View allAll Photos Tagged Localized
A very localized flower limited more or less to Chelan and parts of Kittitas County...a rarer on in Okanogan Co...this one is in my garden.
BNSF 2023 and BNSF 1835 lead the L KAN2111 22T west of Bazar heading toward the Frontier Refinery at El Dorado, KS
Small Group Discussion: Localizing Agricultural Value Chains for Shared Prosperity
The world’s agricultural economy exceeds $2 trillion, yet much of the production, processing, and manufacturing for high value food products that could be energizing developing economies instead takes place in developed countries, reducing opportunities for local livelihood improvement and economic growth. Some companies have identified an opportunity to strengthen their own businesses and invest in local livelihoods by keeping high-value processing and manufacturing in the low-income countries where their agricultural products are sourced. Others are localizing their supply chains, ensuring that food products they sell within developing countries are made using locally sourced ingredients. These trends can empower smallholder farmers, strengthen small- and medium-sized enterprises, and mitigate the climate footprint resulting from the transportation of goods across the globe, while at the same time reducing companies’ sourcing and production costs. To ensure that localized supply chains and value chains can function sustainably, businesses must cultivate ecosystems that support this type of business environment and the human capital needed for growth and prosperity.
In this session, participants will:
• Explore the economic, environmental, and social opportunities that can be achieved through local value chains and the partnerships that can make these possible.
• Examine case studies of successful efforts to localize supply chains serving domestic markets and create value chains in low-income countries to serve global markets.
MODERATOR:
Don Seville, Co-Director, Sustainable Food Lab
PARTICIPANTS:
Blanca Juti, Chief Corporate Relations Officer, Heineken
Jacqueline Novogratz, Founder and CEO, Acumen
Magatte Wade, Founder and CEO, Tiossan
Fiesta y mi amiga Trixie
Como les decia, llegando a la fiesta localize a mi amiga Trixie, muy linda en este vestido negro.
Un gran abrazo para ella, que aparte de apartarme lugar y ayudarme e a recordar donde era la fiesta, formo pare de las chicas que participaron en la organizacion.
Ahi estuvo para repartir las pulseritas y cotejar contra la lista, en la organizada de la rifa, en todo andaba ella, y aun asi se daba tiempo para platicar y bailar con amigas.
Y bueno yo por ahi andaba saludando amigas, y platicando poquitin. Y pues todo muy agradable.
Ya luego vino la hora de cenar, yo comi asi poquititito, por que bueno ya saben la dieta, asi que solo probe la sopa, y no pedi papas, y minimo de la carnita que dieron, que estaba rica y queria mas, pero a tener resistencia y no sucumbir la dieta.
Luego hicieron una rifa, de algunas cositas, pero yo no gane.
Y luego a abrir la pista y a bailar, asi que ahi anduvo Jessica baile qe baile, con varias amiguitas, todo lo que quizo.
Y aqui le dejo por hoy.
Tambien, un gran abrazo a Trixie, por que tuvo el super detalle, de darme al final, un regalo de navidad (y yo me siento apenada de no haberle dado algo), una linda taza, ya luego se las presumo.
Kisses
Jessica
Party and my friend Trixie
As I was telling, upon arrival of the party I found my friend Trixie, wearing this pretty black dress.
A big hug for her, not only did she kept a chair for me and help me get direction to the party, she was one of the girls organizing things.
She was giving bracelets and checking the list of guests, she was part of organizing a raffle, she was everywhere, and even with all that giving herself time to chat and dance with friends.
And I was over there too saying hi to friends, chatting here and there, and everything nice.
The time for eating, the dinner, but I only ate very little, the diet, so only a little taste of the soup and meat, no potatoes side-dish for me.
Then the raffle, some girly things, I didn't get lucky to win.
It was time to opend the dance floor, and so the it was Jessica, dancing here and there, with friends all she wanted.
And I stop writting for today.
Oh, another big hug to Trixie, she had a very special detail, of giving me a Xmas present a pretty cup (mug), I will shor it later in photo.
Kisses
Jessica
Calli Nature Preserve, near North Vernon, Jennings County, Indiana.
This is one of those wildflowers that had managed to evade my camera and me for years on end. It is not common here in Indiana, yet it is certainly not rare either. Unlike wildflowers that are universally abundant like spring beauty, twinleaf tends to be very localized in occurrence. It can be found statewide, although it is much more easily found in southern Indiana than in the north. One of its characteristics is that plants in a particular population will go through their flowering cycle very rapidly. If you know of some soon to flower, do not tarry or you will miss them!
LIKE THE FACEBOOK - www.facebook.com/berger.stadel.walsh
ENJOY THE WEBSITE - www.bergerstadelwalsh.com
FOLLOW THE TWEETS - www.twitter.com/b__s__w
via Instagram ift.tt/1TeZOWc
Anything via instagram uploads within an hour after I took it, so the upload date is the same as the taken date. Unfortunately, the original EXIF data doesn't transfer, so the time isn't remembered.
Localization: Fontana di Trevi - Rome 1998
Shot: 1/3 in the water.
Camera: Canon Sure Shot A-1 Water Resistant 35mm
Original in Kodacolor II
Scanned with HP Scanjet G4050
Pseudo- HDR using DP-HDR
Localized summer rain showers beyond the colorful orange erosion formations of Bryce Canyon National Park in the Utah USA
Example of localized significant damage to light grey, corrugated paper asbestos-containing pipe insulation, a type of TSI often referred to as "aircell" (looks similar to common corrugated cardboard).
An asbestos building inspection is an important first step in identifying potential exposure risks associated with asbestos hazards in various structures and facilities.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_egret
The great egret (Ardea alba) also known as common egret, large egret or (in the Old World) great white heron,[2][3][4] is a large, widely distributed egret. Distributed across most of the tropical and warmer temperate regions of the world, in southern Europe it is rather localized. In North America it is more widely distributed, and it is ubiquitous across the Sun Belt of the United States and in the Neotropics. The Old World population is often referred to as the great white egret. This species is sometimes confused with the great white heron of the Caribbean, which is a white morph of the closely related great blue heron (A. herodias).
Description
The great egret is a large heron with all-white plumage. Standing up to 1 m (3.3 ft) tall, this species can measure 80 to 104 cm (31 to 41 in) in length and have a wingspan of 131 to 170 cm (52 to 67 in).[5][6] Body mass can range from 700 to 1,500 g (1.5 to 3.3 lb), with an average of around 1,000 g (2.2 lb).[7] It is thus only slightly smaller than the great blue or grey heron (A. cinerea). Apart from size, the great egret can be distinguished from other white egrets by its yellow bill and black legs and feet, though the bill may become darker and the lower legs lighter in the breeding season. In breeding plumage, delicate ornamental feathers are borne on the back. Males and females are identical in appearance; juveniles look like non-breeding adults. Differentiated from the intermediate egret (Mesophoyx intermedius) by the gape, which extends well beyond the back of the eye in case of the great egret, but ends just behind the eye in case of the intermediate egret.
It has a slow flight, with its neck retracted. This is characteristic of herons and bitterns, and distinguishes them from storks, cranes, ibises, and spoonbills, which extend their necks in flight.
The great egret is not normally a vocal bird; it gives a low hoarse croak when disturbed, and at breeding colonies, it often gives a loud croaking cuk cuk cuk and higher-pitched squawks.
Systematics and taxonomy
Like all egrets, it is a member of the heron family, Ardeidae. Traditionally classified with the storks in the Ciconiiformes, the Ardeidae are closer relatives of pelicans and belong in the Pelecaniformes instead. The great egret—unlike the typical egrets—does not belong to the genus Egretta but together with the great herons is today placed in Ardea. In the past, however, it was sometimes placed in Egretta or separated in a monotypic genus Casmerodius.
Subspecies
There are four subspecies in various parts of the world, which differ but little. Differences are bare part coloration in the breeding season and size; the largest A. a. modesta from Asia and Australasia some taxonomists consider a full species, the eastern great egret (Ardea modesta).:
Ardea alba alba (Europe)
Ardea alba egretta (Americas)
Ardea alba melanorhynchos (Africa)
Ardea alba modesta (India, Southeast Asia, and Oceania)
Ecology and status
The great egret is partially migratory, with northern hemisphere birds moving south from areas with colder winters. It breeds in colonies in trees close to large lakes with reed beds or other extensive wetlands. It builds a bulky stick nest.
The great egret is generally a very successful species with a large and expanding range. In North America, large numbers of great egrets were killed around the end of the 19th century so that their plumes could be used to decorate hats. Numbers have since recovered as a result of conservation measures. Its range has expanded as far north as southern Canada. However, in some parts of the southern United States, its numbers have declined due to habitat loss. Nevertheless, it adapts well to human habitation and can be readily seen near wetlands and bodies of water in urban and suburban areas. In 1953, the great egret in flight was chosen as the symbol of the National Audubon Society, which was formed in part to prevent the killing of birds for their feathers.[8][9]
The great egret is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.
On 22 May 2012, it was announced a pair of great egrets were nesting in the UK for the first time at the Shapwick Heath nature reserve in Somerset.[10] The species is a rare visitor to the UK and Ben Aviss of the BBC stated that the news could mean the UK's first great egret colony is established.[10][11] The following week, Kevin Anderson of Natural England confirmed a great egret chick had hatched, making it a new breeding bird record for the UK.[12] Anderson commented "We've definitely seen one chick stretching a wing just before the adult arrived and also after it left and we continue to monitor for more. The eggs of the great egret can hatch over a period of a few days so it may be that if there are other young on the nest they will be less developed and won't be visible yet."[
Diet
The great egret feeds in shallow water or drier habitats, feeding mainly on fish, frogs, small mammals, and occasionally small reptiles and insects, spearing them with its long, sharp bill most of the time by standing still and allowing the prey to come within its striking distance of its bill which it uses as a spear. It will often wait motionless for prey, or slowly stalk its victim.
In culture
The great egret is depicted on the reverse side of a 5-Brazilian reais banknote.
White Egrets is the title of Saint Lucian poet Derek Walcott's fourteenth collection of poems.
The great egret is the symbol of the National Audubon Society.[13]
The name of venerable Shariputra, one of the Buddha's best known followers, signifies the son of the egret (among other possibilities), it is said that his mother had eyes like a great egret.[14]
In Belarus, there is a commemorative coin with the image of a Great egret.
Rising Tide Seattle along with participants who attended Backbone Campaign's Localize This! action camp launched a tremendously successful technical blockade action!-
EVERETT: Five local residents have stopped work at a Burlington Northern Santa-Fe Rail Yard in Everett by erecting a tripod structure on the outbound railroad tracks, directly in front of both a mile-long oil train and a coal train. Seattle resident Abby Brockway - a small business owner and mother - is suspended from the structure 18 feet above the tracks while four other residents are locked to the legs of the tripod. The group is demanding an immediate halt to all shipments of fossil fuels through the Northwest and calling on Governor Inslee to reject permits for all new fossil fuel projects in Washington, including proposed coal and oil terminals.
“People in the Pacific Northwest are forming a thin green line that will keep oil, coal and gas in the ground,” said Brockway, “Just one of these proposed terminals would process enough carbon to push us past the global warming tipping point - we won’t let that happen.”
Today’s protest has shut down work at BNSF’s Delta Rail Yard in Everett. With the increase of fossil fuel transport in recent years the yard has become a crucial staging ground for coal trains headed to Canadian export terminals and oil trains bound for Washington refineries. An oil train carrying explosive bakken crude oil sat stalled while the protest continued.
“Exploding oil trains running through my town are just a reminder of how out of control the fossil fuel industry really is,” said Jackie Minchew an Everett resident and retired educator locked to one of the tripod’s poles.
In a controversial move, Burlington Northern Santa Fe recently announced a tentative deal with union leaders to reduce train crews from an engineer and conductor to a single engineer. The oil train that derailed and exploded in Lac-Megantic, Quebec was crewed by a single engineer. BNSF claims that oil trains will continue to have two-person crews, but critics point out that nothing in the proposed contract binds the company to that statement. Under the proposed deal, coal trains would be operated by a single crew-member.
“BNSF is endangering workers, communities and our environment. They should keep the conductors and lose the oil trains,” said Brockway.
The surge in oil train traffic is already impacting passenger rail and agricultural shipments. Farmers from the Midwest to Washington State have faced what they call “unprecedented” delays in moving Wheat and other products to West Coast ports. Amtrak service through fossil-fuel train corridors has also suffered significant disruption, and officials have expressed concern that the problem will only get worse as more terminals come online.
“Railroads can be part of the solution, transporting crops and people or part of the problem with coal and oil. We should make that decision, not the fossil fuel companies,” Said Patrick Mazza, a longtime climate activist also locked to the tracks.
Mazza says he is taking this action for his daughter, who will turn 18 tomorrow.
“My last act as a father before my daughter reaches full adulthood tomorrow is to put my body on the line today,” Said Mazza, “It is up to us of the parental generation to do our absolute best to leave the least climate disrupted world we can, to put our bodies on the line to give our kids a fighting chance to deal with what we have left them.”
Development of extreme energy projects--like the Alberta tar sands, Bakken Shale oil and coal from the Powder River Basin--has fueled an explosion in proposed fossil fuel infrastructure in the Northwest. More than twenty new or expanded coal, oil, and gas terminals are proposed between British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. In both states and British Columbia, these proposals have been met with fierce local resistance. Local communities have challenged both the safety of transporting coal, oil, and volatile gas through their communities and the role of fossil fuel export in fueling catastrophic climate disruption. Proposed coal terminals in Longview and Bellingham, and oil terminals in Vancouver and Gray’s Harbor, would lead to more carbon emissions than produced in the state of Washington each year.
“We could pass every climate initiative proposed by Governor Inslee, but if we let these terminals be built our future is on the chopping block,” said Liz Spoerri a Seattle middle school teacher also locked on the tracks.
While proposed coal and oil terminals have been controversial for years, climate activists in the Northwest have significantly intensified their tactics this summer. In Montana, residents sat on the tracks to block a coal train last April, and again on August 16,. In early July a woman locked herself to a 55-gallon barrel filled with concrete, blocking oil-trains at a Portland facility. In a similar action on July 28, three people blocked oil-trains at the Tesoro refinery in Anacortes by locking themselves to concrete filled barrels. Most recently, three Seattle residents, including state legislative candidate Jess Spear, were arrested blocking oil and coal trains near the Seattle Waterfront.
“People in the Northwest are not going to allow this region to become a fossil fuel superhighway,” said Mike LaPoint, an Everett small business owner locked on the tracks. “This is just a sample of the resistance that will happen if any large fossil fuel project is permitted.”
Despite controversy, the number of fossil fuel trains on Washington’s rails continues to rise. While larger coal and oil terminals are undergoing lengthy environmental reviews, projects at Washington’s refineries have brought approximately two oil trains per day to communities like Seattle and Everett. While the Department of Ecology conducts a study on the safety of oil-by-rail construction continues on a new terminal at the Phillips 66 refinery in Ferndale, and local officials are attempting to fast-track an oil train terminal at Shell’s Puget Sound Refinery without environmental review. Each of these projects could add up to six oil trains per week to the rails. Expansions at the Fraser Surrey Docks coal export facility in Vancouver, Canada, would increase the number of coal trains moving through Washington. Activists are demanding an immediate moratorium on all new fossil fuel terminals.
“Politicians play a blame game and talk about safety, but new terminals keep getting rubber stamped and built,” said LaPoint, “If elected officials won’t stop the fossil fuel takeover, we’ll have to do it for them”
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rising Tide Seattle is a grassroots, all-volunteer collective dedicated to taking direct action to confront the root causes of climate change, and support communities on the frontlines of extractive industries.
Rising Tide Seattle along with participants who attended Backbone Campaign's Localize This! action camp launched a tremendously successful technical blockade action!-
EVERETT: Five local residents have stopped work at a Burlington Northern Santa-Fe Rail Yard in Everett by erecting a tripod structure on the outbound railroad tracks, directly in front of both a mile-long oil train and a coal train. Seattle resident Abby Brockway - a small business owner and mother - is suspended from the structure 18 feet above the tracks while four other residents are locked to the legs of the tripod. The group is demanding an immediate halt to all shipments of fossil fuels through the Northwest and calling on Governor Inslee to reject permits for all new fossil fuel projects in Washington, including proposed coal and oil terminals.
“People in the Pacific Northwest are forming a thin green line that will keep oil, coal and gas in the ground,” said Brockway, “Just one of these proposed terminals would process enough carbon to push us past the global warming tipping point - we won’t let that happen.”
Today’s protest has shut down work at BNSF’s Delta Rail Yard in Everett. With the increase of fossil fuel transport in recent years the yard has become a crucial staging ground for coal trains headed to Canadian export terminals and oil trains bound for Washington refineries. An oil train carrying explosive bakken crude oil sat stalled while the protest continued.
“Exploding oil trains running through my town are just a reminder of how out of control the fossil fuel industry really is,” said Jackie Minchew an Everett resident and retired educator locked to one of the tripod’s poles.
In a controversial move, Burlington Northern Santa Fe recently announced a tentative deal with union leaders to reduce train crews from an engineer and conductor to a single engineer. The oil train that derailed and exploded in Lac-Megantic, Quebec was crewed by a single engineer. BNSF claims that oil trains will continue to have two-person crews, but critics point out that nothing in the proposed contract binds the company to that statement. Under the proposed deal, coal trains would be operated by a single crew-member.
“BNSF is endangering workers, communities and our environment. They should keep the conductors and lose the oil trains,” said Brockway.
The surge in oil train traffic is already impacting passenger rail and agricultural shipments. Farmers from the Midwest to Washington State have faced what they call “unprecedented” delays in moving Wheat and other products to West Coast ports. Amtrak service through fossil-fuel train corridors has also suffered significant disruption, and officials have expressed concern that the problem will only get worse as more terminals come online.
“Railroads can be part of the solution, transporting crops and people or part of the problem with coal and oil. We should make that decision, not the fossil fuel companies,” Said Patrick Mazza, a longtime climate activist also locked to the tracks.
Mazza says he is taking this action for his daughter, who will turn 18 tomorrow.
“My last act as a father before my daughter reaches full adulthood tomorrow is to put my body on the line today,” Said Mazza, “It is up to us of the parental generation to do our absolute best to leave the least climate disrupted world we can, to put our bodies on the line to give our kids a fighting chance to deal with what we have left them.”
Development of extreme energy projects--like the Alberta tar sands, Bakken Shale oil and coal from the Powder River Basin--has fueled an explosion in proposed fossil fuel infrastructure in the Northwest. More than twenty new or expanded coal, oil, and gas terminals are proposed between British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. In both states and British Columbia, these proposals have been met with fierce local resistance. Local communities have challenged both the safety of transporting coal, oil, and volatile gas through their communities and the role of fossil fuel export in fueling catastrophic climate disruption. Proposed coal terminals in Longview and Bellingham, and oil terminals in Vancouver and Gray’s Harbor, would lead to more carbon emissions than produced in the state of Washington each year.
“We could pass every climate initiative proposed by Governor Inslee, but if we let these terminals be built our future is on the chopping block,” said Liz Spoerri a Seattle middle school teacher also locked on the tracks.
While proposed coal and oil terminals have been controversial for years, climate activists in the Northwest have significantly intensified their tactics this summer. In Montana, residents sat on the tracks to block a coal train last April, and again on August 16,. In early July a woman locked herself to a 55-gallon barrel filled with concrete, blocking oil-trains at a Portland facility. In a similar action on July 28, three people blocked oil-trains at the Tesoro refinery in Anacortes by locking themselves to concrete filled barrels. Most recently, three Seattle residents, including state legislative candidate Jess Spear, were arrested blocking oil and coal trains near the Seattle Waterfront.
“People in the Northwest are not going to allow this region to become a fossil fuel superhighway,” said Mike LaPoint, an Everett small business owner locked on the tracks. “This is just a sample of the resistance that will happen if any large fossil fuel project is permitted.”
Despite controversy, the number of fossil fuel trains on Washington’s rails continues to rise. While larger coal and oil terminals are undergoing lengthy environmental reviews, projects at Washington’s refineries have brought approximately two oil trains per day to communities like Seattle and Everett. While the Department of Ecology conducts a study on the safety of oil-by-rail construction continues on a new terminal at the Phillips 66 refinery in Ferndale, and local officials are attempting to fast-track an oil train terminal at Shell’s Puget Sound Refinery without environmental review. Each of these projects could add up to six oil trains per week to the rails. Expansions at the Fraser Surrey Docks coal export facility in Vancouver, Canada, would increase the number of coal trains moving through Washington. Activists are demanding an immediate moratorium on all new fossil fuel terminals.
“Politicians play a blame game and talk about safety, but new terminals keep getting rubber stamped and built,” said LaPoint, “If elected officials won’t stop the fossil fuel takeover, we’ll have to do it for them”
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rising Tide Seattle is a grassroots, all-volunteer collective dedicated to taking direct action to confront the root causes of climate change, and support communities on the frontlines of extractive industries.
Rising Tide Seattle along with participants who attended Backbone Campaign's Localize This! action camp launched a tremendously successful technical blockade action!-
EVERETT: Five local residents have stopped work at a Burlington Northern Santa-Fe Rail Yard in Everett by erecting a tripod structure on the outbound railroad tracks, directly in front of both a mile-long oil train and a coal train. Seattle resident Abby Brockway - a small business owner and mother - is suspended from the structure 18 feet above the tracks while four other residents are locked to the legs of the tripod. The group is demanding an immediate halt to all shipments of fossil fuels through the Northwest and calling on Governor Inslee to reject permits for all new fossil fuel projects in Washington, including proposed coal and oil terminals.
“People in the Pacific Northwest are forming a thin green line that will keep oil, coal and gas in the ground,” said Brockway, “Just one of these proposed terminals would process enough carbon to push us past the global warming tipping point - we won’t let that happen.”
Today’s protest has shut down work at BNSF’s Delta Rail Yard in Everett. With the increase of fossil fuel transport in recent years the yard has become a crucial staging ground for coal trains headed to Canadian export terminals and oil trains bound for Washington refineries. An oil train carrying explosive bakken crude oil sat stalled while the protest continued.
“Exploding oil trains running through my town are just a reminder of how out of control the fossil fuel industry really is,” said Jackie Minchew an Everett resident and retired educator locked to one of the tripod’s poles.
In a controversial move, Burlington Northern Santa Fe recently announced a tentative deal with union leaders to reduce train crews from an engineer and conductor to a single engineer. The oil train that derailed and exploded in Lac-Megantic, Quebec was crewed by a single engineer. BNSF claims that oil trains will continue to have two-person crews, but critics point out that nothing in the proposed contract binds the company to that statement. Under the proposed deal, coal trains would be operated by a single crew-member.
“BNSF is endangering workers, communities and our environment. They should keep the conductors and lose the oil trains,” said Brockway.
The surge in oil train traffic is already impacting passenger rail and agricultural shipments. Farmers from the Midwest to Washington State have faced what they call “unprecedented” delays in moving Wheat and other products to West Coast ports. Amtrak service through fossil-fuel train corridors has also suffered significant disruption, and officials have expressed concern that the problem will only get worse as more terminals come online.
“Railroads can be part of the solution, transporting crops and people or part of the problem with coal and oil. We should make that decision, not the fossil fuel companies,” Said Patrick Mazza, a longtime climate activist also locked to the tracks.
Mazza says he is taking this action for his daughter, who will turn 18 tomorrow.
“My last act as a father before my daughter reaches full adulthood tomorrow is to put my body on the line today,” Said Mazza, “It is up to us of the parental generation to do our absolute best to leave the least climate disrupted world we can, to put our bodies on the line to give our kids a fighting chance to deal with what we have left them.”
Development of extreme energy projects--like the Alberta tar sands, Bakken Shale oil and coal from the Powder River Basin--has fueled an explosion in proposed fossil fuel infrastructure in the Northwest. More than twenty new or expanded coal, oil, and gas terminals are proposed between British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. In both states and British Columbia, these proposals have been met with fierce local resistance. Local communities have challenged both the safety of transporting coal, oil, and volatile gas through their communities and the role of fossil fuel export in fueling catastrophic climate disruption. Proposed coal terminals in Longview and Bellingham, and oil terminals in Vancouver and Gray’s Harbor, would lead to more carbon emissions than produced in the state of Washington each year.
“We could pass every climate initiative proposed by Governor Inslee, but if we let these terminals be built our future is on the chopping block,” said Liz Spoerri a Seattle middle school teacher also locked on the tracks.
While proposed coal and oil terminals have been controversial for years, climate activists in the Northwest have significantly intensified their tactics this summer. In Montana, residents sat on the tracks to block a coal train last April, and again on August 16,. In early July a woman locked herself to a 55-gallon barrel filled with concrete, blocking oil-trains at a Portland facility. In a similar action on July 28, three people blocked oil-trains at the Tesoro refinery in Anacortes by locking themselves to concrete filled barrels. Most recently, three Seattle residents, including state legislative candidate Jess Spear, were arrested blocking oil and coal trains near the Seattle Waterfront.
“People in the Northwest are not going to allow this region to become a fossil fuel superhighway,” said Mike LaPoint, an Everett small business owner locked on the tracks. “This is just a sample of the resistance that will happen if any large fossil fuel project is permitted.”
Despite controversy, the number of fossil fuel trains on Washington’s rails continues to rise. While larger coal and oil terminals are undergoing lengthy environmental reviews, projects at Washington’s refineries have brought approximately two oil trains per day to communities like Seattle and Everett. While the Department of Ecology conducts a study on the safety of oil-by-rail construction continues on a new terminal at the Phillips 66 refinery in Ferndale, and local officials are attempting to fast-track an oil train terminal at Shell’s Puget Sound Refinery without environmental review. Each of these projects could add up to six oil trains per week to the rails. Expansions at the Fraser Surrey Docks coal export facility in Vancouver, Canada, would increase the number of coal trains moving through Washington. Activists are demanding an immediate moratorium on all new fossil fuel terminals.
“Politicians play a blame game and talk about safety, but new terminals keep getting rubber stamped and built,” said LaPoint, “If elected officials won’t stop the fossil fuel takeover, we’ll have to do it for them”
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rising Tide Seattle is a grassroots, all-volunteer collective dedicated to taking direct action to confront the root causes of climate change, and support communities on the frontlines of extractive industries.
www.spanishhelpnow.com/uncategorized/irregular-conjugatio...
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Rising Tide Seattle along with participants who attended Backbone Campaign's Localize This! action camp launched a tremendously successful technical blockade action!-
EVERETT: Five local residents have stopped work at a Burlington Northern Santa-Fe Rail Yard in Everett by erecting a tripod structure on the outbound railroad tracks, directly in front of both a mile-long oil train and a coal train. Seattle resident Abby Brockway - a small business owner and mother - is suspended from the structure 18 feet above the tracks while four other residents are locked to the legs of the tripod. The group is demanding an immediate halt to all shipments of fossil fuels through the Northwest and calling on Governor Inslee to reject permits for all new fossil fuel projects in Washington, including proposed coal and oil terminals.
“People in the Pacific Northwest are forming a thin green line that will keep oil, coal and gas in the ground,” said Brockway, “Just one of these proposed terminals would process enough carbon to push us past the global warming tipping point - we won’t let that happen.”
Today’s protest has shut down work at BNSF’s Delta Rail Yard in Everett. With the increase of fossil fuel transport in recent years the yard has become a crucial staging ground for coal trains headed to Canadian export terminals and oil trains bound for Washington refineries. An oil train carrying explosive bakken crude oil sat stalled while the protest continued.
“Exploding oil trains running through my town are just a reminder of how out of control the fossil fuel industry really is,” said Jackie Minchew an Everett resident and retired educator locked to one of the tripod’s poles.
In a controversial move, Burlington Northern Santa Fe recently announced a tentative deal with union leaders to reduce train crews from an engineer and conductor to a single engineer. The oil train that derailed and exploded in Lac-Megantic, Quebec was crewed by a single engineer. BNSF claims that oil trains will continue to have two-person crews, but critics point out that nothing in the proposed contract binds the company to that statement. Under the proposed deal, coal trains would be operated by a single crew-member.
“BNSF is endangering workers, communities and our environment. They should keep the conductors and lose the oil trains,” said Brockway.
The surge in oil train traffic is already impacting passenger rail and agricultural shipments. Farmers from the Midwest to Washington State have faced what they call “unprecedented” delays in moving Wheat and other products to West Coast ports. Amtrak service through fossil-fuel train corridors has also suffered significant disruption, and officials have expressed concern that the problem will only get worse as more terminals come online.
“Railroads can be part of the solution, transporting crops and people or part of the problem with coal and oil. We should make that decision, not the fossil fuel companies,” Said Patrick Mazza, a longtime climate activist also locked to the tracks.
Mazza says he is taking this action for his daughter, who will turn 18 tomorrow.
“My last act as a father before my daughter reaches full adulthood tomorrow is to put my body on the line today,” Said Mazza, “It is up to us of the parental generation to do our absolute best to leave the least climate disrupted world we can, to put our bodies on the line to give our kids a fighting chance to deal with what we have left them.”
Development of extreme energy projects--like the Alberta tar sands, Bakken Shale oil and coal from the Powder River Basin--has fueled an explosion in proposed fossil fuel infrastructure in the Northwest. More than twenty new or expanded coal, oil, and gas terminals are proposed between British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. In both states and British Columbia, these proposals have been met with fierce local resistance. Local communities have challenged both the safety of transporting coal, oil, and volatile gas through their communities and the role of fossil fuel export in fueling catastrophic climate disruption. Proposed coal terminals in Longview and Bellingham, and oil terminals in Vancouver and Gray’s Harbor, would lead to more carbon emissions than produced in the state of Washington each year.
“We could pass every climate initiative proposed by Governor Inslee, but if we let these terminals be built our future is on the chopping block,” said Liz Spoerri a Seattle middle school teacher also locked on the tracks.
While proposed coal and oil terminals have been controversial for years, climate activists in the Northwest have significantly intensified their tactics this summer. In Montana, residents sat on the tracks to block a coal train last April, and again on August 16,. In early July a woman locked herself to a 55-gallon barrel filled with concrete, blocking oil-trains at a Portland facility. In a similar action on July 28, three people blocked oil-trains at the Tesoro refinery in Anacortes by locking themselves to concrete filled barrels. Most recently, three Seattle residents, including state legislative candidate Jess Spear, were arrested blocking oil and coal trains near the Seattle Waterfront.
“People in the Northwest are not going to allow this region to become a fossil fuel superhighway,” said Mike LaPoint, an Everett small business owner locked on the tracks. “This is just a sample of the resistance that will happen if any large fossil fuel project is permitted.”
Despite controversy, the number of fossil fuel trains on Washington’s rails continues to rise. While larger coal and oil terminals are undergoing lengthy environmental reviews, projects at Washington’s refineries have brought approximately two oil trains per day to communities like Seattle and Everett. While the Department of Ecology conducts a study on the safety of oil-by-rail construction continues on a new terminal at the Phillips 66 refinery in Ferndale, and local officials are attempting to fast-track an oil train terminal at Shell’s Puget Sound Refinery without environmental review. Each of these projects could add up to six oil trains per week to the rails. Expansions at the Fraser Surrey Docks coal export facility in Vancouver, Canada, would increase the number of coal trains moving through Washington. Activists are demanding an immediate moratorium on all new fossil fuel terminals.
“Politicians play a blame game and talk about safety, but new terminals keep getting rubber stamped and built,” said LaPoint, “If elected officials won’t stop the fossil fuel takeover, we’ll have to do it for them”
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Rising Tide Seattle is a grassroots, all-volunteer collective dedicated to taking direct action to confront the root causes of climate change, and support communities on the frontlines of extractive industries.
Isola Bella (Taormina Sicily)
Isola Bella (Sicilian: Ìsula Bedda) is a small island near Taormina, Sicily, southern Italy. Also known as The Pearl of the Ionian Sea, it is located within a small bay on the Ionian Sea; it was a private property until 1990, when it was bought by the Region of Sicily, being turned into a nature reserve, administrated by the Italian branch of the World Wide Fund for Nature. There is a narrow path that often connects the island to the mainland beach. The island has a small and rather rocky beach which is a popular destination for sunbathers.
History
King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies gifted the island to the nearby town of Taormina in 1806. The island was then bought from the town by a Ms. Trevelyan, who built a small house facing the sea and imported exotic plants, which thrived in the Mediterranean climate. Subsequent owners kept up the island, until the owner went bankrupt, and auctioned the island in 1990. The island had been noted by conservationists as early as 1983, and it was quickly obtained by the Region and designated as a protected natural site. The island is home to several species of birds, and a few types of lizards.
Isola Bella (Taormina)
L'Isola Bella (Isula Bedda in siciliano) è una piccola isola situata nel comune di Taormina, in provincia di Messina. L'esigua distanza dalla costa a volte, a causa della marea, si annulla, rendendola una penisola. È chiamata anche la perla del Mediterraneo.
Il nome fu coniato dal barone tedesco, Wilhelm von Gloeden, che diffuse in tutto il mondo il valore artistico dell'isola.
Storia
Donata nel 1806 da Ferdinando I di Borbone a Pancrazio Ciprioti sindaco di Taormina, fu acquistata nel 1890 da Lady Florence Trevelyan, nipote della Regina Vittoria e moglie del filantropo sindaco di Taormina prof. Salvatore Cacciola che la valorizzò costruendovi una pittoresca casetta e piantumandovi rare essenze pregiate, poi andò in eredità all'unico nipote maschio avv.Cesare Acrosso.
Nel 1954 fu acquistata dai fratelli Busurgi, che vi realizzarono una splendida residenza con una minuscola piscina camuffata fra rocce e piantagioni.
Nel 1984, su sollecitazione del Comune di Taormina, l'Assessorato regionale dei Beni Culturali dichiarò l'Isola Bella un monumento d'interesse storico artistico di particolare pregio in quanto: "esempio isolato di unicum come valore naturalistico, storico e culturale", sottoponendola a vincoli di tutela. Il decreto considerava l'isola come un "monumento naturale".
Nel 1990 l'isola fu messa all'asta e acquistata dall'Assessorato dei Beni Culturali. Nel 1998 fu istituita riserva naturale, gestita dal WWF e di recente passata in gestione alla Provincia di Messina.
Île Belle (Taormina)
L’île Belle est une petite île située à Taormina dans la province de Messine. La courte distance qui la sépare du rivage s'annule parfois lors des marées, donnant alors à l’île un statut de presqu'île. Elle est aussi appelée la Perle de la Méditerranée.
Son nom lui fut donné par le baron allemand Wilhelm von Gloeden qui diffusa partout à travers le monde la valeur artistique de l’île.
Histoire
Offerte en 1806 par Ferdinand Ier des Deux-Siciles à Pancrazio Ciprioti, maire de Taormina. En 1890, elle fut acquise par Florence Trevelyan, petite-fille de la Reine Victoria du maire philanthrope de Taormina, Salvatore Cacciola qui la valorisa en y construisant une maisonnette pittoresque. L’île fut ensuite léguée héréditairement à l’unique petit-fils masculin de Florence, Cesare Acrosso.
En 1954, elle fut acquise par les frères Busurgi qui y firent construire une splendide résidence avec une minuscule piscine camouflée entre les roches et les plantations.
En 1984, sur sollicitation de la commune de Taormina, l’Assesseur régional des Biens Culturels déclara l’île Belle comme un monument d’intérêt historique mérité : « exemple isolé d'unique valeur naturelle, historique et culturelle», la soumettant donc à tutelle. Le décret considéra l’île comme un « monument naturel ».
En 1990, l'île fut finalement mise aux enchères et acquise par l'Assesseur des Biens Culturels. En 1998, elle fut instituée comme Réserve naturelle gérée par le WWF avant de passer entre les mains de la province de Messine.
Isola Bella (Sizilien)
Die Isola Bella ist eine kleine Insel im Ionischen Meer vor der Ostküste Siziliens. Sie gehört zu dem Ortsteil Mazzarò der Stadt Taormina in der Provinz Messina und ist durch eine Sandbank mit dem Strand von Mazzarò verbunden.
König Ferdinand III. von Sizilien schenkte die Insel 1806 der Gemeinde Taormina. Diese musste sie jedoch um 1900 wegen finanzieller Schwierigkeiten verkaufen. Zunächst kam die Insel in den Besitz von Florence Trevelyan, einem Mitglied der anglikanischen Gemeinde von Taormina, die dort exotische Pflanzen züchtete, die sie dann in dem von ihr gegründeten Stadtpark von Taormina anpflanzte. Nach mehreren Eigentümerwechseln wurde die Insel 1954 schließlich von den Brüdern Bosurgi erworben, die dort ein großes Wohngebäude errichteten. Die Insel wurde nun auch als Veranstaltungsort für Unternehmertagungen und Künstlertreffen genutzt.
Als 1990 die Firma der Brüdern Bosurgi in Konkurs ging, wurde die Insel versteigert, und die Region Sizilien konnte sie erwerben. 1998 wurde sie vom WWF zum Naturschutzgebiet erklärt, da hier einige seltene geschützte Tier- und Pflanzenarten zu finden sind, u.a. einige Vogel- und Eidechsenarten.
Der Name der Insel geht auf Wilhelm von Gloeden zurück, der Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts nach Taormina kam und den Ort durch seine Fotografien weltweit bekannt machte.
Isola Bella (Taormina Sicily)
Isola Bella (Isula Bedda en siciliano) es una pequeña isla situada en el municipio de Taormina, en la provincia de Mesina. En ocasiones, la pequeña distancia que la separa de la costa se anula a causa de la marea, convirtiéndose entonces en una península.
El nombre fue acuñado por el barón alemán Wilhelm von Gloeden, que difundió en todo el mundo el valor artístico de la isla.
Historia
Donada en 1806 por Fernando I de las Dos Sicilias a Pancrazio Ciprioti, alcalde de Taormina, fue adquirida en 1890 por Lady Florence Trevelyan, sobrina de la Reina Victoria I del Reino Unido y mujer del filántropo alcalde de Taormina, profesor Salvatore Cacciola, que construyó una pintoresca caseta. Posteriormente fue heredada por su único sobrino varón, el abogado Cesare Acrosso.
En 1954 fue adquirida por los hermanos Busurgi, que construyeron una espléndida residencia con una minúscula piscina camuflada entre rocas y plantaciones.
En 1984, tras una petición del Ayuntamiento de Taormina, el Assessorato regionale dei Beni Culturali (Consejería regional de Bienes Culturales) declaró la Isola Bella como monumento de interés histórico artístico de particular valor, sometiéndola a vínculos de tutela. El decreto consideraba la isla como un "monumento natural".
En 1990 la isla fue puesta a subasta y adquirida por el Assessorato dei Beni Culturali. En 1998 fue instituida como reserva natural, gestionada por el Fondo Mundial para la Naturaleza. Recientemente, la gestión ha pasado a manos de la provincia de Mesina.
"While the field of waste management was an active and lucrative one before the Exile, since that time it has become even more crucial, as well as fiercely competitive. The abrupt loss of contact with corporate headquarters' coupled with the sudden lack of fuel for the familiar trucks led to localized 'gangs' of refuse collectors and recyclers, a situation which has remained much the same (through three so-called 'Garbage Wars') down to the present day. . . . Today the streets and sewers are generally peaceful, though off-duty brawls between the gangs are not uncommon. Some would argue that such rivalries are part of the mystique of the profession. The more established gangs hand out trading cards and replica uniforms to eager youngsters, though always with the warning not to enter abandoned buildings or the sewers alone. . . . The gangs have effectively taken over some of the services formerly provided by municipal departments. They are the primary force for animal control in the city; the Gunk Brothers, for instance, have a dedicated Rat Patrol which famously takes on not only the overgrown rodents (in the years since the Exile they have been seen to reach nine feet from nose to tail, with teeth large enough to take off a man's head) but also Roof Lions (descendants of a small pride once housed in the city zoo; see p.307 for a possible explanation of their dramatic propogation) and, on one occasion much debated, the brood of the possibly mythical Mad Green, a gargantuan sewer croc. (Maximillian Hael--chief of the Alley-Oops, a group of ragmen on the southwest side--once claimed that Mayor Faldbakken III had entered into some sort of alliance with Mad Green, but he disappeared soon after.) . . . As one might imagine, such a profession has a high percentage of casualties. One recent report in the Lost City Ledger a (theoretically) weekly paper on the west side, calculated the average age of the all-female gang the Scum Wranglers as just over twenty-two years old. (It is worth noting that the Wranglers had tangled with a creature identified only as a 'Big fucking shade monster' shortly before the report was written; in the battle three women were killed and four others received injuries which forced them to retire.) Considering their life expectancy it is perhaps not surprising that the gangs are known for binge drinking and irresponsible sexual adventures. The side effects of their work (as the so-called Wandering Comic Roberta Stommel says, "They may be heroes, but they stink") rarely dissuade potential partners. . . . Less celebrated in popular legend are the technical accomplishments of the gangs; their processing warehouses employ skilled seamsters and seamstresses, glassblowers, and electricians, as well as minor alchemists skilled in changing plastic to glass or other substances. Their products are sold to the city, to local water or dairy bottlers, and to the public through on-site boutiques. . . . Today there are several loose affiliations between the gangs, apparently an outgrowth of temporary alliances against various menaces of the streets or the sewers. Mayor Faldbakken III is an outspoken critic of this 'underground network' as he has termed it, but his political opponents (most of whom are either anonymous or short-lived) ascribe this to his fear of being supplanted as the primary power in the city. Popular opinion, at this writing, rests on the side of the gangs." (p.335-337)
The localization on the map shows the production location of the fish and not the location of the photograph.
Crewmen complete localized repairs at the corner of Anderson and Harborview roads in Birch Bay before packing up and moving on to the next location.
On Saturday, August 29 high winds resulted in a lot of downed trees, power lines and other debris which made access to affected areas difficult. In many locations tree crews have had to remove large downed trees and limbs before power restoration work could begin.
We watched the sun get lower while isolated rain was raining all around. This was the heaviest of the rain fall. It was really cool to watch it go up in to the mountains.
As We Walk - Page 1 - Supa Pewee Kids - Comic Book Pages Mason Valentine & B-Pop SPWK American Cartoon Kids Story Art Illustration
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Crewmen complete localized repairs at the corner of Anderson and Harborview roads in Birch Bay before packing up and moving on to the next location.
On Saturday, August 29 high winds resulted in a lot of downed trees, power lines and other debris which made access to affected areas difficult. In many locations tree crews have had to remove large downed trees and limbs before power restoration work could begin.
Crewmen complete localized repairs at the corner of Anderson and Harborview roads in Birch Bay before packing up and moving on to the next location.
On Saturday, August 29 high winds resulted in a lot of downed trees, power lines and other debris which made access to affected areas difficult. In many locations tree crews have had to remove large downed trees and limbs before power restoration work could begin.
Crewmen complete localized repairs at the corner of Anderson and Harborview roads in Birch Bay before packing up and moving on to the next location.
On Saturday, August 29 high winds resulted in a lot of downed trees, power lines and other debris which made access to affected areas difficult. In many locations tree crews have had to remove large downed trees and limbs before power restoration work could begin.
Crewmen complete localized repairs at the corner of Anderson and Harborview roads in Birch Bay before packing up and moving on to the next location.
On Saturday, August 29 high winds resulted in a lot of downed trees, power lines and other debris which made access to affected areas difficult. In many locations tree crews have had to remove large downed trees and limbs before power restoration work could begin.
Crewmen complete localized repairs at the corner of Anderson and Harborview roads in Birch Bay before packing up and moving on to the next location.
On Saturday, August 29 high winds resulted in a lot of downed trees, power lines and other debris which made access to affected areas difficult. In many locations tree crews have had to remove large downed trees and limbs before power restoration work could begin.
Crewmen complete localized repairs at the corner of Anderson and Harborview roads in Birch Bay before packing up and moving on to the next location.
On Saturday, August 29 high winds resulted in a lot of downed trees, power lines and other debris which made access to affected areas difficult. In many locations tree crews have had to remove large downed trees and limbs before power restoration work could begin.
Crewmen complete localized repairs at the corner of Anderson and Harborview roads in Birch Bay before packing up and moving on to the next location.
On Saturday, August 29 high winds resulted in a lot of downed trees, power lines and other debris which made access to affected areas difficult. In many locations tree crews have had to remove large downed trees and limbs before power restoration work could begin.
Note developing inflorescence.
On Distribution: The distribution of this species knows some problems. The area where maculatum and orientale are separated is unclear, and it seems that until the late 1990's and 2000's people often misidentified cylindricum as this species. Also there are many small localized populations on the northern fringes of the distribution, which are often unnatural. Lastly, I initially used the Swedish website 'Den Virtuella Floran', which upon deeper research is proving quite untrustworthy; so be very sceptical of the list below!
Netherlands - S. Zuid Holland, Zeeland, Brabant, Gelderland. Quite common in southern Limburg, but rarer elsewhere - not found naturally in most of the northern provinces, although planted or adventive ('stinsenplant') populations occur in the Utrechtse Huevelrug (where they might be native), Texel Island, Groningen province, and the northwest of Friesland province. Occurs in a wide variety of woodland or hedge-type habitats.
Belgium - Occurs throughout Belgium. Relatively common in Brabant, down the length of the Meuse River and in the southern Ardennes, elsewhere in Belgium it is said to be rare to extremely rare.
Luxembourg - Said to occur throughout Luxembourg. Recently (2008) observed to grow in Parc Hosingen.
Germany - Found in most of Germany. Absent from most of the of the North Sea coastal region (found incidentally near Cuxhaven, near Dornum, near Freideburg and on the island of Scharhörn - these observations likely represent naturalized plants). Said to be present along the Baltic coasts, where it is common in eastern Holstein and the Hamburg area, but becomes rarer further east, where it is found only incidentally along the coastal regions and on Rügen island, but is largely absent further inland. The newest information (Poppendieck & Kasprick [1993]) using the taxonomic key by Boyce [1993], however, states that all the plants in this region actually belong to A. cylindricum. In Lower Saxony it is only found in the south. In the bundesland of Hessen and the north of and Rhineland-Palantine it is uncommon. It is also largely absent from most of former East Germany and along the Polish border, but is found in southeast near the Czech border and most of western Saxony. Often found throughout the beech woodlands surrounding Cologne. Near the Czech border it is also largely absent except near the north near the Polish border, and it is also largely absent in the lower Danube watershed of Bavaria. Officially it is considered not threatened everywhere in Germany except the bundesland of Hamburg; where it is considered extremely rare. It is considered a neophyte in the bundesland of Berlin.
Denmark - Where it is found this species is common in Denmark, but according to Kew's World Checklist of Selected Plant Families it is not native to this country. It is not found on the western and northern coasts of Jutland along the North Sea (except a lone report from near Tønder near the western German border in the south) and the Skagerrak, and most of the centre of Jutland and the Kattegat coasts. It is found north to just north of Viborg, near Ranum in Himmerland and east to Ryomgård. It is completely absent from north of the Limfjord (Thy district and Læsø island). Found from Aarhus in the north (where it may be confused with A. cylindricum) south along along the Baltic coasts of eastern Jutland. Eastwards it is found on Aeroe (Ærø) island, and on Funen (Fyn) island near the city of Odense. Further east it is found throughout Sealand (Sjælland) island, although south of Køge or Ringsted it may be confused with A. cylindricum. On the Møn, Lolland and Falster islands, both species are fairly common, and here you must also be aware that plants may be either species. In Sealand A. maculatum is locally fairly ubiquitous in the vicinity of certain cities and is becoming quite common in northern Sealand. It covers the major areas of the western part of Julianehøj Forest near Svanholm in Hornsherred and is spreading in Vestskoven Forest west of Copenhagen. Even further east, the plant is found on the island of Bornholm, where it is known since at least 1933. Hybrids have formed with A. cylindricum in Denmark. The Flora Europaea considers the population in Denmark to be introduced, but this seems wrong.
UK - Devon (Brixton, Dartmoor), Lake District, throughout Wales (Peak District, Coed Cilygroeslwyd), north to central Scotland. Relatively common to very common where it occurs. Populations around Aberdeen are introduced. Absent from Kent and E. Essex? Need more info.
Channel Islands - Native throughout the Channel Islands. Rare species on Alderley. Distributed throughout Guernsey. Known to grow on Sark, Herm and Jethou for the past few decades. From Jersey there is only one recent record, from near the town of St. Brelade.
Ireland - Native and common. Found everywhere except most of Donegal (NW Ireland), far western Mayo and Galway, and western Cork and Kerry. In Northern Ireland it is likewise quite common and found almost everywhere, except in southern parts of Down and Armagh, central and parts of western Tyrone, and parts of central northeast Derry. Found in woods and shaded hedge-banks on rich, calciferous soils.
France - Occurs throughout almost all of France, excluding the departements of Gironde, Haute-Garonne and Pyrénées-Orientales. it is said to occur in Alpes-Maritimes, but this is thought to be doubtful. Attested in Lyonnais since 1896. In 1981 it was found to occur, albeit very rare, in Charente-Maritime. Is there a population in Corsica or not? -it is said to occur in the text of the .pdf summary of Tela Botanica, it is listed in Flore de Coste, and shown in a map by the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseets, but it not shown on the map shown on the Tela Botanica website.
Spain - Although some sources seem to dispute if this plant is native to Spain, other sources seem say different. There is a natural population in the mountains of Cantabria attested since 1895. The populations in Mallorca, the Pyrenees and Asturia could be either ice-age relict populations or could be naturalized. Needs more work... subsp. pyrenaeum (now seen as invalid) was described from this region... Must check Flora Iberica!
Portugal - Occurs only in the northeasternmost part of Portugal - throughout most of the province of Braganca, the eastern part of southern Vila Real province, and northeastern Guarda province. This information (from the Electronic Flora of Portugal) is not reflected in most international databases.
Italy - The Italian distribution is oddly concentrated on the western side of the Apennines; from the eastern Ligurian Coast southwards to the Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park, with scattered populations on Sicily, Sardinia, coastal Matera, Foggia, Marche and just north of Venice, but may also be sporadically found to the east of the Apennines, except for the region of Apulia, where native populations have never been found. The Flora Europaea considers the occurrence in Sicily 'doubtful', doesn't occur here according to CATE.
Switzerland - Occurs in Switzerland (Flora Helvetica) especially in the temperate zones of the Alps and Jura mts. It is widely and continuously reported from the north, northwest and western parts of the country (about 60%). It is completely absent from southern Switzerland except for in the southern part of Ticino canton. Since 2000 it has been reported much more often than in previous decades. For some reason some pan-European websites say this species does not occur in Switzerland; this is apparently a mistake.
Austria - Unequivocally occurs wild in Austria, for example in Kössen municipality in an Alpine valley near the border with Germany, in the Tirol bundesland, where it is very rare, as it is in Carinthia (very rare and protected: gefährdet!); in these regions it only occurs in scattered populations. According to Botanik im Bild (Flora of Austria by the Botanic Garden of Vienna) it probably does not occur in Lower Austria, Vienna and Burgenland bundeslanden, but in fact it has been found in the bundeslanden of Lower Austria (Hundsheimer Berg at 440m, 1961) and Vienna (Perchtoldsdorfer Heide, 2007) -one might suspect that these were misidentifications, but they were identified after it became clear that there were many misidentifications in this taxon, and were furthermore observed during flowering time. It is more common in the bundeslanden of Styria (it has been found numerous times in the southeast, near the Slovenian border from 1900 up to present (south and west of the city of Graz)), Upper Austria (Hagenau (260m, 1995) and Feldkirchen an der Donau (265m, 1996), both west of Linz; south of Reith (400m, 2003), near Reichersberg (380m, numerous times); southeast of Bad Goisern (1050m, numerous times)); and found many times in the area around Salzburg bordering Germany in the east of the bundesland. It occurs in Vorarlberg where it has been found numerous times since the 1850's.
Hungary - Native. Not rare. It has been found in the Budai mts (2001), just south of Villány at 350m (1960), and just southwest of Melegmány-Völgy Nature Conservation Area -less than a kilometre outside the park (1962).
Slovenia - Need more info.
Czech Republic - Mostly in the west, absent from Moravia, where it is replaced with A. cylindricum.
Slovakia - Not in Kew's World Checklist. The website Prijatelji Narave has ample evidence of this plant occurring here, but there is a problem; the website is not functioning properly, so I can only look at the thumbnail fotos, but many of the A. maculatum fotos seem to be of A. cylindricum. Need more info.
Croatia - Widespread in Croatia. Not attested in 2 floras of Croatia from over 100 years ago, but this plant certainly occurs in Croatia, for example on the hillsides surrounding the village of Žumberka not far from Zagreb near the Slovenian border. Some of the wild plants photographed in Croatia are remarkably spotted on both the leaves and the spathe, even more so than the cultivar 'Pleddel'.
Serbia - Occurs in Serbia.
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Need more info.
Montenegro, Kosovo, Macedonia - Need more info.
Romania - Has been recorded from just south of Baia Mare in central Romania and along the southern Ukrainian border near the city of Tulcea at the head of the Danube Delta. It has been recorded quite often in Caraş-Severin county and neighbouring northern Mehedinţi county, but this is probably an artefact caused by the fat that the most prodigious people logging observations in Romania happen to live there: it probably occurs elsewhere in Romania, but the data is thus skewed towards the Banat region.
Moldova - Need more info.
Bulgaria - Occurs throughout the country in moist and shady forests, mostly in montane regions up to 1800m altitude. Occurs in the same regions as A. orientalis.
Albania - Occurs in Albania, although the Flora Europaea considers it doubtful (don't trust this info).
Turkey - Occurs throughout along the western and northern coastline of Turkey; in İstanbul, Edirne, Gİresun, Kirklareli, Kocaeli, Muğla, Samsun, and Tekirdağ vilayets (=provinces). Note that the references of this species might later turn out to be be A. cylindraceum (see Greece). The Flora Europaea considers the occurrence 'doubtful', but are quite likely mistaken.
Ukraine - Occurs in the (southwestern) Ukraine along with two other species. Plants are attested in the interior of the Budjak region of Odessa Oblast (recently, Romanian sources), and in the Ukrainian Carpathians/Eastern Beskids/Wooded Carpathians of Galicia/Halychyna (1930, Herbarium of Oskarshamn, Sweden). Also occurs on the Crimea according to GRIN and the Flora Europaea.
prob.s
Greece - Occurs in Greece according to Φιλοτης [new, but incorrect, data] in isolated populations according to 'Den Virtuella Floran'; however, Peter Boyce in 1995 published 'The genus Arum (Araceae) in Greece and Cyprus', in which he quite convincingly claims all Greek identifications of A. maculatum were actually plants of A. alpinum. There was also believed to be a native population on Crete, but work by W. Greuter ('Les Arum de la Crete' [1984]) reclassified extant plants and samples as belonging to either A. alpinum or A. idaeum.
Poland - Very rare in Poland; it is officially an Endangered species here, according to the Czerwona Lista Roślin i Grzybów Polski (Red list of Plants and Fungi in Poland) of 2006. According to the newest research (2010), however, it is considered to be introduced as a horticultural plant and not native (see the Netherlands).
Belarus - Occurs according to GRIN, not in the Flora Europaea. No species of Arum occur in Belarus according to the Plants of Belarus (pretty good data).
Russia - Although said to occur in Russia by many authorities, this seems somewhat doubtful in light of the recent uncovering of confusion regarding the identity of this species in the eastern part of its range. If it occurs, then it would possibly do so only in the Taman Peninsula and/or the eastern coastal region of the Black Sea and southwards into the Caucasus. Need more info.
Sweden - This plant is believed not to be native to Sweden or the rest of peninsular Scandinavia by most authorities, but plants growing in Scania (southernmost Sweden) have been attested since 1738, although it is now believed most of these records are actually of A. cylindraceum. Small localised populations now grow throughout southwestern Scania, but these are all probably naturalised stands.
Transcaucasus - Kew's World Checklist, CATE (2009). Western Caucasus according to www.aroidpictures.fr and Wilde Planten van Nederland en België, eastern Caucasus according to 'Den Virtuella Floran'.
Norway: Since 1991 there have been at least four collections/observations of this species in two locations on the North Sea coast of southernmost Norway (in the south of the borough of Madla in the city of Stavanger and near Kristiansand). If these represent true naturalized populations or transient garden escapes is unclear from the data; but judging from Polish, Dutch, Swedish and German populations one would expect that they are non-spreading, vegetatively propagating stands which were planted at one time. The stand near Kristiansand has persisted for at least eight years (1991 to 1999), but this falls within the normal lifespan of species, thus the data is not sufficient to show if we are dealing with an individual(s) or a truly persistent stand, much less a propagating population. The GPS coordinates associated with this population vary slightly, which would indicate a larger spread-out population -which would indicate it spreading, but this can more probably be attributed to instrument quality and calibration.
India: The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh holds a plant specimen collected in India and identified as Alocasia macrorrhiza; which for some unclear reason has been re-identified as Arum maculatum by the GBIF; this is clearly a mix-up of some kind, but why it is occurring is a mystery!
Myanmar: A specimen was collected in 2001 in Mandalay division, identified by the botanists involved as this species.
United States: There have been at least 10 separate collections of this species in the US, but if they represent naturalized populations is unclear. Some do look like genuine naturalized populations, but even if they are, one must also question if all have been correctly I.D.ed, I would personally doubt the veracity of all but two of the collections. There has been a collection made in Ville Platte in Evangeline Parish in Louisiana in 2002.
Here is the final locaized test strip in the wash.
This is from V1.0 where the width was only 7/8 in. and 6 in. tall.
Volkswagen Santana - German by nature.
The VW Beetle may have put the German nation on wheels sixty years ago, 20 million or so having been built of local consumption and export. China, a far larger country, and a market with a long term future, proved to be the fertile ground for another VW success - the Santana.
Not sure if the car was named after a popular 1970s US music group, but the car was basically a three-box sedan version of the B2 Passat. The key to its success was to be the first joint-venture product with SAIC (Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation), the leading early, state-owned automotive enterprise. The SAIC joint-venture was based in Shanghai - considered China's most progressive city. The Santana met the required specification for use as a Government chauffeur-driven car, taxi, police car, or other functional sedan.
The success of the Santana in the China market saw more than 3,000,000 sold. The car commenced production as a CKD project, with increasing levels of local content over time. The car only recently ceased production. The Santana name lives on attached to a Polo PQ25-based long wheelbase sedan, itself a platform twin with the Chinese VW Jetta, a joint venture vehicle between VW and Chinese firm FAW (First Auto Works).
Wikipedia:
The Volkswagen Santana is a three-box sedan, based on the second-generation Volkswagen Passat (B2). It was first introduced in 1981 and the last one was built in China on 16 January 2013. The use of the "Santana" badge rather than "Passat" echoes the use of different names for the sedan versions of the Polo (Derby) and Golf (Jetta).
Santana (China)
The Santana's biggest success was in China. The Santana (B2) had been built in China on a small scale trial basis by the Shanghai Tractor Automobile Corporation (STAC), predecessor of the SAIC group, since 1982. The first 100 cars were built from CKD kits delivered from Germany. In 1984, Volkswagen signed a contract with STAC, along with the China National Automotive Industry Corporation (CNAIC) and the Bank of China to form the Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive joint venture in October 1984. The first assembly line of the Santana started in October 1985. In September 1986, the 10,000th Santana was built in China. The car and venture laid the ground-works for China's mass motorization.The drive to fully localize production became the impetus for the Chinese auto parts industry: In 1986, the quota of made-in-China parts was below six percent. In 1995, the local content quota stood at 89 percent.
Initially launched with a 1.6-litre petrol engine, the Santana was updated with a 1.8-litre petrol in 1987, first available in the Santana Variant station wagon introduced by Shanghai in 1986. The first Santanas were all originally equipped with a four-speed manual transmission. The 1.6 remained available in the sedan until as late as 2006.
The Santana has had a number of updated features added since the original 1985 model. Some updated features the Santana has been include with are Bosch electronic fuel injection system, a 5-speed manual, a third brake light, improved back seats, hydraulic clutch, MP3 and CD compatible radios, ABS brakes with electronic brake distribution.
In 1991 the Santana 2000 was put into development for China with the aid of Volkswagen do Brasil. It was introduced in 1994 and started mass production in 1995 with a longer wheelbase 2,656 mm (104.6 in) and rear doors than its Brazilian counterpart.
In 2004, the Santana 3000 succeeded the Santana 2000. It was the first design that the Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive joint venture designers had undertaken by themselves. The Santana 3000 was also the first in the Chinese developed Santana series to be available with optional ABS brakes with electronic brake distribution, electronic differential system, a multi function display system, and a sunroof designed by the German Webasto company. The 2.0-litre engine was added to the range in June 2006.
In January 2008, Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive released the Santana Vista (Zhijun) and Santana Vista (Changda) (Taxi model), featuring front and rear visual updates and minor chassis modifications. The Vista can be recognized by its mesh grille, chrome accents located low on the bumpers, and redesigned taillights with circular elements.
As of May 2011 the original German designed Santana (both sedan and Variant versions) was still sold in China alongside the updated Santana Vista, and are still popular with taxi and police fleets, as well as with private buyers. A 1.6-litre version of the Santana Vista (1,595 cc, 70 kW or 95 PS) has been added to the bottom of the lineup to further boost sales. There were 3,213,710 units made since CKD production began in 1983 up until May 2009. Nonetheless, Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive decided to discontinue the Santana in 2012, although production only actually came to a halt on 16 January 2013.
[Text from Wikipedia]
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Santana
This Lego miniland-scale Volkswagan Santana - 1982 China, has been created for Flickr LUGNuts' 90th Build Challenge, - "Fools Rush In!", - to the subtheme - "Made in China!". The 90th build challenge presenting 13 different subthemes to choose to build to.
Infrared converted Sony A6000 with Sony E 16mm F2.8 mounted with the Sony Ultra Wide Converter. HDR AEB +/-2 total of 3 exposures at F8, 16mm, auto focus and processed with Photomatix HDR software.
High Dynamic Range (HDR)
High-dynamic-range imaging (HDRI) is a high dynamic range (HDR) technique used in imaging and photography to reproduce a greater dynamic range of luminosity than is possible with standard digital imaging or photographic techniques. The aim is to present a similar range of luminance to that experienced through the human visual system. The human eye, through adaptation of the iris and other methods, adjusts constantly to adapt to a broad range of luminance present in the environment. The brain continuously interprets this information so that a viewer can see in a wide range of light conditions.
HDR images can represent a greater range of luminance levels than can be achieved using more 'traditional' methods, such as many real-world scenes containing very bright, direct sunlight to extreme shade, or very faint nebulae. This is often achieved by capturing and then combining several different, narrower range, exposures of the same subject matter. Non-HDR cameras take photographs with a limited exposure range, referred to as LDR, resulting in the loss of detail in highlights or shadows.
The two primary types of HDR images are computer renderings and images resulting from merging multiple low-dynamic-range (LDR) or standard-dynamic-range (SDR) photographs. HDR images can also be acquired using special image sensors, such as an oversampled binary image sensor.
Due to the limitations of printing and display contrast, the extended luminosity range of an HDR image has to be compressed to be made visible. The method of rendering an HDR image to a standard monitor or printing device is called tone mapping. This method reduces the overall contrast of an HDR image to facilitate display on devices or printouts with lower dynamic range, and can be applied to produce images with preserved local contrast (or exaggerated for artistic effect).
In photography, dynamic range is measured in exposure value (EV) differences (known as stops). An increase of one EV, or 'one stop', represents a doubling of the amount of light. Conversely, a decrease of one EV represents a halving of the amount of light. Therefore, revealing detail in the darkest of shadows requires high exposures, while preserving detail in very bright situations requires very low exposures. Most cameras cannot provide this range of exposure values within a single exposure, due to their low dynamic range. High-dynamic-range photographs are generally achieved by capturing multiple standard-exposure images, often using exposure bracketing, and then later merging them into a single HDR image, usually within a photo manipulation program). Digital images are often encoded in a camera's raw image format, because 8-bit JPEG encoding does not offer a wide enough range of values to allow fine transitions (and regarding HDR, later introduces undesirable effects due to lossy compression).
Any camera that allows manual exposure control can make images for HDR work, although one equipped with auto exposure bracketing (AEB) is far better suited. Images from film cameras are less suitable as they often must first be digitized, so that they can later be processed using software HDR methods.
In most imaging devices, the degree of exposure to light applied to the active element (be it film or CCD) can be altered in one of two ways: by either increasing/decreasing the size of the aperture or by increasing/decreasing the time of each exposure. Exposure variation in an HDR set is only done by altering the exposure time and not the aperture size; this is because altering the aperture size also affects the depth of field and so the resultant multiple images would be quite different, preventing their final combination into a single HDR image.
An important limitation for HDR photography is that any movement between successive images will impede or prevent success in combining them afterwards. Also, as one must create several images (often three or five and sometimes more) to obtain the desired luminance range, such a full 'set' of images takes extra time. HDR photographers have developed calculation methods and techniques to partially overcome these problems, but the use of a sturdy tripod is, at least, advised.
Some cameras have an auto exposure bracketing (AEB) feature with a far greater dynamic range than others, from the 3 EV of the Canon EOS 40D, to the 18 EV of the Canon EOS-1D Mark II. As the popularity of this imaging method grows, several camera manufactures are now offering built-in HDR features. For example, the Pentax K-7 DSLR has an HDR mode that captures an HDR image and outputs (only) a tone mapped JPEG file. The Canon PowerShot G12, Canon PowerShot S95 and Canon PowerShot S100 offer similar features in a smaller format.. Nikon's approach is called 'Active D-Lighting' which applies exposure compensation and tone mapping to the image as it comes from the sensor, with the accent being on retaing a realistic effect . Some smartphones provide HDR modes, and most mobile platforms have apps that provide HDR picture taking.
Camera characteristics such as gamma curves, sensor resolution, noise, photometric calibration and color calibration affect resulting high-dynamic-range images.
Color film negatives and slides consist of multiple film layers that respond to light differently. As a consequence, transparent originals (especially positive slides) feature a very high dynamic range
Tone mapping
Tone mapping reduces the dynamic range, or contrast ratio, of an entire image while retaining localized contrast. Although it is a distinct operation, tone mapping is often applied to HDRI files by the same software package.
Several software applications are available on the PC, Mac and Linux platforms for producing HDR files and tone mapped images. Notable titles include
Adobe Photoshop
Aurora HDR
Dynamic Photo HDR
HDR Efex Pro
HDR PhotoStudio
Luminance HDR
MagicRaw
Oloneo PhotoEngine
Photomatix Pro
PTGui
Information stored in high-dynamic-range images typically corresponds to the physical values of luminance or radiance that can be observed in the real world. This is different from traditional digital images, which represent colors as they should appear on a monitor or a paper print. Therefore, HDR image formats are often called scene-referred, in contrast to traditional digital images, which are device-referred or output-referred. Furthermore, traditional images are usually encoded for the human visual system (maximizing the visual information stored in the fixed number of bits), which is usually called gamma encoding or gamma correction. The values stored for HDR images are often gamma compressed (power law) or logarithmically encoded, or floating-point linear values, since fixed-point linear encodings are increasingly inefficient over higher dynamic ranges.
HDR images often don't use fixed ranges per color channel—other than traditional images—to represent many more colors over a much wider dynamic range. For that purpose, they don't use integer values to represent the single color channels (e.g., 0-255 in an 8 bit per pixel interval for red, green and blue) but instead use a floating point representation. Common are 16-bit (half precision) or 32-bit floating point numbers to represent HDR pixels. However, when the appropriate transfer function is used, HDR pixels for some applications can be represented with a color depth that has as few as 10–12 bits for luminance and 8 bits for chrominance without introducing any visible quantization artifacts.
History of HDR photography
The idea of using several exposures to adequately reproduce a too-extreme range of luminance was pioneered as early as the 1850s by Gustave Le Gray to render seascapes showing both the sky and the sea. Such rendering was impossible at the time using standard methods, as the luminosity range was too extreme. Le Gray used one negative for the sky, and another one with a longer exposure for the sea, and combined the two into one picture in positive.
Mid 20th century
Manual tone mapping was accomplished by dodging and burning – selectively increasing or decreasing the exposure of regions of the photograph to yield better tonality reproduction. This was effective because the dynamic range of the negative is significantly higher than would be available on the finished positive paper print when that is exposed via the negative in a uniform manner. An excellent example is the photograph Schweitzer at the Lamp by W. Eugene Smith, from his 1954 photo essay A Man of Mercy on Dr. Albert Schweitzer and his humanitarian work in French Equatorial Africa. The image took 5 days to reproduce the tonal range of the scene, which ranges from a bright lamp (relative to the scene) to a dark shadow.
Ansel Adams elevated dodging and burning to an art form. Many of his famous prints were manipulated in the darkroom with these two methods. Adams wrote a comprehensive book on producing prints called The Print, which prominently features dodging and burning, in the context of his Zone System.
With the advent of color photography, tone mapping in the darkroom was no longer possible due to the specific timing needed during the developing process of color film. Photographers looked to film manufacturers to design new film stocks with improved response, or continued to shoot in black and white to use tone mapping methods.
Color film capable of directly recording high-dynamic-range images was developed by Charles Wyckoff and EG&G "in the course of a contract with the Department of the Air Force". This XR film had three emulsion layers, an upper layer having an ASA speed rating of 400, a middle layer with an intermediate rating, and a lower layer with an ASA rating of 0.004. The film was processed in a manner similar to color films, and each layer produced a different color. The dynamic range of this extended range film has been estimated as 1:108. It has been used to photograph nuclear explosions, for astronomical photography, for spectrographic research, and for medical imaging. Wyckoff's detailed pictures of nuclear explosions appeared on the cover of Life magazine in the mid-1950s.
Late 20th century
Georges Cornuéjols and licensees of his patents (Brdi, Hymatom) introduced the principle of HDR video image, in 1986, by interposing a matricial LCD screen in front of the camera's image sensor, increasing the sensors dynamic by five stops. The concept of neighborhood tone mapping was applied to video cameras by a group from the Technion in Israel led by Dr. Oliver Hilsenrath and Prof. Y.Y.Zeevi who filed for a patent on this concept in 1988.
In February and April 1990, Georges Cornuéjols introduced the first real-time HDR camera that combined two images captured by a sensor3435 or simultaneously3637 by two sensors of the camera. This process is known as bracketing used for a video stream.
In 1991, the first commercial video camera was introduced that performed real-time capturing of multiple images with different exposures, and producing an HDR video image, by Hymatom, licensee of Georges Cornuéjols.
Also in 1991, Georges Cornuéjols introduced the HDR+ image principle by non-linear accumulation of images to increase the sensitivity of the camera: for low-light environments, several successive images are accumulated, thus increasing the signal to noise ratio.
In 1993, another commercial medical camera producing an HDR video image, by the Technion.
Modern HDR imaging uses a completely different approach, based on making a high-dynamic-range luminance or light map using only global image operations (across the entire image), and then tone mapping the result. Global HDR was first introduced in 19931 resulting in a mathematical theory of differently exposed pictures of the same subject matter that was published in 1995 by Steve Mann and Rosalind Picard.
On October 28, 1998, Ben Sarao created one of the first nighttime HDR+G (High Dynamic Range + Graphic image)of STS-95 on the launch pad at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. It consisted of four film images of the shuttle at night that were digitally composited with additional digital graphic elements. The image was first exhibited at NASA Headquarters Great Hall, Washington DC in 1999 and then published in Hasselblad Forum, Issue 3 1993, Volume 35 ISSN 0282-5449.
The advent of consumer digital cameras produced a new demand for HDR imaging to improve the light response of digital camera sensors, which had a much smaller dynamic range than film. Steve Mann developed and patented the global-HDR method for producing digital images having extended dynamic range at the MIT Media Laboratory. Mann's method involved a two-step procedure: (1) generate one floating point image array by global-only image operations (operations that affect all pixels identically, without regard to their local neighborhoods); and then (2) convert this image array, using local neighborhood processing (tone-remapping, etc.), into an HDR image. The image array generated by the first step of Mann's process is called a lightspace image, lightspace picture, or radiance map. Another benefit of global-HDR imaging is that it provides access to the intermediate light or radiance map, which has been used for computer vision, and other image processing operations.
21st century
In 2005, Adobe Systems introduced several new features in Photoshop CS2 including Merge to HDR, 32 bit floating point image support, and HDR tone mapping.
On June 30, 2016, Microsoft added support for the digital compositing of HDR images to Windows 10 using the Universal Windows Platform.
HDR sensors
Modern CMOS image sensors can often capture a high dynamic range from a single exposure. The wide dynamic range of the captured image is non-linearly compressed into a smaller dynamic range electronic representation. However, with proper processing, the information from a single exposure can be used to create an HDR image.
Such HDR imaging is used in extreme dynamic range applications like welding or automotive work. Some other cameras designed for use in security applications can automatically provide two or more images for each frame, with changing exposure. For example, a sensor for 30fps video will give out 60fps with the odd frames at a short exposure time and the even frames at a longer exposure time. Some of the sensor may even combine the two images on-chip so that a wider dynamic range without in-pixel compression is directly available to the user for display or processing.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-dynamic-range_imaging
Infrared Photography
In infrared photography, the film or image sensor used is sensitive to infrared light. The part of the spectrum used is referred to as near-infrared to distinguish it from far-infrared, which is the domain of thermal imaging. Wavelengths used for photography range from about 700 nm to about 900 nm. Film is usually sensitive to visible light too, so an infrared-passing filter is used; this lets infrared (IR) light pass through to the camera, but blocks all or most of the visible light spectrum (the filter thus looks black or deep red). ("Infrared filter" may refer either to this type of filter or to one that blocks infrared but passes other wavelengths.)
When these filters are used together with infrared-sensitive film or sensors, "in-camera effects" can be obtained; false-color or black-and-white images with a dreamlike or sometimes lurid appearance known as the "Wood Effect," an effect mainly caused by foliage (such as tree leaves and grass) strongly reflecting in the same way visible light is reflected from snow. There is a small contribution from chlorophyll fluorescence, but this is marginal and is not the real cause of the brightness seen in infrared photographs. The effect is named after the infrared photography pioneer Robert W. Wood, and not after the material wood, which does not strongly reflect infrared.
The other attributes of infrared photographs include very dark skies and penetration of atmospheric haze, caused by reduced Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering, respectively, compared to visible light. The dark skies, in turn, result in less infrared light in shadows and dark reflections of those skies from water, and clouds will stand out strongly. These wavelengths also penetrate a few millimeters into skin and give a milky look to portraits, although eyes often look black.
Until the early 20th century, infrared photography was not possible because silver halide emulsions are not sensitive to longer wavelengths than that of blue light (and to a lesser extent, green light) without the addition of a dye to act as a color sensitizer. The first infrared photographs (as distinct from spectrographs) to be published appeared in the February 1910 edition of The Century Magazine and in the October 1910 edition of the Royal Photographic Society Journal to illustrate papers by Robert W. Wood, who discovered the unusual effects that now bear his name. The RPS co-ordinated events to celebrate the centenary of this event in 2010. Wood's photographs were taken on experimental film that required very long exposures; thus, most of his work focused on landscapes. A further set of infrared landscapes taken by Wood in Italy in 1911 used plates provided for him by CEK Mees at Wratten & Wainwright. Mees also took a few infrared photographs in Portugal in 1910, which are now in the Kodak archives.
Infrared-sensitive photographic plates were developed in the United States during World War I for spectroscopic analysis, and infrared sensitizing dyes were investigated for improved haze penetration in aerial photography. After 1930, new emulsions from Kodak and other manufacturers became useful to infrared astronomy.
Infrared photography became popular with photography enthusiasts in the 1930s when suitable film was introduced commercially. The Times regularly published landscape and aerial photographs taken by their staff photographers using Ilford infrared film. By 1937 33 kinds of infrared film were available from five manufacturers including Agfa, Kodak and Ilford. Infrared movie film was also available and was used to create day-for-night effects in motion pictures, a notable example being the pseudo-night aerial sequences in the James Cagney/Bette Davis movie The Bride Came COD.
False-color infrared photography became widely practiced with the introduction of Kodak Ektachrome Infrared Aero Film and Ektachrome Infrared EIR. The first version of this, known as Kodacolor Aero-Reversal-Film, was developed by Clark and others at the Kodak for camouflage detection in the 1940s. The film became more widely available in 35mm form in the 1960s but KODAK AEROCHROME III Infrared Film 1443 has been discontinued.
Infrared photography became popular with a number of 1960s recording artists, because of the unusual results; Jimi Hendrix, Donovan, Frank and a slow shutter speed without focus compensation, however wider apertures like f/2.0 can produce sharp photos only if the lens is meticulously refocused to the infrared index mark, and only if this index mark is the correct one for the filter and film in use. However, it should be noted that diffraction effects inside a camera are greater at infrared wavelengths so that stopping down the lens too far may actually reduce sharpness.
Most apochromatic ('APO') lenses do not have an Infrared index mark and do not need to be refocused for the infrared spectrum because they are already optically corrected into the near-infrared spectrum. Catadioptric lenses do not often require this adjustment because their mirror containing elements do not suffer from chromatic aberration and so the overall aberration is comparably less. Catadioptric lenses do, of course, still contain lenses, and these lenses do still have a dispersive property.
Infrared black-and-white films require special development times but development is usually achieved with standard black-and-white film developers and chemicals (like D-76). Kodak HIE film has a polyester film base that is very stable but extremely easy to scratch, therefore special care must be used in the handling of Kodak HIE throughout the development and printing/scanning process to avoid damage to the film. The Kodak HIE film was sensitive to 900 nm.
As of November 2, 2007, "KODAK is preannouncing the discontinuance" of HIE Infrared 35 mm film stating the reasons that, "Demand for these products has been declining significantly in recent years, and it is no longer practical to continue to manufacture given the low volume, the age of the product formulations and the complexity of the processes involved." At the time of this notice, HIE Infrared 135-36 was available at a street price of around $12.00 a roll at US mail order outlets.
Arguably the greatest obstacle to infrared film photography has been the increasing difficulty of obtaining infrared-sensitive film. However, despite the discontinuance of HIE, other newer infrared sensitive emulsions from EFKE, ROLLEI, and ILFORD are still available, but these formulations have differing sensitivity and specifications from the venerable KODAK HIE that has been around for at least two decades. Some of these infrared films are available in 120 and larger formats as well as 35 mm, which adds flexibility to their application. With the discontinuance of Kodak HIE, Efke's IR820 film has become the only IR film on the marketneeds update with good sensitivity beyond 750 nm, the Rollei film does extend beyond 750 nm but IR sensitivity falls off very rapidly.
Color infrared transparency films have three sensitized layers that, because of the way the dyes are coupled to these layers, reproduce infrared as red, red as green, and green as blue. All three layers are sensitive to blue so the film must be used with a yellow filter, since this will block blue light but allow the remaining colors to reach the film. The health of foliage can be determined from the relative strengths of green and infrared light reflected; this shows in color infrared as a shift from red (healthy) towards magenta (unhealthy). Early color infrared films were developed in the older E-4 process, but Kodak later manufactured a color transparency film that could be developed in standard E-6 chemistry, although more accurate results were obtained by developing using the AR-5 process. In general, color infrared does not need to be refocused to the infrared index mark on the lens.
In 2007 Kodak announced that production of the 35 mm version of their color infrared film (Ektachrome Professional Infrared/EIR) would cease as there was insufficient demand. Since 2011, all formats of color infrared film have been discontinued. Specifically, Aerochrome 1443 and SO-734.
There is no currently available digital camera that will produce the same results as Kodak color infrared film although the equivalent images can be produced by taking two exposures, one infrared and the other full-color, and combining in post-production. The color images produced by digital still cameras using infrared-pass filters are not equivalent to those produced on color infrared film. The colors result from varying amounts of infrared passing through the color filters on the photo sites, further amended by the Bayer filtering. While this makes such images unsuitable for the kind of applications for which the film was used, such as remote sensing of plant health, the resulting color tonality has proved popular artistically.
Color digital infrared, as part of full spectrum photography is gaining popularity. The ease of creating a softly colored photo with infrared characteristics has found interest among hobbyists and professionals.
In 2008, Los Angeles photographer, Dean Bennici started cutting and hand rolling Aerochrome color Infrared film. All Aerochrome medium and large format which exists today came directly from his lab. The trend in infrared photography continues to gain momentum with the success of photographer Richard Mosse and multiple users all around the world.
Digital camera sensors are inherently sensitive to infrared light, which would interfere with the normal photography by confusing the autofocus calculations or softening the image (because infrared light is focused differently from visible light), or oversaturating the red channel. Also, some clothing is transparent in the infrared, leading to unintended (at least to the manufacturer) uses of video cameras. Thus, to improve image quality and protect privacy, many digital cameras employ infrared blockers. Depending on the subject matter, infrared photography may not be practical with these cameras because the exposure times become overly long, often in the range of 30 seconds, creating noise and motion blur in the final image. However, for some subject matter the long exposure does not matter or the motion blur effects actually add to the image. Some lenses will also show a 'hot spot' in the centre of the image as their coatings are optimised for visible light and not for IR.
An alternative method of DSLR infrared photography is to remove the infrared blocker in front of the sensor and replace it with a filter that removes visible light. This filter is behind the mirror, so the camera can be used normally - handheld, normal shutter speeds, normal composition through the viewfinder, and focus, all work like a normal camera. Metering works but is not always accurate because of the difference between visible and infrared refraction. When the IR blocker is removed, many lenses which did display a hotspot cease to do so, and become perfectly usable for infrared photography. Additionally, because the red, green and blue micro-filters remain and have transmissions not only in their respective color but also in the infrared, enhanced infrared color may be recorded.
Since the Bayer filters in most digital cameras absorb a significant fraction of the infrared light, these cameras are sometimes not very sensitive as infrared cameras and can sometimes produce false colors in the images. An alternative approach is to use a Foveon X3 sensor, which does not have absorptive filters on it; the Sigma SD10 DSLR has a removable IR blocking filter and dust protector, which can be simply omitted or replaced by a deep red or complete visible light blocking filter. The Sigma SD14 has an IR/UV blocking filter that can be removed/installed without tools. The result is a very sensitive digital IR camera.
While it is common to use a filter that blocks almost all visible light, the wavelength sensitivity of a digital camera without internal infrared blocking is such that a variety of artistic results can be obtained with more conventional filtration. For example, a very dark neutral density filter can be used (such as the Hoya ND400) which passes a very small amount of visible light compared to the near-infrared it allows through. Wider filtration permits an SLR viewfinder to be used and also passes more varied color information to the sensor without necessarily reducing the Wood effect. Wider filtration is however likely to reduce other infrared artefacts such as haze penetration and darkened skies. This technique mirrors the methods used by infrared film photographers where black-and-white infrared film was often used with a deep red filter rather than a visually opaque one.
Another common technique with near-infrared filters is to swap blue and red channels in software (e.g. photoshop) which retains much of the characteristic 'white foliage' while rendering skies a glorious blue.
Several Sony cameras had the so-called Night Shot facility, which physically moves the blocking filter away from the light path, which makes the cameras very sensitive to infrared light. Soon after its development, this facility was 'restricted' by Sony to make it difficult for people to take photos that saw through clothing. To do this the iris is opened fully and exposure duration is limited to long times of more than 1/30 second or so. It is possible to shoot infrared but neutral density filters must be used to reduce the camera's sensitivity and the long exposure times mean that care must be taken to avoid camera-shake artifacts.
Fuji have produced digital cameras for use in forensic criminology and medicine which have no infrared blocking filter. The first camera, designated the S3 PRO UVIR, also had extended ultraviolet sensitivity (digital sensors are usually less sensitive to UV than to IR). Optimum UV sensitivity requires special lenses, but ordinary lenses usually work well for IR. In 2007, FujiFilm introduced a new version of this camera, based on the Nikon D200/ FujiFilm S5 called the IS Pro, also able to take Nikon lenses. Fuji had earlier introduced a non-SLR infrared camera, the IS-1, a modified version of the FujiFilm FinePix S9100. Unlike the S3 PRO UVIR, the IS-1 does not offer UV sensitivity. FujiFilm restricts the sale of these cameras to professional users with their EULA specifically prohibiting "unethical photographic conduct".
Phase One digital camera backs can be ordered in an infrared modified form.
Remote sensing and thermographic cameras are sensitive to longer wavelengths of infrared (see Infrared spectrum#Commonly used sub-division scheme). They may be multispectral and use a variety of technologies which may not resemble common camera or filter designs. Cameras sensitive to longer infrared wavelengths including those used in infrared astronomy often require cooling to reduce thermally induced dark currents in the sensor (see Dark current (physics)). Lower cost uncooled thermographic digital cameras operate in the Long Wave infrared band (see Thermographic camera#Uncooled infrared detectors). These cameras are generally used for building inspection or preventative maintenance but can be used for artistic pursuits as well.
There is a Chapter of Royal Arch Masons, Shekinah Chapter, that meets at the West Toronto Masonic Temple, 151 Annette St. Toronto, ON on the 2nd Tuesday of the Month. They circulated this announcement via University Lodge No. 496.
Location: Lenanon Chapter No. 220.
www.flickr.com/photos/21728045@N08/4642903410/in/photolis...
Prophecies of the return of the "Shekinah," which had left the Temple and city of Jerusalem in the days of Ezekiel, are repeated in Zechariah. These same prophecies are also fulfilled in the historical period and record of Zechariah. To better understand these prophecies it is necessary to have an acquaintance with the history of the "Shekinah."
Objection is made that the word "Shekinah," (), is not found in the scripture in its noun form and that it describes a concept that is not scriptural. It is said that the word is coined by Post-biblical Rabbinic scholars. While it is admitted that the Rabbinic concept of God being a hovering non-personal force is an unacceptable extension of meaning, the concept of a physical manifestation of God's localized dwelling is none-the-less scriptural. We have chosen to use the word "Shekinah," (shknh) , to name this "presence" since this meaning is in general distribution among many Christians, albeit ignorant of the origin of the word.
The word was coined from verbal cognates in the Bible which describe the "presence" of God in a locality. The verbal cognates are copiously used to describe the "Shekinah" appearances. The word "Shekinah," itself is not in the biblical text but the concept, as I have defined it, clearly is. The word most certainly is derived from "shakan," and whoever first used the word "Shekinah" coined it as a substantive (noun form) from the verbal forms used to describe the "abiding, dwelling, or habitation" of the physical manifestations of God described in Ex 24:16; Ex 40:35, Nu 9:16-18; and numerous other places where "shakan" is used. The word is also used to describe the mystical "Shekinah" presence in the tabernacle. The word "mishkan," (), a derivative of "shakan," (), is often translated "tabernacle." The Hebrew for tabernacle is more often simply "ohel," (), or tent. "Mishkan" means "dwelling place." That is, the "dwelling place" of "Him who dwells" or "Shekinah."
"Shekinah" in Hebrew is a a feminine noun, It is interesting that Isaiah refers to the Shekinah using feminine pronouns. Especially in Isaiah 51. Particularly in Isaiah 51:9and 10 and its context the pronouns are feminine. In verse 10 the KJV uses thou and it to refer to the Shekinah. Both pronouns are feminine in Hebrew. The Qumran text makes the feminine form certain by adding a yod to 2fs. Literally feminine "you she" translated in KJV "thou it." Without doubt this is why the inter-testament Rabbis coined the word Shekinah to describe the events where the physical presence performed miracles to guide and protect Israel. In the same passage (Isa 51:9) there is a phrase "arm of YHWH" that is used exclusively for the Messiah. This means Jesus was the Shekinah presence in the Old Testament events. That is why the coming of the Messiah and the return of the Shekinah to the second temple are intermixed in the extraordinarily mystically mixed passage of Zechariah 2:8-11.
Zechariah uses cognates of the word in referring to the return of, the then absent, "presence" which he supposed was imminent. We will show that Zechariah previewed an imminent restoration of what Ezekiel (seventy years previously) saw depart in his day and then predicted the return of to a restored temple. What ever noun one calls it, such physical representations of the "presence" are in the Bible. What did Ezekiel see leave the temple? It is certain that what ever name you call the "presence" it is linked with the fiery cloud of Sinai. We have chosen to use the word "Shekinah" to name the biblically described mystical thing "dwelling" or thing "abiding."
I also accept that "Cavod YHWH," () (glory of the LORD) and "Shekinah" are identical in the contexts I make reference to, such as the fire enfolding cloud on Sinai, (Ex. 24:15-17) the dedication of Solomon's temple, and that which is associated with Ezekiel's vision of the departure and return.
To say that "Shekinah" is not in a text where the presence of God is described by a cognate of "shakan" may be closely akin to saying "baptism" does not appear in the great commission passages and Acts 2:38 because verbal cognates (baptized, baptizing) are used and not the noun "baptism" itself.
The Hebrew verb "shakan," (), simply means to take up residence with long continuity in a neighborhood. The distinction between this word and "yashav" which is also translated "dwell" is just this: You can use the latter to mean an individual doing the dwelling without reference to others or to duration while "shakan" means a protracted dwelling in the midst of a neighborhood or a group of people or might be limited to one other person but only by extension. The primary meaning is to reside and continue as a member of the community. This is a common word used for all classes to convey this idea. However, when it refers to God it takes on an added mysticism which is obvious upon small consideration.
When verbal forms are translated as nouns the word sometimes means "habitat." It is the habitat of animals and birds as well as humans and God. (Dan. 4:21) Grammatically, when verbal forms are translated as nouns, in Hebrew, they are called "substantives." Technically, "Shekinah", therefore is a substantive rather than a noun.
God speaks of his "desire" for this relationship with his people. The "Shekinah" therefore refers to the presence of God that was, but is not now, physically manifested in the time- space continuum. It could be seen. The presence was a vehicle of the person of God in the three dimensional world. The understanding of Solomon that God can not actually be limited to Temples on earth because of his eternal nature is seen in 1Ki. 8:27:
"But will God indeed dwell ["yashav"] on the earth? behold, the heaven and heaven of heavens cannot contain you; how much less this house that I have built?"
This omniscient eternal presence of the Almighty, that Solomon recognized, is the heavenly, but not the earthly, "Shekinah." Although the infinite spiritual presence is and was coincident with the physically discernable "Shekinah," it was distinguished from the physical even in Mosaic times. It is only in this infinite way that the "Shekinah" is now manifested. He indwells his people as a spirit. Isa. 57:15 says as much:
"For thus says the high and lofty One who inhabits ("shakan") eternity, whose name is Holy; I dwell ("shakan") in the high and holy place, and with him also that is of a contrite and humble spirit, to revive the spirit of the humble, and to revive the heart of the contrite ones."
"Who inhabits" In this passage the word "shokeyn," () translated "who inhabits," is as close to the meaning and direct use of the word "Shekinah" (), in the Bible, as one will find. The Hebrew letters, in the order they are pronounced, are sh = sh, = o, k = k, = ey, n = n. The unpointed original Hebrew is simply (). The form is a masculine participle and literally means "He who inhabits" or "the one who is inhabiting." This refers to God Himself. According to this verse, He is the "Inhabiter" of heaven and human hearts at one and the same time! The word "Shekinah" , which describes the physical thing which was "proof" of his "dwelling" on earth in the Mosaic dispensation, is akin to this construction. In fact, it is the identically same word, only the gender is changed. If you simply add the feminine ending to change it from a masculine to a feminine participle "shokeyn," (shkn), becomes "Shekinah" (shknh). Thus, the masculine form of the substantive "Shekinah" does appear in the Bible in Isaiah 57:15.
In the Mosaic period the added physical "Shekinah" presence was evidence of the real which is omnipresent and unseen. In the Mosaic dispensation the "Shekinah" presence was physically disturbing. The presence was not God. It was a physical manifestation of the actual presence of God among his people and is to be distinguished from the "angel of the LORD." It was first evident in the crossing of the Red Sea in the escape from Egypt. There the "Shekinah" appeared as a cloudy pillar in the day and a fiery pillar at night. The nation was led by the "Shekinah" for forty years after which the "holy presence" of the omniscient God inhabited the tabernacle and the land of Israel. It was not always afterward physically manifested. Thus:
(Num. 35:34) "Defile not therefore the land which you shall inhabit, wherein I dwell: ["shakan"] for I the LORD dwell ["shakan"] among the children of Israel."
However when that presence was physically manifested it was frightening to those who beheld it.
(Ex. 24:15) And Moses went up into the mount, and a cloud covered the mount. (Ex. 24:16) And the glory of the LORD ["Cavod YHWH"] abode ["shakan"] upon mount Sinai and the cloud covered it six days; and the seventh day he called unto Moses out of the midst of the cloud. (Ex. 24:17) And the sight of the glory of the LORD ["Cavod YHWH"] was like devouring fire on the top of the mount in the eyes of the children of Israel.
Earlier, the seventy elders had gone up into the cloud and actually saw the "Shekinah" glory, and they were so afraid they asked Moses never to take them again. As far as they were concerned, they saw God! You can only imagine their hair on end and their wide eyed appearance as they came down from the mountain exclaiming "We saw God! It was terrible!"
(Ex. 24:10) And they saw the God of Israel; and there was under his feet as it were a paved work of a sapphire stone, and as it were the body of heaven in his clearness. (Ex. 24:11) And upon the nobles of the children of Israel he laid not his hand; also they saw God, and did eat and drink.
The mixture of clarity and confusion in similar passages is evidence of the mystical nature of the experience. They were disoriented and afraid and the later writing of the event records the confusion.
The appearance a few days earlier of the physical presence of God on Mount Sinai is described as fire and cloud and thick darkness when the ten commandments were given. The Psalms contains a description of this event calling it a "Shekinah" presence. The description is in a Messianic portion and the Messiah is the "Shekinah" presence. He indwells ["shakan"] his people.
(Ps. 68:16) "Why do you leap, you high hills? this is the hill [Sinai] which God desires to dwell ["shakan"] in; yea, the LORD will dwell in it for ever. (Ps. 68:17) The chariots of God are twenty thousand, even thousands of angels: the LORD is among them, as in Sinai, in the holy place. (Ps. 68:18) You have ascended on high, you have led captivity captive: you have received gifts for men; yea, for the rebellious also, that the LORD God might dwell [shakan] among them."
He was on Mt. Sinai when the hills leaped, and verse 18 speaks of the resurrection and ascension which results in the indwelling of his people! These are New Testament applications that place Jesus of Nazareth in the events of Sinai in the Old Testament.
Later the physical "Shekinah" presence of God took up residence in the completed tabernacle and was apparent to the whole nation. This is recorded in Ex. 40:34:
Then a cloud covered the tent of the congregation, and the glory of the LORD ["Cavod YHWH"] filled the tabernacle. (Ex. 40:35) And Moses was not able to enter into the tent of the congregation, because the cloud abode [shakan] on it, and the glory of the LORD ["Cavod YHWH,"] filled the tabernacle. (Ex. 40:36) And when the cloud was taken up from over the tabernacle, the children of Israel went onward in all their journeys; (Ex. 40:37) But if the cloud were not taken up, then they journeyed not till the day that it was taken up. (Ex. 40:38) For the cloud of the LORD was upon the tabernacle by day, and fire was on it by night, in the sight of all the house of Israel, throughout all their journeys.
The same event is recorded in Num. 9:15
And on the day that the tabernacle was reared up the cloud covered the tabernacle, namely, the tent of the testimony: and at even there was upon the tabernacle as it were the appearance of fire, until the morning. (Num. 9:16) So it was always: the cloud covered it by day, and the appearance of fire by night. (Num. 9:17) And when the cloud was taken up from the tabernacle, then after that the children of Israel journeyed; and in the place where the cloud abode, there the children of Israel pitched their tents.
There are other mystical moments when the direct intervention of God was manifest in a "Shekinah" presence to Moses. At the time of the setting up of the tabernacle before it was furnished God spoke to Moses out of the cloud and Moses realized the "Shekinah" was a vehicle and not God. He asked for more -- to "see" God! God allowed him to see a larger portion of his physical presence. Thus:
(Ex. 33:18) "And he said, I beseech you, show me your glory. [He was speaking to God's voice coming from the "Shekinah."] (Ex. 33:19) And he said, I will make all my goodness pass before you, and I will proclaim the name of the LORD before you, and will be gracious to whom I will be gracious, and will show mercy on whom I will shew mercy. (Ex. 33:20) And he said, You can not see my face; for no man shall see me, and live."
After the entrance into the promised land God's presence was manifested spiritually in the tabernacle and not often in a physical way. The actual presence was always accepted as being in the tabernacle, and later in the Temple, but was not always physically confirmed by the visible "Shekinah." But to the people of that dispensation under the Mosaic covenant there were occasional renewals of a miraculous appearance of the "Shekinah." This happened again when the Temple of Solomon was dedicated. There was an initial appearance in a vision when the LORD promised that he would "shakan" or dwell in the house that Solomon was constructing.
(1Ki. 6:11) And the word of the LORD came to Solomon, saying, (1Ki. 6:12) Concerning this house which you are building, if you will walk in my statutes, and execute my judgments, and keep all my commandments to walk in them; then will I perform my word with you, which I spoke to David your father; (1Ki. 6:13) And I will dwell ["shakan"] among the children of Israel, and will not forsake my people Israel. (1Ki. 6:14) So Solomon built the house, and finished it.
Solomon then visited the tabernacle which was not in Jerusalem but at Gibeon. The ark of the covenant was in Jerusalem, however in a different tent.
(1Ch 16:39) And Zadok the priest, and his brethren the priests, before the tabernacle of the Lord in the high place that was in Gibeon, (1Ch 21:29) For the tabernacle of the Lord, which Moses made in the wilderness, and the altar of the burnt offering, were at that season in the high place at Gibeon.
The ark of the covenant, which had been taken from the tabernacle by the sons of Eli and was captured by Philistines, had then been sent by the Philistines back to Judah. Eli's daughter-in-law called the taking of the ark the departure of the glory of Israel.
(1Sa 4:21) And she named the child Ichabod, saying, The glory is departed from Israel: because the ark of God was taken, and because of her father in law and her husband.
After an unhappy experience with the ark the Philistines sent it back to Israel. Cows heavy with milk had left their calves and borne the ark from the Philistines to the house of Obed Edom. It was from there after many years that David would bring up the ark to Jerusalem, in the part of the city called Zion, where he set it in a specially prepared tent. It was not restored to the Tabernacle.
(2Ch 1:4) But the ark of God had David brought up from Kiriath Jearim to the place which David had prepared for it: for he had pitched a tent for it at Jerusalem.
But the tabernacle stayed in Gibeon about ten miles north of Jerusalem.
(1Ch 21:29) For the tabernacle of the Lord, which Moses made in the wilderness, and the altar of the burnt offering, were at that season in the high place at Gibeon
It was from there about ten miles north, that its furniture was brought to the completed Temple of Solomon.
(2Ch 5:2) Then Solomon assembled the elders of Israel, and all the heads of the tribes, the chief of the fathers of the children of Israel, to Jerusalem, to bring up the ark of the covenant of the Lord out of the city of David, which is Zion...(2Ch 5:5) And they brought up the ark, and the tabernacle of the congregation, and all the holy vessels that were in the tabernacle, these did the priests and the Levites bring up.
They brought the tabernacle and its furniture from Gibeon and the ark was brought from Zion, less than a mile from the Temple. Then the Temple was dedicated.
(2Ch 5:13) It came to pass, as the trumpeters and singers were as one, to make one sound to be heard in praising and thanking the Lord; and when they lifted up their voice with the trumpets and cymbals and instruments of music, and praised the Lord, saying, For he is good; for his mercy endureth for ever: that then the house was filled with a cloud, even the house of the Lord;
Thus the same incident is recorded in 1 Ki.8, when on the day of the dedication of Solomon's Temple there was a physical miracle of the presence of God. The "Shekinah" would no longer be associated with the tabernacle but was to be transferred to the Temple; therefore this manifestation was necessary to that generation because the Law of Moses was being amended in this point, and God showed his approval of the amendment to His legal system by the manifestation of the "Shekinah."
(1Ki. 8:10) And it came to pass, when the priests were come out of the holy place, that the cloud filled the house of the LORD, (1Ki. 8:11) So that the priests could not stand to minister because of the cloud: for the glory of the LORD ["Cavod YHWH"] had filled the house of the LORD. (1Ki. 8:12) Then spoke Solomon, The LORD said that he would dwell [shakan] in the thick darkness. (1Ki. 8:13) I have surely built you an house to dwell in, a settled place for you to abide in for ever.
There are conditions connected to God's "forever" promises as is already seen since he was to indwell the tabernacle forever. Thus, at the destruction of the first Temple, He did not allow his "Shekinah" presence to stay in the Temple after a certain level of corruption had taken place. The surprise is that God's indwelling remained so long. He evidently loves us so much that he endures more than any human judge would think possible. Jerusalem was more corrupt than we would think God would endure all of the last days of Jehoiakim and Jehoiachin and most of the reign of Zedekiah. However, Ezekiel's vision of the departure of the "Shekinah" from the Temple and city was not until after the beginning of the final siege of the city by Nebuchadnezzar just before its destruction.
Ezekiel's description of the "Shekinah" is more detailed but is similar to what the seventy elders saw on Mount Sinai recorded in Ex. 24. (It might be inserted here as a warning to those who have the Holy Spirit living in them that Nadab and Abihu were among those who "saw God.") Ezekiel's description of the "Shekinah" in chapter one of his prophecy is physically exciting just to read. Imagine actually seeing it! It is described as fire enfolding itself borne by cherubic creatures whose appearance pulsated with undulating light, themselves borne by gyroscopic double wheels. Lightning came out of the midst of the fire surrounded by clear sapphire where a man like person on a throne sat in an electric eye. If electricity is anachronistic, the word is none the less "chashmal" which is the modern Hebrew word for electricity. The Septuagint has "electrum" and so does the Vulgate! What ever "chashmal" and "electrum" meant to the ancients who used these words it can only be said that "'eyn chashmal" in Hebrew and "opsin electrou" in Greek and "speciem electri" found in Latin in Eze. 1:27 is not "amber" as in the English translation. The word "color" does not appear in the text. There are other descriptions of the elements of the "Shekinah" that Ezekiel saw leaving a then desolate Temple. The building was still there but was desolate before it was destroyed!
The Departure and Return of the "Shekinah."
Ezekiel saw both the departure of the "Shekinah" and the return in two separate visions separated in time by a number of years. The "Shekinah" would later return to the Temple after the initiation of the building under Zerubbabel but before the arrival of Ezra and Nehemiah. Ezekiel saw the restored Temple in a vision while it actually lay desolate and Jerusalem and Judea were all but uninhabited. Ezekiel's vision, of events that happened after his own death, describes the same "skekinah," which he saw first in chapter one, afterward leave the Temple in chapter ten. At the beginning of chapter ten the "Shekinah" was still in the Temple:
(Eze. 10:4) Then the glory of the LORD ["Cavod YHWH"] went up from the cherub, and stood over the threshold of the house; and the house was filled with the cloud, and the court was full of the brightness of the LORD's glory ["Cavod YHWH"].
But preparations were made to take the "Shekinah" from the Temple and then from the city itself.
(Eze. 10:19) And the cherubim lifted up their wings, and mounted up from the earth in my sight; when they went out, the wheels also were beside them, and every one stood at the door of the east gate of the LORD's house; and the glory of the God of Israel was over them above.
Then the actual departure is recorded:
(Eze. 11:23) And the glory of the LORD ["Cavod YHWH"] went up from the midst of the city, and stood on the mountain which is on the east side of the city.
Ezekiel, still in a vision, returned to the captives in Babylon and reported this event. He would later see in a vision the restored second Temple which is recorded in chapters 40-43. In his vision of the Temple, as it would be after it would have been rebuilt, Ezekiel saw the "Shekinah" return to the Temple. Thus is that event recorded which he says was the same "Shekinah" that left the Temple and would then be returned to a future restored Temple:
(Eze. 43:2) And, behold, the glory of the God of Israel came from the way of the east; and his voice was like a noise of many waters; and the earth shined with his glory. (Eze. 43:3) And it was according to the appearance of the vision which I saw, even according to the vision that I saw when I came to destroy the city; and the visions were like the vision that I saw by the river Chebar; and I fell on my face. (Eze. 43:4) And the glory of the LORD ["Cavod YHWH"] came into the house by the way of the gate whose prospect is toward the east. (Eze. 43:5) So the spirit took me up, and brought me into the inner court; and, behold, the glory of the LORD ["Cavod YHWH"] filled the house. (Eze. 43:6) And I heard him speaking to me out of the house; and the man stood by me. (Eze. 43:7) And he said to me, Son of man, the place of my throne, and the place of the soles of my feet, where I will dwell [shakan] in the midst of the children of Israel for ever, and my holy name, shall the house of Israel no more defile, neither they, nor their kings, by their whoredom, nor by the carcasses of their kings in their high places.
This event which Ezekiel saw in a vision was fulfilled. It happened in the days of Zerubbabel and is recorded by Zechariah. The lives of Zechariah and Ezekiel overlapped. They were both prophets and priests. Surely they knew of each other and it is likely they met. Zechariah knew of the visions of the departure of the "Shekinah" and the return and therefore he records the predictions of the return that would fulfill the same future event which Ezekiel saw. Thus God first foretells his "Shekinah" return.
(Zec. 2:10) Sing and rejoice, O daughter of Zion: for, lo, I come, and I will dwell [shakan] in the midst of you, says the LORD.
This verse is a prediction of the return of the "Shekinah" which was imminent but had not happened yet when Zechariah wrote this in the second year of Darius. In what follows he foretells the, future but imminent, long period of continuity of the restored "Shekinah" called "that day," meaning that the period of time beginning with the restoration of the "Shekinah" would extend to the call of the Gentiles.
(Zec. 2:11) And many nations shall be joined to the LORD in that day, and shall be my people; and I will dwell ["shakan"] in the midst of you, and you shall know that the LORD of hosts has sent me to you.
This verse also introduces references to a dual "Shekinah" return and presence. One is to take place at the completion of the Temple and the other to extend to the presence of the one who will actually be the "Shekinah, whom YHWH will have sent to call the Gentiles.
See also notes on Zecariah 2:8-11.
The Return of the "Shekinah" to the Restored Temple
From the time that Zechariah began to prophesy in the second year of Darius it would be approximately four years before the Temple would be finished and dedicated. The building itself would be partially finished and complete enough after two years of committed rebuilding that it would be called, in chapter seven, "the house of God." It is in chapter eight that God speaks and says that He has returned the "Shekinah." There is no record of the actual event. Whether it was associated with physical phenomena is not told. The only physical description is in the vision of Ezekiel which was not a material event. Nonetheless the "Shekinah" and the real presence of the omniscient God returned to the rededicated Temple on time, either at the dedication or in anticipation as noted in Zec. 8:3.
"Thus says the Lord; I am returned to Zion, and will dwell ["shakan"] in the midst of Jerusalem; and Jerusalem shall be called a city of truth; and the mountain of the LORD of hosts the holy mountain."
(See notes in the text on these verses where the tenses of the verbs are discussed. The reason for different translations of the tenses of the verbs in several different versions which say that the "Shekinah" has returned or shall return is discussed there)
Before the dedication of the Temple Darius the Persian, a non-Jewish believer, sent letters, to the neighboring Syrians in response to their attempts to stop the rebuilding then progressing under Zerubbabel, in which he spoke of the "Shekinah" as present in Jerusalem.
(Ezr. 6:12) And the God that has caused his name to dwell [shakan] there destroy all kings and people, that shall put to their hand to alter and to destroy this house of God which is at Jerusalem. I Darius have made a decree; let it be done with speed.
Here Darius attributes to God his decision to dwell or "shakan," as being completed. Thus the return of his "Shekinah" presence in Jerusalem is considered as a fact. This is before the dedication of the completed Temple and was before or would nearly coincide with the time of Zec. 7:1 and Zec. 8:3.
A generation later a new Persian king would send Ezra and mention the "Shekinah."
(Ezr. 7:15) And to carry the silver and gold, which the king and his counsellors have freely offered unto the God of Israel, whose habitation [Heb. mishkan] is in Jerusalem.
This last comment is made by Artaxerxes Longimanus who commissioned Ezra and who says the habitation ["Shekinah"] of God is in Jerusalem. These sources are quoted by Porten, an active Jewish writer currently living in Jerusalem. His position seems to favor the return of the "skekinah" before the actual dedication.
The Golden Age to come, which Zechariah said was to follow the return of the "Shekinah," describes the city and surrounding areas being at peace in an age where people can grow old in a secure environment. To those who lived in Jerusalem, in the hearing of Zechariah, that would indeed be a marvel, so great was the continuing desolation of the place. This continuing desolation, after the return but before the rebuilding, was portrayed by Daniel:
(Dan. 9:12) And he has confirmed his words, which he spoke against us, and against our judges that judged us, by bringing upon us a great evil: for under the whole heaven has not been done as has been done upon Jerusalem.
But of the conditions which will follow the return of the "Shekinah" Zechariah says:
(Zec. 8:4) Thus says the LORD of hosts; There shall yet old men and old women dwell in the streets of Jerusalem, and every man with his staff in his hand for very age. (Zec 8:5) And the streets of the city shall be full of boys and girls playing in its streets. (Zec 8:6) Thus says the Lord of hosts, If it be marvelous in the eyes of the remnant of this people in these days, should it [not] also be marvelous in my eyes? says the Lord of hosts.
The Golden Age is described in the chapter on the "Silent Years" in this book and in the verse by verse exposition of the text. Zechariah tells in his prophecy that there will be times of trouble in the distant future after the "Golden Age" and speaks of the presence of God who would then stand on Mt. Olive. We know that that one who stood on Mt. Olive is the embodiment of the mystery of the Godhead. "In him all the fullness of the Godhead dwells bodily."
Jesus of Nazareth, himself the embodiment of God, the manifestation of the Almighty, lived in Israel while the "Shekinah" indwelt the Temple! He prophesied the departure of the "Shekinah" which would make the Temple desolate:
(Mt. 23:37) "O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, you who kill the prophets, and stone them which are sent to you, how often would I have gathered your children together, even as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings, and you would not! (Mt. 23:38) Behold, your house is left to you desolate."
When he died on the cross and his spirit left the body there were accompanying earthquakes, darkness, and that slippage between time and eternity that one would expect at such extraordinary, inexplicable moments when the finite and infinite meet. The dead bodies of many arose and walked in the city as a result of his resurrection from the dead! But when he died, at that very moment:
(Mt. 27:51) "the veil of the Temple was torn in two from the top to the bottom; and the earth quaked, and the rocks rent."
That the veil of the Temple was rent in two indicates the departure of the "Shekinah" from the then desolate Temple. The Temple became desolate with the departure of the "Shekinah," not at the time of its destruction. It was made desolate by the departure of the presence of God. Daniel, when prophesying of the destruction of the city and the Temple, says that the destruction would be poured out on that which had already been made desolate. Dan. 9:26,27.
From thenceforth the Temple would be manifested in two ways. Not in buildings but in the hearts of spiritual Israel, the exiled ones called from among the Gentiles to bring their treasures to Jerusalem. The assembled body of believers also has the indwelling presence of which the "Shekinah" was a representation in type. This same presence is in each obedient believer. These dual aspects of the "Shekinah" were seen by Zechariah who completes the Old Testament references to the "Shekinah" events.
A seminar on “Localizing the Open Government Partnership: Pushing the Boundaries of Local Governance” on 4 May 2018 at the 51st ADB Annual Meeting highlighted the growing role of CSO engagement with governments to strengthen the implementation of the Open Government Partnership across national and subnational levels.
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Unique localized solution in Blida to avoid tensions during ‘olive season’. Photo by Haidar Fahs/ UNIFIL
Localized damage to a steam pipe with asbestos magnesia insulation. An adjacent pipe hanger rod in close proximity has cut into the soft, friable asbestos insulation due to vibrational movement associated with periodic expansion and contraction of the pipe system itself during normal operation. Consequently, asbestos-laden dust had accumulated on various surfaces below, requiring urgent response clean-up and repair action. Additionally, reconfiguration of the problematic pipe hanger and proper protection of the pipe insulation should be considered as well, to prevent further damage.