As department stores increased in number and size, retail spaces within shops were furnished in different styles as examples for customers. One particularly effective advertising tool was to set up model rooms at national and international exhibitions in showrooms for the public to see. Some of the pioneering firms in this regard were Waring & Gillow, James Shoolbred, Mintons and Holland & Sons. These traditional high-quality furniture making firms began to play an important role as advisers to middle class customers on taste and style. Gradually, the furniture stores began taking out contracts to design and furnish the interiors of many important buildings in Britain. This type of firm emerged in America after the Civil War. The Herter Brothers, founded by two German brothers, began as an upholstery warehouse and became one of the first firms of furniture makers and interior decorators. With their own design office, cabinet-making and upholstery workshops, Herter Brothers were prepared to accomplish every aspect of interior furnishing. Some of their contracts included decorative panelling and mantels, wall and ceiling decoration, patterned floors and carpets and draperies.
Owen Jones, father figure
A pivotal figure in popularizing theories of interior design to the middle class was the architect Owen Jones. Jones was one of the most influential design theorists of the 19th century. His first project was his most important – in 1851 he was responsible for not only the decoration of Joseph Paxton’s gigantic Crystal Palace for the Great Exhibition, but also for the arrangement of the exhibits within. He chose a controversial palette of red, yellow and blue for the interior ironwork and, despite initial negative publicity in the newspapers, was eventually unveiled by Queen Victoria to much critical acclaim. His most significant work was “The Grammar of Ornament” (1856) in which Jones formulated 37 key principles of interior design and decoration. Jones was employed by some of the leading interior design firms of the day. In the 1860s he worked in collaboration with the London firm Jackson & Graham to produce furniture and other fittings for high-profile clients including art collector Alfred Morrison and the Khedive of Egypt, Ismail Pasha. In 1882 the London Directory of the Post Office listed 80 interior decorators.
Professional interior design
By the turn of the 20th century, amateur advisors and publications were increasingly challenging the monopoly that the large retail companies had on interior design. English feminist author Mary Haweis wrote a series of widely read essays in the 1880s in which she derided the eagerness with which aspiring middle-class people furnished their houses according to the rigid models offered to them by the retailers. She advocated the individual adoption of a particular style, tailor made to the individual needs and preferences of the customer. The move towards decoration as a separate artistic profession unrelated to the manufacturers and retailers got an impetus with the formation of the Institute of British Decorators in 1899. With John Dibblee Crace as its president, IBD represented almost 200 decorators around the country. By 1915, the London Directory listed 127 individuals trading as interior decorators, of which 10 were women. Rhoda and Agnes Garrett were the first women to train professionally as home decorators in 1874. The importance of their work on design was regarded at the time as on a par with that of William Morris. In 1876, their work – “Suggestions for House Decoration in Painting, Woodwork and Furniture” – spread their ideas on artistic interior design to a wide middle-class audience.
Anti-Victorian ideas
In America, Candace Wheeler was one of the first woman interior designers and helped encourage a new style of American design. She was instrumental in the development of art courses for women in a number of major American cities and was considered a national authority on home design. An important influence on the new profession was “The Decoration of Houses”, a manual of interior design written by Edith Wharton with architect Ogden Codman in 1897 in America. In the book, the authors denounced Victorian-style interior design especially those rooms that were decorated with heavy window curtains, Victorian bric-a-brac and overstuffed furniture. They argued that such rooms emphasized upholstery at the expense of proper space planning and architectural design and were, therefore, uncomfortable and rarely used. The book is considered a seminal work and its success led to the emergence of professional decorators working in the manner advocated by its authors, most notably Elsie de Wolfe.
American woman pioneer
Elsie De Wolfe was one of the first female interior designers. Rejecting the Victorian style she grew up with, she chose a more vibrant scheme, along with more comfortable furniture in the home. Her designs were light with fresh colours and delicate Chinoiserie furnishings, as opposed to the Victorian preference of heavy, red drapes and upholstery, dark wood and intensely patterned wallpapers. Her designs were also more practical. She eliminated the clutter that occupied the Victorian home, enabling people to entertain more guests comfortably. In 1905, de Wolfe was commissioned for the interior design of the Colony Club on Madison Avenue. The interiors of Colony Club garnered her recognition almost overnight. She compiled her ideas into her widely read 1913 book, “The House in Good Taste”. In England, Syrie Maugham became a legendary interior designer credited with designing the first all-white room. Starting her career in the early 1910s, her international reputation soon grew. She later expanded her business to New York and Chicago.
Post-war expansion
The interior design as an exclusive profession became more prominent after World War II. From the 1950s onwards spending on the home increased. Interior design courses were established, requiring the publication of textbooks and reference sources. The historical accounts of interior designers and firms distinct from the decorative arts specialists were made available. Moreover, the organisations to regulate education, qualifications, standards and practices, etc. were established for the nascent profession. Interior design was previously seen as playing a secondary role to architecture. It also has many connections to other design disciplines, involving the work of architects, industrial designers, engineers, builders and craftsmen. For these reasons the regulation of interior design standards and qualifications was often incorporated into other professional organisations that involved design. Organisations such as the Chartered Society of Designers set up in the UK in 1986 and the American Designers Institute founded in 1938 were established as organisations that governed various areas of design parameters.
Designers vs. decorators
Interior design is the art and science of understanding people’s behavior to create functional spaces within a building. Whereas decoration is the furnishing or adorning of a space with fashionable or beautiful things. In short, interior designers may decorate, but decorators do not design. Interior design implies that there is more of an emphasis on planning, functional design and the effective use of space, as compared to interior decoration. An interior designer can undertake projects that include arranging the basic layout of spaces within a building as well as projects that require an understanding of technical issues such as window and door positioning, acoustics and lighting. Although an interior designer may create the layout of a space, they may not alter load-bearing walls without having their designs stamped for approval by a structural engineer. Interior designers often work directly with architects, engineers and contractors.
Big Data is the science of managing data sets that become so large that they are difficult to manipulate with traditional software. New techniques were developed to organize, analyze, and retrieve excessive quantities of data. Big Photo refers to applying similar methodologies to equally large sets of images.
One “Flickr’s worth” of photos is uploaded to the social network by Facebook users monthly.
The portion of the indexed web estimated to be image files is estimated to be 30 percent.
However, the indexed web is far less than 1 percent of the the known web and doesn’t include the mobile web or social networks like Twitter and Facebook. Each hold massive datasets that aren't available to search engines like Google.
In 2001 researchers proposed that 17 percent of the web’s text was contained in image or video files and, therefore, was not indexed by search engines. OCR and visual search technologies have improved, greatly impacting this problem.
The creation of textual content is rapidly being dwarfed by images and video. Coupled with the fact that the lines between the mobile web and traditional web are blurring, the opportunity for new tools and products for indexing and manipulating visual data sets becomes apparent.
This report looks at three things: the relative size and growth of the largest photosharing social networks, the mobile messaging market and the year on year growth of mobile and internet.
To normalize the data, we reference only the latest market information from the previous year. So, this research is only as accurate as fourth quarter research from the previous year — in this case 2010.
Prints, large format files and more research available from metalayer.com.
You may also purchase this image as a 48"x32" Poster here.
Or as a raw 10800X7200 TIFF here.
More at - blog.metalayer.com/post/9662265140/the-growth-of-image-da...
DEFINITION OF POVERTY
Poverty in India is widespread, and a variety of methods have been proposed to measure it. The official measure of Indian government, before 2005, was based on food security and it was defined from per capita expenditure for a person to consume enough calories and be able to pay for associated essentials to survive. Since 2005, Indian government adopted the Tendulkar methodology which moved away from calorie anchor to a basket of goods and used rural, urban and regional minimum expenditure per capita necessary to survive.
The World Bank has similarly revised its definition and benchmarks to measure poverty since 1990, with $1.25 per day income on purchasing power parity basis as the definition in use from 2005 to 2013. Some semi-economic and non-economic indices have also been proposed to measure poverty in India; for example, the Multi-dimensional Poverty Index placed 33% weight on number of years spent in school and education and 6.25% weight on financial condition of a person, in order to determine if that person is poor.
The different definitions and different underlying small sample surveys used to determine poverty in India, have resulted in widely different estimates of poverty from 1950s to 2010s. In 2013, the Indian government stated 21.9% of its population is below its official poverty limit. The World Bank, in 2010 based on 2005's PPPs International Comparison Program, estimated 32.7% of Indian population, or about 400 million people, lived below $1.25 per day on purchasing power parity basis. According to United Nations Development Programme, an estimated 29.8% of Indians lived below poverty line in 2009-2010.
Poverty in India is a historical reality. From late 19th century through early 20th century, under British colonial rule, poverty in India intensified, peaking in 1920s. Famines and diseases killed millions each time. After India gained its independence in 1947, mass deaths from famines were prevented, but poverty increased, peaking post-independence in 1960s. A variety of welfare and food security initiatives, along with rapid economic growth since 1991, has led to sharp reductions in extreme poverty in India. However, those above poverty line live a fragile economic life. Lack of basic essentials of life such as safe drinking water, sanitation, housing, health infrastructure as well as malnutrition impact the lives of hundreds of millions.
The World Bank reviewed and proposed revisions in May 2014, to its poverty calculation methodology and purchasing power parity basis for measuring poverty worldwide, including India. According to this revised methodology, the world had 872.3 million people below the new poverty line, of which 179.6 million people lived in India. In other words, India with 17.5% of total world's population, had 20.6% share of world's poorest in 2013.
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON
India determines household poverty line by summing up the individual per capita poverty lines of the household members. This practice is similar to many developing countries, but different from developed countries such as the United States that adjust poverty line on an incremental basis per additional household member. For example, in the United States, the poverty line for a household with just one member was set at $11,670 per year for 2014, while it was set at $23,850 per year for a 4-member household (or $5963 per person for the larger household). The rationale for the differences arise from the economic realities of each country. In India, households may include surviving grandparents, parents and children. They typically do not incur any or significant rent expenses every month particularly in rural India, unlike housing in mostly urban developed economies. The cost of food and other essentials are shared within the household by its members in both cases. However, a larger portion of a monthly expenditure goes to food in poor households in developing countries, while housing, conveyance and other essentials cost significantly more in developed economies.
For its current poverty rate measurements, India calculates two benchmarks. The first includes a basket of goods including food items but does not include the implied value of home, value of any means of conveyance or the economic value of other essentials created, grown or used without a financial transaction, by the members of a household. The second poverty line benchmark adds rent value of residence as well as the cost of conveyance, but nothing else, to the first benchmark. This practice is similar to those used in developed countries for non-cash income equivalents and poverty line basis.
2010s
The World Bank has reviewed its poverty definition and calculation methodologies several times over the last 25 years. In early 1990s, The World Bank anchored absolute poverty line as $1 per day. This was revised in 1993, and the absolute poverty line was set at $1.08 a day for all countries on a purchasing power parity (PPP)basis, after adjusting for inflation to the 1993 U.S. dollar. In 2005, after extensive studies of cost of living across the world, The World Bank raised the measure for global poverty line to reflect the observed higher cost of living. Thereafter, the World Bank determined poverty rates from those living on less than US$1.25 per day on 2005 PPP basis, a measure that has been widely used in media and scholarly circles.
In May 2014, after revisiting its poverty definition, methodology and economic changes around the world, the World Bank proposed another major revision to PPP calculation methodology, international poverty line and indexing it to 2011 U.S. dollar. The new method proposes setting poverty line at $1.78 per day on 2011 PPP basis. According to this revised World Bank methodology, India had 179.6 million people below the new poverty line, China had 137.6 million, and the world had 872.3 million people below the new poverty line on an equivalent basis as of 2013. India, in other words, while having 17.5% of total world's population, had 20.6% share of world's poor.
Semi-economic measures of poverty
Other measures such as the semi-economic Multi-dimensional Poverty Index (MPI), which places 33% weight on education and number of schooling years in its definition of poverty, and places 6.25% weight on income and assets owned, suggests there were 650 million people (53.7% of population) living in MPI-poverty in India. 421 million of MPI-defined poor are concentrated in eight North Indian and East Indian states of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. The table below presents this semi-economic poverty among the states of India based on the Multi-dimensional Poverty Index, using a small sample survey data for Indian states in 2005.
OTHER ESTIMATES
According to a 2011 poverty Development Goals Report, as many as 320 million people in India and China are expected to come out of extreme poverty in the next four years, with India's poverty rate projected to drop from 51% in 1990 to about 22% in 2015. The report also indicates that in Southern Asia, only India is on track to cut poverty by half by the 2015 target date.
GLOBAL HUNGER INDEX
Global Hunger Index (GHI) is an index that places a third of weight on proportion of the population that is estimated to be undernourished, a third on the estimated prevalence of low body weight to height ratio in children younger than five, and remaining third weight on the proportion of children dying before the age of five for any reason. According to 2011 GHI report, India has improved its performance by 22% in 20 years, from 30.4 to 23.7 over 1990 to 2011 period. However, its performance from 2001 to 2011 has shown little progress, with just 3% improvement.
CAUSES
One cause is a high population growth rate, although demographers generally agree that this is a symptom rather than cause of poverty. While services and industry have grown at double-digit figures, agriculture growth rate has dropped from 4.8% to 2%. About 60% of the population is employed in agriculture whereas the contribution of agriculture to the GDP is about 18%. The surplus of labour in agriculture has caused many people to not have jobs. Farmers are a large vote bank and use their votes to resist reallocation of land for higher-income industrial project.
REDUCTION OF POVERTY
Since the early 1950s, Indian government initiated various schemes to help the poor attain self-sufficiency in food production. These have included ration cards and price controls over the supply of basic commodities, particularly food at controlled prices, available throughout the country. These efforts prevented famines, but did little to eliminate or reduce poverty in rural or urban areas between 1950 and 1980.
One of the main reasons for record decline in Poverty is India's rapid economic growth rate since 1991. Another reason proposed is India's launch of social welfare programs such as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) and Midday Meal Scheme in Government Schools.[citation needed] Klonner and Oldiges, in a 2012 study, conclude that MGNREGA helps reduce rural poverty gap (intensity of rural poverty), seasonal poverty, but not overall poverty.
WIKIPEDIA
Panel 5: Ice Limitation Methodology: POLARIS Review. Moderator: Mr. Michael Kingston, IMO Consultant
A Gardener's Guide To The Soil Food Web
Elaine Ingham gives the intro to this book. She charges quite a bit of money to teach people how to make compost tea to boost the soil web for different purposes so I was curious.
The authors of this book have given a thorough description of the soil web much as I learned from other books about the microbiota. It is easy to understand and readable. The additional information I learned was that fruit trees like a fungus based nitrogen while vegetables like a bacteria based nitrogen. The fungus type is higher in acidity. This is important when making compost tea for one or the other. There is also a description of how nematodes can be friend or foe depending on who they are attacking.
The making of the compost tea is also covered. This is when I wanted to toss the book aside. The methodology here is far too much trouble and does not have a permaculture approach, but it does have its place for those profit oriented and commercial applications wanting to be organic.
The evolution of the world and the multidimensional evolution of the natural universe
Planetary society theory, natural universe, birth and death theory, natural philosophy, rational structure theory, natural world, multidimensional hybrid, complex structure theory
2 Human society development and interest theory liberal rational structuralism theory biological species social survival mode modal structure evolution theory hybrid logic definition logic theory
Polymerization Purification Logic and Thinking Natural Language Orbits Formal Language Orbits and Hybrid Logic Blending Deductive Language Orbits
3 The Three-Sex Theory of the Philosophical Revolution Multi-body theory, multi-dimensional theory - guiding the guiding light of the world and human beings
The revolution of philosophy, the three-dimensional multidimensional structure of consciousness, the two-way and multi-structure of consciousness and the nervous system, the epistemological methodology of the universe
Hybrid orbit of AA language Evolution and hybridization of advanced nervous system Orbits of nerve cells and genes Advanced neural activity genes
Superconducting structure of nerve reflex arc
B. Natural Cosmology - Matter - Species - Life - Particles - Introduction to Human and Its Social Development "Nature Cosmic Architecture and Super-Rotational Domain Fields"
C. Multi-directionality of the natural universe Multi-dimensional material, spirit, existence, consciousness, species, life, third body, fourth body organism D. Generality and special coupling of species evolution and universality and eternality of natural matter Sex
E. Generalization of the natural structure of the universe. Orderly disordered chaos F. Life species and natural universes Special species in the position of the natural universe Human position in the natural universe and natural history procedures G Universe and particle universe - matter - species - particles -Life - Ultra-micro and super-macro super characteristics
H. Human society - the birth and evolution of life's advanced wisdom species M. The origin and future of the universe Mathematical philosophy and integration and purification
Even without humans, the planets and matter of the natural universe will still move naturally. The natural universe is not absolutely related to humans and all biologically active species. The greatness of mankind is nothing but a drop in the ocean. After all, human beings are advanced intelligent animal species. They whimsically believe that biological species can transcend the earth, transcend the moon, transcend Mars, transcend the sun, and transcend the galaxy. Then human beings become truly gods. Of course, human wisdom and creativity are earth-shattering and undeniable. N. Geophysics, geochemistry, geobiology, and geochemistry are extensive in the universe and their limitations and particularities.
The great role of science and technology The connection between the limitations and limitations of science and technology and human intelligence
Materiality. Natural. Species. Biological. Sociality----particles, universe, intermediates (intermediate, including invisible plastids), integrative complex functional infinity
1. The history of philosophy and the essence of philosophy of development
2. The breadth, depth and influence of modern philosophy
3. Various schools and schools of world philosophy
4. Philosophy and science and technology
5. Philosophy and Religion, Religious Philosophy
6. Philosophy and society
7. The link between philosophy and politics, economy, culture, military, technology, etc.
8. Changes in cognitive level deviation and thinking structure of several major propositions of philosophy
9. Philosophy and the Universe, Nature
10. The basic principles of philosophy, the brain's high neural activity threshold and genetic redundancy
11. The three-dimensional multidimensional structural consciousness of the philosophy of revolutionary philosophy and the two-dimensional and multi-structured cosmological methodology of the nervous system
12. Importance. natural. kind. biological. Social----particles, universe, intermediates (intermediates, including invisible plastids), complex and complex functions
13. Natural Universe - Particles - Intermediates - Biology - Division and integration of matter and species
14. Multidimensionality of nature, evolutionary complex transformation of ordered disordered chaos
15. Human consciousness and the progression of high levels of neuromotor activity in the brain and the biosocial foundations and activities of nature and biomes. Threshold of human late nervous system
16. Natural Progress Human Evolution and Future Changes Characteristics of Human Society and Planetary Society
Human survival and restriction threshold
17. The changes in the universe and the beginning and end of the universe will be zero, will the solar system and the earth be destroyed?
18. Everything in human society will exist or collapse. Time domain and eternality of the physics theorem
19. Material species, life, high-intelligence, life - the necessity of historical planning and the process of the universe
20. The Milky Way is homogeneity or heterogeneity outside the solar system.
(The manuscript is the essential manuscript of the important philosophical works of Fang Ruida (Smith), which has been revised and revised by the original author. Now the author agrees to translate the multi-language version for readers to read.
Compile Wels.2017 Paris Newyork)
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Enc:Résumé du programme de philosophie révolutionnaire philosophique - Philosophie naturelle et philosophie rationnelle ----- L'essentiel de la philosophie naturelle de Smith (Classiques classiques) (2016v3.6 Global Mobile Edition) Versions chinoise et anglaise Compilation: Wels
1L'évolution du monde et l'évolution multidimensionnelle de l'univers naturel
Théorie de la société planétaire, univers naturel, théorie de la naissance et de la mort, philosophie naturelle, théorie de la structure rationnelle, monde naturel, hybride multidimensionnel, théorie de la structure complexe
2 Théorie du développement et des intérêts de la société humaine théorie du structuralisme rationnel libéral espèce biologique mode de survie sociale structure modale théorie de l'évolution théorie de la logique hybride définition théorie de la théorie
Polymérisation Purification Logique et Pensée Orbites en langage naturel Orbites en langage formel et logique hybride Mélange d'orbites en langage déductif
3 La théorie tripartite de la révolution philosophique Théorie multicorps, théorie multidimensionnelle - guider la lumière du monde et des êtres humains
La révolution de la philosophie, la structure tridimensionnelle multidimensionnelle de la conscience, la structure à double sens et multiple de la conscience et du système nerveux, la méthodologie épistémologique de l'univers
Orbite hybride du langage AA Evolution et hybridation du système nerveux avancé Orbites de cellules nerveuses et de gènes Gènes d'activité neuronale avancés
Structure supraconductrice de l'arc réflexe nerveux
B. Cosmologie naturelle - Matière - Espèces - Vie - Particules - Introduction à l'homme et à son développement social "Architecture cosmique de la nature et champs de domaines super-rotationnels"
C. Multidirectionnalité de l'univers naturel Matière, esprit, existence, conscience, espèce, vie, troisième corps, organisme du quatrième corps multidimensionnel D. Généralité et couplage particulier de l'évolution des espèces et de l'universalité et de l'éternité de la matière naturelle Le sexe
E. Généralisation de la structure naturelle de l'univers Chaos désordonné et ordonné F. Espèces de la vie et univers naturels Espèces spéciales dans la position de l'univers naturel Position humaine dans l'univers naturel et procédures d'histoire naturelle G Univers et univers de particules - matière - espèce - espèces - particules -Life - Caractéristiques ultra micro et super macro
H. Société humaine - naissance et évolution de l'espèce de sagesse avancée de la vie M. L'origine et l'avenir de l'univers Philosophie mathématique et intégration et purification
Même sans les humains, les planètes et la matière de l'univers naturel continueront de se déplacer naturellement. L'univers naturel n'est pas absolument lié à l'homme et à toutes les espèces biologiquement actives. La grandeur de l'humanité n'est qu'une goutte d'eau dans l'océan. Après tout, les êtres humains sont des espèces animales intelligentes avancées qui croient de manière fantaisiste que les espèces biologiques peuvent transcender la Terre, transcender la Lune, transcender Mars, transcender le Soleil et transcender la galaxie. Bien entendu, la sagesse et la créativité humaines sont bouleversantes et indéniables. N. La géophysique, la géochimie, la géobiologie et la géochimie occupent une place importante dans l’univers, avec ses limites et ses particularités.
Le grand rôle de la science et de la technologie Le lien entre les limites et les limites de la science et de la technologie et l'intelligence humaine
La matérialité. Naturel. Espèces. Biologique. Socialité ---- Particules, Univers, Intermédiaires (intermédiaires, y compris les plastides invisibles), Infini fonctionnel complexe intégratif
Краткое изложение программы «Философская революционная философия - естественная философия и рациональная философия» ----- «Основы естественной философии Смита» Смита (издание 2016v3.6 Global Mobile) Сборник версий на китайском и английском языках: Wels
1Эволюция мира и многомерная эволюция естественной вселенной
Теория планетного общества, естественная вселенная, теория рождения и смерти, естественная философия, теория рациональной структуры, естественный мир, многомерный гибрид, теория сложной структуры
2 Развитие человеческого общества и теория интересов либеральная рациональная структурализм теория биологических видов социальная модель выживания модальная структура эволюционная теория гибридная логика определение логическая теория
Полимеризационная очистка Логика и мышление Орбиты естественного языка Формальные языковые орбиты и гибридное логическое смешение дедуктивных языковых орбит
3 Теория трех полов философской революции. Теория множественных тел, многомерная теория - направляющий свет мира и людей.
Революция философии, трехмерная многомерная структура сознания, двусторонняя и многоструктурная структура сознания и нервной системы, эпистемологическая методология вселенной
Гибридная орбита языка АА. Эволюция и гибридизация развитой нервной системы. Орбиты нервных клеток и генов. Гены продвинутой нейронной активности.
Сверхпроводящая структура нервно-рефлекторной дуги
B. Природная космология - Материя - Виды - Жизнь - Частицы - Введение в человека и его социальное развитие "Природа космической архитектуры и суперротационных полей"
C. Разнонаправленность природной вселенной. Многомерный материал, дух, существование, сознание, виды, жизнь, третье тело, организм четвертого тела. D. Общность и особая связь эволюции видов, универсальности и вечности естественной материи. секс
E. Обобщение естественного строения вселенной. Упорядоченный беспорядочный хаос F. Виды жизни и естественные вселенные Особые виды в положении естественной вселенной Положение человека в естественной вселенной и процедуры естественной истории G Вселенная и частица вселенной - вещество - виды - частицы -Life - Супер-микро и супер-макро супер характеристики
H. Человеческое общество - рождение и эволюция жизненно важных видов мудрости М. Происхождение и будущее вселенной Математическая философия, интеграция и очищение
Даже без людей планеты и материя естественной вселенной будут двигаться естественным образом. Естественная вселенная не имеет абсолютно никакого отношения к человеку и всем биологически активным видам. Величие человечества - не что иное, как капля в океане. В конце концов, люди - продвинутые интеллектуальные виды животных, они причудливо верят, что биологические виды могут превосходить Землю, превосходить Луну, превосходить Марс, превосходить Солнце и превосходить галактику. Тогда люди становятся настоящими богами. Конечно, человеческая мудрость и креативность потрясающие и неоспоримые. N. Геофизика, геохимия, геобиология и геохимия обширны во вселенной и их ограничениях и особенностях.
Великая роль науки и техники Связь между ограничениями науки и техники и человеческим интеллектом
Существенность. Естественность. Виды. Биологический. Социальность ---- частицы, вселенная, промежуточные звенья (промежуточные, включая невидимые пластиды), интегративный комплекс, функциональная бесконечность
Zusammenfassung des Programms für revolutionäre Philosophische Philosophie - Naturphilosophie und Rationalphilosophie ----- Smiths Grundlagen der Naturphilosophie Klassiker (2016v3.6 Global Mobile Edition) Chinesische und englische Versionen Zusammenstellung: Wels
1Die Entwicklung der Welt und die multidimensionale Entwicklung des natürlichen Universums
Planetarische Gesellschaftstheorie, natürliches Universum, Geburts- und Sterbetheorie, Naturphilosophie, Theorie der rationalen Struktur, natürliche Welt, multidimensionaler Hybrid, komplexe Strukturtheorie
2 Menschliche Gesellschaft Entwicklung und Interessestheorie Liberal Rationaler Strukturalismus Theorie biologische Art soziales Überleben Modus Modalstruktur Evolutionstheorie Hybridlogik Definition Logiktheorie
Polymerisationsreinigungslogik und Denken Natürliche Sprache Bahnen Formale Sprachbahnen und hybride logische Vermischung Deduktive Sprachbahnen
3 Die Drei-Sex-Theorie der philosophischen Revolution Mehrkörpertheorie, mehrdimensionale Theorie - das Leitlicht der Welt und der Menschen
Die Revolution der Philosophie, die dreidimensionale mehrdimensionale Struktur des Bewusstseins, die Zwei- und Mehrfachstruktur des Bewusstseins und des Nervensystems, die epistemologische Methodologie des Universums
Hybridbahn der AA-Sprache Evolution und Hybridisierung des fortgeschrittenen Nervensystems Bahnen von Nervenzellen und Genen Fortgeschrittene neuronale Aktivitätsgene
Supraleitende Struktur des Nervenreflexbogens
B. Natürliche Kosmologie - Materie - Spezies - Leben - Partikel - Einführung in die menschliche Entwicklung und ihre soziale Entwicklung "Naturkosmische Architektur und Felder mit überrationalen Domänen"
C. Multidirektionalität des natürlichen Universums Multidimensionales Material, Geist, Existenz, Bewusstsein, Spezies, Leben, dritter Körper, vierter Körperorganismus D. Allgemeingültigkeit und besondere Kopplung von Speziesentwicklung und Universalität und Ewigkeit natürlicher Materie Sex
E. Verallgemeinerung der natürlichen Struktur des Universums Ordentlich ungeordnetes Chaos F. Lebensarten und natürliche Universen Spezielle Arten in der Position des natürlichen Universums Position des Menschen im natürlichen Universum und naturgeschichtliche Verfahren G Universum und Teilchenuniversum - Materie - Spezies - Teilchen -Life - Ultra-Mikro- und Super-Makro-Supereigenschaften
H. Die menschliche Gesellschaft - die Geburt und Entwicklung der fortschrittlichen Weisheitsart des Lebens M. Der Ursprung und die Zukunft des Universums Mathematische Philosophie, Integration und Reinigung
Selbst ohne Menschen werden sich die Planeten und die Materie des natürlichen Universums natürlich bewegen. Das natürliche Universum ist nicht absolut mit dem Menschen und allen biologisch aktiven Spezies verbunden. Die Größe der Menschheit ist nichts anderes als ein Tropfen im Ozean. Schließlich sind Menschen fortgeschrittene intelligente Tierarten. Sie glauben seltsam, dass biologische Arten die Erde, den Mond, den Mars, die Sonne und die Galaxie transzendieren können, dann werden die Menschen zu echten Göttern. Natürlich sind menschliche Weisheit und Kreativität weltbewegend und unbestreitbar. N. Die Geophysik, Geochemie, Geobiologie und Geochemie sind im Universum umfangreich und ihre Grenzen und Besonderheiten.
Die große Rolle von Wissenschaft und Technologie Die Verbindung zwischen den Grenzen und Grenzen von Wissenschaft und Technologie und der menschlichen Intelligenz
Wesentlichkeit Natürlich. Arten. Biologisch. Sozialität - Partikel, Universum, Zwischenprodukte (Zwischenprodukte, einschließlich unsichtbarer Plastiden), integrative komplexe funktionale Unendlichkeit
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Das Manuskript ist ein wesentliches Manuskript wichtiger philosophischer Werke Smiths, das vom ursprünglichen Autor überarbeitet und genehmigt wurde. Mit Zustimmung des Autors wird die mehrsprachige Version für den Leser übersetzt.
Kompiliere Wels. 2017 in Paris Newyork
哲學革命哲學綱領提要--自然哲學和理性哲學----- 方瑞達（Smith）自然哲學經典著作精要（2016v3.6全球手機版 中英雙語版）編譯：Wels
①世界變革與自然宇宙的多維變化演變
星球社會綜合 論 自然宇宙生滅論 自然哲學理性結構論 自然世界多維雜化複變結構論
②人類社會發展生息論 自由理性結構主義論 生物物種社會生存模式模態結構演化論 雜化邏輯定義邏輯論
聚化提純邏輯和思維 自然語言軌道 形式語言軌道和雜化邏輯混成演繹語言軌道 思維的自然結構方式論
③哲學革命的三性論 多體論，多維論-引導引領世界和人類的指路明燈
哲學的革命 哲學的三維多維結構 意識和神經系統的雙向和多項結構 萬物之宗的認識論方法論思維結構
AA語言的雜化軌道 高級神經系統的進化和雜化軌道 神經細胞和基因的躍遷 高級神經活動基因
神經反射弧的超導結構
B《自然宇宙論-物質-物種-生命-粒子-人類及其社會發展概論 《 自然宇宙體系結構和超旋矢域場》
C.自然宇宙的多向性多維性物質，精神，存在，意識，物種，生命，第三體，第四體生物D.物種進化繁衍的一般性和特殊耦合性和自然物質的普遍性和永恆性
E.宇宙自然結構的泛化複變有序無序混沌F. 生命物種和自然宇宙特殊物種在自然宇宙的位置人類在自然宇宙的位置和自然歷史程序G 宇宙和粒子宇宙-物質-物種-粒子-生命-超微性和超宏性超特性
H.人類社會-生命高級智慧物種的誕生和演變衍化 M.宇宙的起源和未來 數理哲學和積化與純化
即使沒有人類，自然宇宙的星球和物質依舊會自然運動。自然宇宙本質上和人類以及一切生物活性物種並不是絕對關聯。人類再偉大也不過是滄海一粟。人類畢竟是高級智慧動物物種而已，異想天開地認為生物物種可以超越地球，超越月球，超越火星，超越太陽，超越銀河，那麼人類就真正變成天神天仙了。當然，人類的智慧和創造力是驚天動地的，不可否認。 N.地球物理學，地球化學，地球生物學，地球生物化學在大宇宙中的廣延性以及局限性和特殊性。
O科學和技術的偉大作用 科學技術和人類智能的局限性和有限性之關聯
物質性。自然性。物種性。生物性。社會性----粒子，宇宙，中間體（中間質，包括隱形質體），聚化複變泛函無窮
1.哲學的歷史與發展哲學的本質
2.現代哲學的廣度，深度和影響力
3.世界哲學的各種學校和學校
4.哲學和科學技術
5.哲學與宗教，宗教哲學
6.哲學與社會
7.哲學與政治，經濟，文化，軍事，技術等之間的聯繫。
8.哲學的幾個主要命題認知等級偏差和思維結構的變化
9.哲學與宇宙，自然
10。哲學的基本原理，大腦的高神經活動閾值和基因冗餘
11.哲學的革命哲學的三維多維結構意識和神經系統的雙向和多重結構宇宙的認識論方法論
12.重要性。自然。種類。生物。社會性----粒子，宇宙，中間體（中間體，包括看不見的質體），綜合複雜的功能無限
13.自然宇宙 - 粒子 - 中間體 - 生物 - 物質和物種的分裂和整合
14.自然界的多維性，有序無序混沌的進化複雜變換
15.人類意識和大腦的高水平神經運動進展以及自然和生物群落的生物社會基礎和活動。人類晚期神經系統的閾值
16.自然進展人類進化和未來變化人類社會和行星社會的特徵
人類生存和限制門檻
17.宇宙的變化以及宇宙的起點和終點都將為零，太陽系和地球會被毀滅嗎？
18.人類社會中的一切都將存在或崩潰。物理定理的時域和永恆
19.物質物種生命體高級智慧生命 - 歷史計劃和宇宙過程的必要性
20.銀河係是太陽系外的同質性或異質性
(原稿系方瑞達（史密斯）重要哲學著作精要手稿，經原作者反复校審修改後審定。現經作者同意，翻譯多語對照版本，供廣大讀者閱讀。
編譯Wels.2017 Paris Newyork)
The evolution of the world and the multidimensional evolution of the natural universe
Planetary society theory, natural universe, birth and death theory, natural philosophy, rational structure theory, natural world, multidimensional hybrid, complex structure theory
2 Human society development and interest theory liberal rational structuralism theory biological species social survival mode modal structure evolution theory hybrid logic definition logic theory
Polymerization Purification Logic and Thinking Natural Language Orbits Formal Language Orbits and Hybrid Logic Blending Deductive Language Orbits
3 The Three-Sex Theory of the Philosophical Revolution Multi-body theory, multi-dimensional theory - guiding the guiding light of the world and human beings
The revolution of philosophy, the three-dimensional multidimensional structure of consciousness, the two-way and multi-structure of consciousness and the nervous system, the epistemological methodology of the universe
Hybrid orbit of AA language Evolution and hybridization of advanced nervous system Orbits of nerve cells and genes Advanced neural activity genes
Superconducting structure of nerve reflex arc
B. Natural Cosmology - Matter - Species - Life - Particles - Introduction to Human and Its Social Development "Nature Cosmic Architecture and Super-Rotational Domain Fields"
C. Multi-directionality of the natural universe Multi-dimensional material, spirit, existence, consciousness, species, life, third body, fourth body organism D. Generality and special coupling of species evolution and universality and eternality of natural matter Sex
E. Generalization of the natural structure of the universe. Orderly disordered chaos F. Life species and natural universes Special species in the position of the natural universe Human position in the natural universe and natural history procedures G Universe and particle universe - matter - species - particles -Life - Ultra-micro and super-macro super characteristics
H. Human society - the birth and evolution of life's advanced wisdom species M. The origin and future of the universe Mathematical philosophy and integration and purification
Even without humans, the planets and matter of the natural universe will still move naturally. The natural universe is not absolutely related to humans and all biologically active species. The greatness of mankind is nothing but a drop in the ocean. After all, human beings are advanced intelligent animal species. They whimsically believe that biological species can transcend the earth, transcend the moon, transcend Mars, transcend the sun, and transcend the galaxy. Then human beings become truly gods. Of course, human wisdom and creativity are earth-shattering and undeniable. N. Geophysics, geochemistry, geobiology, and geochemistry are extensive in the universe and their limitations and particularities.
The great role of science and technology The connection between the limitations and limitations of science and technology and human intelligence
Materiality. Natural. Species. Biological. Sociality----particles, universe, intermediates (intermediate, including invisible plastids), integrative complex functional infinity
1. The history of philosophy and the essence of philosophy of development
2. The breadth, depth and influence of modern philosophy
3. Various schools and schools of world philosophy
4. Philosophy and science and technology
5. Philosophy and Religion, Religious Philosophy
6. Philosophy and society
7. The link between philosophy and politics, economy, culture, military, technology, etc.
8. Changes in cognitive level deviation and thinking structure of several major propositions of philosophy
9. Philosophy and the Universe, Nature
10. The basic principles of philosophy, the brain's high neural activity threshold and genetic redundancy
11. The three-dimensional multidimensional structural consciousness of the philosophy of revolutionary philosophy and the two-dimensional and multi-structured cosmological methodology of the nervous system
12. Importance. natural. kind. biological. Social----particles, universe, intermediates (intermediates, including invisible plastids), complex and complex functions
13. Natural Universe - Particles - Intermediates - Biology - Division and integration of matter and species
14. Multidimensionality of nature, evolutionary complex transformation of ordered disordered chaos
15. Human consciousness and the progression of high levels of neuromotor activity in the brain and the biosocial foundations and activities of nature and biomes. Threshold of human late nervous system
16. Natural Progress Human Evolution and Future Changes Characteristics of Human Society and Planetary Society
Human survival and restriction threshold
17. The changes in the universe and the beginning and end of the universe will be zero, will the solar system and the earth be destroyed?
18. Everything in human society will exist or collapse. Time domain and eternality of the physics theorem
19. Material species, life, high-intelligence, life - the necessity of historical planning and the process of the universe
20. The Milky Way is homogeneity or heterogeneity outside the solar system.
(The manuscript is the essential manuscript of the important philosophical works of Fang Ruida (Smith), which has been revised and revised by the original author. Now the author agrees to translate the multi-language version for readers to read.
Compile Wels.2017 Paris Newyork)
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Enc:Résumé du programme de philosophie révolutionnaire philosophique - Philosophie naturelle et philosophie rationnelle ----- L'essentiel de la philosophie naturelle de Smith (Classiques classiques) (2016v3.6 Global Mobile Edition) Versions chinoise et anglaise Compilation: Wels
1L'évolution du monde et l'évolution multidimensionnelle de l'univers naturel
Théorie de la société planétaire, univers naturel, théorie de la naissance et de la mort, philosophie naturelle, théorie de la structure rationnelle, monde naturel, hybride multidimensionnel, théorie de la structure complexe
2 Théorie du développement et des intérêts de la société humaine théorie du structuralisme rationnel libéral espèce biologique mode de survie sociale structure modale théorie de l'évolution théorie de la logique hybride définition théorie de la théorie
Polymérisation Purification Logique et Pensée Orbites en langage naturel Orbites en langage formel et logique hybride Mélange d'orbites en langage déductif
3 La théorie tripartite de la révolution philosophique Théorie multicorps, théorie multidimensionnelle - guider la lumière du monde et des êtres humains
La révolution de la philosophie, la structure tridimensionnelle multidimensionnelle de la conscience, la structure à double sens et multiple de la conscience et du système nerveux, la méthodologie épistémologique de l'univers
Orbite hybride du langage AA Evolution et hybridation du système nerveux avancé Orbites de cellules nerveuses et de gènes Gènes d'activité neuronale avancés
Structure supraconductrice de l'arc réflexe nerveux
B. Cosmologie naturelle - Matière - Espèces - Vie - Particules - Introduction à l'homme et à son développement social "Architecture cosmique de la nature et champs de domaines super-rotationnels"
C. Multidirectionnalité de l'univers naturel Matière, esprit, existence, conscience, espèce, vie, troisième corps, organisme du quatrième corps multidimensionnel D. Généralité et couplage particulier de l'évolution des espèces et de l'universalité et de l'éternité de la matière naturelle Le sexe
E. Généralisation de la structure naturelle de l'univers Chaos désordonné et ordonné F. Espèces de la vie et univers naturels Espèces spéciales dans la position de l'univers naturel Position humaine dans l'univers naturel et procédures d'histoire naturelle G Univers et univers de particules - matière - espèce - espèces - particules -Life - Caractéristiques ultra micro et super macro
H. Société humaine - naissance et évolution de l'espèce de sagesse avancée de la vie M. L'origine et l'avenir de l'univers Philosophie mathématique et intégration et purification
Même sans les humains, les planètes et la matière de l'univers naturel continueront de se déplacer naturellement. L'univers naturel n'est pas absolument lié à l'homme et à toutes les espèces biologiquement actives. La grandeur de l'humanité n'est qu'une goutte d'eau dans l'océan. Après tout, les êtres humains sont des espèces animales intelligentes avancées qui croient de manière fantaisiste que les espèces biologiques peuvent transcender la Terre, transcender la Lune, transcender Mars, transcender le Soleil et transcender la galaxie. Bien entendu, la sagesse et la créativité humaines sont bouleversantes et indéniables. N. La géophysique, la géochimie, la géobiologie et la géochimie occupent une place importante dans l’univers, avec ses limites et ses particularités.
Le grand rôle de la science et de la technologie Le lien entre les limites et les limites de la science et de la technologie et l'intelligence humaine
La matérialité. Naturel. Espèces. Biologique. Socialité ---- Particules, Univers, Intermédiaires (intermédiaires, y compris les plastides invisibles), Infini fonctionnel complexe intégratif
Краткое изложение программы «Философская революционная философия - естественная философия и рациональная философия» ----- «Основы естественной философии Смита» Смита (издание 2016v3.6 Global Mobile) Сборник версий на китайском и английском языках: Wels
1Эволюция мира и многомерная эволюция естественной вселенной
Теория планетного общества, естественная вселенная, теория рождения и смерти, естественная философия, теория рациональной структуры, естественный мир, многомерный гибрид, теория сложной структуры
2 Развитие человеческого общества и теория интересов либеральная рациональная структурализм теория биологических видов социальная модель выживания модальная структура эволюционная теория гибридная логика определение логическая теория
Полимеризационная очистка Логика и мышление Орбиты естественного языка Формальные языковые орбиты и гибридное логическое смешение дедуктивных языковых орбит
3 Теория трех полов философской революции. Теория множественных тел, многомерная теория - направляющий свет мира и людей.
Революция философии, трехмерная многомерная структура сознания, двусторонняя и многоструктурная структура сознания и нервной системы, эпистемологическая методология вселенной
Гибридная орбита языка АА. Эволюция и гибридизация развитой нервной системы. Орбиты нервных клеток и генов. Гены продвинутой нейронной активности.
Сверхпроводящая структура нервно-рефлекторной дуги
B. Природная космология - Материя - Виды - Жизнь - Частицы - Введение в человека и его социальное развитие "Природа космической архитектуры и суперротационных полей"
C. Разнонаправленность природной вселенной. Многомерный материал, дух, существование, сознание, виды, жизнь, третье тело, организм четвертого тела. D. Общность и особая связь эволюции видов, универсальности и вечности естественной материи. секс
E. Обобщение естественного строения вселенной. Упорядоченный беспорядочный хаос F. Виды жизни и естественные вселенные Особые виды в положении естественной вселенной Положение человека в естественной вселенной и процедуры естественной истории G Вселенная и частица вселенной - вещество - виды - частицы -Life - Супер-микро и супер-макро супер характеристики
H. Человеческое общество - рождение и эволюция жизненно важных видов мудрости М. Происхождение и будущее вселенной Математическая философия, интеграция и очищение
Даже без людей планеты и материя естественной вселенной будут двигаться естественным образом. Естественная вселенная не имеет абсолютно никакого отношения к человеку и всем биологически активным видам. Величие человечества - не что иное, как капля в океане. В конце концов, люди - продвинутые интеллектуальные виды животных, они причудливо верят, что биологические виды могут превосходить Землю, превосходить Луну, превосходить Марс, превосходить Солнце и превосходить галактику. Тогда люди становятся настоящими богами. Конечно, человеческая мудрость и креативность потрясающие и неоспоримые. N. Геофизика, геохимия, геобиология и геохимия обширны во вселенной и их ограничениях и особенностях.
Великая роль науки и техники Связь между ограничениями науки и техники и человеческим интеллектом
Существенность. Естественность. Виды. Биологический. Социальность ---- частицы, вселенная, промежуточные звенья (промежуточные, включая невидимые пластиды), интегративный комплекс, функциональная бесконечность
Zusammenfassung des Programms für revolutionäre Philosophische Philosophie - Naturphilosophie und Rationalphilosophie ----- Smiths Grundlagen der Naturphilosophie Klassiker (2016v3.6 Global Mobile Edition) Chinesische und englische Versionen Zusammenstellung: Wels
1Die Entwicklung der Welt und die multidimensionale Entwicklung des natürlichen Universums
Planetarische Gesellschaftstheorie, natürliches Universum, Geburts- und Sterbetheorie, Naturphilosophie, Theorie der rationalen Struktur, natürliche Welt, multidimensionaler Hybrid, komplexe Strukturtheorie
2 Menschliche Gesellschaft Entwicklung und Interessestheorie Liberal Rationaler Strukturalismus Theorie biologische Art soziales Überleben Modus Modalstruktur Evolutionstheorie Hybridlogik Definition Logiktheorie
Polymerisationsreinigungslogik und Denken Natürliche Sprache Bahnen Formale Sprachbahnen und hybride logische Vermischung Deduktive Sprachbahnen
3 Die Drei-Sex-Theorie der philosophischen Revolution Mehrkörpertheorie, mehrdimensionale Theorie - das Leitlicht der Welt und der Menschen
Die Revolution der Philosophie, die dreidimensionale mehrdimensionale Struktur des Bewusstseins, die Zwei- und Mehrfachstruktur des Bewusstseins und des Nervensystems, die epistemologische Methodologie des Universums
Hybridbahn der AA-Sprache Evolution und Hybridisierung des fortgeschrittenen Nervensystems Bahnen von Nervenzellen und Genen Fortgeschrittene neuronale Aktivitätsgene
Supraleitende Struktur des Nervenreflexbogens
B. Natürliche Kosmologie - Materie - Spezies - Leben - Partikel - Einführung in die menschliche Entwicklung und ihre soziale Entwicklung "Naturkosmische Architektur und Felder mit überrationalen Domänen"
C. Multidirektionalität des natürlichen Universums Multidimensionales Material, Geist, Existenz, Bewusstsein, Spezies, Leben, dritter Körper, vierter Körperorganismus D. Allgemeingültigkeit und besondere Kopplung von Speziesentwicklung und Universalität und Ewigkeit natürlicher Materie Sex
E. Verallgemeinerung der natürlichen Struktur des Universums Ordentlich ungeordnetes Chaos F. Lebensarten und natürliche Universen Spezielle Arten in der Position des natürlichen Universums Position des Menschen im natürlichen Universum und naturgeschichtliche Verfahren G Universum und Teilchenuniversum - Materie - Spezies - Teilchen -Life - Ultra-Mikro- und Super-Makro-Supereigenschaften
H. Die menschliche Gesellschaft - die Geburt und Entwicklung der fortschrittlichen Weisheitsart des Lebens M. Der Ursprung und die Zukunft des Universums Mathematische Philosophie, Integration und Reinigung
Selbst ohne Menschen werden sich die Planeten und die Materie des natürlichen Universums natürlich bewegen. Das natürliche Universum ist nicht absolut mit dem Menschen und allen biologisch aktiven Spezies verbunden. Die Größe der Menschheit ist nichts anderes als ein Tropfen im Ozean. Schließlich sind Menschen fortgeschrittene intelligente Tierarten. Sie glauben seltsam, dass biologische Arten die Erde, den Mond, den Mars, die Sonne und die Galaxie transzendieren können, dann werden die Menschen zu echten Göttern. Natürlich sind menschliche Weisheit und Kreativität weltbewegend und unbestreitbar. N. Die Geophysik, Geochemie, Geobiologie und Geochemie sind im Universum umfangreich und ihre Grenzen und Besonderheiten.
Die große Rolle von Wissenschaft und Technologie Die Verbindung zwischen den Grenzen und Grenzen von Wissenschaft und Technologie und der menschlichen Intelligenz
Wesentlichkeit Natürlich. Arten. Biologisch. Sozialität - Partikel, Universum, Zwischenprodukte (Zwischenprodukte, einschließlich unsichtbarer Plastiden), integrative komplexe funktionale Unendlichkeit
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Das Manuskript ist ein wesentliches Manuskript wichtiger philosophischer Werke Smiths, das vom ursprünglichen Autor überarbeitet und genehmigt wurde. Mit Zustimmung des Autors wird die mehrsprachige Version für den Leser übersetzt.
Kompiliere Wels. 2017 in Paris Newyork
哲學革命哲學綱領提要--自然哲學和理性哲學----- 方瑞達（Smith）自然哲學經典著作精要（2016v3.6全球手機版 中英雙語版）編譯：Wels
①世界變革與自然宇宙的多維變化演變
星球社會綜合 論 自然宇宙生滅論 自然哲學理性結構論 自然世界多維雜化複變結構論
②人類社會發展生息論 自由理性結構主義論 生物物種社會生存模式模態結構演化論 雜化邏輯定義邏輯論
聚化提純邏輯和思維 自然語言軌道 形式語言軌道和雜化邏輯混成演繹語言軌道 思維的自然結構方式論
③哲學革命的三性論 多體論，多維論-引導引領世界和人類的指路明燈
哲學的革命 哲學的三維多維結構 意識和神經系統的雙向和多項結構 萬物之宗的認識論方法論思維結構
AA語言的雜化軌道 高級神經系統的進化和雜化軌道 神經細胞和基因的躍遷 高級神經活動基因
神經反射弧的超導結構
B《自然宇宙論-物質-物種-生命-粒子-人類及其社會發展概論 《 自然宇宙體系結構和超旋矢域場》
C.自然宇宙的多向性多維性物質，精神，存在，意識，物種，生命，第三體，第四體生物D.物種進化繁衍的一般性和特殊耦合性和自然物質的普遍性和永恆性
E.宇宙自然結構的泛化複變有序無序混沌F. 生命物種和自然宇宙特殊物種在自然宇宙的位置人類在自然宇宙的位置和自然歷史程序G 宇宙和粒子宇宙-物質-物種-粒子-生命-超微性和超宏性超特性
H.人類社會-生命高級智慧物種的誕生和演變衍化 M.宇宙的起源和未來 數理哲學和積化與純化
即使沒有人類，自然宇宙的星球和物質依舊會自然運動。自然宇宙本質上和人類以及一切生物活性物種並不是絕對關聯。人類再偉大也不過是滄海一粟。人類畢竟是高級智慧動物物種而已，異想天開地認為生物物種可以超越地球，超越月球，超越火星，超越太陽，超越銀河，那麼人類就真正變成天神天仙了。當然，人類的智慧和創造力是驚天動地的，不可否認。 N.地球物理學，地球化學，地球生物學，地球生物化學在大宇宙中的廣延性以及局限性和特殊性。
O科學和技術的偉大作用 科學技術和人類智能的局限性和有限性之關聯
物質性。自然性。物種性。生物性。社會性----粒子，宇宙，中間體（中間質，包括隱形質體），聚化複變泛函無窮
1.哲學的歷史與發展哲學的本質
2.現代哲學的廣度，深度和影響力
3.世界哲學的各種學校和學校
4.哲學和科學技術
5.哲學與宗教，宗教哲學
6.哲學與社會
7.哲學與政治，經濟，文化，軍事，技術等之間的聯繫。
8.哲學的幾個主要命題認知等級偏差和思維結構的變化
9.哲學與宇宙，自然
10。哲學的基本原理，大腦的高神經活動閾值和基因冗餘
11.哲學的革命哲學的三維多維結構意識和神經系統的雙向和多重結構宇宙的認識論方法論
12.重要性。自然。種類。生物。社會性----粒子，宇宙，中間體（中間體，包括看不見的質體），綜合複雜的功能無限
13.自然宇宙 - 粒子 - 中間體 - 生物 - 物質和物種的分裂和整合
14.自然界的多維性，有序無序混沌的進化複雜變換
15.人類意識和大腦的高水平神經運動進展以及自然和生物群落的生物社會基礎和活動。人類晚期神經系統的閾值
16.自然進展人類進化和未來變化人類社會和行星社會的特徵
人類生存和限制門檻
17.宇宙的變化以及宇宙的起點和終點都將為零，太陽系和地球會被毀滅嗎？
18.人類社會中的一切都將存在或崩潰。物理定理的時域和永恆
19.物質物種生命體高級智慧生命 - 歷史計劃和宇宙過程的必要性
20.銀河係是太陽系外的同質性或異質性
(原稿系方瑞達（史密斯）重要哲學著作精要手稿，經原作者反复校審修改後審定。現經作者同意，翻譯多語對照版本，供廣大讀者閱讀。
編譯Wels.2017 Paris Newyork)
To reduce adversarial attitudes between Arabs and Jewish youth living in Israel, the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv has supported a Negotiation Project for the past 3 years in cooperation with the Amal Educational Network and the Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School with the aim encouraging good communication and team work and to learn how to understand each other’s interest, think openly and creatively, build trust, and learn how to deal with conflicts as a shared problem-solving challenge. This year’s project which was funded by the Middle East Partnership Initiative brought together 350 high school students from diverse cultures, communities, and religions to learn practical negotiation skills instructed by professional facilitators using Harvard’s interest-based / joint problem solving negotiation methodology. On October 1st students from 12 Arab and Jewish schools celebrated the culmination of the year-long program and participated in a full day of workshops led by well-known experts from the U.S., Israel and Jordan, who shared their personal and professional negotiation narratives. The students were divided into breakout discussion groups facilitated and moderated by the guests. Actress, singer songwriter and activist Mira Anwar Awad closed the day with several ballads in English, Arabic and Hebrew.
The goal of the Negotiation Program is to create a network of young adults, representing Israel’s varied geographic, cultural, religious and ethnic groups, who are able to negotiate constructively, to analyze the situation critically, examine and challenge their own and others’ assumptions, listen to other parties’ needs and interests, and cooperate in seeking and developing mutually beneficial, legitimate and sustainable solutions.
Augustus receiving the surrender of barbarians.
If you are interested in Julio Claudian Iconography and portrait study you may enjoy these two links:
Julio Claudian Iconographic Association- Joe Geranio- Administrator at groups.yahoo.com/group/julioclaudian/
The Portraiture of Caligula- Joe Geranio- Administrator- at
Both are non-profit sites and for educational use only.
Preferred Citation: Kuttner, Ann L. Dynasty and Empire in the Age of Augustus: The Case of the Boscoreale Cups. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1995 1995. ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft309nb1mw/
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Conclusion: The Boscoreale Cups and Roman Art
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Conclusion:
The Boscoreale Cups and Roman Art
I should like to do two things here. One is to sum up the major art-historical findings of this study, as the last chapter commented on its historical findings. The other is to speak directly about my own methodology as a Roman art historian; this might seem to be more appropriate in an introduction to a study of this kind, but I feel that only the reader who has absorbed at least some of this work will be critically equipped to judge the efficacy and clarity of my approach. Its first principle is simply to ask of any period, What works of art existed, and what did they look like? So much has been lost, and lost permanently beyond all hope of retrieval; thus all fragments, hints, and indications become, like the BR cups, extremely valuable. Although it is difficult to keep always in mind an imaginative construct to supplement the poor reality of the tangible remains, the rewards of such effort are considerable. For instance, Eck stresses how the arrangement of inscriptions, often all we have left of ancient dedications, can indicate the basic structure of the lost statuary above; his point seems simple, but he was the first to consider in this light inscriptions known for over fifty years and to reconstruct from its base an actual monument of the kind long postulated as prototype for the famous Puteoli base of Tiberius (figs. 47, 62)[1]
The reader will have noted throughout a concern with the relationship of spectator to object, in terms of the intent of the original designer(s) and patron(s) who engendered Roman images, with regard to the audiences whom they wished to comprehend these images' didactic content and to appreciate their esthetic structures. In visual, as in verbal, communication, true comprehension depends on a shared language of forms and symbols; an iconographer must, like a historian, strive to the best of her necessarily limited powers to reconstruct the relevant prior experience and assump-
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tions of the persons whose perceptions she investigates. This truism is very seldom made explicit. I stand here behind T. Hölscher's unparalleled 1984 essay on the question of the Publikum for the state monuments we seek to interpret today, though I am more optimistic that one can know something of audiences besides those of the elite "senatorial" level. This optimism—though austere and limited—is founded on the principle of the lowest common denominator, the value of badly made and/or mass-produced, relatively cheap artifacts. I believe that the basic symbolic language available to classes other than the elite can be discerned in the often drastically simplified elements of "high" ideology and iconography that make it onto the crude glass pastes that crowd the back pages of gem catalogues, onto matrix-stamped military armament decoration, onto Arretine ware pottery molds, and so forth. Obviously, I also believe that numismatic designs were very often intended to disseminate legible imagery for political purposes, that the state coinage did indeed function as a vehicle for political propaganda directed toward the uneducated, as well as educated, classes; I also think these messages were usually obvious and simple.
I have been speaking of audiences and messages in the plural. A natural consequence of the multiple stratifications of society in the Roman Empire was a differentiation of culture and a variation in cultural sophistication among different classes, peoples, and regions in the Empire. It is also plain that the most capable Roman patrons were (like Greeks before them) interested in creating monuments and images that spoke to more than one segment of society and that had more than one symbolic message. To describe this quality in a work of art, multi- or polyvalency is a common image usefully borrowed from the vocabulary of atomic structure. I find useful the notion of resonance, transferred from the realm of musical effects to the world of artifacts. As the striking of a piano key produces a sound with multiple tones, so the impact of the Gemma Augustea (fig. 16) or Arch of Constantine on thoughtful vision sets off not a unitary impression but a series of related multiple impressions; the proximity and/or prior existence of related monuments known to the spectator weaves a kind of web of associations comparable to the resonant effects produced by the proximity of other strings to the piano key actually struck.
The danger in reconstructing the original resonances of an extant monument is that one will read into the work messages not intended for the original Roman audience. One can so easily become oversubtle, assert too much rather than too little. There are two brakes on exegetical speed-
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ing; first, to be explicit and knowledgeable about the historical audience postulated for an artifact; second, always to look for parallels to show that the reading one proposes was at least possible in a given context. Truisms again, but not always appreciated or observed. Only multiple occurrences of a given symbol or form justify the assertion of a pattern of action, whether formal (style) or symbolic (iconography). One needs also a plausible hypothesis to account for such patterns: one must try to document the means by which an artist or his audience could have seen the images by which they are held to have been influenced, and this takes one back to the question of a given audience and the imagery accessible to it. To cite a classic instance, it is often asserted that the architectural form of the Ara Pacis deliberately echoes that of the Athenian Altar of Pity. If true, the quote can have been expected to be legible only to the elite, who would have traveled to Athens, not to the Roman plebs; on the other hand all segments of the urban population can be expected to have recognized the parallel with the Januum, one of the oldest, most prestigious, and most central of all sanctuaries in the capital.
I have acknowledged my debt to the investigative approach formulated by Hölscher. I have gained much from the implicit and explicit definitions developed by many others of what evidence is relevant to interpreting Roman political art. It should be clear by now that often I find myself in the company of the contemporary German art historians Zanker, Simon, Fittschen, et al., asking similar questions of similar material; asked to assign myself to a "school," I should name also the Italians, F. Coarelli and M. Torelli. My real debt to Coarelli's efforts to understand artistic production in terms of patronage and the politically charged architectural geography of Rome is obscured here by the fact that this work explores mainly imperial, rather than Republican, art. Even where I disagree with Torelli's conclusions, I have tried to keep in mind the imperative heading his essays on Roman historical relief: Roman narrative and commemorative art can be illuminated by Roman texts, but they must be texts with a cognate function. Finally, in all projects I have ever undertaken with regard to Roman art, I am in debt to Otto Brendel's Prolegomena to the Study of Roman Art (New Haven, 1979): his definitions of the essential questions asked (and not asked) of Roman art and his vision of multiple lines of development separated by medium and genre have irrevocably marked my own perceptions of Roman images.
The consequences of holding to these tenets are evident in my readings of the Boscoreale Cups and of many other monuments besides. The Boscoreale Cups, and the monument from which they were copied, have been
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demonstrated primarily on political grounds to be works of Augustus' reign, specifically of the period between Tiberius' triumph in 8/7 B.C. and his exile in 6 B.C. Now firmly dated, these panels are important to the stylistic history of Roman relief; they illuminate the early occurrence not only of stock figures common in the later canon but of experiments with complex figure groupings and the depiction of "space" that are not usually associated with Augustan art. No aspect of compositional structure in these panels is discordant with the date reached on iconographic grounds; the three-beat structure of the allegory BR I:1, for instance, is typical of classicizing Augustan work in many media. Indeed, if it were absolutely necessary, the pieces could be plausibly dated between the Ara Pacis (13-9 B.C.) and the Gemma Augustea (A.D. 10–14) purely by stylistic analysis. I have discussed at many points the formal congruence of the cups with the Ara Pacis; the Gemma Augustea's upper register has compositional structures very similar to the BR audience scenes and displays a different, but no less complex, exploration of the alignment of figures in space (fig. 16). The "dating" value of the Ara Pacis is as a public sculptural monument exemplifying the best work of the court ateliers; the Gemma Augustea indicates a familiarity on its artist's part with monuments on a similar scale, for radical stylistic (as opposed to iconographic) experimentation is not to be expected of any gem cutter's workshop.
This book has tried to explain, as completely as possible, the imagery of the Boscoreale Cups. The listing of parallels as a mode of scholarship is mere antiquarianism if it is seen as an end and not as a means; inevitably, some of my "lists" have remained at this level, but these investigations have always tried to ask the primary questions What does image X signify, why is it used, and what is it doing on the Boscoreale Cups? In the search for a compelling argument I have tried to cast my net as wide as possible, to bring forward all relevant available evidence from textual and visual sources; my lapses will, I hope, be corrected by others in the same benevolent spirit of argument in which I have critiqued the interpretations of the scholars whose work fed mine.
The effort to explain generated many tangents and thematic excursuses. The process of explanation works both ways: images adduced to explain the BR cups are themselves illuminated by the process of explanatory ordering. Thus the cups prove to be valuable points of comparison for understanding many other works, under two main headings: the modes of policy and propaganda that much Roman art was intended to serve, and the complex patterns of form, temporality, and causation with which Roman narrative and commemorative arts concerned themselves as pri-
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mary objects of artistic endeavor. The purview of the book ranges from the earliest to the latest products of the Roman city-state, from terracotta pediments erected by nameless Republican nobiles to the monuments of the generals contesting and defending the late Empire; it takes in the Anaglypha Traiani and the Hadrianeum, the Ludovisi sarcophagus and the arches of Galerius and Constantine, the Beneventum Arch of Trajan, the Throne of Claudius and the Puteoli base, cuirass statues famous (Primaporta, Cherchel) and obscure (Castello d'Aglie, Amphipolis), famous and not-so-famous cameos, Arretine ware, military decoration, the imperial fora and the Aphrodisias Sebasteion, the cenotaph of Gaius at Limyra and of Drusus at Mainz . . .
The central contribution of this book to Roman art history is, I hope, a better understanding of Augustan artistic production, reached in the process of embedding the BR cup panels firmly in the high road of the Augustan monumental tradition. This enlarged understanding has two aspects. First, these investigations have radically enlarged and deepened our knowledge and comprehension of many individual works of art and coin images. The monument most significantly illuminated in this way is that marble microcosmos the Ara Pacis Augustae, especially in regard to its celebration of the worldwide Roman imperium and the imperial nature of Augustus' pax; for it is now clear beyond a shadow of a doubt that children of foreign rulers march in the processions of the Ara Pacis, and I have tried to stress the importance of others' findings that the peoples of empire were personified on the inner altar. Hardly another aspect of the Ara Pacis, whether of iconography, temporal or conceptual structure, landscape or relief style, cannot benefit from comparative analysis of the BR cups.[2]
Second, these investigations have significantly expanded our knowledge of specific Augustan artistic genres and themes. One can now be much more specific about that acknowledged phenomenon, the paradigmatic influence of Augustan monuments and imagery on later imperial artistic production. No longer will it be possible to contemplate Hadrianic ethnic personification groups in ignorance of the many Augustan examples, their Republican roots, and their Julio-Claudian "offspring"; the seated togate statue will not be a mysterious, ill-considered figure type; no longer will the great Flavian and second-century achievements in historical relief seem to have arisen from a near vacuum. At the same time, the book has tried to show how the Augustan production was itself grounded in Republican political and creative culture, even as Augustus' artists draw on all the resources of their Classical and Hellenistic heritage to put an Augustan stamp on this latest phase of Republican culture.
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This widened perspective strengthens the appreciation of certain themes as peculiarly Augustan. For instance, the observable Augustan interest in images of children, especially very little children, is exemplified by BR I; this theme seems to be consciously evoked only and to a limited extent in Trajanic art, although the institution (alimenta ) with which it is there associated was important politically both under Trajan's predecessor Domitian and his successor Hadrian. Under both headings, individual monuments and genres, our understanding of the self-images that Augustus sought to promulgate has been enhanced. The parameters often ascribed to the terms of his self-glorification have been permanently broadened: the public Augustus must now include the Jupiter-consul of BR I:1, who joins the naked, heroized Augustus of (lost) commemorative statuary whom Zanker, Coarelli, and others have stubbornly brought to our attention in recent years.
Comprehensive stylistic comparison with the extant canon of Republican and Julio-Claudian art has not been my aim. Now that the BR cups are more firmly dated, such comparison becomes possible; one can hope to see them enter broader discussions of Roman relief style. In closing I would like to comment on an artistic aspect of BR I:1 not previously discussed that may illustrate the inherent possibilities of such comparative analysis for enlarging our appreciation of Augustan art in general.
On BR I:1 in the allegory of Augustus' world rule Venus is about to "make" the Curia Actium Victory group (cf. fig. 20). Mars too is about to "make" a sculpture group, of a type well documented in the Augustan and Julio-Claudian periods (see pp. 41f); a class of honorific monuments in Rome showed a Roman magistrate standing or seated in the midst of a group of personifications of peoples or communities whom he had benefited. In the implied narrative here, once Mars brings up his group and they range themselves before the emperor, such a grouping will come to pass. The viewer's full appreciation of the narrative is conditional upon his knowledge of such public monuments. It was by now commonplace in Greco-Roman art to show the performance of simple acts of construction such as the decking of a trophy or the inscribing of an honorific shield by a goddess. It seems, however, to be a mark of Augustan political art that narrative at all levels, physical and symbolic, should so often be structured by such visual puns.
This characteristic indicates a high level of sophistication on the part of the artist and the audience expected to appreciate and relish such an aspect; it also assumes a high degree of familiarity with prominent individual examples of official monuments. This kind of narrative-visual structure
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can be observed on the Augustan Arcus Novus panel (fig. 12), where Amor floats through the air toward Venus' shoulder, intending to land there, as on the Ravenna relief (fig. 8), where his legs still kick in the air. It is also evident on the Belvedere altar's main panel (fig. 11); between the two laurel trees of Augustus' Palatine abode Victory floats to earth to place Augustus' clipeus virtutis on its pillar, as it appeared in the Curia.[3] And it structures the literal narrative of the bottom half of the Gemma Augustea (fig. 16), as well as the symbolic narrative of the entire cameo. In the lower exergue a trophy group is being put together—soldiers haul up the central wooden post, a captive barbarian couple are already positioned at its foot on the left, as another pair of soldiers haul over a man and woman meant to flank the post on the right, to build a Roman trophy group of classic type known from countless representations in art and probably enacted in actual triumphal parades. The soldiers at left heave the main tree toward Augustus as Tiberius overhead moves down toward him in the upper panel along a converging path; the strong sense of two dynamic lines of motion converging simultaneously on Augustus, in the two fields/worlds on the cameo, is conceptually very like the BR panel, where the two surges of motion occur within a single panel. (The lower exergue as an isolated unit has a structure parallel to the cup panel: motion from the sides toward the center.) This parallelism already sets up a symbolic narrative that is given more definite shape in the implied "future" when the trophy will be exactly between Augustus (note the position of its foot) and Tiberius, who will be immediately before him—emperor and heir aligned on a "real" historical axis of victory.
Presented with such compositions, the viewer gets double for his money: he gets the composition as it exists, a glimpse of figures in action aligned in a meaningful pattern, and he is also given an evocation of an alignment that is about to evolve out of the one that he sees. This implicit second alignment not only extends the symbolic message he can read but also anchors the artistic construct he sees to other artistic constructs he already knows; because the mind is tugged toward the familiar composition just over the temporal horizon, these tableaux are given a real temporal dynamism.
Self-conscious artistic reference to other works of art is a well-known hallmark of Hellenistic and Roman literary art. In the visual arts it operates at a basic level in all iconographic correspondence, as in the individual figures and pairings of the BR allegory. It has not, however, been noted before as operating at the narrative level and in a temporal dimension, as here in these Augustan pieces.[4] The Boscoreale Cups testify that even if
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written discourse on art was mainly limited (as in Pliny) to "Old Masters," at least some Romans some of the time noticed and enjoyed the contemporary products of Augustus' sculptors. And the kind of visual game just outlined is further proof that we are not different from the Romans of 7 B.C. in giving serious attention to and finding pleasure in the world of Augustan art.
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Conclusion: The Boscoreale Cups and Roman Art
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Preferred Citation: Kuttner, Ann L. Dynasty and Empire in the Age of Augustus: The Case of the Boscoreale Cups. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1995 1995. ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft309nb1mw/
Thillai Natarajah Temple, Chidambaram or Chidambaram temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva located in the town of Chidambaram, East-Central Tamil Nadu, South India. The temple is known as the foremost of all temples (Kovil) to Saivites and has influenced worship, architecture, sculpture and performance art for over two millennium. The Sangam classics list chief architect Viduvelvidugu Perumthachchan as directing an early renovation of the shrine.
A major shrine of Lord Shiva worship since the classical period, there have been several renovations and offerings to Chidambaram by the Pallava, Chola, Pandya, Vijayanagara and Chera royals in the ancient and pre-medieval periods. The temple as it stands now is mainly of the 12th and 13th centuries, with later additions in similar style. Its bronze statues and stone sculptures depicting various deities and the famous Thillai trees (Excoecaria agallocha) of the surrounding forest reflect the highpoints of early Chola and Pallava art while its famed gold plated gopuram towers are medieval structural additions by the royals Aditya I, Parantaka Chola I, Kopperunchinga I, Krishnadevaraya and Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan. King Kocengannan Chola was born following prayers his parents offered at the temple and later in his life he refined its structure. The shrine gave the town its name.
The deity that presides here is கூத்தன் - Thillai Koothan (Thillai Nataraja - Shiva, The Lord of Dance). Chidambaram is the birthplace of the sculpture and bronze image representation of Lord Shiva as the cosmic dancer, a Tamilian concept and motif in Chola art that has since become notable as a symbol of Hinduism. The shrine is the only Shiva temple to have its main deity represented in this anthropomorphic form, as the supreme being who performs all cosmic activities. The consort deity here is Sivakami Amman (form of Amman - mother goddess and female energy). Two other forms of Lord Shiva are represented close to this in the vimana (inner sanctum) of the temple - as a crystallised lingam - the most common representation of Lord Shiva in temples, and as the aether space classical element, represented with empty space and a garland of fifty one hanging golden bilvam leaves (Aegle marmelos). Lord Shiva is captured in pose as Nataraja performing the Ananda Tandava ("Dance of Delight") in the golden hall of the shrine Pon Ambalam (பொன் அம்பலம்). The sculptures of Chidambaram inspired the postures of Bharatha Natyam. The Chidambaram complex is admired for its five famous halls (ambalam or sabhai), several grand smaller shrines to the Hindu deities Ganesh, Murugan, Vishnu and Sivakami Amman which contain Pandyan and Nayak architectural styles, and for its endowment from many water tanks, one of which links it to the Thillai Kali temple.
Chidambaram is one of the five Pancha Bootha Sthalams, the holiest Shiva temples each representing one of the five classical elements; Chidambaram represents akasha (aether). Chidambaram is glorified in Tirumular's Tirumandhiram and was visited by Patañjali and VyagjrapadharPulikaal Munivar. It is the primary shrine of the 275 Paadal Petra Sthalams - Shiva Sthalams glorified in the early medieval Tevaram poems by Tamil Saivite Nayanar saints Tirunavukkarasar, Thirugnana Sambandar and Sundarar. Hailed in the Tiruvacakam series by Manikkavacakar, these very volumes of the Tirumurai literature canon were themselves found in secret chambers of the temple. The Periya Puranam, a biography of these Nayanar saints by Sekkizhar commissioned by emperor Kulothunga Chola II, was written in the shrine's Thousand Pillared Hall. In Kanda Puranam, the epic authored by Kachiyappa Sivachariar of Kanchipuram, the Chidambaram shrine is venerated as one of the three foremost Shiva abodes in the world, alongside Koneswaram temple of Trincomalee and Mount Kailash.
ETYMOLOGY
The traditional name of the temple complex, Chidambaram Tillai Nataraja-koothan Kovil, alludes to the environment of its location and its origins and significance in Saivite worship. The mangrove of ancient Tillai (தில்லை) trees (Exocoeria agallocha) of the forest surrounding the shrine when it was first built inspired the shrine's name and early artistic inspiration; the Tillai trees of the nearby Pichavaram wetlands, the second largest mangrove in the world, extends to the temple area. The shrine is venerated as Tillai ambalam (தில்லை அம்பலம் ), literally meaning Tillai Open Stage, the open space surrounded by Tillai Vanam (தில்லை வனம்) (the Tillai forest) - the original name of this area.[9] The name of the town of this shrine, Chidambaram comes from the Tamil word Chitrambalam (சிற்றம்பலம்) - "small hall/stage"; also spelled Chithambalam (சிட்டம்பலம்), from citt/chitthu and ambalam - meaning "wisdom of this open stage/atmosphere". The shrine is where some devotees believe they will attain liberation, or chitaakasam - "wisdom/consciousness of the sky". "Nataraja" or "Koothan" mean "Lord of Dance".
LEGEND
The story of Chidambaram begins with Lord Shiva strolling into the Thillai Vanam (vanam meaning forest and thillai trees - botanical name Exocoeria agallocha, a species of mangrove trees - which currently grows in the Pichavaram wetlands near Chidambaram). In the Thillai forests resided a group of sages or 'rishis' who believed in the supremacy of magic and that God can be controlled by rituals and mantras or magical words. Lord Shiva strolled in the forest with resplendent beauty and brilliance, assuming the form of Bhikshatana, a simple mendicant seeking alms. He was followed by His consort, Vishnu as Mohini. The sages and their wives were enchanted by the brilliance and the beauty of The handsome mendicant and His consort. On seeing their womenfolk enchanted, the rishis got enraged and invoked scores of serpents (nāgas) by performing magical rituals. Lord Shiva lifted the serpents and donned them as ornaments on His matted locks, neck and waist. Further enraged, the sages invoked a fierce tiger, whose skins and dons were used by Lord Shiva as a shawl around His waist and then followed by a fierce elephant, which was devoured and ripped to death by Lord Shiva (Gajasamharamurthy).
The rishis gathered all their spiritual strength and invoked a powerful demon Muyalakan - a symbol of complete arrogance and ignorance. Lord Shiva wore a gentle smile, stepped on the demon's back, immobilized him and performed the Ánanda Tandava (the dance of eternal bliss) and disclosed his true form. The sages surrender, realizing that Lord Shiva is the truth and He is beyond magic and rituals.
PATRONAGE
To Saivites, primarily in Tamil Nadu, the very word koil refers primarily to Chidambaram Tillai Natarajar.
Chidambaram is a temple complex spread over 160,000 m2 in the heart of the city. The main complex to Lord Shiva Nataraja also contains shrines to deities such as Shivakami Amman, Ganesh, Murugan and Vishnu in the form Govindaraja Perumal. Chidambaram's earliest structures were designed and erected by ancient craftsmen called Perumtaccan. The golden tiled roof for the Chit Ambalam (the vimanam) was laid by the Chola King Parantaka I (907-950 CE) following which he was given the title - Thillaiyambalathhukku pon koorai veiyntha thevan (Tamil:தில்லையாம்பலதுக்கு பொன் கூரை வேய்ந்த தேவன், meaning the one who constructed the golden roof). In its floruit, kings Rajaraja Chola I (reign 985-1014 AD) and Kulothunga Chola I (1070-1120 AD) made significant donations to the temple. Gold and riches to the temple were donated by Rajaraja Chola's daughter Kundavai II while Chola king Vikrama Chola (1118-1135 AD) made donations for the conduct of the daily rituals.
Donations of gold and jewels have been made by various kings, rulers and patrons to the temple from 9th to 16th century - including the Maharaja of Pudukottai, Sethupathy (the emerald jewel still adorns the deity) and the British.
Naralokaviran, the general of king Kulothunga Chola I was responsible for building a shrine for child saint Thirugnana Sambanthar and installed a metal image inside it. He constructed a hall for recitation of Tevaram hymns and engraved the hymns in copper plates.
TEMPLE STRUCTURE
The temple is the only great temple complex to date mainly from the later Chola period, and contains the earliest examples of a number of features that are found in many later temples, including "the earliest known Devī or Amman shrine, nritta (dance) maṇḍapa, Sūrya shrine with chariot wheels, hundred-and-thousand pillared maṇḍapas, even the first giant Śiva Gangā tank".A classical Shiva temple as per Agama rules will have five prakarams (closed precincts of a temple) or circuits each separated by walls one within the other. The outer prakaram will be open to the sky except the innermost one. The innermost one will house the main deity as well as other deities. There will be a massive wooden or stone flag post exactly in line with the main deity. The innermost prakaram houses the sanctum sanctorum (தமிழ் = கருவரை).
Chidambaram is also referred to in various works such as Thillai (after the Thillai forest of yore in which the temple is now located), Perumpatrapuliyur or Vyagrapuram (in honour of Saint Vyagrapathar, Sanskrit: Vyaghrapada - "Tiger-Footed").
The temple is supposed to be located at the lotus heart of the Universe: Virat hridaya padma sthalam.
This gold-roofed stage is the sanctum sanctorum of the Chidambaram temple and houses the Lord in three forms:
- the "form" - the anthropomorphic form as an appearance of Nataraja, called the Sakala-thirumeni.
- the "semi-form" – the semi-anthropomorphic form as the Crystal linga of Chandramaulishvara, the Sakala-nishkala-thirumeni.
- the "formless" – as the space in Chidambara-rahasyam, an empty space within the sanctum sanctorum, the Nishkala-thirumeni.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TEMPLE DESIGN
The layout and architecture of the temple is replete with philosophical meanings.
Three of the five Panchaboothasthala temples, those at Kalahasti, Kanchipuram and Chidambaram all stand on a straight line exactly at 79 degree 41 minutes East longitude - truly an engineering, astrological and geographical wonder. Of the other two temples, Tiruvanaikkaval is located at around 3 degrees to the south and exactly 1 degree to the west of the northern tip of this divine axis, while Tiruvannamalai is around midway (1.5 degree to the south and 0.5 degree to the west).
The 9 gateways signify the 9 orifices in the human body.
The Chitsabai or Ponnambalam, the sanctum sanctorum represents the heart which is reached by a flight of 5 stairs called the Panchaatchara padi - pancha meaning 5, achhara – indestructible syllables – "SI VA YA NA MA", from a raised anterior dias - the Kanakasabai. The access to the Sabhai is through the sides of the stage (and not from the front as in most temples). The Chit sabha roof is supported by four pillars symbolic of the four Vedas.
The Ponnambalam or the Sanctum sanctorum is held by 28 pillars – representing the 28 agamas or set methodologies for the worship of Lord Shiva. The roof is held by a set of 64 beams representing the 64 forms of art and is held by several cross-beams representing the innumerable blood vessels. The roof has been laid by 21,600 golden tiles with the word SIVAYANAMA inscribed on them representing 21600 breaths. The golden tiles are fixed using 72,000 golden nails which represents the no. of nadis exists in human body. The roof is topped by a set of 9 sacred pots or kalasas, representing the 9 forms of energy. The artha mandapa(sanctum) has six pillars denoting the six shastras (holy texts).
The hall next to the artha mantapa has eighteen pillars symbolizing the eighteen Puranas.
TOWERS
The temple has nine gateways, and four of these have gateway towers or gopurams each with 7 storeys facing the East, South, West and North. The South gopuram called the Sokkaseeyan Thirunilai Ezhugopuram was constructed by a Pandya king identified from the presence of the dynasty's fish emblem sculpted on the ceiling. The Pandyas sculpted two fishes facing each other when they completed gopurams (and left it with one fish, in case it was incomplete). The earliest and smallest of the four is West gopuram constructed around 1150 and there are no reliable evidence on the construction. The sculptures shows goddess fighting the buffalo-demon and warlike Skanda astride his peacock. The North Gopuram was initiated around 1300 AD with the brick portion constructed by the Vijayanagara king Krishnadevaraya (1509-1530 AD) in the 16th century. The East Gopuram, was claimed to have been constructed by the Pallava King Koperunsingan II (1243-1279 AD) as per epigrahical records and was repaired by Subbammal, the mother-in-law of the famous philanthropist Pachaiyappa Mudaliar (1754-1794 AD). The idols of Pachaiappa Mudaliar and his wife Iyalammal have been sculpted on the eastern gopuram. The Pachaiappa Trust to date has been responsible for various functions in the temple and also maintain the temple car. The eastern gopuram is renowned for its complete enumeration of 108 poses of Indian classical dance – Bharathanatyam, detailed in small rectangular panels along the passage that leads to the gateway. Each gopuram has around fifty stone sculptures, with each repeating some portions from the other.
HALLS
There are 5 ambalams or sabhas (halls) inside the temple.
- Chit Ambalam or Chit Sabhai, which is the sanctum sanctorum housing Lord Nataraja and his consort Sivakami Sundari, and gave the temple town its name.
- Pon Ambalam or Kanaka Sabhai – the golden hall in front of the Chit Ambalam, from where the daily rituals are conducted.
- Nrithya sabhai or Natya sabhai, a 56-pillared hall lies to the south of the temple's flag mast (kodi maram or dwaja sthambam) where Nataraja outdanced Kali and established his supremacy
- Raja sabhai or the 1000-pillared hall which symbolizes the yogic chakra of thousand pillared lotus or Sahasraram (which in yoga is a chakra) at the crown of the head and is a seat where the soul unites with God. This chakra is represented as a 1000-petalled lotus. Meditating by concentrating at the Sahasrara Chakra is said to lead to a state of union with The Divine Force and is the pinnacle of yogic practice. The hall is open only on festive days.
- Deva Sabhai, which houses the Pancha moorthis (pancha - five, moorthis - deities, namely the deities of Ganesh, Somaskanda (seated posture of Lord Shiva with Pavarthi and Skanda), Sivananda Nayaki, Muruga and the image of Chandikeswarar.
SHRINES
- The shrines for the original Shivalingam worshipped by the saints Patanjali and Vyagrapathar – called the Thiru Aadhimoolanathar and his consort Umaiyammai
- The shrine of the 63 nayanars of Lord Shiva – called the Arubaththu moovar.
- Shrine of Sivagami.
- Ganesha shrine
- Shrine of Muruga or Pandiya nayakan
There are also several smaller shrines in the temple complex.
GOVINDARAJA SWAMY SHRINE
The Govindaraja shrine is dedicated to Vishnu and is one of the 108 holy temples of Lord Vishnu called divyadesam, revered by the 7th-9th-century saint poets of vaishnava (those worshipping Lord Vishnu) tradition, alwars. Kulashekara alwar mentions this temple as Tillai Chitrakutam and equates Chitrakuta of Ramayana fame with this shrine. King Kulothunga Chola II is believed to have uprooted the presiding Govindraja image from the shrine. The shrine has close connections with the Govindaraja temple in Tirupati dating back to saint Ramanuja of the 11-12th century. Ramanujar fled to Tirupati with the utsava (festival image) of the temple to escape punishment. Down the centuries, king Krishnappa Nayak (1564-1572 AD) was instrumental in installing the image of Govindaraja back in the temple. There was lot of resistance from the shaivites (those worshipping Shiva) against placing the Vishnu image in a revered Shiva temple, but the king was unmoved and the image was installed in the present form. There is no satisfactory evidence of co-existence of the Shiva and Vishnu shrines within the same temple built during the same time - there was a dispute even in last century during 1849 AD regarding the rights on the Govindaraja idol and Alwar Sannidhi(sanctum of azhwars) between Vaishnavas and Dikshitars and the position of Vaishnavas was upheld by the district court.
TEMPLE TANKS
The Chidambaram temple is well endowed with several water bodies within and around the temple complex.
- Sivaganga (சிவகங்கை) tank is in the third corridor of the temple opposite to the shrine of Shivagami. It is accessed by flights of stone steps leading from the shrine.
- Paramanandha koobham is the well on the eastern side of the Chitsabhai hall from which water is drawn for sacred purposes.
- Kuyya theertham is situated to the north-east of Chidambaram in Killai near the Bay of Bengal and has the shore called Pasamaruthanthurai.
- Pulimadu is situated around a kilometer and a half to the south of Chidambaram.
- Vyagrapatha Theertham is situated on to the west of the temple opposite to the temple of Ilamai Akkinaar.
- Anantha Theertham is situated to the west of the temple in front of the Anantheswarar temple.
- Nagaseri tank is situated to the west of the Anantha thirtham.
- Brahma Theertham is situated to the north-west of the temple at Thirukalaanjeri.
- Underground channels at the shrine drain excess water in a northeasterly direction to the Shivapiyai temple tank (சிவப்பியை குளம்) of the Thillai Kali Temple, Chidambaram. Due to poor maintenance, it has not been in use.
- Thiruparkadal is the tank to the south-east of the Shivapiyai tank.
TEMPLE CAR
The Chidambaram temple car is, perhaps, the most beautiful example of a temple car in all of Tamil Nadu. This car, on which Lord Nataraja descends twice a year, is drawn by several thousand devotees during the festivals.
ANANDA TANDAVA
The legend of the temple is same as the legend of Ānanda-tāṇḍava. Adhisesha, the serpent who serves as a bed of Lord Vishnu, hears about the Änanda thaandava and yearns to see and enjoy it. Lord Shiva beckons him to assume the saintly form of sage Patanjali and sends him to the Thillai forest, informing him that he will display the dance in due course. Patanjali who meditated in the Himalayas during krita age joins another saint, Vyaghrapada or Pulikaalmuni (Vyagra / Puli meaning "Tiger" and patha / kaal meaning "feet" – referring to the story of how he sought and got the feet and eyesight of a tiger to help climb trees well before dawn to pick flowers for The Lord before the bees visit them). The story of sage Patanjali as well as his great student sage Upamanyu is narrated in both Vishnu Purana as well as Shiva Purana. They move into the Thillai forest and worship Lord Shiva in the form of lingam, a deity worshipped today as Thirumoolataneswarar (Thiru - sri, Moolatanam - primordial or in the nature of a foundation, Eswarar- the Lord). Legends say that Lord Shiva displayed his dance of bliss (the Aananda Thaandavam) - as Nataraja to these two saints on the day of the poosam star in the Tamil month of Thai (January-February).
THE ANANDA TANDAVA POSTURE
The Ānanda-tāṇḍava posture of Nataraja represents pancikritya functions of the godhead believed to have created the dynamic force to create the world.
- The demon under Lord Nataraja's feet signifies that ignorance is under His feet.
- The fire in His hand (power of destruction) means He is the destroyer of evil.
- The raised hand (Abhaya or Pataka mudra) signifies that He is the savior of all life forms.
- The arc of fire called Thiruvashi or Prabhavati signifies the cosmos and the perpetual motion of the earth.
- The drum in His hand signifies the origin of life forms.
- The lotus pedestal signifies Om, the sound of the universe.
- His right eye, left eye and third eye signify the sun, moon and fire/knowledge, respectively.
- His right earring (makara kundalam) and left earring (sthri kundalam) signify the union of man and woman (right is man, left is woman).
- The crescent moon in His hair signifies benevolence and beauty.
- The flowing of river Ganges through His matted hair signifies eternity of life.
- The dreading of His hair and drape signify the force of His dance.
Another notable point of this posture is that it is based on the six point star. Nataraja's head forms the topmost point of the star, while His spreading hair and right hand form the upper side points. His drape and raised left leg form the lower points, and His right leg that rests on the demon Myalagga forms the lowest point. Surrounding this is the arc of fire.
RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TEMPLE
Pancha Bhoota Stalam (Sanskrit: पन्च भूत स्थल) refers to the five Shiva temples, each representing the manifestation of the five prime elements of nature - land, water, air, sky, fire. Pancha indicates five, Bhoota means elements and Stala means place. All these temples are located in South India with four of these temples at Tamil Nadu and one at Andhra Pradesh. The five elements are believed to be enshrined in the five lingams and each of the lingams representing Lord Shiva in the temple have five different names based on the elements they represent. In the temple, Shiva is said to have manifested himself in the form of sky. The other four manifestations are Prithivi Lingam (representing land) at Ekambareswarar Temple, Appu Lingam (representing Water) at Thiruvanaikaval, Agni Lingam (representing fire) at Annamalaiyar Temple and Vayu Lingam (representing air) at Srikalahasti Temple.
Aathara Stala indicates the Shiva temples which are considered to be divine impersonification of Tantric chakras associated with human anatomy. Nataraja temple is called the Anthaga stalam associated with Anthagam - the third eye.
Pancha Sabhai refers to the five places where Lord Shiva is said to have displayed His cosmic dance and all these places have stages or ambalams, also known as Sabhai. Apart from Chidambaram which has the Ponna Ambalam - the Golden Hall, the others are the I-Ratthina Ambalam - the Jeweled Hall at Thiruvaalangadu (rathinam – ruby / red jewelled), the Chitra Ambalam - the Painted Hall at Thirukutralam (chitra – painting), the Velli Ambalam - the Silver Hall at Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple (velli – silver) and the Thaamira Ambalam - the Copper Hall at Nellaiappar Temple, Tirunelveli (Thaamiram – copper).
RELIGIOUS WORK AND SAINTS
There is no reference to the temple in Sangam literature of the 1st to 5th centuries and the earliest mention is found in 6th century Tamil literature. The temple and the deity were immortalized in Tamil poetry in the works of Thevaram by three poet saints belonging to the 7th century - Thirugnana Sambanthar, Thirunavukkarasar and Sundaramoorthy Nayanar. Thirugnana Sambanthar has composed 2 songs in praise of the temple, Thirunavukkarasar aka Appar 8 Tevarams in praise of Nataraja and Sundarar 1 song in praise of Nataraja. Sundarar commences his Thiruthondar thogai (the sacred list of Lord Shiva's 63 devotees) paying his respects to the priests of the Thillai temple - "To the devotees of the priests at Thillai, I am a devotee". The works of the first three saints, Thirumurai were stored in palm leaf manuscripts in the temple and were recovered by the Chola King Rajaraja Chola under the guidance of Nambiandarnambi. Manikkavasagar, the 10th century saivite poet has written two works, the first called Tiruvasakam (The sacred utterances) which largely has been sung in Chidambaram and the Thiruchitrambalakkovaiyar (aka Thirukovaiyar), which has been sung entirely in the temple. Manikkavasagar is said to have attained spiritual bliss at Chidambaram. The Chidambaram Mahatmiyam composed during the 12th century explain the subsequent evolution and de-sanskritization.
THE CHIDAMBARA RAHASIYAM
During the daily rituals, the Chief priest, of the day, himself in a state of Godliness - Shivohambhava (Shiva - the Lord, in His Sandhi form - Shivo-, aham – me / us, bhava - state of mind), parts the curtain, indicating the withdrawal of ignorance and reveals the space, and The Lord’s presence.
The Chidambara Rahasya, is hence representative of that time when one, in total surrender, allows God to intervene and remove our ignorance, even as we get to 'see and experience' His presence and hence - bliss.
Temple administration and daily rituals
WORSHIP FORMS
A unique feature of this temple is the bejeweled image of Lord Nataraja as the main deity. It depicts Lord Shiva as the master of Koothu-Bharata Natyam and is one of the few temples where Lord Shiva is represented by an anthropomorphic murthi rather than the classic, anionic Lingam.
At Chidambaram, the dancer dominates, not the linga as in other Shiva shrines. The Chitsabha houses a small sphatika(crystal) linga (Chandramoulisvara), believed to be a piece that fell from the crescent adorning Lord Shiva's head and installed by Adi Shankara. The linga is associated with the intangible fifth element, akasha (ether or space), the eternal infinite expanse where the dance of Lord Shiva takes place daily puja is offered to the linga and also to a small gem-carved figure of Ratnasabhapati.
Chidambaram offers a combination of the three apects of Shaiva worship - of the form Lord(Nataraja), of the form and the formlessness (linga) and of the formless omnipresence. The last is suggested by a "Chidambara rahasya", a chakra inscribed on a wall and blackened by applying "punugu" (civet) and over which hangs a string of golden bilva (bael) leaves. This can be viewed through the square chinks when the priest draws aside the dark "curtain of ignorance".
WORSHIP
The temple is managed and administered hereditarily by the Chidambaram Dikshitar – a class of Vaidika Brahmins whom, legends say, were brought here from Mt. Kailas, by Patanjali, specifically for the performance of the daily rituals and maintenance of the Chidambaram temple.
DIKSHITARS
The Dikshithars were supposed to be 3000 were called Tillai Muvayiram. Today they number around 360. These Dikshithars follow the Vedic rituals, unlike the Sivachariyars or Adhisaivars who follow the agamic rituals for the worship of Shiva and they sport a specific lopsided-to-the-left half shaved head. The rituals for the temple were collated from the Vedas and set by Patanjali, who is said to have inducted the Dikshithars into the worship of Lord Shiva as Nataraja. Every married male member of the Dikshithar family gets a turn to perform the rituals at the temple and can serve as the chief priest for the day. Married Dikshithars are also entitled a share of the temple's revenue. Though the temple is said to have been given endowments of almost 20 km2 of fertile land – having been patronized by various rulers for several centuries, it is managed almost entirely by privately run endowments.
DAILY RITUALS
The day begins with the chief priest of the day, performing required rituals to purify himself and assume the Shivoham bhava (Shiva-hood), after which he enters the temple to do the daily rituals. The day begins with Lord Shiva's footwear (padukas) brought at 7:00 am from the palliyarai (bedroom) to the sanctum sanctorum in a palanquin accompanied by devotees with cymbals, chimes and drums. The priest then performs the daily rituals with a yajna and a 'Gopujai' (worship of a cow and her calf). Worship (Puja) is done 6 times in a day. Before each puja, the spadika linga (crystal linga) or the semi form state of Lord Shiva is anointed with ghee, milk, curds, rice, sandal paste and holy ash. This is followed by presenting the naivedhyam or offering of freshly prepared food and sweets to the deity and the diparaadhana, a ritual of showing varied and decoratively set lamps, the reciting of Vedas in Sanskrit and the Panchapuranam (a set of 5 poems from a set of 12 works in Tamil – called the panniru thirumurai). The puja ends with the priest parting the curtains of the sanctum sanctorum to reveal the Chidambara Rahasyam (sanctum).
Before the 2nd puja, apart from the regular anointing of the crystal linga, a ruby Nataraja deity (the Rathinasabhapathy) is also anointed. The 3rd puja is at around 12.00 noon, after which the temple closes until around 4:30 pm. The 4th puja is performed at 6.00 pm, the 5th at 8:00 pm and the last puja of the day is performed at 10:00 pm, after which Lord Shiva’s footwear is taken in a procession for Him to ‘retire’ for the night. Before the 5th puja at night, the priest performs special rituals at the Chidambara Rahasya, where he anointed the yantra with aromatic substances and offers naivedyam. The last puja, called the arthajaama puja is performed with special fervor. It is believed that the entire divine force of the universe retires into the deity, when he retires for the night.
TEMPLE ADMINISTRATION
The Diskshithars one and fully responsible for the administration and pooja. Simply they mentioned their surname as the Sri Natarajar Temple Trustee and Pooja forever. Dikshithars life and temple tied as the nail and flesh relationship.
FESTIVALS
A whole year for men is said to be a single day for the gods. Just as six poojas are performed in a day at the sanctum sanctorum, six anointing ceremonies are performed for the principal deity - Nataraja in a year. They are the Marghazhi Thiruvaadhirai (in December-January) indicating the first puja, the fourteenth day after the new moon (chaturdasi) of the month of Masi (February-March) indicating the second pooja, the Chittirai Thiruvonam (in April-May), indicating the third pooja or uchikalam, the Uthiram of Aani (June-July) also called the Aani Thirumanjanam indicating the evening or the fourth puja, the chaturdasi of Aavani (August-September) indicating the fifth puja and the chaturdasi of the month of Puratasi (October-November) indicating the sixth pooja or Arthajama. Of these the Marghazhi Thiruvaadhirai (in December-January) and the Aani Thirumanjanam (in June-July ) are the most important. These are conducted as the key festivals with the main deity being brought outside the sanctum sanctorum in a procession that included a temple car procession followed by a long anointing ceremony. Several hundreds of thousands of people flock the temple to see the anointing ceremony and the ritualistic dance of Shiva when he is taken back to the sanctum sanctorum. Lord Shiva, in his incarnation of Nataraja, is believed to have born on full moon day in the constellation of Ardra, the sixth lunar mansion. Lord Shiva is bathed only 6 times a year, and on the previous night of Ardra, the bath rituals are performed on a grand scale. Pots full of milk, pomegranate juices, coconut water, ghee, oil, sandal paste, curds, holy ashes, and other liquids and solids, considered as sacred offering to the deity are used for the sacred ablution.
There are references in Umapathy Sivam's
Kunchithaangristhavam that the Maasi festival also had the Lord being carried out in procession, however this is not in vogue these days.
Natyanjali is a prominent festival celebrated during February every year when Bharatnatyam dancers from all over the country converge to present dance offering to Nataraja.
HISTORY
Constructed to signify where Tamil Shaivites identify the centre loci of the universe to be, the shrine, dedicated to Lord Shiva, has witnessed several significant events in the history of Tamil Nadu. A powerful legacy of Dravidian art, its structures and sculptures have attracted pilgrims to Chidambaram for over two millennium. The birthplace of Nataraja when Shaivite worship was highly popular during the Sangam period, Chidambaram had gained a reputation for holiness across the continent by the third century CE and the admiration of the Tamilakkam royals of the early Cholas, Chera dynasty and the early Pandyan Kingdom. Built by the early Cholas to one of their family deities - Nataraja-Koothan - it served as the king and queen's state temple and seat of their monarchs' coronations. The Chola royals underlined their non-partisan approach to religious iconography and faith by also patronizing the Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple dedicated to Vishnu - their other Kuladheivam or "abode of family deity". Chola King Kocengannan who reigned in the first half of the 2nd century CE was born after his parents King Subhadevan and Kamaladevi worshipped in the Thillai Golden Hall (Pon Ambalam). He expanded the shrine in his later life and added to unfinished decorations. Saints Patañjali Tirumular and Vyaghrapada famously worshipped Nataraja at the shrine. The travelling Pallava-Chola king Simhavarman (II or III) who reigned in the 5th-6th century CE was cured of leprosy by bathing in the Shivagangai tank and in gratitude made extensive repairs and additions to the temple. He changed his name to Hiranyavarman or "golden bodied."
The Puranas, Sangam literature and the Tirumurai canon join several epigraphs and murals in highlighting the brilliance of the temple site and the devotion of Patañjali, Vyaghrapada-Pulikaalmunivar and patanjali to Nataraja at Thillai. The sthala puranam as well as umapathi sivacharya's koyil puranam give an account of how an ancient chola prince of kritayugam or first of epochal ages. Worshipped The Lord's feet at Chidambaram and being blessed with a vision of His was further helped by saint Vyaghrapada to consecrate a place of worship therewith. The temple murals and some cholan and pandyan literature refer to this sthala puranam. The chidambaram mahatyam as well as koyil puranam by the same author discuss as to how this prince who was presented with dhataki or atti garland and tiger flag in which Lord Indra would take abode to make him ever victorious was blessed with vision of lord and further attained mukti at this spot. This is very credible because all ancient literature and documents report that tiger flag and atti or dhataki (grislea tomentosa) garland as being emblematic with cholas. Some sangam period works also passingly refer to the krita age king's war with demons and his victory against them. The king also went by name Vyaghraketu after being gifted with the tiger flag.
Later during the 4th or 5th century CE, a pallava king called Simha Varman who was also a nayanmar saint by name Aiyatikal Kaadavarkon made some compositions and bathed in the tank and attained mukthi at tiru-perum-ppatra-puliyur or chidambaram. Aragalur Udaya Iraratevan Ponparappinan had refurbished most of the parts and rebuilt some parts of the temple around 1213 AD.
At periodical intervals (12 years in general), major repairs and renovation works are carried out, new facilities added and consecrated. Most old temples have also 'grown' over periods of time with additional facilities, more outer corridors and new gopurams (pagodas) were added by the rulers who patronized the temple. While this process has helped to keep the temples 'alive' as places of worship, from a purely archeological or historical perspective these renovations have unintentionally lead to destruction of the original works - which were not in sync with the latter and usually grander temple plans.
To this general trend, Chidambaram temple is no exception. The origins and developments of the temple are hence largely deduced from allied references in works of literature and poetry, the verbal information passed over generations by the Dikshithar community and from what little, of inscriptions and manuscripts that are available today.
The temple site is very ancient one is known to have been crafted time and again by the ancient craftsmen guild known as Perumthachchans. The reference to the same is available in sangam literature as well as other documents. The tevaram trio in particular have held this site to be of great sanctity with some like Tirugnanasambandar and Sundarar out of devotion being reluctant to set their foot in the place "because it would be an insult to the lord to put one's foot on his abode". The sangam works refer to the temple being favoured by all the three ancient crowns of south, the Neriyan (cholas), chezhiyan (pandyas) and uthiyan (cheras), even if the temple was in what was traditionally chola country.
INSCRIPTIONS
There are several inscriptions available in the temple and referring to the Chidambaram temple in neighbouring areas. Most inscriptions available pertain to the periods of Cholas - Rajaraja Chola I (985-1014 CE), Rajendra Chola I (1012-1044 CE), Kulothunga Chola I (1070-1120 CE), Vikrama Chola (1118-1135 CE), Rajadhiraja Chola II (1163 -1178 CE), Kulothunga Chola III (1178-1218 CE) and Rajaraja Chola III (1216-1256 CE). Pandya inscriptions date from Thribhuvana Chakravarthi Veerapandiyan, Jataavarman Thribhuvana Chakravarthi Sundarapaandiyan (1251-1268 CE) and Maaravarman Thribhuvana Chakravarthi Veerakeralanaagiya Kulashekara Pandiyan (1268-1308 CE). Pallava inscriptions are available for king Avani Aala Pirandhaan Ko-pperum-Singha (1216-1242 CE). Vijayanagara Kings mentioned in inscriptions are Veeraprathaapa Kiruttina Theva Mahaaraayar (1509-1529 CE), Veeraprathaapa Venkata Deva Mahaaraayar, Sri Ranga Theva Mahaaraayar, Atchyutha Deva Mahaaraayar (1529-1542 CE) and Veera Bhooopathiraayar. One of the inscriptions from the descendant of Cheramaan Perumal nayanar, Ramavarma Maharaja has been found.
KUMBHABISHEKAM 2015
The sacred Chidambaram Sri Sabanayagar Temple, which is also described as Boologa Kailaasam and Chithakasam
Sri Sivagamasundari Samaedha Sriman Anandha Nataraja Moorthy's Chitsabha Samprokshana Chithvilasa Maha Kumbhabishekam is about to happen in a great way On the auspicious day of Manmadha (Tamil) year Chithirai month 18th day (01-May-2015) Friday morning between 7:00 am and 8:30 am Hastha Nakshthra, Thrayodhasi Thithi, Amirtha yoga, Rishabha Lagna.
INVASIONS
The temple was severely vandalised during Malik Kafur's invasions of South India between 1311 and 1325. A garrison was set up within the temple precincts and the walls were fortified during the Carnatic Wars between the East India Company and the French and the Anglo-Mysore Wars that the British fought with Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan.
WIKIPEDIA
_MG_3422. Contrary to belief of some people, Monks inside a Buddhist Monastry are not only engaged in meditation and prayers , there they also get all the necessary education for them to be comfortable in outside world. Apart from maths and science they also learn languages ( three languages in Nepal ) including english. Here these two teacher Monks are discussing the timetables of classes and breaks so that the students are comfortable in receiving knowledge. Kathmandu, Nepal.
Entre 29 de agosto e 1 de setembro de 2022, na sede do NIC.br em São Paulo, o Cetic.br|NIC.br|CGI.br promoveu evento coorganizado pela Escola Nacional de Ciências Estatísticas (ENCE) do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). O evento contou com uma série de webinars com palestrantes renomados que expuseram práticas inovadoras para produção e uso de dados.
(Fotos:Ricardo Matsukawa/Divulgação NIC.br)
This image was taken to document a methodology I have written about in a different context here.
This participative ranking methodology involves having participants free-list priority concerns, indicators of well-being, etc. After free-listing, participants choose every day objects to represent the items on the list, and then rank them from most to least important.
Gambella Town, Ethiopia
Entre 29 de agosto e 1 de setembro de 2022, na sede do NIC.br em São Paulo, o Cetic.br|NIC.br|CGI.br promoveu evento coorganizado pela Escola Nacional de Ciências Estatísticas (ENCE) do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). O evento contou com uma série de webinars com palestrantes renomados que expuseram práticas inovadoras para produção e uso de dados.
(Fotos:Ricardo Matsukawa/Divulgação NIC.br)
American artist, designer and inventor L. R. Emerson II may be considered the Thomas Edison of art yet is equally considered among the world’s most unusual artists. L. R. Emerson II may also be one of the most prolific artists the world has ever witnessed. Since 1983, has been personally compelled to develop and express through multi-directional art.
L. R. Emerson II is best known as the leading artist of the Upside-Down Art Movement or Masg Art movement.
Emerson never intended to become a household name in artmaking and the evidence of his effort to avoid selling out is firstly, his diligent efforts to make art that was intentionally against the common trends and secondly to keep his style secret from the world at large for two decades.
Recently, however after Emerson decidedly released some of his work after keeping it suppressed since the 1980’s renowned artist Georg Baselitz called L. R. Emerson's art"...inspiring." Baselitz’ own art has sold for in excess of $4.2 million dollars at recent auction.
In tribute, paying homage to neo-expressionist painter Georg Baselitz, Emerson recently exhibited at Saatchi an work Upside-Down Artwork or also known as Masg art called "Ode to Baselitz". Featured at Saatchionine.com Emerson has presented a work which has garnered the attention of Charles Saatchi himself who personally flagged L. R. Emerson ‘s work as “Liked”. "Ode to Baselitz" is part of L. R. Emerson II's "Heavy Ink" series.
The medium of “Ode to Baselitz” is called Digigraph or Digiography (both phrases termed and documented in 2009 in The Purple Tree; Art in a Boundless Age) is a combination of both traditional and tech media. The Digigraph featured at Saatchi is part of L. R. Emerson’s 50+ documented, pioneering inventions for making art - each calling for combinations of traditional and digital technology mediums.
“Ode to Baselitz” is a culmination of pen and ink, and computer aided design. Emerson’s goal with “Ode to Baselitz” is not only to bring attention to the already known upside-down work of Baselitz but moreover for the fact that like Emerson, Baselitz has ridden the critical seas of the public’s reaction to upside down work.
Baselitz, according to Emerson has paved a way for artists, even ones who are not working neo-expressively to express themselves through multi-directional composition – though Baselitz does not intend his upside-down works be hung in two or more directions as Emerson intentionally does.
As Emerson puts it “Baselitz broke the water and I am simply delivering the baby” speaking metaphorically to the aspect of L. A. times featured article from 1984 showing Baselitz’ then Upside-Down painting. By comparison, Emerson’s 1984 series was removed from exhibition during the same time period (’85) as Emerson feared critical rejection and stylistic copying. Thus L. R. Emerson II’s art was selectively hidden from the world for the next two decades.
In 2005 Emerson II exhibited nearly 800 works sharing several signed prints with major museums and galleries in 11 countries, yet he determined it necessary to continue to hold other selections from the public eye. What is seen today in exhibition by Emerson are mere artistic fragments of what he actually creates. With his current work never shown and by only releasing work that is about two years old, Emerson keeps ahead of those who would choose to mimic his style.
With over 100 awards to date and currently working in his third decade, Emerson has proven himself worthy of critical appraisal. Nicholas Forrest, contributing writer to Art & Antiques Magazine wrote about L. R. Emerson II stating "An amazing artist, Amazing art!" 2006. L. R. has been actively researching, developing, and inventing methods of making art and specifically Upside-Down art known as Masg Art, from Gaelic meaning to mix; or infuse for 30 years.
To date, Emerson has delivered on his 1983 promises to make “Upside-Down Art” a household name in the very near future. In the aftermath we find now major artists effecting and or following the Upside-Down Art movement which is crossing international lines with artists such as Germany's Georg Baselitz and British Sculptor Anish Kapoor, giving significantly strong visual support.
Emerson's own efforts in leading the Upside-Down Art Movement has thus far have encompassed the following:
•Created Upside-Down Art for nearly thirty years having begun in 1983 and has made more upside-down, multi-directional, ambigram, Masg styled art than any person in history.
•Exhibited at age 18, and worked as a commissioned artist beginning at age of 19 with work appearing in newspaper and magazines by age 19 and for major celebrities by age 23
•First artist ever to offer their art for free; up to $1 million dollars of L. R. Emerson II’s artwork was literally offered for free to anyone in the world. The offer was advertised to the general public in numerous places and stood from 2005 until 2009
•Created in excess of 100,000 works within over 1,000 series
•Engaged 30 years of innovative, experimentation and invention driven research on Upside-Down Art or Multidirectional Art Composition, process and art methodology
•Created Upside-Down, multi-directional Masg Art in the following mediums: airbrush, collography, clayography, etching, lino-cut, oil on linen and canvas, acrylic on canvas, acrylic on board, emulsion transfer, mixed media, photography, digiography, emulsion transfer on metal, pen & ink with watercolor, pencil and ink on paper, oil pastel, collage, digital imaging, vector-based CGI, acetone transfer
•Has been awarded for being considered one of America’s Leading Art Educators, frequently serving as a Lead Art Educator on a variety of curriculum writing and Art Education textbook adoption committees or chairperson capacities. Emerson’s curriculum writing experiences have included practicum, research and committee collaboration to develop Art Education practices and standards for Art Foundation teaching and Cornerstone Assessments which serve as standards or benchmarks to assess a practicing artist’s skills and ability(2008 to 2012)
•Secured exhibition opportunities for student artists - having exhibited several academic thousand works.
•Invented in excess of 50 documented new methods for making Upside-Down Art or Masg Art
•Established a world record in the “Most Digital Works Created in One Hour” with the record set at 86 in 2007 and succeeded to a new record of 87 in 2008, both held by Emerson
•Published The Purple Tree; Art in a Boundless Age, 2009
•2012 Charles Saatchi personally flags Emerson’s online Saatchi Gallery as a “Liked User”
•Among the world’s most accomplished airbrush artists, having been placed in magazines the age of 19 and still today advancing the power of airbrush through invention and exhibition.
•Serving among the world’s most influential 21st Century Artists and Designers
•Created work for numerous patron including Grammy Winning musician/songwriter Leon Russell – who wrote “Superstar” the number one hit song for the late Karen Carpenter , March 2, 1950 – February 4, 1983 (also a Grammy Winner) and living legend Barbara Streisand, born April 24, 1942.
•Donated by Deed the printing, publishing and rights to sale of over $1 million dollars in art.
•Created the first Upside-Down Art/Masg art Portraiture featuring a living person
•Established new art movement named “Pop Not” – genuine Pop Art styled social criticism with Pop styled, collages and punchy graphics but far removed from the kitschy, pseudo Pop Art existing today. L. R. Emerson II documented in the Purple Tree; Art in A Boundless Age the mission of Pop Not artists and the socially critical work they produce.
•Produced 14 Art Education videos highlighting the earmarks of Upside-Down Art
•Achieved in excess of 100 awards including awards for advertising design and photography
•Received critical acclaim from Nicholas Forrest, contributing writer to Art and Antiques Magazine. Forrest wrote about L. R. Emerson II’s Upside-Down Art or Masg Art stating “Amazing art by an amazing artist!” 2006
•Written and published Art History and or Criticism articles about Upside-Down Art
•Exhibited Upside-Down Art or Masg Art at prominent museums such The Museum of Contemporary Art
•Works held in both private estate and public art collections
•Developed, termed and published research about the "Digigraph" art process and art medium - a unique new art medium using traditional art media and technology
•2005, Established e4 Fine Art and an accompanying website e4fineart.com to serve as the exclusive representative for L.R.’s work and the web site to host functional space to not only electronically exhibit my work but moreover to share understanding about the art history related to Upside-Down Art.
•To date www.e4fineart.com.com and its’ counterpart gallery, www.upside-down-art.com has had over 600.000 visitors from across the planet and exists as “The World’s Largest Solo Artist Site” TM
•First artist to call for a change in the current Art Education texts and practices as L. R. Emerson II’s 30 years of pioneering research has proved the merits and validity of Upside-Down Art, or Masg Art as being a worthy alternative to the three common forms of compositional balance.
Because of the work of L. R. Emerson II and other supporting Upside-Down artists the old texts and teaching foundations known as The Principles of Art/Design are outdated and need revision. Museums, Art Critics, Educators, conservators and Historians can no longer ignore the relevance and merit of multi-directional composition or Upside-Down Art.
•In 2005, after having been kept secret for over two decades, Masg or Upside-Down Art was introduced to more than 500 galleries and in excess of 50 renowned museums worldwide including:
National Gallery
Tate Museum, London
Smithsonian American Art Museum
Musée du Louvre, Paris
The Museum of Modern Art, NYC
Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation
San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles
Additionally, several videos were produced in the past three years and subsequently presented to the global community including the following:
Art is Art is Art by L R Emerson II
www.youtube.com/watch?v=ftwMV0kxeuo
L R Emerson II Art
www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyekoiK5N4c
Art is Upside-Down by L R Emerson II
www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7R5nuZ-2So
Art 21 L. R. Emerson II: Masg A New Art Movement
www.youtube.com/watch?v=xIYCTL-cnPs
Art History by L. R. Emerson II
www.youtube.com/watch?v=rjlw6iFfnvQ
Math and Art - Music and Art
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ks1RKmUodbA
The Purple Tree: Art in a Boundless Age
www.youtube.com/watch?v=OjZwNnWZNLA
“Currently as I continue my research and documentation I look toward an Upside-Down Art group exhibition including myself, Georg Baselitz, and Anish Kapoor. London’s Tate Museum, NYC Guggenheim, MOMA and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art are fine venues for this warranted proposal. The considerably unusual exhibition will likely be presented as the world’s most unusual art of the 20th and 21st Century.
We have come a long way but still have an engaging journey ahead. I am pleased however at our progress so far and know we have truly shattered the proverbial “glass ceiling” or stronghold of art conservators, critics and museums as they too now have accepted our methods of composition and see that we have forever changed the manner in which art is composed.
The more I’ve advocated for Upside-Down Art, the greater the number of artists we (representatives and assistants) find are mimicking my style, however this is rewarding to me. Neither am I displeased to be named ‘Jack the Flipper’ (linguistically spinning Pollack’s ‘… dripper’ nomenclature).” Excerpt: L. R. Emerson II, 2012
Please see the revolutionary art of L. R. Emerson II at www.upside-down-art.com , “The World’s Largest Solo Artist Site” TM, and consider the merit of L. R. Emerson II’s work for inclusion in your presentation, writing, evaluation and discussion of 21st Century Art.
For some thoughts on the Panasonic S1R and my ad hoc "test methodology", please click the top image below.
This is the last set of test shots with the S1R, taken with a Leica 50mm f/1.4 Summilux-M lens. This is a classic Leica lens that will probably never go out of style. Compared to the Leica 50mm f/2 Summicron-M, and later, the Leica 50mm f/2 APO Summicron-M, the 50 lux has always been considered a little soft, but rendering a very smooth and pleasing bokeh, and really good for portraits.
But then the Leica 50mm f/0.95 Noctilux lenses became the bokeh king, the the 50 lux took a back seat. At one point, I used to have all the three fast 50mm Leica M lenses, the 50 lux, the 50 APO and 50 Noctilux. Eventually, I got tired of the soft images of the Noctilux and sold it, especially after I could tell no big difference between the Leica and the $700 Mitakon Zhongyi Speedmaster 50mm f/0.95.
But I always kept the 50 lux, along with the 50 APO. On my Leica M9 and M240 bodies, it was fine, but on the 36+ MP Sony bodies (A7R, A7R II, A7R III), the lens was always a bit soft, not as sharp as the 50 APO. There was a faster fall off towards the edges and corners.
I had read somewhere that although for this lens was never given the "APO" designation, it was nevertheless an apochromatic design. At the low resolution fo the Leica M cameras, that could never be really seen, and on the Sony A7x cameras, even with the 50mm focal length, there was a definite acute ray angle issue that made the lens soft at the corners and edges until f/8. In comparison, the 50 APO looked pretty decent by f/5.6 on my A7R III, in comparison.
So all these years, I had simply assumed the 50 lux as a softer version of the 50 APO, and the 50 APO as the razor sharp lens.
So I was amazed to see how the 50 lux performed on the Panasonic S1R. Here is a look at actual pixels at a 100% magnification from the bottom right corner of the frame. The long cardboard boxes were propped against the wall at an angle, and I did not have my camera perfectly parallel to the surface of the boxes or the lake in the corner.
So there is a bit of a fade right towards the edge of the frame that is more owing to the sensor not being square with the plane of the subject, than due to any fall out. The text at the top of the label, where it starts saying WIDETONE is very sharp and the contrast is excellent.
At f/1.4 right at the extreme corner of a 47 MP image file, this is very impressive, far better than I had ever imagined possible with the 50 lux. I never saw such high IQ at the extreme corners from any of the Leica rangefinder cameras, like the M9, M240 or M10.
I am really excited at the prospect of this lens + camera combination.
Entre 29 de agosto e 1 de setembro de 2022, na sede do NIC.br em São Paulo, o Cetic.br|NIC.br|CGI.br promoveu evento coorganizado pela Escola Nacional de Ciências Estatísticas (ENCE) do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). O evento contou com uma série de webinars com palestrantes renomados que expuseram práticas inovadoras para produção e uso de dados.
(Fotos:Ricardo Matsukawa/Divulgação NIC.br)
Sea Urchin by Giancarlo Zema | 15th Venice Architecture Biennial | 28 May – 27 November 2016 | Arsenale Nord | Spazio Thetis | Venice | Italy
Like a spiny but intriguing “Sea Urchin” this unusual urban sculpture designed by the architect Giancarlo Zema, is realized using 150 stainless steel tubes and related plastic joints. A new artistic way to transform steel elements in a colorful cane structure. An artwork born as a symbol of a new reconstruction of the city dedicated to the renovation and the eco-sustainability. It is installed at the 15th Venice Architecture Biennial with the scientific partnership of the Politecnico di Milano and the cultural-artistic partnership of the Alma Artis Academy. The artwork is realized thanks to the technical partnership of Nord Zinc SpA and CETA SpA the leader companies in the construction field. The Sea Urchin is on show in the gardens of the Spazio Thetis, Arsenale Nord, among the sculptures of famous artists such as Pinuccio Sciola, Michelangelo Pistoletto and Jean Fabre, all into the Gangcity events programme – Gangcity documents the phenomenon of urban clusters devoid of any kind of legal controls, in order to enable processes of reappropriation and the care of private and public spaces. The project aims to reveal the reciprocal influence between the violence and geography of cities, paying particular attention to the gangs as primary groups born in, and spread throughout the urban ghettos, predominantly through the involvement of teenagers. Encouraging a mix of disciplines and methodologies, Gangcity will be staging an international symposium and a photography exhibition in addition to a variety of events and scientific workshops. The narrative tone that emerges from the scientific analysis of the gangs complements the narration of social scientists, architects, urbanists and artists, who, along with the inhabitants, are also players in the new life cycles of urban clusters. However they’ve finally been freed from gang violence through socially inclusive practices rather than repression.
Start-ups are continuously looking for faster, scalable development & agile methodology is best & one-stop solution for your start-up
[From www.hekkiboen.com]
Title:
Hek Ki Boen Eng Chun System and HKB Training Methodology
Content:
Hek Ki Boen Eng Chun ®©
[Fukien Wing Chun / Hok Kian Eng Chun]
HKB Training Methodology©
Written by: Kenneth Lin© Copyright by Kenneth Lin, all rights are reserved. Distribution permission requires stating original source link.
First released: 12/20/13.on www.hekkiboen.com/black-flag-wing-chun-training-methodology/
TRAINING SUCCESS TIPS
HKB Skills
=
Result of the Hard Work (Traditional Progressive Training) OF
HKB Foundation Hall
+
HKB Efficiency Hall
+
HKB Maximum Efficiency
FOREWORD.The Hek Ki Boen system is the International curriculum format of my training methodology, based on my teaching experience and 29 years of training experience in Hok Kian Eng Chun Kok Sut Jia [Fukien Wing Chun Kungfu System] as taught by my main Sifu, Grand Master The Kang Hay, the only appointed successor of Late GM Kwee King Yang who is a direct disciple of Late GM Cia Fun Tjiao, the last chief instructor of the Black Flag Lodge from Hong Men [Secret Society] era late 1800.
MY JOURNEY – FINDING THE ESSENCE OF KUNG FUAfter I began learning Hok Kian Eng Chun In 1985 from GM The Kang Hay, and several of his kungfu brothers under Late GM Kwee King Yang and also a grand student of Kwee King Yang, GM Thio Tek Kwie who learn under GM The Sik Yen(Student of GM Ban Bi Sun, GM Ban Bi Sun is the same lineage generation with GM The Kang Hay), during my teenage years, and with encouragement from my Sifu, GM The Kang Hay, I began exploring other kung fu systems to widen my knowledge as well as gain a better understanding the Hok Kian Eng Chun system that I had learnt. In addition, I was also on a personal mission to research the source of Kwee King Yang’s teaching methodology, the Late Grand Master of our Hok Kian Eng Chun Kok Sut system. I had a personal interest to discover and research specifically on the follow styles; Tai Zu Kun [Grand Ancestor], Pek Hok Kun [Southern White Crane], He Hu Quan [Black Tiger], because prior to learn from Cia Fun Jiao, Late GM Kwee had learned those styles from 9 masters.
Last but not the least, I also researched Southern Thay Kek [Tai Chi] aka Heng I Kun [Xing Yi Quan] which is the style that is taught by GM Kwee’s close friend; GM Li Jing Yan.
Afterward, I concluded my research; In General, there are always some similarity of techniques and concept within southern style. But what makes our system to be unique is the engine of Detachment, which came from the Holy Grail of Shaolin temple; Yi Jing Jing [Muscle Tendon Change] and Si Sui Jing [Bone Marrow Washing] contained within our core form; Sam Chian Po.
Furthermore, I have also encountered meetings with the Yip Man Style of Wing Chun, both the original and modified [VIKOGA Wing Chun]. There are some similarities in the technical movement, BUT The Engine is clearly opposite. Hek Ki Boen Eng Chun is based on the Detachment concept from Chan Buddhism. Out of my curiosity of the similar name between Eng Chun and Wing Chun, I asked one of my Sifu’s what the difference is; he informed that the Yip Man Style of Wing Chun came from the female version of Eng Chun. And our Hok Kian Eng Chun is the male version.
Growing up in my young age, my blood was completely filled with so much curiosity and passion to research and investigate more about the Eng Chun/Wing Chun connection, Southern Shaolin system, Southern Styles and other internal arts, and to better myself understanding the essence of Chinese Martial Arts.
MY RESEARCH.
After spending countless years of learning, researching many Chinese Martial Arts system such as Pek Ho Kun {White Crane], Tai Zu Kun [Grand Ancestor], Ng Cho Kun [5 Ancestor Fist], Ba Gua Chang [Fist of 8 Changes], Southern Tai Chi [Thay Kek / Heng Yi Kun], Northern Tai Chi, Northern Xing Yi Quan, Chu Gar [Southern Mantis], Hong Quan, and many others, here is my conclusion:
COMMON MISCONCEPTION
In Jiang Hu [Martial Arts World], there is a saying of “Nan Quan Bei Tui”, means Southern Fist and Northern Kick. Generally most of Southern Styles are recognized to put more emphasizes on the hand, because most southerners are farmers and fisherman that have strong hands and Northern styles put more emphasizes on the leg because they mostly live in the mountain and have strong legs.
I find this saying of “Nan Quan Bei Tui” to be a MYTH. It is not correct. The fact is:
There are many southern style that emphasize on leg use, such as Gou Kun [Dog Style Boxing]
There are many northern style that emphasize on hand use, such as the FAMOUS Taichi, Bagua and Xing Yi. All these 3 styles focus so much on hand techniques.
There are many mountain too in the southern part of China
There are many fisherman and farmer too in the northern part of China.
ORIGIN OF CHINESE MARTIAL ARTS
Chinese Martial Arts has long history, pre-date the Establishment of Shaolin Temple and Bodhidharma coming to China. The Concept of Yin Yang Tai Chi and Wu Xing [5 Elements] already existed during Guang Zheng Zhi times in Gong Dong Shan [Mount Gong Dong] 12000 BCE, as verified within Xiao Yao Guan temple’s representative based on their manuscript in Mount Gong Dong.
Chinese Martial Arts was first used as personal self-defense to deal with animal attacks during the primitive stage in China. When a clan/tribe was established, it was used to protect the clan/tribe. When China was united, it was used to protect the country from the invasion of Northern barbarians.
During the Tang Dynasty, which was the most successful dynasty, the Country was stable in economy, politics and border security. The famous Admiral Zhen Ho was first to discover America one hundred years before Columbus.
DEVELOPMENT OF MARTIAL ARTS IN NORTHERN CHINA
The Main capital city of the country/kingdom was always in the north side of China such as Peking [Today knows as BeiJing]. So the North side of China was far more developed in their literature, education, political system etc. The Northern Side of China was always choice for most politician/ bureaucrat, government official of palace, wealthy class people, etc.
So in the North, the function of learning Martial Arts was started to change. It was because of prestige and elite status, influence by literature scholar as only rich people can learn. Similar to today Golf Country Club Sport. Slowly but surely, it did change the training methodology of Martial Arts in the North.
Each School and Master began to compete to create or come up with better name of style, better names of each techniques, more beautiful movement [Jumping, flying beautiful kicks, etc.].
Some of the main characteristics of these influences that we can see in today’s traditional Northern Styles are:
Beautiful Poetic name of techniques. Ie: “Open The Heaven Gate, Point to the moon”, “Golden Cicada Shredded its skin”, “White Tiger Come down from the mountain”, etc.
Many beautiful Big circular movements of hands
Many beautiful high kicks and even flying kicks.
These was a result of competition, high-level Literature scholar influence and even Ego-driven to prove their art was the best.
DEVELOPMENT OF MARTIAL ARTS IN SOUTHERN CHINA
The development of Chinese Martial Arts in the South was quite the opposite. Since most of them are un-educated farmers, merchant or fisherman, the master would not want to teach such complicated poetic technique name. This is why most of the Southern System technical names would represent the “action”, such as Tan Sau / Tun Jiu means Dispersing Hand, Goan Jiu/Hyun Sau is circling hand. People on the south would not understand such term of “Opening heaven gate, pointing at the moon”, instead, they prefer to learn the martial arts that is based on simplicity. (ie: if someone attack you like this, you do this).
Furthermore, the function of the Martial Arts in the south did not change. It was really meant for Survival. Most those merchants, farmer and fisherman DID NOT CARE who has the best/most famous martial arts. All they care is How can they protect themselves when it’s time to sell their HARVEST and be able to defend it against being robbed.
Therefore, The characteristic of Southern Style:
No Beautiful Poetic Name, Instead, Straight to the point. Circling Hand means Circling Hand.
Short Movement, shorter distance for economy of motion and efficiency
Low Kick for efficiency. It takes longer time for leg to reach for the head.
END OF MING DYNASTY ERA (1644)
Somehow, most southern systems always trace their history to come from around 1600-1700. If this is true, this must be a bright year for all Masters in the south to create a new style during that time.
The truth is that most southern system originated and connected direct or non-directly from revolution during secret society times to overthrow the Manchurian (Qing) and restore the Han (Ming). Some may have direct connection; some styles came from when it was made available to public [personal/family teaching].
This includes Wing Chun, where the name of Yim Wing Chun means “Discreet talking about spring time [Rebirth of Ming]” which was a code name used by secret society. Yim Wing Chun was the character whom she learned from her Sifu, Nun Ng Mui after the burning of Shaolin in Fujian [Around 1650] and taught it to her husband who is a real person in the history from the Red Boat Opera around 1850, which of course not true as there is 200 years gap.
Furthermore, I have also discovered that most southern arts like Southern Mantis, Hung Gar, White Crane, etc are very well connected with the Secret Society revolution. Interestingly, I have also found out that during the revolution time, the name of the martial arts styles of Wing Chun and Hung Gar was even interchangeable.
In Conclusion, because the chaotic time during the revolution of Anti Qing Secret Society, there are so many myth and legends that is not verifiable. When you talk about history of southern martial arts, there are no other evidence except oral history. This can be fixed only if a time machine is invented.
HISTORY ALWAYS REPEATS
Unfortunately, in today’s times, driven by profit and competition, there are also some people, driven by their ego and agenda, they use a dirty marketing campaign to slander other styles and worst, hide behind a keyboard.
This is actually not something new. The martial arts purpose to understand and revise ourselves has changed like it was in the past, as I mentioned above. Only a few masters and grand masters really walk the talk and focus on developing their disciple characters and Kung Fu skills.
In Hek Ki Boen Eng Chun system, we focus on developing 3 things;
It Ta [Mandarin: Yi Da]: First is courage [Warrior Character]
Ji Kang [Mandarin: Er Gong]: Second is skills over Hard Work [Gong Fu]
Sam Cheng Sin [Mandarin: San Qing Xin]: Third is clarity & purity of Mind & Heart [Detachment]
HKB TEACHING METHODOLOGY
I classify Martial Arts teaching methodology into 3 types:
Traditional Conservative System.
Traditional Progressive System.
Modern System.
Our HKB Teaching Methodology is based on Traditional Progressive System.
(C) Copyright of the three(3) illustrations, by Suhu John Hackmeyer
COMMON QUESTION
The Big Question:
Is it a good idea to learn HKB Eng Chun while / before / after learning other Martial Arts styles including other Wing Chun lineage?
Before I answer this question, let’s try to find some of the pros of doing this.
Here is some common answer;
To be well rounded in all ranges of combat and be able to use every part of the body efficiently in all ranges of attack; Long range, Middle range, Short (Grappling) range.
To be detached from any particular style.
To use no ‘style’/’way’ as the ‘style’/’way’
Thinking by doing this will make a person free from illusion of style.
To get the most complete puzzle or pieces of Wing Chun from Shaolin, sometimes also refer as Shaolin Wing Chun.
THE BIG ANSWER:
If you are learning HKB Eng Chun while learning other Martial Art Styles including other Wing Chun lineages, although this may be done, but only at the cost of not getting / achieving HKB Body’s identity/skill/expression. Meaning you will not get the result of having the HKB Skills.
If you learn HKB before you learn other Martial Art Style including other Wing Chun lineage, by the time you learn the next style, it will destroy your HKB body’s Pala (Opposite of Karma)
If you learn HKB after you learn other Martial Art Styles including other Wing Chun lineages. Your previous other Martial Art Style including other Wing Chun lineages will be destroyed.
REASONS:
Different body engine
Training Time Issue
Inability of mixing because of lacking of complete knowledge
Lack of in Depth
Impossible to get all the puzzle/pieces of supposedly “Shaolin Wing Chun”
I. Different body engine
A certain engine is built for certain car. If you try to swap that engine, even if it works, it will not perform at its best.
Let’s take an example on Power Generation Methods;
HKB, through its unique focus on the principle of Detachment from Chan Buddhism as its unique DNA. In HKB, power is just a byproduct of detachment of the body. On the contrary, many other Martial Art style including other Wing Chun lineages, speak of using the body unity and structure to create / generate power.
When you train other Martial Art Styles including other Wing Chun lineages other than just HKB Eng Chun, your body will not be able to adapt to both or all since it’s contradicting in principles.
Your goal could be learning 3 different styles, in which each may be efficient on its own range of combat, however, your body will not be able to express the HKB skill.
II. Training-time Issue
Learning and Mastering HKB takes a lifetime. One of the living HKB grandmasters, GM The Kang hay even stated that you still cannot complete the system through 7 re-incarnations. When you learn and dedicate 3-4 hours daily to train, your body will still need time to ‘understand’. Experience is the key in HKB learning journey and this only comes with time. Your first 10 years of learning is just to get to begin your real journey of learning HKB.
Even if you make it possible to train HKB and other Martial Art Style including other Wing Chun lineage, the question is at what cost? 9 hours per day, 3 for HKB and 6 hours for others?
Even if it’s possible with only a few people, in which it still will not give the result they want in HKB, what about the normal ordinary people who has job, personal and family life?
Training a total of 1-2 hours daily in HKB and other Martial Art Style including other Wing Chun lineages means each system is only being trained for less than 15-40 minutes, which is not enough for HKB training.
III. Inability of mixing because of lacking of complete knowledge
It is impossible to mix HKB with other styles, especially before you master each of the system.
The main problem is that while you learn HKB and in the same time you learn other Martial Art Style including other Wing Chun lineage, you will never be able to even master any of those system, especially HKB.
Even if you have already mastered HKB, and then you learn other Martial Art Styles including other Wing Chun lineages then your HKB body Pala (opposite of karma) will be destroyed.
If you learn other Martial Art Styles including other Wing Chun lineages to master it, then learning HKB afterwards, your previous styles will be destroyed.
Then there’s nothing left to be combined.
IV. Lack of in-Depth skill
Let’s say you don’t want to master the whole system, but just to get a portion of HKB that you like to be combined with other Martial Art Style including other Wing Chun lineages.
Many have claimed to learn multiple systems as a way to be well rounded against all range of combat. Some even claimed that by doing this, it’s like using no ‘style’/’way’ as a ‘style’/’way’ which means to get away from being attached to illusion of style.
First thing first, let me clarify this. Learning HKB Eng chun and other Martial Art Styles including other Wing Chun lineages does not mean using no style as the style, instead, it’s using ALL Styles as the style. This is not going the same way of being attached to illusion of style, instead, you are attached to every style you learn and plan to use in each range of combat.
When you learn HKB Eng Chun, Western Boxing, Fencing, Tae Kwondo, Grappling[Submission] and BJJ in the same time, here is the result you will get:
Your boxing skill will be less proficient compared to those who dedicate their full training time in boxing.
Your Tae Kwon Do skill will be less proficient compared to those who dedicate their full training time in Tae Kwon Do.
Your Fencing skill will be less proficient compared to those who dedicate their full training time in Fencing.
Your Grabbling [Submission] skill will be less proficient compared to those who dedicate their full training time in Grabbling.
Your BJJ skill will be less proficient compared to those who dedicate their full training time in BJJ.
And for definite guarantee,
Your HKB Eng Chun skill will be less proficient compared to those who dedicate their full training time in HKB Eng Chun. Meaning you will not get the result of HKB skill set.
If HKB is not something important to you, then it’s ok.
But if HKB is the skill you want to attain, you need to understand and pay attention at this.
When you train HKB Eng Chun and other Martial Art Styles including other Wing Chun lineages, you may become well rounded in each MA discipline within a short amount of time. But you will suffer the lack of in-depth skill for all of those styles.
HKB is a complete system. It is designed to deal with any possible type of attack ranging from long to short range.
Think HKB as WHOLE SWORD;
The Handle would be The HKB Foundation Hall
The Body of The Sword would be the HKB Efficiency Hall
The Tip of the Sword would be the HKB Maximum Efficiency Hall
V. Impossible to get all the puzzle/pieces of supposedly “Shaolin Wing Chun”
HKB Wing Chun is not Shaolin Wing Chun and there’s no such thing as Shaolin Wing Chun anymore.
Although every Wing Chun lineage can be traced back to Shaolin temple, inside the hall called Eng Chun Tim, but there is no such thing as Shaolin Wing Chun anymore. The Shaolin temple in Fujian has gone it was burned down between the 16th-17th centuries.
When the concept and principle of “Maximum Efficiency” from Everlasting Springtime/ Eng Chun Tim (Weng Chun Dim) was taught outside the Shaolin temple (After it got burned) into the hand of secret society, it was modified when it was passed down, based on the need of the role of each of the 5 flags/lodges within the secret society.
The flag/lodge that deals with infantry attack would learn what’s needed for infantry-military/troop attack. They received a different portion of ‘Eng Chun Tim” system.
The Black Flag portion of “Eng Chun Tim” was passed down based on the need of killing, including traitors within other flag/lodge inside the secret society. Aside from their skills must surpass other members from different flag/lodge who supposedly also learn/familiar with a portion of the “Eng Chun Tim”, HKB Eng Chun possessed additional in-depth unique key concept that doesn’t exist in other lodge/flag.
I. As one of the current successor of HKB Eng Chun, I want to make it clear that HKB stands on its own. HKB is not Shaolin Wing Chun. Our mission is to spread, preserve and advance the HKB Eng Chun system internationally.
As preservation and to safeguard the HKB system, for every HKB Eng Chun branch/location that I certify, I make a strict policy of:
1. Having HKB Eng Chun as the main identity of the Official Licensed HKB school.
2. Having HKB syllabus to be taught from day one. [Not after Black Belt, or the end of the tunnel/hall]
3. Having HKB Eng Chun label as standalone art. It’s not multiple/mixed wing chun/MMA Wing Chun, and it must not be called Shaolin Wing Chun or any other label. It is just a Black Flag Wing Chun / HKB Eng Chun.
After all, it is your decision to make. If acquiring HKB Eng Chun skill is something important to you, then you should focus on your HKB training first.
In conclusion;
For each hour that a HKB practitioner puts into training HKB, that is one more hour, one more step closer toward understanding the essence and acquiring HKB skill.
For each hour that a HKB practitioner puts into training other systems (from long range, grappling, other lineage of wing chun, including other secret society wing chun), what it really means is that you are taking one hour from your HKB training, which makes your skill 1 hour less, one more step behind and further away from understand the essence and acquiring the HKB Skill.
If learning, understanding and acquiring the HKB skill is very important to you, then focus on learning it. Learning other stuff, will only mean you’re damaging to your HKB skill.
See you next time in our HKB Blog!
Best Regards
Kenneth Lin
© Copyright by Kenneth Lin, all rights are reserved. Distribution permission requires stating original source link.
The post Hek Ki Boen Eng Chun System and HKB Training Methodology appeared first on Hek Ki Boen Wing Chun Online University.
Regards,
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Journalists compete in more than 50 different categories; AGAHI Awards encourages best content in print, television, radio and online journalism.
Pakistan’s most prestigious journalism “Agahi Awards 2013” celebrated today at PNCA Islamabad. The Awards have been organized in collaboration with leading press clubs, local and international media development institutions, regulatory authorities, civil society organizations, private sector and other stakeholders. Puruesh Chaudhary Founder & President, AGAHI and Amir Jahangir Chief Executive Officer, Mishal Pakistan founded these awards in 2012.
The Agahi Awards are an annual series of awards for journalism in Pakistan, developed under the umbrella of the Credibility Lab at Mishal for creating an appreciation methodology for ethical and quality content. The evaluation methodology and criteria of the awards have been designed on the pillars of Media Development Indicators of UNESCO, in collaboratiosn with the Center for International Media Ethics (CIME) and UNESCO headquarters in Paris. The Awards were inaugurated in March 2012 and have become the most prestigious awards for the journalism in Pakistan.
The Awards have created appreciation for journalism in fifty different categories including business and economy, conflict, corruption, crime, education, infotainment, the nexus between water, energy and food security, gender and governance, health, extremism and terrorism, peace, interfaith, dignity; thus creating media diversity across print, television, radio and the online media.
Among the winners for this year’s “Agahi Awards 2013, the Journalist of the Year Award” were deigned in 50 categories. The award for business and economy was won by Naveen Mangi (Bloomberg), Maliha Naz Rana from Herald in Health and Primary Education, Shakeel Ahmad (DAWN News) Higher Education and Training, Zahir Shah Sherazi (DAWN News) in Infrastructure, Abdur Rauf (Express Tribune) for Institutions, Maimoona Saeed (GEO News) forLabor Market Efficiency, Ghulam Mohiuddin (AAJ TV) for Environment,Shabina Faraz (Jang) in Climate Change, Zahid Gishkori (Express Tribune) in Flood and Disaster Reporting, Sehrish Wasif (Express Tribune) in Disaster and Catastrophe, Xari Jalil (DAWN) in Governance, A.B. Arisar (DAWN) in Corruption, Asad Kharal (Express Tribune) forLaw &Order, Hanif Samoon (DAWN.com) in Health,Din Muhammad Watanpal (Daily Qudrat, Quetta) forChild Survival, Sarwar Baloch (VSH News) in Health&Nutrition, Ali Usman (Express Tribune) forNon Communicable Diseases, Zia ur Rehman (Friday Times) for Polio Immunization, Aslam Chandio (Online News Agency) forEnergy, Water &Food Security, Sarah Munir (Express Tribune) on Media Ethics,Syed Ali Shah (DAWN News) forMedia Safety, Ashraf Javed (The Nation)for Crime Reporting, Shahzada Irfan Ahmad (The News) forCorporate Social Responsibility, Zahir Shah Sherazi (DAWN News) in Democratic Values and Dignity, Bina Shah (Blogger) in Education, Zia ur Rehman (Friday Times) for Extremism and Terrorism,Shahzada Irfan Ahmad (The News) in Gender,A.B. Arrisar (DAWN) in Gender – Economic Opportunity, Abdul Shakoor (APP) in Gender – Health and Survival, Zia Ur Rehman (Friday Times) in Gender – Political Empowerment, Aamir Saeed (Pique Magazine) forHuman Rights,Fazal Khaliq (Express Tribune) in Child Protection, Kiran Nazish (DAWN.com) forChild Rights, A.B. Arisar in Gender – Domestic Violence, Zia ur Rehman (Friday Times) in Minorities &Marginalized Communities, Mehtab Haider (The News) in Political &Regularity Environment, Jawwad Rizvi (The News) in Market Environment, Faseeh Mangi (Bloomberg) in Infotainment,Mubashar Zaidi (DAWN.com) in Journalism for Peace,Muhammad Irfan Haider (Dawn) forConflict Reporting, Asad Kharal (Express Tribune) in Judiciary,Zeeshan Anwar (Daily Express) in Court Reporting, Zahir Shah Sherazi (DAWN.com) in Photo Journalism,Aslam Chandio (Online News Agency) in sports.
The awards ceremony was presented by Osama Bin Javaid, a Pakistani journalist based in the Middle East and Razeshta Sethna, par of the editorial team at a leading English language publication in Pakistan. The Awards also have special categories including“Current Affairs Anchor of the Year” and “News Channel of the Year” in Pakistan. These categories are on the basis of people’s choice, which includes voting for these two categories by reaching out to more than 6 million Pakistanis through social media engagement and 1.5 million via SMS campaign and direct feedback.
GEO NEWS won the Peoples’ Choice Award for the “Most Favourite News Channel” second year around.
The “Current Affairs Anchor of the Year” Award was for two emerging anchors; won by Iqrar ul Hassan (ARY News) and Alia Nazki (BBC Urdu), as “the Emerging Current Affair Anchor of the Year” in the male and female categories. “Investigative Journalist of the Year” award was won by Asad Kharal (Express Tribune).
Ejaz Haider from Capital TV awarded the “Most Credible Anchor” based on the Media Credibility Index developed in collaboration with more than 10 journalism schools in Pakistan.
To ensure diversity in content and more social issues to be highlighted in media, Mishal Pakistan in collaboration with Save the Childrencreated the health category further dividing them into six sub-categories. This has not only increased the quantum of health content in media, but has also encouraged journalists to write more on the socio-economic challenges in Pakistan.
This year AGAHI Awards received an overwhelming response by the journalist community, where more than 1500 nominations were received from all over the country across more than 50 different categories in print, television, radio and online content.
Academic partners for Agahi Awards 2013 from the disciplines of journalism and mass communication included;Fatima Jinnah Women University (Rawalpindi), AllamaIqbal Open University (Islamabad), BahauddinZakariya University (Multan), International Islamic University (Islamabad), Islamia University (Bahawalpur), University of Gujrat, National University of Science and Technology (Islamabad), Roskilde University (Denmark), Center for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom atEuropean University (Italy).
Press Clubs in Lahore, Peshawar, Karachi, Multan, and the National Press Club along with the Kashmir Press Club (Mirpur) and the Tribal Union of Journalists, Center for International Media Ethics, Ethical Journalism Network, Media Helping Media, Save the Children, Devex, International Center for Journalists (ICFJ), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Press Council of Pakistan, Internews Network, Center for Investigative Journalism (Bosina-Sarajevo), Transnational Crisis Project, Hayward Black Media, MediaShift, P@sha have partnered to ensure making the journalism awards at par with international standard of journalism.
Mishal Pakistan is the country partner Institute of the Center for Global Competitiveness and Benchmarking Networks at the World Economic Forum. Established in 2003, Mishal has been engaged with key stakeholders in Pakistan to improve the state of media through good governance initiatives.
This image is excerpted from a U.S. GAO report:
www.gao.gov/products/GAO-16-594
MEDICARE PART B: CMS Should Take Additional Steps to Verify Accuracy of Data Used to Set Payment Rates for Drugs
Note: In 2014, Medicare spent about $24 billion on approximately 74 million administrations of 814 Part B drugs. These estimates include spending by the Medicare fee-for-service program, its beneficiaries, and other payers in cases where Medicare is not the primary payer or where beneficiaries receive assistance with their cost sharing. These estimates do not include spending for or administrations of drugs for which Medicare's payment is bundled with that of a related service—approximately 88 million administrations in 2014—or spending for the administration or dispensing of the drugs.
Journalists compete in more than 50 different categories; AGAHI Awards encourages best content in print, television, radio and online journalism.
Pakistan’s most prestigious journalism “Agahi Awards 2013” celebrated today at PNCA Islamabad. The Awards have been organized in collaboration with leading press clubs, local and international media development institutions, regulatory authorities, civil society organizations, private sector and other stakeholders. Puruesh Chaudhary Founder & President, AGAHI and Amir Jahangir Chief Executive Officer, Mishal Pakistan founded these awards in 2012.
The Agahi Awards are an annual series of awards for journalism in Pakistan, developed under the umbrella of the Credibility Lab at Mishal for creating an appreciation methodology for ethical and quality content. The evaluation methodology and criteria of the awards have been designed on the pillars of Media Development Indicators of UNESCO, in collaboratiosn with the Center for International Media Ethics (CIME) and UNESCO headquarters in Paris. The Awards were inaugurated in March 2012 and have become the most prestigious awards for the journalism in Pakistan.
The Awards have created appreciation for journalism in fifty different categories including business and economy, conflict, corruption, crime, education, infotainment, the nexus between water, energy and food security, gender and governance, health, extremism and terrorism, peace, interfaith, dignity; thus creating media diversity across print, television, radio and the online media.
Among the winners for this year’s “Agahi Awards 2013, the Journalist of the Year Award” were deigned in 50 categories. The award for business and economy was won by Naveen Mangi (Bloomberg), Maliha Naz Rana from Herald in Health and Primary Education, Shakeel Ahmad (DAWN News) Higher Education and Training, Zahir Shah Sherazi (DAWN News) in Infrastructure, Abdur Rauf (Express Tribune) for Institutions, Maimoona Saeed (GEO News) forLabor Market Efficiency, Ghulam Mohiuddin (AAJ TV) for Environment,Shabina Faraz (Jang) in Climate Change, Zahid Gishkori (Express Tribune) in Flood and Disaster Reporting, Sehrish Wasif (Express Tribune) in Disaster and Catastrophe, Xari Jalil (DAWN) in Governance, A.B. Arisar (DAWN) in Corruption, Asad Kharal (Express Tribune) forLaw &Order, Hanif Samoon (DAWN.com) in Health,Din Muhammad Watanpal (Daily Qudrat, Quetta) forChild Survival, Sarwar Baloch (VSH News) in Health&Nutrition, Ali Usman (Express Tribune) forNon Communicable Diseases, Zia ur Rehman (Friday Times) for Polio Immunization, Aslam Chandio (Online News Agency) forEnergy, Water &Food Security, Sarah Munir (Express Tribune) on Media Ethics,Syed Ali Shah (DAWN News) forMedia Safety, Ashraf Javed (The Nation)for Crime Reporting, Shahzada Irfan Ahmad (The News) forCorporate Social Responsibility, Zahir Shah Sherazi (DAWN News) in Democratic Values and Dignity, Bina Shah (Blogger) in Education, Zia ur Rehman (Friday Times) for Extremism and Terrorism,Shahzada Irfan Ahmad (The News) in Gender,A.B. Arrisar (DAWN) in Gender – Economic Opportunity, Abdul Shakoor (APP) in Gender – Health and Survival, Zia Ur Rehman (Friday Times) in Gender – Political Empowerment, Aamir Saeed (Pique Magazine) forHuman Rights,Fazal Khaliq (Express Tribune) in Child Protection, Kiran Nazish (DAWN.com) forChild Rights, A.B. Arisar in Gender – Domestic Violence, Zia ur Rehman (Friday Times) in Minorities &Marginalized Communities, Mehtab Haider (The News) in Political &Regularity Environment, Jawwad Rizvi (The News) in Market Environment, Faseeh Mangi (Bloomberg) in Infotainment,Mubashar Zaidi (DAWN.com) in Journalism for Peace,Muhammad Irfan Haider (Dawn) forConflict Reporting, Asad Kharal (Express Tribune) in Judiciary,Zeeshan Anwar (Daily Express) in Court Reporting, Zahir Shah Sherazi (DAWN.com) in Photo Journalism,Aslam Chandio (Online News Agency) in sports.
The awards ceremony was presented by Osama Bin Javaid, a Pakistani journalist based in the Middle East and Razeshta Sethna, par of the editorial team at a leading English language publication in Pakistan. The Awards also have special categories including“Current Affairs Anchor of the Year” and “News Channel of the Year” in Pakistan. These categories are on the basis of people’s choice, which includes voting for these two categories by reaching out to more than 6 million Pakistanis through social media engagement and 1.5 million via SMS campaign and direct feedback.
GEO NEWS won the Peoples’ Choice Award for the “Most Favourite News Channel” second year around.
The “Current Affairs Anchor of the Year” Award was for two emerging anchors; won by Iqrar ul Hassan (ARY News) and Alia Nazki (BBC Urdu), as “the Emerging Current Affair Anchor of the Year” in the male and female categories. “Investigative Journalist of the Year” award was won by Asad Kharal (Express Tribune).
Ejaz Haider from Capital TV awarded the “Most Credible Anchor” based on the Media Credibility Index developed in collaboration with more than 10 journalism schools in Pakistan.
To ensure diversity in content and more social issues to be highlighted in media, Mishal Pakistan in collaboration with Save the Childrencreated the health category further dividing them into six sub-categories. This has not only increased the quantum of health content in media, but has also encouraged journalists to write more on the socio-economic challenges in Pakistan.
This year AGAHI Awards received an overwhelming response by the journalist community, where more than 1500 nominations were received from all over the country across more than 50 different categories in print, television, radio and online content.
Academic partners for Agahi Awards 2013 from the disciplines of journalism and mass communication included;Fatima Jinnah Women University (Rawalpindi), AllamaIqbal Open University (Islamabad), BahauddinZakariya University (Multan), International Islamic University (Islamabad), Islamia University (Bahawalpur), University of Gujrat, National University of Science and Technology (Islamabad), Roskilde University (Denmark), Center for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom atEuropean University (Italy).
Press Clubs in Lahore, Peshawar, Karachi, Multan, and the National Press Club along with the Kashmir Press Club (Mirpur) and the Tribal Union of Journalists, Center for International Media Ethics, Ethical Journalism Network, Media Helping Media, Save the Children, Devex, International Center for Journalists (ICFJ), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Press Council of Pakistan, Internews Network, Center for Investigative Journalism (Bosina-Sarajevo), Transnational Crisis Project, Hayward Black Media, MediaShift, P@sha have partnered to ensure making the journalism awards at par with international standard of journalism.
Mishal Pakistan is the country partner Institute of the Center for Global Competitiveness and Benchmarking Networks at the World Economic Forum. Established in 2003, Mishal has been engaged with key stakeholders in Pakistan to improve the state of media through good governance initiatives.
This is probably going to get flagged for obscenity but it's totally not.
Methodology
Systematically search Google for queries like "penispenispenis" or "vaginavaginavaginavagina". Collect data on how many results are found for each. Plot data.
Discussion
People on the web do penis repetitions more than vagina repetitions. Also, have a striking fondness for repeating vagina 7 times and penis 15 times. For some reason, penispenispenis is eight times more popular (7900 results) than penispenis or penispenispenispenis. While there are fewer vagina repeaters, they basically go just as long as the penis repeaters. Vaginas and penises are wonderful.
See Also
My study of variations on snowedin.net/blog/index.php/2004/08/18/fck/.
Original at www.jorj.org/cgi-bin/potd-detail.cgi?EID=1078
[I have several updates to the below text at the original location above, including that it's not Hershel's original methodology. I recommend you follow that link.]
This one takes some explaining; it's some of what's been eating up my time for the past few weeks.
This shot started life on HP5+ developed in Xtol. I digitally inverted and enlarged the shot and printed it on Pictorico Ultra Premium OHP before stuffing it in to my vacuum frame (yes, that shot shows me mis-printing a positive I printed first - oops).
Traditionally, Cyanotype has a "part A" (green ferric ammonium citrate) and a "part B" (Potassium Ferricyanide). Usually you mix equal parts together, put it on paper, dry it, and expose it to UV light for a few minutes (outside) to an hour (under a UV light). Results are generally high-contrast and very very blue.
This print was made with an alternative method - reportedly the same one that Sir John Hershel used, which has been generally forgotten. I stumbled across an old thread on some forum or other last week where this was mentioned in passing and decided I had to give it a try: instead of mixing parts A and B, you just coat the paper in part A and then expose it. Afterward you develop it in part B, and then wash it with water. The results are a substantially lower contrast print with excellent tonality.
After initial printing, this was a typical cyanotype blue. I soaked it in coffee for about an hour to give it this final tone. My next print was going to be bleached (in borax or ammonia) and then toned (with coffee or tea) - but I broke my UV lamp instead, so that will have to wait a few days. I'm using a backup UV lamp that's not nearly as bright and am printing 31-step wedges to see just how well this new technique works.
Of course this raised another set of questions for me: Mike Ware created a "New Cyanotype" recipe that is faster and offers a greater tonal range. (I use this too, and have to admit that it seems superior in many ways.) I have to wonder if it's possible to use Ammonium Iron(III) Oxalate mixed with Ammonium Dichromate like the traditional "part A", and then develop in Potassium Ferricyanide (same as the traditional "part B"). I think I'll have to try this out the next time I mix up a new batch!
Technology without electricity. AddoMeter adding machine and aircraft slide rule. Thanks to RXKing for the fun addometer!
1 декабря 2021, Совещание Научно-методического совета по культурному наследию Министерства культуры РФ / 1 December 2021, Meeting of the Scientific and Methodological Council for Cultural Heritage of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation
"We are the Same", say Jewish and Arab youth.
"Wow wow wow, I have no specific words to describe two of the most spectacular days I have ever had in my life,” wrote Eman Darawshe, English Language coordinator at Iksal High School on her FaceBook page. Her eleventh-grade grade Muslim students met with Jewish students from Afula for a two-day intensive negotiation workshop facilitated by NGO Pathways. The program uses Harvard Law School’s Program on Negotiation (PON) methodology, specifically designed to teach over 400 eleventh-grade students from 16 high schools around the country. The workshop pairs together schools from different communities, whose students learn basic negotiation skills by participating in simulations and exercises to reinforce these life skills. This unique program opens up new lines of communication between Arab and Jewish youth who seldom have the opportunity to meet one another by providing a platform to break down stereotypes and prejudice and explore areas of mutual respect, tolerance and understanding.
One of our retiring virology techs produced this while sorting through her stuff (the added labeling is hers). For each virus the Windows reveal pertinent information on culturing (e.g. what cell lines to use). These methodologies are retreating from hospital labs as molecular testing (PCR, polymerase chain reaction) take over.
Christ Returns
The Sign of That Day Coming
The Problems with Pretribulationism
© 2008 by Stephen Amy
Pretribulationism, the teaching that the church wil be taken out of the world before the time of the great tribulation, is problematic. There is no question that the Scriptures teach the visible second coming of the Lord Jesus in glory with His angels, and that when He comes the Church will be caught up to meet Him in the air. But no Scriptures state or imply that the Lord Jesus is coming before the great tribulation.
While many who teach and believe this doctrine are sincere, an examination of cited Scripture passages and the doctrinal reasoning employed to support this doctrine reveal faulty Bible study methodology.
Reading in the "Light" of Hypothesis versus The Word
The cornerstone of this methodology is the reading of unclear passages of Scriptures in the light or bias of the pretribulation hypothesis. Correct Bible study requires that unclear passages of Scripture be read in the light of clearer passages that speak about the same subject. Scripture interprets Scripture. A clearly stated hypothesis should never be used to clarify the meaning of an unclear Scripture passage. Context, language, intent of the author, and other clearer Scripture passages should be used.
The following is an example of reading an unclear Bible passage in the light of a hypothesis.
False hypothesis: The Bible teaches that UFOs with people from other planets have visited the earth. This is supported by the following Scriptures:
"Then it came about as they were going along and talking, that behold, there appeared a chariot of fire and horses of fire which separated the two of them. And Elijah went up by a whirlwind to heaven." (2 Kings 2:11)
"And as I looked, behold, a storm wind was coming from the north, a great cloud with fire flashing forth continually and a bright light around it, and in its midst something like glowing metal in the midst of the fire." (Ezekiel 1:4).
Incorrect reasoning and conclusion: A chariot of fire that flies like a whirlwind into heaven with Elijah is just another way of describing a flying saucer. Glowing metal in the midst of a storm cloud of fire is Ezekiel's way of describing a flying saucer. The passages cited support and confirm that UFOs from other planets have visited the earth.
The Problem Method
The hypothesis, with all of its details, was introduced first. This created a certain light or context in the mind of the reader. Next, the passages were read to support the hypothesis. Ignored were the Biblical contexts which said nothing about flying saucers or other planets. The hypothesis achieved undeserved authority because it was proposed to be a plausible explanation of the Scriptures cited.
The Rise of Pretribulationism
In early 19th century Ireland, the doctrine of the pretribulation rapture of the church grew from the use of the above method. A clear hypothesis was stated, and various, less specific passages were appealed to for support. In an environment of renewed interest in prophecy, the doctrine grew like wildfire.
Following is an examination of Scriptures often cited to support the pretribulation hypothesis. After examining the passage and the arguments presented for its meaning, ask these questions:
* What does this passage clearly and unmistakably say?
* If the meaning of the passage is not clear by itself, what clear and unambiguous Scripture passages or methods am I using to understand the passage?
* Am I arriving at the meaning of the Scripture with the aid of the hypothesis?
The Church and God's Wrath
1 Thess. 5:9 "For God has not destined us for wrath, but for obtaining salvation through our Lord Jesus Christ."
Pretribulation reasoning:
* The great tribulation is uniquely a time of God's wrath.
* God's wrath is poured out on all inhabitants of the earth.
* God has not destined true believers for wrath.
Incorrect conclusion: The church cannot be present on the earth during the time of the great tribulation because the wrath of God would necessarily be directed toward it. Therefore the church must be raptured before the great tribulation. One pretribulation author, John Walvoord, says: "The church therefore cannot enter 'the great day of their wrath'" (Rev. 6:17).
Problems with this reasoning:
First, every reader should study the Bible reference John Walvoord and others use to support the above conclusion. The passage makes no such claim. While it is true that God's wrath is poured out during the great tribulation (Rev. 6:17, 15:1, 16:1), it is not true that all persons on the earth at the time of the tribulation are the subjects of God's wrath. The book of Revelation speaks about saints living on earth during the time that God's wrath is being displayed (7:14, 11:3-12, 12:6, 13-17, 13:7, 14:12, 16:15). Some of these saints are the very agents of God's wrath (Rev.11:5-6). Jesus taught his disciples that the saints would be on the earth during the great tribulation, and then gathered together after the tribulation (Matt. 24:3-31, note vv. 29-31). The saints are not the target of God's wrath during this time, but are persecuted by the beast (Rev. 13:7). When God comes, his wrath is directed toward those who are persecuting the saints, and He provides relief for the suffering saints (2 Thess. 1:6-10).
Pretribulation authors typically acknowledge that there will be saints on the earth during the tribulation, but they deny that such saints are members of the church. This assertion grows from dispensationalism, a method of interpreting Scripture that distinguishes Israel from the church in the last days. Thus they explain that although saints can be on the earth, the church is not. But there can be no doubt that believing Jews are portrayed as members of the church (from Pentecost to the coming of the Lord) in such passages as Eph. 2:14; Rev. 2:8-11, and Rev. 3:7-13. The dispensationalist's assertion that believing Israel is not to be confused with the church during the time portrayed in Revelation fails to consider that: (1) believing Jews and gentiles go through the tribulation (Rev. 7:4-8, 9-14); (2) the church, since the time of Pentecost, has been composed of Jews and gentiles; and (3) the book of Revelation is written "to the churches" (Rev. 22:16).
Thus, being present on earth during the great tribulation does not contradict the fact that God has not destined us for wrath. When the true believers of the church are present during the time of the tribulation, and looking forward to the rapture, they will be comforted and encouraged when they read: God has not destined us for wrath but for obtaining salvation through our Lord Jesus Christ.
Philadelphia Kept From That Hour
"Because you have kept the word of my perseverance, I also will keep you from the hour of testing, that hour which is about to come upon the whole world, to test those who dwell upon the earth." Rev. 3:10.
Pretribulation reasoning:
* The members of the church in Philadelphia are promised that they will be "kept from the hour of testing."
* Philadelphia, the church addressed, must represent the entire church prior to the time of the great tribulation.
* The "hour of testing" is interpreted to mean the entire time of the great tribulation. To be "kept from the hour of testing" is interpreted to mean that the church will be raptured from the earth.
Incorrect conclusion: The church in Philadelphia is promised that it will be "kept from the hour," which must mean "be raptured from the earth," before the time of the great tribulation. The church in Philadelphia represents the whole true church of all believers just before the time of the tribulation. So the church will be raptured before the tribulation.
Problems with this reasoning:
In Revelation 2 and 3, seven contemporary churches are addressed. Five churches are warned to repent, while two churches, Philadelphia and Smyrna, are consoled and encouraged. To interpret the church of Philadelphia as representative of the entire church violates the context that presents it as one of seven churches. No passage of Scripture suggests that Philadelphia alone represents the entire church at the time preceding the great tribulation, while all the other six churches do not. Such an assertion is an arbitrary reading in the light of pretribulation hypothesis, not the results of exegesis.
The "hour of testing" may be the time of the great tribulation, or it may be some segment before, during, or after the great tribulation. Whatever the meaning, the promise to be kept from it is only significant to the church in Philadelphia.
To be "kept from the hour" could be interpreted various ways, including death before the onset of a particular time, or preservation and protection during such time. Indeed, the Lord Jesus, when praying for the church asks that they be "kept from the evil one," but specifically notes that He is not praying that they be "taken from the world" (John 17:15). To insist that "kept" means "raptured" is an arbitrary reading in the light of a hypothesis, not the result of any Scripture passage that teaches "kept" equals "raptured." It might be reasonable to suggest "kept" equals "raptured" if we had any passage of Scripture that presented the church being raptured (caught-up, removed, gathered) before the great tribulation, but no such passage exists. To conclude the meaning of this passage in the "light" of pretribulation hypothesis, and then use this passage as the basis of the pretribulation hypothesis, is a blatant example of circular reasoning.
Plausible meaning of the passage:
The first chapter of Revelation identifies all the churches as lampstands. In chapters 2 and 3, both Philadelphia and Smyrna stand without criticism before the Lord while the other five churches are warned to repent. Chapter 11 describes the ministry, death, resurrection, and rapture of two witnesses after identifying them as "the two lampstands that stand" (the churches of Philadelphia and Smyrna). These two churches are protected by God while they carry out a unique ministry for 3 1/2 years. After their ministry is finished, the beast makes war with them and kills them. After 3 1/2 days, they are resurrected and raptured into the presence of the Lord. The protection by the Lord for their witness during the forty-two months, and their subsequent rapture before the events of the bowls, is the probable realization of the Lord's earlier promise to Philadelphia.
Apostasy or Rapture: Taken out of the way
"For the mystery of lawlessness is already at work; only he who now restrains will do so until he is taken out of the way." (2 Thess. 2:7).
Pretribulation reasoning:
* "He who now restrains" is a reference to the Holy Spirit, the church or the Holy Spirit as He indwells the church.
* The phrase "taken out of the way" equals the events of the rapture.
* The man of lawlessness appears (and consequently the tribulation begins) only after "he who now restrains" is "taken out of the way."
Incorrect conclusion: He who now restrains (the Holy Spirit in the church) is taken out of the way (that is, taken out of the world), thus the church is taken out of the world before the tribulation begins.
Problems with this reasoning:
There is no general agreement among commentators regarding the meaning or even proper translation of the text rendered as "he who now restrains." It might better be translated, "he who now holds fast." In either case, the pretribulation hypothesis is improperly assumed so that "taken out of the way" equals "raptured out of the world."
The phrase "taken out of the way" is literally "comes to be out of the midst." It is an explanation of the results of the apostasy that precedes the revelation of the man of sin introduced at the beginning of the passage.
The general context and language of 2 Thess. 2 does not support, and in fact contradicts, the pretribulation hypothesis.
The apostle Paul introduces this discussion with the fact that the apostasy would precede the appearance of the man of lawlessness and, consequently, the day of the Lord. The apostle does not introduce the passage with notification to the Thessalonians that they would be raptured before the appearance of the man of sin. On the contrary, the apostle argues that:
* Apostasy, a falling away from the faith, would happen first.
* The man of lawlessness would appear.
* The man of lawlessness and day of the Lord had not yet appeared.
* The apostasy had not occurred.
* The Thessalonians were holding fast the faith (the opposite of apostasy).
Whatever the meaning of 2 Thess. 2, it is necessary to notice that rapture (our "gathering together to Him") is discussed as an event that follows apostasy and the revelation of the man of lawlessness (2 Thess. 2:3)
If Paul wanted to convince this church that the day of the Lord had not yet occurred and thus support the idea of a pretribulation raputure, he could have simply said, "The rapture happens first, and you Thessalonians HAVE NOT BEEN RAPTURED!" But he did not.
Errors from Implication and Silence
The Time of Jacob's Trouble
The pretribulation hypothesis points to the fact that the great tribulation is the time of "Jacob's trouble" (Jer. 30:7). Some infer from this that the church is not the focus of the tribulation and would not be expected to be on the earth during this time. However, even a casual reading of Jeremiah 30 reveals that the nations of the world are all drawn into the events described there, not just Jacob.
In addition, the fact that this period of time is called "Jacob's trouble" does not invite us to conclude that "Jacob" is not the church, or a name equivalent to the church in end-times. Indeed, in the first century of the church's existence, "Jacob" was the predominant member of the church. The pretribulation argument that "Jacob's trouble" is not the church's trouble would have been nonsensical to John (himself a Jew) and to the early recipients of the book of Revelation.
And why would the fact that it is the time of Jacob's trouble necessarily exclude anyone else of any description? This reasoning is again the product of dispensationalism, which insists that believing Jews are not members of the church in the end-times.
The Term "Church" Not in Revelation 4-21 But Certainly on Earth
Some have claimed that because the term "church" does not occur in Revelation chapters 4 through 21, the church is not involved in the events portrayed, and therefore must have been raptured before these events. However, seven churches are addressed as present in their earthly cities in chapters 2 and 3, and they are not portrayed as having been raptured anywhere in those passages. In fact, they are warned of the consequences of Jesus' coming. So we would logically expect to find them where we last saw them, in Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamum, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and Laodicea. One pretribulation author, attempting to overcome this difficulty, suggested that John is a symbol of the church, and portrays the rapture of the church when he is instructed to "come up here" (4:1). But this method would leave the gate wide open for us to interpret almost any symbol as the church in chapters 4-21.
This argument from silence is self-destructive to the pretribulation hypothesis since the word for rapture, or any description of it, does not occur with reference to the specific term "church" anywhere in Revelation. Should not pretribulationists wonder why a book written to the churches about the revelation of Jesus Christ has no mention of the rapture of the "church" on any page, according to their terms?
Hypothesis: That There Exists Two Distinct Classes of Christ Returns Passages
It is under this heading, in the name of graduate credentials and the Greek language, that this argument is mounted. Certain verses are selected as "rapture passages" according to a supposed academic criteria, while others are chosen as Second Coming passages because they meet a different criteria. The criteria of one group is supposed to logically exclude the other group. That, however, is where the problem is. It is important for all to note from the outset that none of the passages speak about a PRE-TRIBULATION COMING OF THE LORD. It is not the intent of this paper to point out every instance or error made by Pretribulationists, so I will give some examples of wrongfully dividing passages of Scripture on the basis of the Pretribulation Hypothesis and/or Dispensationalism.
John 14:2-3 versus Matthew 24:29-31
The above two passage represent classic examples of the kind of argument that divides one passage as a so-called rapture passage (John 14:2-3) against a second coming passage (Matthew 24:29-31).
To fully experience the absurdity of this rewriting of Scripture, every reader should obtain Dr. John Walvoord's book, The Rapture Question. Go straight to page 70 and start reading. After you have finished reading the subject of that heading, Going To The Father's House, you will find that Dr. Walvoord has argued, by direct implication, that if you are a "saint" gathered in the sky in Matthew 24 in the second coming of our Lord, you certainly are not a beneficiary of the promises he made to the disciples who gathered in the upper room shortly after he taught them of his coming on Mt Olivet. If you're going to the place Jesus prepared, you are certainly not going to expect to be the elect gathered by the angels. Dr. Walvoord went on to teach that the promise made in the upper room is to the church for a trip from earth to heaven, to the place He prepared for them, while believing Israel, not the church, is to receive, in the post tribulation 2nd coming, an earthly kingdom, where they will reign with Christ for a thousand years.
* Problem 1: In the upper room discourse the Lord Jesus does not use the word "heaven" (in spite of what Dr. Walvoord says), and He could have easily been going away to prepare the place in the Father's house from which these very men would reign for 1000 years. There is nothing spoken here by Jesus which disallows any saint from reigning on earth in the place in the Father's house the Lord Jesus prepared for them. To say that the place being prepared by Jesus is not in the Fathers house, if it is "down there on earth" versus "up there in heaven," is an argument begging many questions, not the least of which is who said so?
* Problem 2: Where is Christ for one thousand years, in heaven with the disciples and others, or on earth, with Israel and others?
* Problem 3: Where would these Jewish Christian disciples believe they were going to spend the one thousand years, in heaven or on earth?
* Problem 4: When Peter, James, John, and Andrew, (founding leaders of the church, and, men who were Jews who knew the promises to Israel) were present for the Mt. Olivet discourse, later heard Jesus say in the upper room, "I am going to prepare a place for you...I am coming again," did they, like Walvoord, believe that Jesus was talking about a coming other than the coming that they had questioned him about when walking by the temple?
* Problem 5: Jesus never mentions the Church or Israel to His disciples in either the upper room discourse or Mt. Olivet. But in the upper room He did say something about the Way, the Truth, and the Life. [Lord Jesus help us!]
Read John 14 and then read Matthew 24, and then ask yourself or discuss with a friend, or better yet, someone who is known as quite logical, are the data stated in the two groups of data, in the two passages, actually exclusive of each other?
Put yourself in Peter's, James', John's, and Andrew's sandals a couple days after the Lord Jesus ascended. Someone asks you about when Jesus is going to come again. This someone is a converted Jew living in Jerusalem. What are you going to tell him? Are you going to tell him about two separate future comings of the Lord, one a Rapture for the church to a home in heaven, the other a quite visible Second Coming for believing Israel for a job on earth? Are you going to say Jesus can come at any minute, even before I finish this sentence, or are your going to say we must see the temple torn down, rebuilt, Israel torn down, rebuilt, reoccupied in 1948?
Pretribulational/Dispensational Corruption of Prophetic Scriptures
Dispensationalism views the Bible through a filter that says believing Israel is to be handled separately and is separate from the church. Thus, when the church is raptured before the tribulation, that is a gentile affair. At the occasion of the 2nd coming, that is a Jewish affair. Believing "elect" Jews, "Israel" will reign with Christ in His kingdom on earth. Never mind that the church is founded on believing Jewish apostles, Jewish converts, and has many Jewish converts to this day. Never mind that the churches of Smyrna and Philadelphia are addressed as Jewish believers, making Jewish believers two of the seven churches addressed in the day of the Lord by John (the "two lampstands" that stand).
The apostles never taught dispensationalism in any of their letters to the churches, but did teach the unity of Jews and gentiles in Jesus (Eph. 2)
The Church Raptured
This approach neglects to recognize that the language of Revelation largely employs symbols, some of which represent the church. The golden lampstands are immediately defined by the angel in chapters 1-3 as churches. If we find the term "lampstand," or any other term synonymous with church in chapters 4-21, then the argument from silence fails by definition. But, even if no term for the church is found in these chapters, an argument from silence proves only what it says, which is nothing.
However, five terms for church are used in Revelation 4-21. "Lampstand," "temple" "city" and "witnesses" are used in chapter 11, and in chapter 21 we find "bride." John is instructed to "rise and measure the temple of God" (11:1), a term that stands for the whole church of Jews and gentiles (1 Cor. 3:16; Eph. 2:21). When Jesus commissions his church he calls them His witnesses, "You shall be My witnesses in..." (Acts 1:8). In Revelation 11 the chapter describes the ministry of two witnesses during the time of the great tribulation, and identifies these two witnesses as "the two lampstands that stand before the Lord." Because we were introduced in chapters 1-3 to seven lampstands (the whole church), and noticed that two of these lampstands stood without accusation before the Lord, the two lampstands of chapter 11 are obviously these two churches (see: The Two Witnesses). These two churches were distinguished from the other five in the scene where John is instructed to measure those who worship at the altar, believing Jews, from the outer court, believing gentiles. Paul uses language picturing the church as a virgin betrothed to Christ, in his second letter to the church of Corinth (2 Cor. 11:2), while the author of Hebrews describes the church as "the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem ... church of the first born" (Heb. 12:22-23). The pretribulationists' insistence that the temple of Revelation 11 is a literal building directly contradicts Jesus' own statement that the temple would not be standing in the end-times (Matt. 24:2), and that he would make the members of the Philadelphian church "pillars in the temple... (3:12)."
As mentioned above, saints are portrayed on earth throughout the chapters that describe the events of the great tribulation. How is it possible to be a post-Pentecost saint and not be a member of the church, unless one imports a hyper-dispensationalist hypothesis that "explains" how tribulation saints are not in the church?
Revelation 22:16 specifically says that the testimony of the book of Revelation is "for the churches."
The Term "Rapture" Not In Matthew 24:31
It is argued that because the term for "rapture" is not used in Matt. 24:31, the rapture is not being discussed. But using this reasoning no passage except 1 Thess. 4:17 would qualify as a "rapture" passage. Furthermore, neither 2 Thess. 2:1, ("our gathering together to Him") nor Rev. 11:12 ("Come up here") would qualify as a rapture passage.
Statements to Israel or the Church?
It is also argued that the Lord's statements in Matthew 24 to His inner circle of disciples are to be interpreted as a sermon directed to Israel, not instructions to the founding leaders of the Christian church. But the term "Israel" is not used to describe His disciples in Matthew 24. It is further asserted that Jesus, when addressing the very same disciples a short time later in the upper room, addressed them as the foundational Christians of the church, and that He spoke to them about a pretribulation rapture of the church. But the terms church and rapture are not used at all in the upper room discourse, and the disciples are told to have courage because of coming tribulation (John 16:33).
However, the gathering of saints from the sky (an accurate description of rapture, cf. 1 Thess. 4:15 ff.) is described in detail in Matt. 24:31, specifically occurring "after the tribulation of those days" Matt. 24:29.
Argument from Imminence: Coming like a thief
Pretribulationism improperly insists that the doctrine of the imminent return of Christ be stated thus:
Christ can and should be expected to return and rapture the church at any moment. No prophetic events will intervene between now and the rapture of the church.
To support this definition of imminence, John 14:3 and 1 Thess. 4-5 are cited. But a single reading of these passages reveals that the coming of the Lord is not discussed as an event to be expected at any moment. Even when Paul writes that the day of the Lord comes as a thief in the night (1 Thess. 5:2), he emphasizes that such is the case only for unbelievers. He clearly states that the day will not overtake the Thessalonians like a thief (1 Thess. 5:4).
1 Thess. 4-5 teaches the imminence of "the day of the Lord" (1 Thess. 5:2). The day of the Lord is a time frame with events that precede, attend, and follow the coming of Jesus. This is proved in Revelation 1:10. Thus, to say, "Jesus can arrive at any minute and rapture the church" is different than saying that the events that signal His coming could begin at any minute.
The pretribulationist does not adhere to imminent return as he has defined it. His literature contains comments that suggest the coming of the Lord is now closer than ever before as certain current events have unfolded as fulfillment of prophecy. How often has it been suggested that the Lord is nearer because of the re-gathering of Israel as a nation in 1948? This is specifically mentioned as a fulfillment of prophecy from Ezekiel 37:12. Could the Lord have returned before 1948? Is imminence (as defined above by dispensationalism) true only since 1948? Or what about the proposed rebuilding of the temple that has so often been rumored by pretribulation Christian television hosts?
Because these Scriptures do not teach the imminent return as defined by pretribulationism, one author reasons in the following manner:
"If the teaching of Christ had been to the intent that His coming for them was after the Great Tribulation, it is difficult to see how this message [John 14] would have been a source of solace to their troubled hearts." [The Rapture Question, pg. 73 John Walvoord]
If our source of joy or sorrow is related to our personal circumstances of suffering or the lack of it in this life, then I understand Walvoord's statement. But if the source of the disciples' (and our) joy lies in being with the Lord, from whom we are now parted, then Walvoord's statement is puzzling. Jesus' words in John 14 and 1 Thess. 4:13-18 are a limitless source of comfort in that we know that in spite of death or tribulation, Jesus has overcome the world and is coming again for us. To postulate, as Walvoord does, that Jesus was comforting His disciples by assuring them of no tribulation or involvement in the great tribulation virtually contradicts everything Christ had told them up to that point.
If it is true that even one prophetic event remains to be fulfilled before the coming of Christ, then imminence as defined by the pretribulation hypothesis, is discredited. (The reader is urged to review the things that will precede "our gathering together to Him" in 2 Thess. 2:1-7.)
Argument from reputation or popularity
The arguments in favor of pretribulationism that carry the most weight are generally unspoken: (1) "If [some important teacher] believes and teaches the pretribulation rapture of the church, then it must be true." How could a person of such reputation be wrong? (2) There are so many people that believe it, it must be true.
These arguments are perhaps the most difficult of all to defeat. Whatever a Christian teacher of good reputation teaches is likely to be believed by a great number of others who trust that teacher. Here, the lessons of history should caution us. Loyalty to a reputable teacher or pastor is important, but we are never relieved of the responsibility to search the Scriptures. Loyalty and respect do not suggest or imply the sort of mindless obedience that has been at the foundation of large cults surrounding notorious charismatic personalities.
There is no question that pretribulationism is popular today. The best selling fictional Left Behind series proved its popularity. But not one apostle or church father ever taught pretribulationism. There is no record that pretribulationism was ever taught before the early 1800s.
P.S. To Fearful and Faith-weak Pastors
I know that there are a good number of pastors, who, like me, came out of school, pre-trib, and no longer believe it. Each of those men know that there are a great number of evangelical churches which would automatically ask them to leave their existing position or screen them out of consideration for a position when they declare their changed doctrinal belief. This is where integrity and obedience comes in to play, and the fear of the Lord. Re-read Revelation 22:18-19.
18 I testify to everyone who hears the words of the prophecy of this book: if anyone adds to them, God shall add to him the plagues which are written in this book; 19 and if anyone takes away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God shall take away his part from the tree of life and from the holy city, which are written in this book.
The New American Standard Bible, (La Habra, California: The Lockman Foundation) 1977.
Get on your knees and get right with the Lord, and then get out your pen and write a letter to your church explaining what happened to you, how and why. God will be glorified. You will be blessed. Your flock will be properly prepared.
The Danger of Pretribulationism
The danger of pretribulationism lies in the potential for disillusionment and disbelief when end-time events unfold in the way actually described in the Bible. Will those caught in the events of the tribulation lose their faith when pretribulationism is not borne out? Having heard their leaders describe pretribulationism with the same fervor as they describe the resurrection, will they abandon a belief in the resurrection when it becomes obvious pretribulation rapture in not true?
I believe that the student of prophecy should note that some significant warnings are found in the Bible concerning what we believe about the end-times: Matt. 24:4; Rev. 22:18-19, 2 Thess. 2:3.
The Fact of Tribulation Taught by Jesus
Unlike hypothetical pretribulationism, the Lord Jesus clearly stated the following words which were recorded by His disciple Matthew in the Word of God.
29 "But immediately after the tribulation of those days the sun will be darkened, and the moon will not give its light, and the stars will fall from the sky, and the powers of the heavens will be shaken, 30 and then the sign of the Son of Man will appear in the sky, and then all the tribes of the earth will mourn, and they will see the Son of Man coming on the clouds of the sky with power and great glory. 31 And He will send forth His angels with a great trumpet and they will gather together His elect from the four winds, from one end of the sky to the other."
For some thoughts on the Panasonic S1R and my ad hoc "test methodology", please click the top image below.
I took test shots with four M-lenses with a Panasonic S1R: Leica 21mm, 28mm and 50mm Summilux and Zeiss 35mm Distagon ZM, all f/1.4 lenses, all at f/1.4. This is one of the test shots uploaded to Flickr.
All these are actual pixels at 100% magnification in Capture One. Most of these zoomed in views are from the corners. The panel on the right shows the stream of shots in full frame, with the current frame highlighted.
The in-camera JPEG processing is quite mediocre – it is easy to see posterization effects. But having used other Panasonic Lumix cameras in the past, I have no doubt that the raw files will be far superior.
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The 28mm focal length is considered the true reportage lens, so it is popular for street photography. A 50mm lens is normal, longer focal lengths are telephoto, 35mm is wide angle, but not punchy enough, and 24mm and below are ultra wide angles.
So the 28mm is the perfect focal length to capture a lot of information, with just the right punch. So I was especially curious to see how the 28 lux did on the S1R. The short answer is, "great"!
The lighting was terrible and the in-camera JPEG rendering is mediocre. But the color and sharpness is all fine, and the RAW file can be easily optimized with a few basic tweaks. I am looking forward to the S1R RAW conversion to become available in Capture One.
A more succinct version ran on Seattlest.
This building has housed many sad stories, but has a sign of hope.
It's at the corner of McClellan and Martin Luther King Way Jr. South in Seattle.
Here was my methodology: I went to King County Parcel Viewer to get the address for the building, and then searched the web and Seattle Times archives for that address and next door. I took names that came out and searched in the Washington State Digital Archives for dates of birth, marriage, and death; as well as spouses, parents and children. Then I took those dates and names and went back to Seattle Times to see if I could find more.
In 1905 Oheda Kulnujia came to America with her family from Turkey, joining an uncle who had been in Seattle since before the Yukon gold rush. In 1922 she married John Arten, who himself had arrived in the US in 1909 from Turkey or Armenia.
in 1927 John paid to have this building constructed at the corner of McClellan and then-Empire Way. It had easy access to streetcars and the Renton interurban just a block away on Rainier. And, it was located on a new road which was carrying more auto traffic every year. It was the boom time of the 1920s. Oheda gave birth to a daughter, Mary, in 1925. John paid $2200 for the building, and it had space for his shoe repair business in front and for his family to live in the back. (9/29/1927 ST p29)
In 1941 Mary was almost done in by all that auto traffic. The car she was in was struck by another car in a bad accident. But she made it through. In 1950 she was wed for a brief year, long enough to give birth to a daughter, also named Mary. Both kept the name Medzegian.
At the time of our old photograph, 1957, Mary was running a "snack bar" restaurant in half of the retail space. The boisterousness of the signs shows how well the family was doing.
Oheda passed away in 1964 (5/18/1964 ST p39). It's unclear of the exact cause, but both businesses were closed in 1967 and the equipment sold off. Perhaps as the younger Mary graduated high school her mother moved on? (ST classifieds February and March 1967)
And maybe John was no longer able to run his business. He died at the end of 1969. (12/15/1969 ST p45).
Mary -- or perhaps renters? -- lost her poodle "Taffy" in 1970 (2/18/1970 ST classfied)
The elder Mary owned the building until 2002, and passed away in 2004
The building was gutted by fire in 2007.
But just as it seems the story is petering out in sadness, two bright spots.
Good samaratins saved two people from the fire.
And now, a sign of hope in the fight against cancer graces the building.