One of the most beautiful old homes in my little town is named Rose Hill.

 

Prior to the present Rose Hill’s construction in 1852, another house with the same name stood on the exact site. It was a two-story wooden structure built by R.J. Nichols, an entrepreneur from Connecticut. Nichols named the house Rose Hill as there was an abundance of Cherokee Roses growing on the property. When Nichols died unexpectedly in 1849, he had failed to make a will and because he had numerous business ventures with multiple investors, his entire estate became tied up in litigation that took two years to unravel. Ultimately, Rose Hill and the 100 acres on which it sat were put on the auction block. On 6 January 1851, a wealthy plantation owner named Daniel Reece Tucker purchased the property for $5,500. Three weeks later the house burned to the ground. Tucker immediately began rebuilding and completed the present day Rose Hill in 1852.

 

The home is furnished with period furniture and is open for tours. I love and appreciate restorations that preserve our history and heritage.

Mining ruins on Litigation Hill, near Manhattan Nevada. The crest of the Toiyabe Range is visible right.

We are continuing our little walk through the lower section of the Cataract Gorge in Launceston. So far we've seen some of the natural ancient rock formations. But here is a completely fabricated arrangement of stones.

 

Those moss covered steps were put in when the Gorge gardens and walk was established in 1890. They led up to a higher lookout point on top of that huge rock. Up until a few years ago you could make that climb. Now, thanks to our unnaturally risk averse society it has been walled off. Too dangerous for the Council to expose themselves to the risk of litigation should someone fall down those steps.

 

It's a pity, because I can attest to how great the view was from up there. But at least they have built the new section of the wall in a way that it is difficult to distinguish from the original one.

Ruben M. Benjamin (1833-1917), an attorney known for litigation relating to railroad regulation, had this Italianate-style house built for him and his wife, Laura, upon their marriage in 1856. The builder, carpenter John L. Routt (1826-1907), would go on to serve as the first and seventh Governor of Colorado from 1876 to 1879, and 1891 to 1893. He also served as Mayor of Denver from 1883 to 1885.

 

Benjamin received his primary education at Kinderhook Academy, New York and in 1853 was graduated from Amherst College with high honors. He was principal of Hopkins Academy at Hadley, Massachusetts, one year and was a student a year later in the Harvard Law School and the next year he was a tutor at Amherst. He arrived in Bloomington in the spring of 1856. In the fall he appeared before Judge (and future Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court) David Davis at Lincoln, Illinois, for his bar exam. One of the examiners was Abraham Lincoln. He passed the test and later became a close friend of the future 16th U.S. president.

 

Benjamin was a prominent attorney who represented the people in The People vs. Chicago and Alton Railroad. That case was widely considered a benchmark ruling that allowed the government to regulate private enterprises.

 

After Benjamin "retired" from the practice of law, he devoted his time to writing textbooks that were used at many of the most prominent law schools in the country. He also served as a McLean County judge from 1877 to 1886, and served for a time as the dean of the law school faculty at Illinois Wesleyan University in Bloomington.

 

The Ruben M. Benjamin House is listed both by itself and as a contributing property in Bloomington's East Grove Street District. The only other home in the East Grove Street District to have this distinction is the George H. Cox House previously shown in this McLean County series.

 

The East Grove Street District includes 43 houses and apartment buildings, 25 of which are considered contributing buildings. The houses in the district were built between 1855 and 1915 for many of Bloomington's upper middle class residents. Due to a building boom between 1880 and 1900, the then-popular Queen Anne style is the most prevalent in the district. Other popular architectural styles in the district include Greek Revival homes from the 1850s, Italianate homes built between 1860 and 1880, and Arts and Crafts homes built in the 1900s. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1987.

 

Bloomington is the seat of McLean County. It is adjacent to Normal, and is the more populous of the two principal municipalities of the Bloomington-Normal metropolitan area. Bloomington is home to State Farm Insurance, Country Financial and Beer Nuts. Illinois Wesleyan University is located here, while the neighboring twin city of Normal is home to Illinois State University and Heartland Community College. Bloomington is 135 miles (217 km) southwest of Chicago, and 162 miles (261 km) northeast of St. Louis. The estimated population of Bloomington in 2019 was 77,330, with a metro population of 191,067.

701 Brickell Avenue, is an office skyscraper in the Brickell district of Miami, Florida, United States. It is located on Brickell Avenue in the northern Brickell Financial District, just three blocks from Biscayne Bay. The tower was built in 1986 and opened as the Lincoln Center, it held that title until 2004. It currently goes by its address, which is 701 Brickell, because there was already a building in Miami at the time that claimed the Bank of America litigation, and therefore it could not take that name. However, that specific building has since been renamed the Miami Tower. The building is currently owned by TIAA–CREF, which purchased it in November 2002.

 

The building is 450 ft (150 m) tall and contains 34 floors. When built, it was in the top ten tallest buildings in Miami. Now, however, it has been dwarfed by much taller surrounding buildings which have been built as part of the recent building boom in that city. The building contains 677,677 rentable square feet of Class A office space.

 

Credit for the data above is given to the following website:

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/701_Brickell_Avenue

www.emporis.com/buildings/122288/701-brickell-avenue-miam...

wikimili.com/en/701_Brickell_Avenue

 

© All Rights Reserved - you may not use this image in any form without my prior permission.

The last pre-litigation Westfield Seven* posing at Ballykinler with the Mountains of Mourne sweeping down to the sea in the distance.

 

*See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_Sportscars

 

Scanned from a 6x4 photograph.

Location: Bank of The River (Jamuna), Sirajganj, B A N G L A D E S H.

 

The Jamuna River is one of the three main rivers of Bangladesh. It is the main distributary channel of the Brahmaputra River as it it flows from India to Bangladesh. The Jamuna flows south and joins the Padma River (Pôdda), near Goalundo Ghat, before meeting the Meghna River near Chandpur. It then flows into the Bay of Bengal as the Meghna River.

 

The Brahmaputra-Jamuna is a classic example of a braided river and is highly susceptible to channel migration and avulsion.

The Jamuna is a braided stream characterised by a network of interlacing channels with numerous sandbars enclosed in between them. The sandbars, known in the Bengali as chars do not, however, occupy a permanent position. The river deposits them in one year very often to destroy and redeposit them in the next rainy season. The process of deposition erosion and redeposition has been going on continuously making it difficult to precisely demarcate the boundary between the district of Sirajganj on one side and the district of Mymensingh Tangail and Dhaka on the other. Breaking of a char or the emergence of a new one is also a cause of much violence and litigation.

 

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Bumper cars (or dodgems) piled up having been stored for winter. Now spring is here, they have been uncovered in preparation for the coming tourist season.

 

Bumper cars (US English) or dodgems (British English) is the generic name for a type of flat ride consisting of several small electric cars which draw power from the floor and/or ceiling, and which are turned on and off remotely by an operator. They are also known as bumping cars and dashing cars'.

 

Although the idea of the ride is to bump other cars, safety-conscious (or at least litigation-conscious) owners sometimes put up signs reading "This way around" and "No (head on) bumping." Depending on the level of enforcement by operators, these rules are often ignored by bumper car riders, especially younger children and teenagers.

Harrisburg Camp

Eureka Gold Mine

Death Valley National Park

California

 

Pete Aguereberry was born in 1874 into a Basque family in France. At an early age he read about the wonderful gold discoveries in California and begged his father to let him come to the United States. When he turned 16 his father relented, and Pete sailed for America in 1890.

For the next several years he struggled to learn the language while taking on a number of jobs. He worked as a handball player, sheepherder, cattle driver, milk truck driver, ice delivery man, ranch hand and stage driver until he wound up in Goldfield around 1902.

 

He came out to this area in 1905, and in June of that year he almost died trying to cross Death Valley in summer heat. He was found and nursed back to health by Oscar Denton, the caretaker for the Greenland Ranch, and just a month later was headed up to Ballarat with Shorty Harris. Along their journey Pete found a ledge that looked promising, and indeed it contained free gold. Pete filed claims for himself on the north side of the hill while Shorty took claims on the south side.

 

By August, at least 20 parties were working in the area and samples of the gold were assayed as high as $500 a ton. Three hundred men and women settled into the camp which became known as Harrisburg. Originally Pete and Shorty had agreed to call it Harrisberry, but Shorty changed the name in telling the story about it. Water was brought in from Emigrant Spring, Blackwater Spring and Wild Rose Spring.

 

By 1907 the Eureka mine was tied up in a litigation battle that ended in 1909 when Pete got control of the claims. Pete worked at the mine from 1907 until the early 1930’s when his health was failing him. Except for some help from his nephew in his later years, the Eureka mine was built and worked by Pete alone. Pete died on Nov. 23, 1945 and he is buried in Lone Pine, California.

From the NPS website

 

La Casa Hundertwasser (en alemán: Hundertwasserhaus) sita en Kegelgasse 34-38 en el Landstraße (distrito nº 3 de Viena), es un complejo residencial municipal, construido entre 1983 y 1985.

El alcalde de Viena Leopold Gratz ofreció el proyecto a Friedensreich Hundertwasser para construir estas viviendas sociales en 1977.

Estructurado por Hundertwasser y planificado por el Arquitecto Joseph Krawina, combina pisos y fachadas ondulantes, aberturas irregulares, gran colorido y vegetación (250 árboles y arbustos). No se adapta a las normas y clichés convencionales de la arquitectura. Es un viaje por la tierra de la arquitectura creativa. Otros ejemplos de arquitectura no convencional son visibles en las obras de Antoni Gaudí, el Palais Idéal de Ferdinand Cheval, las Torres Watts y la anónima arquitectura de las Schrebergärten (huertas comunitarias alemanas), entre otras.

En el edificio se encuentran 52 viviendas, 4 locales de negocio, 16 terrazas privadas, un jardín de invierno, 3 azoteas comunitarias y 2 áreas de juegos infantiles.

La Hundertawasserhaus es hoy una visita obligada en Viena. Se pueden encontrar edificios análogos, labor de Hundertwasser junto con los arquitectos Peter Pelikan y Heinz M. Springmann en Bad Soden, Darmstadt (la Waldspirale), Fráncfort del Meno, Magdeburgo, Osaka, Plochingen, Wittenberg y las termas de Bad Blumau.

Por desgracia, poco después de la inauguración, la conversión a la utilidad práctica ha sido incompleta. Las tejas de la azotea comenzaron a reblandecerse, el uso de plantas ha generado gastos adicionales debido a sus raíces (especialmente después de que el maestro variara la posición durante la construcción), o los cristales de la fachada deben limpiarse mediante andamios y elevadores.

La arquitectura juguetona de Hundertwasser debe verse como una Fata Morgana (espejismo).

 

“Un pintor sueña con casas y una buena arquitectura, en la cual el hombre sea libre y se haga realidad este sueño”

Friedensreich Hundertwasser

 

es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundertwasserhaus

  

The Hundertwasserhaus is an apartment house in Vienna, Austria, built after the idea and concept of Austrian artist Friedensreich Hundertwasser with architect Joseph Krawina as a co-creator.

This expressionist landmark of Vienna is located in the Landstraße district on the corner of Kegelgasse and Löwengasse. The Hundertwasser House is one of Vienna's most visited buildings and has become part of Austria's cultural heritage.

Friedensreich Hundertwasser started out as a painter. Since the early 1950s, however, he increasingly became focused on architecture, writing and reading in public, advocating natural forms of decay. In 1972, he had his first architectural models made for the TV-show ‘Wünsch dir was', in order to demonstrate his ideas on forested roofs, "tree tenants" and the "window right" of every tenant to embellish the facade around his windows. In these models Hundertwasser also developed new architectural shapes, such as the "eye-slit" house and the "high-rise meadow house".

In lectures at academies and before architectural associations, Hundertwasser elucidated his concerns regarding an architecture in harmony with nature and man. Bruno Kreisky, the federal chancellor at the time, suggested in a letter dated November 30, 1977 to Leopold Gratz, the mayor of Vienna, that Hundertwasser be given the opportunity to realize his ideas in the field of architecture by allowing him to build a housing project, whereupon Leopold Gratz, in a letter of December 15, 1977, invited Hundertwasser to create an apartment building according to his own ideas.

 

To this end, architect Josef Krawina was invited to join the artist and to help him to put his ideas into practice.

In August and September 1979, architect Krawina presented to Hundertwasser his preliminary drawings and a Styrofoam model. Hundertwasser was shocked and rejected them as representing exactly the leveling, straight-lined modular grid against which he had consistently fought. As his model of the “Terrace House” for Eurovision showed, he had already conceptualized a quite different type of house.

In the end the house was built between 1983 and 1985 according to the ideas and concepts of Hundertwasser with architect Univ.-Prof. Joseph Krawina as a co-author and architect Peter Pelikan as a planner. It features undulating floors, a roof covered with earth and grass, and large trees growing from inside the rooms, with limbs extending from windows. Hundertwasser took no payment for the design of the house, declaring that it was worth it, to prevent something ugly from going up in its place.

Within the house there are 53 apartments, four offices, 16 private terraces and three communal terraces, and a total of 250 trees and bushes.

In 2001, twenty years after architect Krawina's exit from the project, the firm H.B. Medienvertriebsgesellschaft mbH under its business manager Harald Böhm encouraged architect Krawina to legally substantiate his claim as co-creator of the “Hundertwasser House.” On March 11, 2010, after eight years of litigation, Austria's Oberster Gerichtshof [Supreme Court of Justice] ruled Josef Krawina along with Friedensreich Hundertwasser, to be co-creators of the house with the effect that it is now forbidden for the Hundertwasser Non-Profit Foundation to disseminate any illustration or replica of the house without acknowledging Krawina as co-creator.

According to the ruling, Hundertwasser was the sole spiritual creator (German: Geistiger Schöpfer) of the building, however, Krawina must be recognized as a co-creator of equal standing and be paid an equal share in royalty receipts.

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundertwasserhaus

 

Well,sadly...due to Health and Safety concerns...trams are suspended ,hopefully temporarily:Although they ran all around the world for many years,it seems that nowadays people need to be wrapped up in cotton-wool...or,more likely,everybody is that scared by litigation,with the devious assistance of ambulance chasing lawyers,( Leeches), that they cannot take a chance on providing a wonderful nostalgic service which enhances the heritage of our region: I also note that because of massive local council cuts,the funding which helps keep the Wirral transport museum open is under review...am I perhaps becoming cynical as I get older?

I haven't done litigation in a couple of years now and I don't miss it (yet). But it was a lot of fun. I kept this hand-colored print (from Gould's The Birds of Great Britain, published 1862-1873) of a wall of my conference room.

 

Whenever I took the deposition of an adverse party, I would position them where this print would be right above my head.

Cameron before the Seurat in the Art Institute in FBDO.

I got a promotion today! I will start training as a litigation paralegal on Monday.

 

I almost posted this image a while ago, but didn't - now I am glad I can post it today because "Behind the Scenes" very much describes how God works! I would say I have been praying for a change at work but in all honesty "pleading and begging with heartfelt supplication" is the correct term.

 

I could not see behind the scenes, but He did and today the change came. I will be working for a very good attorney who is also an MBA and we think alike - don't let the deadline drive you, you drive the deadlines. I am very much looking forward to this...and the raise at the end of the 60-90 days review period

 

So be of good cheer all my friends who are waiting and hoping and praying (perhaps with tears) God is behind the scenes and He is working.

 

"And we know that in all things God works for the good of those who love him, who have been called according to his purpose." Romans 8:28

 

Thank you for your comments and faves – they are greatly appreciated!

 

Select photos from my Flickr stream are available for purchase as prints or personal download at [www.winterfirephotographicarts.com].

Sign by an irate homeowner on the wall of his home at Mare Island, California. The owner, Bill Kearney, complains that, after years of litigation with the home-builder Lennar Corporation, a home construction and real estate firm based in Miami, Florida, that over $100K in construction defects remain unresolved. He terms his home the "Lennar Lemon".

 

Mare Island is a peninsula in the city of Vallejo, California located 23 miles northeast of San Francisco. It had, since 1850, been reserved for government use. In 1993 Congress approved the closure of Mare Island Naval Shipyard (the oldest shipyard and naval facility on the West Coast) and a vision of rebuilding the island as a vital place where people lived and worked was undertaken by the city of Vallejo. In 1998, the city of Vallejo contracted with Lennar to develop 650 acres of the eastern portion of Mare Island into a multi-use community.

Litigation Finance

The Statue of the Bear and the Strawberry Tree (in Spanish “El Oso y el Madroño”) is a sculpture from the second half of the 20th century, situated in the Spanish city of Madrid. It represents the coat of arms of Madrid and is found on the east side of the Puerta del Sol, between Calle de Alcalá and Carrera de San Jerónimo, in the historical centre of the capital.

 

The statue is a work of the sculptor Antonio Navarro Santafé (1906-1983) and it was inaugurated on 19 January 1967. It was promoted by the section of Culture of the City council of Madrid, which wanted to represent the main heraldic symbols of the city in a monument.

 

The first appearance of a wild bear and a strawberry tree on the coat of arms of the city was in the 13th century. Previously, it only incorporated a bear in passant attitude, until it was replaced in the aforementioned century by the two current figures. With this change, they wanted to symbolise the resolution adopted by the municipality and the Chapter of Priests and Beneficiaries after a long litigation about the control of Madrilenian pastures and trees. Since this agreement, the former became property of the Chapter and the latter of the council. From here they modified the arms, including a strawberry tree and of a bear in a new posture: leaning on the tree with both paws.

 

The sculpture has always been in the Puerta del Sol, but in two locations inside the square. Before 1986, it was situated in the east side of it, in the vicinity of the building between the Calle de Alcalá and the Carrera St. Jerónimo. That year, it was moved to the front of Carmen Street for the square's reform and remodeling, promoted by mayor Enrique Tierno Galván. In September 2009, with the integral renewal of the square promoted by Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón, it has gone back to its original location.

 

The Statue of the Bear and the Strawberry Tree is made of stone and bronze. It weighs approximately 22 tons (20 tonnes) and stands 13 ft (4 m) tall. It rests on a staggered cubic pedestal of granite.

 

It represents in a real-life form the coat of arms of Madrid, with the tree taller than the bear, who supports his paws on the trunk and directs his attention towards one of the fruits.

 

Antonio Navarro Santafé ( Villena , Alicante , December 22, 1906-id., November 16, 1983) was a Spanish sculptor . On April 24, 1983 he was named Favorite Son of the city of Villena.

 

Born into a humble farming family, he was the seventh child of nine siblings. The family did not have enough money and that is why they had financial problems and to cure his problems, his father and his two older brothers emigrated to Argentina. Some time later, his mother sold the rest of the family assets and, after time, they moved to Madrid in 1913 at Atocha Street , No. 9.

 

In Madrid, from the age of eleven, he had to work to help with the needs of the house. Shortly afterward he went to the studio of the Castellón sculptor José Ortells López , a disciple of Benlliure , and there he made his first sculpture, a head he titled "Peasant". From 1930 he began to carry out important works. He later went to Valencia to the San Carlos School of Fine Arts and then joined the Madrid School of Ceramics as a teacher. Later he was appointed Professor of Drawing at the Colegio de San Ildefonso in Madrid and Master Stonemason of the Villa City Council.

 

He suffered from stuttering, which gave him a shy character and little given to creating "social relationships." This earned him a certain dependence on intermediaries who did not always know how to adequately pay for his work or accept modeling jobs for the firms of other sculptors.

 

About this, he himself wrote:

"When I started to get older, having been living in Madrid for years, and I wanted to fight against the tremendous defect that I already noticed was hurting me, I corrected it somewhat by doing respiratory gymnastics; then someone recommended that I read aloud, syllable, and I read I complete Don Quixote in this way, and breathing deeply. At the height of my life I must admit that the use of such a practice that I have always maintained constantly has helped me on occasions, but any physical weakness, any moment or occasion that affected my nerves, made me fall into the abyss of that evil."

 

His mother was his great supporter in following his vocation in sculpture. She entrusted all of her projects and assignments to her mother and she was the one who first saw her work and gave her her opinion on them. Her mother took care of the order and cleanliness of the sculptor's work studio, as well as acting as secretary when necessary. 5 His death in February 1945 in Madrid was an emotional blow for the sculptor.

 

Navarro Santafé was a sculptor who cultivated diverse themes, ranging from the imagery of virgins and saints, in carving and marble, to the portrait bust, in which he achieved sensational achievements, with an exact resemblance to his sitters, both in stone and in bronze.

 

Monument to the Horse. Jerez de la Frontera

1939. Virgin of the Virtues , Patroness of Villena.

1947. Monument to Ruperto Chapí , monument to the music of Villena in his native Villena .

1959. Virgin of Santa María La Blanca for the burial of the Dukes of Marchena , in San Sebastián .

1967. Statue of the Bear and the Strawberry Tree in the Puerta del Sol square in Madrid .

1968. Monument to the Berlin Bear, in the Berlin Park , in Madrid.

1968. Bust of Doctor Lafuente Chaos, at the headquarters of the Medical College of the city of Guadalajara .

1970. Monument to the Horse of Jerez de la Frontera , considered one of his crowning works.

1973. Monument to the Fighting Bull in Puerto de Santa María

1983. Hunting Dream, at the Villena Museum.

 

The Puerta del Sol is a public square in Madrid, one of the best known and busiest places in the city. This is the centre (Km 0) of the radial network of Spanish roads. The square also contains the famous clock whose bells mark the traditional eating of the Twelve Grapes and the beginning of a new year. The New Year's celebration has been broadcast live since 31 December 1962 on major radio and television networks including Atresmedia and RTVE.

 

The Puerta del Sol originated as one of the gates in the city wall that surrounded Madrid in the 15th century. Outside the wall, medieval suburbs began to grow around the Christian Wall of the 12th century. The name of the gate came from the rising sun which decorated the entry, since the gate was oriented to the east.

 

Between the 17th and 19th centuries, the area was an important meeting place: as the goal for the couriers coming from abroad and other parts of Spain to the Post Office, it was visited by those eager for the latest news. The stairs to the Saint Philip church at the square were known as the Gradas de San Felipe, and were among the most prolific mentideros de la Corte (this Spanish idiom sounds as "lie-spreaders of the Court", but it is related with the verb mentar, "to say about someone", not mentir, "to lie", so it is more appropriately translated as "places of the City where people gossip").

 

The House of the Post Office was built by French architect Jacques Marquet between 1766 and 1768. The building was the headquarters of the Ministry of Interior and State Security in Francoist Spain. It is currently the seat of the Presidency of the Madrid Community.

 

Sol has seen protests against the March 11th 2004 attacks on commuter trains, and Spain's involvement in the Iraq War . In 2011, the square became established as a focal point and a symbol for the ongoing Spanish democracy demonstrations. The demonstrations included camping in the middle of the plaza (@acampadasol), which began on 15 May 2011 amidst the election campaign for city halls and Autonomous Communities governments and which was fueled by social media, particularly Twitter and Facebook. The demonstrations then spread to more than sixty other cities throughout Spain. Since 12 June 2011, the square has held a free-standing domed structure made from pallets, which served as an information point for the 15-M Movement. This continued throughout the summer of 2011 until the dawn of 2 August, when the national police decided to evict the structure and protestors. Currently, dozens of committees have their assemblies in the iconic square.

 

Despite once being the meeting point of the six major radial roads of Spain, in 2020 the square was pedestrianized and closed to most traffic. Exceptions are made for supplies to shops, emergency services and blood donation campaigns.

 

The Puerta del Sol contains a number of well known sights both domestically and internationally associated with Spain. On the south side, the old Post Office was the headquarters of the Ministry of Interior and State Security in Francoist Spain. The basement of the DGS (Spanish: Dirección General de Seguridad, lit. 'General Directorate of Security') was infamous for being a place where Dissidents to the regime were subjected to torture. The building now serves as the office of the President of Madrid, the head of the regional government of the Autonomous Community of Madrid (not to be confused with the Madrid City Council, which is housed in the Palacio de Cibeles). There are two commemorative plaques in the front of the Royal House of the Post Office: one is devoted to the neighbours of Madrid who rose up against the Napoleonic invasion of Spain on May 2, 1808; the other one is a memorial of the victims of the March 11th, 2004 terrorist attacks.

 

Also on its south side, the square holds a mounted statue of Charles III of Spain, nicknamed "el rey alcalde" ("the mayor-king") due to the extensive public works program he set in motion. The famous Tío Pepe lighted sign was above the square's eastern building between the Calle de Alcalá and the Carrera de San Jerónimo (Apple Store today) for a long time, now is on top of the former Paris Hotel. Also on the east side lies the statue of The Bear and the Strawberry Tree (in Spanish, el Oso y el Madroño), the heraldic symbol of Madrid. Until 2009, the statue stood on the north side at the entrance to Calle del Carmen. The Mariblanca (a female figure named for its white marble) is a copy of a statue (possibly of Venus, and so the restored pedestal claims), which marks the place of a former fountain displaying that figure.

 

The kilómetro cero is a plaque on the ground directly north of the Post Office serving as the symbolic center of Spain, and the point from which kilometer distances are numbered in the Spanish road system.

 

The Puerta is located in the very heart of Madrid. It serves as the kilometre zero from which all radial roads in Spain are measured. This is demonstrated by a plaque on the floor of the square, marking the exact point of Km.0. This was established in 1857, setting six major radial roads, clockwise:

 

N-1 (Northern Road) to Irun, border town with France, via Burgos, starting from Calle Montera and continuing through Calle de Fuencarral and Calle de Bravo Murillo

N-2 (Northeastern Road) to La Jonquera, border town with France, via Zaragoza and Barcelona, starting from Calle de Alcalá

N-3 (Eastern Road) to Valencia, starting from Carrera de San Jerónimo, where the Congress of Deputies is located, and continuing through Paseo del Prado

N-4 (Southern Road) to Córdoba, Seville and Cádiz, starting from Calle Carretas, Calle Concepción Jerónima and Calle de Toledo

N-5 (Southwestern Road) to Badajoz, border town with Portugal, starting from Calle Mayor

N-6 (Northwestern Road) to A Coruña, starting from Calle Preciados, continuing through Gran Vía and Calle de la Princesa

The old plaque was replaced in 2009, as it had become faded after years of foot traffic. It is also the reference for street numbers in Madrid, which begin at the street-end that is closest to Puerta del Sol.

 

Immediately to the southwest lies the Plaza Mayor; the Palacio Real, the official home of the Royal Family, is further west. Parliament and the museum district are to the east and the train station Atocha is to the southeast.

 

Under the square lies a public transport hub served by lines 1, 2 and 3 of the Madrid Metro. A commuter service was inaugurated on 27 June 2009, four years behind schedule. The lateness of the construction was in part due to the discovery of the remains of the Church of Our Lady of Good Success during the excavation of the main chamber. The new station connects the Puerta to Madrid's commuter rail system and, by extension, to Spain's railroads via direct connections to Atocha and Chamartín railway stations.

 

The square connects several commercial and recreational areas together, and thus both it and the surrounding streets consist mainly of shopping establishments catering to locals and tourists alike, like the several El Corte Inglés department store buildings in Preciados Street, La Mallorquina cafe, and numerous, ever-changing restaurants. The area remains active late into the night and early morning since nearby bars and dance clubs often only start entertainment at 1 am. Street music is also common in the area.

 

Side streets close to the square also contain residential flats, some small offices, and tourist hostels.

 

During New Year's Eve 2018–2019, the clock of the Puerta del Sol for the first time in history rang the bells according to the schedule of the Canary Islands. After the traditional twelve strokes of midnight, the clock delayed one hour its needles to adjust to the Canary hour and also gave the chimes at the same time as this archipelago.

 

Madrid is the capital and most populous city of Spain. The city has almost 3.4 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 7 million. It is the second-largest city in the European Union (EU), and its monocentric metropolitan area is the second-largest in the EU. The municipality covers 604.3 km2 (233.3 sq mi) geographical area. Madrid lies on the River Manzanares in the central part of the Iberian Peninsula at about 650 meters above mean sea level. The capital city of both Spain and the surrounding autonomous community of Madrid (since 1983), it is also the political, economic, and cultural centre of the country. The climate of Madrid features hot summers and cool winters.

 

The Madrid urban agglomeration has the second-largest GDP in the European Union and its influence in politics, education, entertainment, environment, media, fashion, science, culture, and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world's major global cities. Due to its economic output, high standard of living, and market size, Madrid is considered the major financial centre and the leading economic hub of the Iberian Peninsula and of Southern Europe. The metropolitan area hosts major Spanish companies such as Telefónica, Iberia, BBVA and FCC. It concentrates the bulk of banking operations in the country and it is the Spanish-speaking city generating the largest amount of webpages. For innovation, Madrid is ranked 19th in the world and 7th in Europe from 500 cities, in the 2022–2023 annual analysts Innovation Cities Index, published by 2ThinkNow.

 

Madrid houses the headquarters of the UN's World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB), the Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI), and the Public Interest Oversight Board (PIOB). It also hosts major international regulators and promoters of the Spanish language: the Standing Committee of the Association of Spanish Language Academies, headquarters of the Royal Spanish Academy (RAE), the Instituto Cervantes and the Foundation of Urgent Spanish (FundéuRAE). Madrid organises fairs such as FITUR, ARCO, SIMO TCI and the Madrid Fashion Week. Madrid is home to two world-famous football clubs, Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid.

 

While Madrid possesses modern infrastructure, it has preserved the look and feel of many of its historic neighbourhoods and streets. Its landmarks include the Plaza Mayor, the Royal Palace of Madrid; the Royal Theatre with its restored 1850 Opera House; the Buen Retiro Park, founded in 1631; the 19th-century National Library building (founded in 1712) containing some of Spain's historical archives; many national museums, and the Golden Triangle of Art, located along the Paseo del Prado and comprising three art museums: Prado Museum, the Reina Sofía Museum, a museum of modern art, and the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, which complements the holdings of the other two museums. Cibeles Palace and Fountain has become one of the monument symbols of the city. The mayor is José Luis Martínez-Almeida from the People's Party.

 

The documented history of Madrid dates to the 9th century, even though the area has been inhabited since the Stone Age. The primitive nucleus of Madrid, a walled military outpost in the left bank of the Manzanares, dates back to the second half of the 9th century, during the rule of the Emirate of Córdoba. Conquered by Christians in 1083 or 1085, Madrid consolidated in the Late Middle Ages as a middle to upper-middle rank town of the Crown of Castile. The development of Madrid as administrative centre began when the court of the Hispanic Monarchy was settled in the town in 1561.

 

The primitive urban nucleus of Madrid (Majriṭ) was founded in the late 9th century (from 852 to 886) as a citadel erected on behalf of Muhammad I, the Cordobese emir, on the relatively steep left bank of the Manzanares. Originally it was largely a military outpost for the quartering of troops. Similarly to other fortresses north of the Tagus, Madrid made it difficult to muster reinforcements from the Asturian kingdom to the unruly inhabitants of Toledo, prone to rebellion against the Umayyad rule. Extending across roughly 8 ha, Muslim Madrid consisted of the alcázar and the wider walled citadel (al-Mudayna) with the addition of some housing outside the walls. By the late 10th century, Majriṭ was an important borderland military stronghold territory with great strategic value, owing to its proximity to Toledo. The most generous estimates for the 10th century tentatively and intuitively put the number of inhabitants of the 9 ha settlement at 2,000. The model of repopulation is likely to have been by the Limitanei, characteristic of the borderlands.

 

The settlement is mentioned in the work of the 10th-century Cordobese chronicler Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Razi, with the latter locating the Castle of Madrid within the district of Guadalajara. After the Christian conquest, in the first half of the 12th century Al-Idrisi described Madrid as a "small city and solid fortress, well populated. In the age of Islam, it had a small mosque where the khuṭbah was always delivered," and placed it in the province of the sierra, "al-Sārrāt". It was ascribed by most post-Christian conquest Muslim commentators, including Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi, to Toledo. This may tentatively suggest that the settlement, part of the cora of Guadalajara according to al-Razi, could have been transferred to Toledo following the Fitna of al-Andalus.

 

The city passed to Christian control in the context of the conquest of Toledo; historiography debates whether if the event took place in 1083, before the conquest of Toledo, in the wake of negotiations between Alfonso VI and al-Qadir, or afterwards, as a direct consequence of the seizure of Toledo in 1085.

 

The mosque was reconsecrated as the church of the Virgin of Almudena (almudin, the garrison's granary). The society in the 11th and 12th centuries was structured around knight-villeins as a leading class in the local public, social and economic life. The town had a Muslim and mozarabic preexisting population (a number of the former would remain in the town after the conquest while the later community would remain very large throughout the high middle ages before merging with the new settlers). The town was further repopulated by settlers with a dominant Castilian-Leonese extraction. Frank settlers were a minority but influential community. The Jewish community was probably smaller in number than the mudéjar one, standing out as physicians up until their expulsion. By the end of the middle ages, the best-positioned members of the mudéjar community were the alarifes ('master builders'), who were tasked with public works (including the management of the viajes de agua), and had a leading role in the urbanism of the town in the 15th century.

 

Since the mid-13th century and up to the late 14th century, the concejo of Madrid vied for the control of the Real de Manzanares territory against the concejo of Segovia, a powerful town north of the Sierra de Guadarrama mountain range, characterised by its repopulating prowess and its husbandry-based economy, contrasted by the agricultural and less competent in repopulation town of Madrid. After the decline of Sepúlveda, another concejo north of the mountain range, Segovia had become a major actor south of the Guadarrama mountains, expanding across the Lozoya and Manzanares rivers to the north of Madrid and along the Guadarrama river course to its west.

 

The society of Madrid before the 15th century was an agriculture-based one (prevailing over livestock), featuring a noteworthy number of irrigated crops.[16] Two important industries were those of the manufacturing of building materials and leather.

 

John I of Castile gifted Leo V of Armenia the lordship of Madrid together with those of Villa Real and Andújar in 1383. The Madrilenian concejo made sure that the privilege of lordship did not become hereditary, also presumably receiving a non-sale privilege guaranteeing never again to be handed over by the Crown to a lord.

 

Later, Henry III of Castile (1379–1406) rebuilt the town after it was destroyed by fire, and he founded El Pardo just outside its walls.

 

During the 15th century, the town became one of the preferred locations of the monarchs of the Trastámara dynasty, namely John II of Castile and Henry IV of Castile (Madrid was the town in which the latter spent more time and eventually died). Among the appeals the town offered, aside from the abundant game in the surroundings, the strategic location and the closed link between the existing religious sites and the monarchy, the imposing alcázar frequently provided a safe for the Royal Treasure. The town briefly hosted a medieval mint, manufacturing coins from 1467 to 1471. Madrid would also become a frequent seat of the court during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, spending reportedly more than 1000 days in the town, including a 8-month long uninterrupted spell.

 

By the end of the Middle Ages, Madrid was placed as middle to upper-middle rank town of the Castilian urban network in terms of population. The town also enjoyed a vote at the Cortes of Castile (one out of 18) and housed many hermitages and hospitals.

 

Facing the 1492 decree of expulsion, few local Jews opted for leaving, with most preferring to convert instead, remaining as a non-fully assimilated converso community, subject to rejection by Old Christians. Likewise, adoption of Christianism by the mudéjar community facing the 1502 pragmatic law of forced conversion was also widespread. Seeking to protect its economic interests, the council actively promoted assimilation in the latter case by awarding tax and economic benefits, and gifts.

 

The 1520–21 Revolt of the Comuneros succeeded in Madrid, as, following contacts with the neighbouring city of Toledo, the comunero rebels deposed the corregidor, named Antonio de Astudillo, by 17 June 1520. Juan Zapata and Pedro de Montemayor found themselves among the most uncompromising supporters of the comunero cause in Madrid, with the former becoming the captain of the local militias while the later was captured by royalists and executed by late 1520. The end of revolt came through a negotiation, though, and another two of the leading figures of the uprising (the Bachelor Castillo and Juan Negrete) went unpunished.

 

Philip II (1527–1598), moved the court to Madrid in 1561. Although he made no official declaration, the seat of the court became the de facto capital. Unlikely to have more than 20,000 inhabitants by the time, the city grew approaching the 100,000 mark by the end of the 16th century. The population plummeted (reportedly reduced to a half) during the 5-year period the capital was set in Valladolid (1601–1606), with estimations of roughly 50–60,000 people leaving the city. The move (often framed in modern usage as a case of real estate speculation) was promoted by the valido of Philip III, Duke of Lerma, who had previously acquired many properties in Valladolid. Madrid undertook a mammoth cultural and economic crisis and the decimation of the price of housing ensued. Lerma acquired then cheap real estate in Madrid, and suggested the King to move back the capital to Madrid. The king finally accepted the additional 250,000 ducats offered by the town of Madrid in order to help financing the move of the royal court back to Madrid.

 

During the 17th century, Madrid had a estate-based society. The nobility, a quantitatively large group, swarmed around the royal court. The ecclesial hierarchy, featuring a nobiliary extraction, shared with the nobility the echelon of the Madrilenian society. The lower clergy, featuring a humble extraction, usually had a rural background, although clerics regular often required certifications of limpieza de sangre if not hidalguía. There were plenty of civil servants, who enjoyed considerable social prestige. There was a comparatively small number of craftsmen, traders and goldsmiths. Domestic staff was also common with servants such as pages, squires, butlers and also slaves (owned as symbol of social status). And lastly at the lowest end, there were homeless people, unemployed immigrants, and discharged soldiers and deserters.

 

During the 17th century, Madrid grew rapidly. The royal court attracted many of Spain's leading artists and writers to Madrid, including Cervantes, Lope de Vega, and Velázquez during the so-called cultural Siglo de Oro.

 

By the end of the Ancient Regime, Madrid hosted a slave population, tentatively estimated to range from 6,000 to 15,000 out of total population larger than 150,000. Unlike the case of other Spanish cities, during the 18th century the slave population in Madrid was unbalanced in favour of males over females.

 

In 1739 Philip V began constructing new palaces, including the Palacio Real de Madrid. Under Charles III (1716–1788) that Madrid became a truly modern city. Charles III, who cleaned up the city and its government, became one of the most popular kings to rule Madrid, and the saying "the best mayor, the king" became widespread. Besides completing the Palacio Real, Charles III is responsible for many of Madrid's finest buildings and monuments, including the Prado and the Puerta de Alcalá.

 

Amid one of the worst subsistence crises of the Bourbon monarchy, the installation of news lanterns for the developing street lighting system—part of the new modernization policies of the Marquis of Esquilache, the new Sicilian minister—led to an increase on oil prices. This added to an increasing tax burden imposed on a populace already at the brink of famine.[42] In this context, following the enforcing of a ban of the traditional Spanish dress (long cape and a wide-brimmed hat) in order to facilitate the identification of criminal suspects, massive riots erupted in March 1766 in Madrid, the so-called "Mutiny of Esquilache".

 

During the second half of the 18th century, the increasing number of carriages brought a collateral increment of pedestrian accidents, forcing the authorities to take measures against traffic, limiting the number of animals per carriage (in order to reduce speed) and eventually decreeing the full ban of carriages in the city (1787).

 

On 27 October 1807, Charles IV and Napoleon signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau, which allowed French troops passage through Spanish territory to join Spanish troops and invade Portugal, which had refused to obey the order for an international blockade against England. In February 1808, Napoleon used the excuse that the blockade against England was not being respected at Portuguese ports to send a powerful army under his brother-in-law, General Joachim Murat. Contrary to the treaty, French troops entered via Catalonia, occupying the plazas along the way. Thus, throughout February and March 1808, cities such as Barcelona and Pamplona remained under French rule.

 

While all this was happening, the Mutiny of Aranjuez (17 March 1808) took place, led by Charles IV's own son, crown prince Ferdinand, and directed against him. Charles IV resigned and Ferdinand took his place as King Ferdinand VII. In May 1808, Napoleon's troops entered the city. On 2 May 1808 (Spanish: Dos de Mayo), the Madrileños revolted against the French forces, whose brutal behavior would have a lasting impact on French rule in Spain and France's image in Europe in general. Thus, Ferdinand VII returned to a city that had been occupied by Murat.

 

Both the king and his father became virtual prisoners of the French army. Napoleon, taking advantage of the weakness of the Bourbons, forced both, first the father and then the son, to meet him at Bayonne, where Ferdinand VII arrived on 20 April. Here Napoleon forced both kings to abdicate on 5 May, handing the throne to his brother Joseph Bonaparte.

 

On 2 May, the crowd began to concentrate at the Palacio Real and watched as the French soldiers removed the royal family members from the palace. On seeing the infante Francisco de Paula struggling with his captor, the crowd launched an assault on the carriages, shouting ¡Que se lo llevan! (They're taking him away from us!). French soldiers fired into the crowd. The fighting lasted for hours and is reflected in Goya's painting, The Second of May 1808, also known as The Charge of the Mamelukes.

 

Meanwhile, the Spanish military remained garrisoned and passive. Only the artillery barracks at Monteleón under Captain Luis Daoíz y Torres, manned by four officers, three NCOs and ten men, resisted. They were later reinforced by a further 33 men and two officers led by Pedro Velarde y Santillán, and distributed weapons to the civilian population. After repelling a first attack under French General Lefranc, both Spanish commanders died fighting heroically against reinforcements sent by Murat. Gradually, the pockets of resistance fell. Hundreds of Spanish men and women and French soldiers were killed in this skirmish.

 

On 12 August 1812, following the defeat of the French forces at Salamanca, English and Portuguese troops entered Madrid and surrounded the fortified area occupied by the French in the district of Retiro. Following two days of Siege warfare, the 1,700 French surrendered and a large store of arms, 20,000 muskets and 180 cannon, together with many other supplies were captured, along with two French Imperial Eagles.

 

"In the early years of this century, Madrid was a very ugly town, with few architectural monuments, with horrible housing."

 

Antonio Alcalá Galiano. Recuerdos de un anciano.

 

On 29 October, Hill received Wellington's positive order to abandon Madrid and march to join him. After a clash with Soult's advance guard at Perales de Tajuña on the 30th, Hill broke contact and withdrew in the direction of Alba de Tormes. Joseph re-entered his capital on 2 November.

 

After the war of independence Ferdinand VII returned to the throne (1814). The projects of reform by Joseph Bonaparte were abandoned; during the Fernandine period, despite the proposal of several architectural projects for the city, the lack of ability to finance those led to works often being postponed or halted.

 

After a liberal military revolution, Colonel Riego made the king swear to respect the Constitution. Liberal and conservative government thereafter alternated, ending with the enthronement of Isabella II.

 

At the time the reign of Isabella II started, the city was still enclosed behind its walls, featuring a relatively slow demographic growth as well as very high population density. After the 1833 administrative reforms for the country devised by Javier de Burgos (including the configuration of the current province of Madrid), Madrid was to become the capital of the new liberal state.

 

Madrid experienced substantial changes during the 1830s. The corregimiento and the corregidor (institutions from the Ancien Regime) were ended for good, giving rise to the constitutional alcalde in the context of the liberal transformations. Purged off from Carlist elements, the civil office and the military and palatial milieus recognised legitimacy to the dynastic rights of Isabella II.

 

The reforms enacted by Finance Minister Juan Álvarez Mendizábal in 1835–1836 led to the confiscation of ecclesiastical properties and the subsequent demolition of churches, convents and adjacent orchards in the city (similarly to other Spanish cities); the widening of streets and squares ensued.

 

In 1854, amid economic and political crisis, following the pronunciamiento of group of high officers commanded by Leopoldo O'Donnell garrisoned in the nearby town of Vicálvaro in June 1854 (the so-called "Vicalvarada"), the 7 July Manifesto of Manzanares, calling for popular rebellion, and the ousting of Luis José Sartorius from the premiership on 17 July, popular mutiny broke out in Madrid, asking for a real change of system, in what it was to be known as the Revolution of 1854. With the uprising in Madrid reaching its pinnacle on 17, 18 and 19 July, the rebels, who erected barricades in the streets, were bluntly crushed by the new government.

 

1858 was a marked year for the city with the arrival of the waters from the Lozoya. The Canal de Isabel II was inaugurated on 24 June 1858. A ceremony took place soon after in Calle Ancha de San Bernardo to celebrate it, unveiling a 30-metre-high water source in the middle of the street.

 

The plan for the Ensanche de Madrid ('widening of Madrid') by Carlos María de Castro was passed through a royal decree issued on 19 July 1860. The plan for urban expansion by Castro, a staunch Conservative, delivered a segregation of the well-off class, the middle class and the artisanate into different zones. The southern part of the Ensanche was at a disadvantage with respect to the rest of the Ensanche, insofar, located on the way to the river and at a lower altitude, it was a place of passage for the sewage runoff, thereby being described as a "space of urban degradation and misery". Beyond the Ensanches, slums and underclass neighborhoods were built in suburbs such as Tetuán, Prosperidad or Vallecas.

 

Student unrest took place in 1865 following the ministerial decree against the expression of ideas against the monarchy and the church and the forced removal of the rector of the Universidad Central, unwilling to submit. In a crescendo of protests, the night of 10 April 2,000 protesters clashed against the civil guard. The unrest was crudely quashed, leaving 14 deaths, 74 wounded students and 114 arrests (in what became known as the "Night of Saint Daniel"), becoming the precursor of more serious revolutionary attempts.

 

The Glorious Revolution resulting in the deposition of Queen Isabella II started with a pronunciamiento in the bay of Cádiz in September 1868. The success of the uprising in Madrid on 29 September prompted the French exile of the queen, who was on holiday in San Sebastián and was unable to reach the capital by train. General Juan Prim, the leader of the liberal progressives, was received by the Madrilenian people at his arrival to the city in early October in a festive mood. He pronounced his famous speech of the "three nevers" directed against the Bourbons, and delivered a highly symbolical hug to General Serrano, leader of the revolutionary forces triumphant in the 28 September battle of Alcolea, in the Puerta del Sol.

 

On 27 December 1870 the car in which General Prim, the prime minister, was travelling, was shot by unknown hit-men in the Turk Street, nearby the Congress of Deputies. Prim, wounded in the attack, died three days later, with the elected monarch Amadeus, Duke of Aosta, yet to swear the constitution.

 

The creation of the Salamanca–Sol–Pozas tram service in Madrid in 1871 meant the introduction of the first collective system of transportation in the city, predating the omnibus.

 

The economy of the city further modernized during the second half of the 19th century, consolidating its status as a service and financial centre. New industries were mostly focused in book publishing, construction and low-tech sectors. The introduction of railway transport greatly helped Madrid's economic prowess, and led to changes in consumption patterns (such as the substitution of salted fish for fresh fish from the Spanish coasts) as well as further strengthening the city's role as a logistics node in the country's distribution network.

 

The late 19th century saw the introduction of the electric power distribution. As by law, the city council could not concede an industrial monopoly to any company, the city experienced a huge competition among the companies in the electricity sector. The absence of a monopoly led to an overlapping of distribution networks, to the point that in the centre of Madrid 5 different networks could travel through the same street. Electric lighting in the streets was introduced in the 1890s.

 

By the end of the 19th century, the city featured access to water, a central status in the rail network, a cheap workforce and access to financial capital. With the onset of the new century, the Ensanche Sur (in the current day district of Arganzuela) started to grow to become the main industrial area of the municipality along the first half of the 20th century.

 

In the early 20th century Madrid undertook a major urban intervention in its city centre with the creation of the Gran Vía, a monumental thoroughfare (then divided in three segments with different names) whose construction slit the city from top to bottom with the demolition of multitude of housing and small streets. Anticipated in earlier projects, and following the signature of the contract, the works formally started in April 1910 with a ceremony led by King Alfonso XIII.

 

Also with the turn of the century, Madrid had become the cultural capital of Spain as centre of top knowledge institutions (the Central University, the Royal Academies, the Institución Libre de Enseñanza or the Ateneo de Madrid), also concentrating the most publishing houses and big daily newspapers, amounting for the bulk of the intellectual production in the country.

 

In 1919 the Madrid Metro (known as the Ferrocarril Metropolitano by that time) inaugurated its first service, which went from Sol to the Cuatro Caminos area.

 

In the 1919–1920 biennium Madrid witnessed the biggest wave of protests seen in the city up to that date, being the centre of innumerable strikes; despite being still surpassed by Barcelona's, the industrial city par excellence in that time, this cycle decisively set the foundations for the social unrest that took place in the 1930s in the city.

 

The situation the monarchy had left Madrid in 1931 was catastrophic, with tens of thousands of kids receiving no education and a huge rate of unemployment.

 

After the proclamation of the Second Republic on 14 April 1931 the citizens of Madrid understood the free access to the Casa de Campo (until then an enclosed property with exclusive access for the royalty), was a consequence of the fall of the monarchy, and informally occupied the area on 15 April. After the signing of a decree on 20 April which granted the area to the Madrilenian citizens in order to become a "park for recreation and instruction", the transfer was formally sealed on 6 May when Minister Indalecio Prieto formally delivered the Casa de Campo to Mayor Pedro Rico. The Spanish Constitution of 1931 was the first legislating on the state capital, setting it explicitly in Madrid. During the 1930s, Madrid enjoyed "great vitality"; it was demographically young, but also young in the sense of its relation with the modernity. During this time the prolongation of the Paseo de la Castellana towards the north was projected. The proclamation of the Republic slowed down the building of new housing. The tertiary sector gave thrust to the economy. Illiteracy rates were down to below 20%, and the city's cultural life grew notably during the so-called Silver Age of Spanish culture; the sales of newspaper also increased. Anti-clericalism and Catholicism lived side by side in Madrid; the burning of convents initiated after riots in the city in May 1931 worsened the political environment. The 1934 insurrection largely failed in Madrid.

 

In order to deal with the unemployment, the new Republican city council hired many jobless people as gardeners and street cleaners.

 

Prieto, who sought to turn the city into the "Great Madrid", capital of the Republic, charged Secundino Zuazo with the project for the opening of a south–north axis in the city through the northward enlargement of the Paseo de la Castellana and the construction of the Nuevos Ministerios administrative complex in the area (halted by the Civil War, works in the Nuevos Ministerios would finish in 1942). Works on the Ciudad Universitaria, already started during the monarchy in 1929, also resumed.

 

The military uprising of July 1936 was defeated in Madrid by a combination of loyal forces and workers' militias. On 20 July armed workers and loyal troops stormed the single focus of resistance, the Cuartel de La Montaña, defended by a contingent of 2,000 rebel soldiers accompanied by 500 falangists under the command of General Fanjul, killing over one hundred of rebels after their surrender. Aside from the Cuartel de la Montaña episode, the wider scheme for the coup in the capital largely failed both due to disastrous rebel planning and due to the Government delivering weapons to the people wanting to defend the Republic, with the city becoming a symbol of popular resistance, "the people in arms".

 

After the quelling of the coup d'état, from 1936–1939, Madrid remained under the control of forces loyal to the Republic. Following the seemingly unstoppable advance towards Madrid of rebel land troops, the first air bombings on Madrid also started. Immediately after the bombing of the nearing airports of Getafe and Cuatro Vientos, Madrid proper was bombed for the first time in the night of the 27–28 August 1936 by a Luftwaffe's Junkers Ju 52 that threw several bombs on the Ministry of War and the Station of the North. Madrid "was to become the first big European city to be bombed by aviation".

 

Rebel General Francisco Franco, recently given the supreme military command over his faction, took a detour in late September to "liberate" the besieged Alcázar de Toledo. Meanwhile, this operation gave time to the republicans in Madrid to build defenses and start receiving some foreign support.

 

The summer and autumn of 1936 saw the Republican Madrid witness of heavy-handed repression by communist and socialist groups, symbolised by the murder of prisoners in checas and sacas directed mostly against military personnel and leading politicians linked to the rebels, which, culminated by the horrific Paracuellos massacres in the context of a simultaneous major rebel offensive against the city, were halted by early December. Madrid, besieged from October 1936, saw a major offensive in its western suburbs in November of that year.

 

In the last weeks of the war, the collapse of the republic was speeded by Colonel Segismundo Casado, who, endorsed by some political figures such as Anarchist Cipriano Mera and Julián Besteiro, a PSOE leader who had held talks with the Falangist fifth column in the city, threw a military coup against the legitimate government under the pretext of excessive communist preponderance, propelling a mini-civil war in Madrid that, won by the casadistas, left roughly 2,000 casualties between 5–10 March 1939.

 

The city fell to the nationalists on 28 March 1939.

 

Following the onset of the Francoist dictatorship in the city, the absence of personal and associative freedoms and the heavy-hand repression of people linked to a republican past greatly deprived the city from social mobilization, trade unionism and intellectual life. This added to a climate of general shortage, with ration coupons rampant and a lingering autarchic economy lasting until the mid 1950s. Meat and fish consumption was scarce in Post-War Madrid, and starvation and lack of proteins were a cause of high mortality.

 

With the country ruined after the war, the Falange command had nonetheless high plans for the city and professionals sympathetic to the regime dreamed (based on an organicist conception) about the notion of building a body for the "Spanish greatness" placing a great emphasis in Madrid, what they thought to be the imperial capital of the New State. In this sense, urban planners sought to highlight and symbolically put in value the façade the city offered to the Manzanares River, the "Imperial Cornice", bringing projects to accompany the Royal Palace such as the finishing of the unfinished cathedral (with the start of works postponed to 1950 and ultimately finished in the late 20th century), a never-built "house of the Party" and many others. Nonetheless these delusions of grandeur caught up with reality and the scarcity during the Post-War and most of the projects ended up either filed, unfinished or mutilated, with the single clear success being the Gutiérrez Soto's Cuartel del Ejército del Aire.

 

The intense demographic growth experienced by the city via mass immigration from the rural areas of the country led to the construction of plenty of housing in the peripheral areas of the city to absorb the new population (reinforcing the processes of social polarization of the city), initially comprising substandard housing (with as many as 50,000 shacks scattered around the city by 1956). A transitional planning intended to temporarily replace the shanty towns were the poblados de absorción, introduced since the mid-1950s in locations such as Canillas, San Fermín, Caño Roto, Villaverde, Pan Bendito [es], Zofío and Fuencarral, aiming to work as a sort of "high-end" shacks (with the destinataries participating in the construction of their own housing) but under the aegis of a wider coordinated urban planning.

 

Together with the likes of Cairo, Santiago de Chile, Rome, Buenos Aires or Lisbon, Francoist Madrid became an important transnational hub of the global Neofascist network that facilitated the survival and resumption of (neo)fascist activities after 1945.

 

In the 1948–1954 period the municipality greatly increased in size through the annexation of 13 surrounding municipalities, as its total area went up from 68,42 km2 to 607,09 km2. The annexed municipalities were Chamartín de la Rosa (5 June 1948), Carabanchel Alto (29 April 1948), Carabanchel Bajo (29 April 1948), Canillas (30 March 1950), Canillejas (30 March 1950), Hortaleza (31 March 1950), Barajas (31 March 1950), Vallecas (22 December 1950), El Pardo (27 March 1951), Vicálvaro (20 October 1951), Fuencarral (20 October 1951) Aravaca (20 October 1951) and Villaverde (31 July 1954).

 

The population of the city peaked in 1975 at 3,228,057 inhabitants.

 

Benefiting from prosperity in the 1980s, Spain's capital city has consolidated its position as the leading economic, cultural, industrial, educational and technological center of the Iberian peninsula. The relative decline in population since 1975 reverted in the 1990s, with the city recovering a population of roughly 3 million inhabitants by the end of the 20th century.

 

Since the late 1970s and through the 1980s Madrid became the center of the cultural movement known as la Movida. Conversely, just like in the rest of the country, a heroin crisis took a toll in the poor neighborhoods of Madrid in the 1980s.

 

On 11 March 2004, three days before Spain's general elections and exactly 2 years and 6 months after the September 11 attacks in the US, Madrid was hit by a terrorist attack when Islamic terrorists belonging to an al-Qaeda-inspired terrorist cell placed a series of bombs on several trains during the morning rush hour, killing 191 people and injuring 1,800.

 

The administrations that followed Álvarez del Manzano's, also conservative, led by Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón and Ana Botella, launched three unsuccessful bids for the 2012, 2016 and 2020 Summer Olympics. Madrid was a centre of the anti-austerity protests that erupted in Spain in 2011. As consequence of the spillover of the 2008 financial and mortgage crisis, Madrid has been affected by the increasing number of second-hand homes held by banks and house evictions. The mandate of left-wing Mayor Manuela Carmena (2015–2019) delivered the renaturalization of the course of the Manzanares across the city.

 

Since the late 2010s, the challenges the city faces include the increasingly unaffordable rental prices (often in parallel with the gentrification and the spike of tourist apartments in the city centre) and the profusion of betting shops in working-class areas, equalled to an "epidemics" among the young people.

Miami Beach City Attorney Raul Aguila told Commissioners this week that the City’s lawsuit against the owners of the Deauville Hotel for demolition by neglect is “litigation that we will likely be into for the long term and will most likely be adversarial.” This week, Commissioners directed the Administration to pursue “any and all aggressive remedies” to get a resolution.

 

The City filed suit in February 2019 in an effort to force the owners of the iconic hotel to make the necessary repairs following damage from an electrical fire in July 2017 which forced its closure. The damage was compounded by Hurricane Irma two months later. It is the first time the City has tested its demolition by neglect ordinance.

 

Frustration has grown over the time that has passed since the original court filing and the further deterioration that has occurred in the meantime. Surrounding businesses say the closure has taken its toll on them while nearby residents say the trespassers and blight are impacting property values and public safety.

 

At this week’s City Commission meeting, Commissioner Steven Meiner sought increased civil penalties as further leverage but due to legal concerns about discussing specific strategies, direction was given instead to pursue “any and all aggressive remedies” which could include the additional penalties as well as other options. Meiner wants to capture civil penalties “up to $5,000 per day” as provided for in City Code and seek a renewal of the City’s request for a receiver for the hotel.

 

Calling the Deauville “the crown jewel of North Beach,” Meiner said the continued closure of the hotel was having a “significant economic hardship in the North Beach area” in addition to negatively impacting the City’s resort tax revenues and increasing the risk of losing a historic asset.

 

“I feel it’s the only option,” he said of his resolution. Since the City’s legal action, Meiner said, “The Deauville has failed to make the repairs, has ignored court orders, and there’s been no adverse consequences. If repairs are not made soon, the Deauville is going to be beyond saving.”

 

“There has been no meaningful activity” since the City filed its suit, Meiner said. In the meantime, “the deterioration of the Deauville has only gotten worse."

 

Saying he couldn’t think of a more appropriate situation to apply the civil penalties, Meiner noted, “We all want to resolve this. We want a thriving Deauville back open and running. Our residents are demanding it. Our City Commission is advocating for it. Our historic preservationists are championing it.”

 

Discussion on the item was fairly vague and limited as anything on the record in the public forum could be used by the Deauville against the City in court proceedings.

 

Mayor Dan Gelber, who has had several “frustrating” meetings with the Deauville owners, said, “This has been really a blight on the City,” but added “I don’t want us to shoot ourselves in the foot while discussing the specifics” of Meiner’s resolution.

 

Aguila presented a broader resolution directing the Administration to pursue “any and all aggressive remedies” which, he said, would include additional administrative actions such as the action taken previously through the Miami-Dade County Unsafe Structures Board and further Code Enforcement actions including the penalties suggested by Meiner.

 

“I want us to pursue any and all remedies as aggressively as possible as we have done,” Aguila told Commissioners, “but I want to reaffirm our commitment to do so.”

 

City Commissioner Michael Góngora, who lives near the shuttered hotel, was a co-sponsore of Meiner’s ordinance but during the discussion decided to advocate for Aguila’s ordinance.

 

“It’s sad to see its impact on the neighboring businesses,” Góngora said. “We do need to take some more aggressive stance against them.”

 

“The City Attorney’s resolution is probably a little better because it’s more expansive, opening the door to all specific and aggressive tactics,” he said. “Let’s get tough. The Deauville’s not taking this seriously. We’re not getting a result and we need to get a result.”

 

Meiner expressed frustration that the additional civil penalties have not been asserted to this point and urged Commissioners to pass his resolution directing the Administration to apply them. “If we don’t pass this today, a year from now I’m going to be bringing this initiative again and we’re going to be having the same conversation.”

 

Gelber responded, “It’s not as if there’s a single member of the dais that doesn’t want the Deauville to have a change in what’s going on.”

 

Gelber pointed to a new law to penalize demolition by neglect that applies to the Deauville owners. The ordinance requires that owners who purposely let a historic property fall into disrepair and are forced to demolish it, must restore the building within its original contours in an effort “to eliminate the motive for having people to do that which is what we think the owners of the Deauville are,” Gelber said. But, now, through the law, “If you achieve demolition by neglect, you have to restore the property. You don’t get the property you want. You have to restore the property.”

 

“I think their game here is demolition by neglect. Their game is to make the property in disrepair so that it is dangerous and, therefore, must be demolished,” Gelber said. According to Aguila, the Deauville's owners are challenging the constitutionality of that ordinance.

 

While noting the City will continue to pursue aggressive action, Aguila cautioned, “I want to manage expectations. This could turn out to be long protracted litigation… We have a very adversarial plaintiff with deep pockets.” The Deauville is owned by the Meruelo family of Miami Beach.

 

Commissioners passed Aguila’s broader resolution by a vote of 6-1.

 

Meiner, the lone “no” vote, said, “I don’t see this resolution as advancing the ball… We could have been doing this all along.”

 

The 538-room oceanfront hotel was designed by architect Melvin Grossman and constructed in 1957. It is noted for being a favored location for entertainers such as Frank Sinatra, Sammy Davis, Jr, Dean Martin, Tony Bennett, and others but it is best known for hosting the Beatles’ February 1964 performance on The Ed Sullivan Show.

Original Caption: Litigation has suspended construction of the H-3 Freeway opponents claim construction would damage Moanalua Valley which should be declared a national historic landmark, October 1973

  

U.S. National Archives’ Local Identifier: 412-DA-11326

 

Photographer: O'Rear, Charles, 1941-

  

Subjects:

Kaneohe (Hawaii)

Environmental Protection Agency

Project DOCUMERICA

  

Persistent URL: research.archives.gov/description/553785

 

Repository: Still Picture Records Section, Special Media Archives Services Division (NWCS-S), National Archives at College Park, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD, 20740-6001.

 

For information about ordering reproductions of photographs held by the Still Picture Unit, visit: www.archives.gov/research/order/still-pictures.html

 

Reproductions may be ordered via an independent vendor. NARA maintains a list of vendors at www.archives.gov/research/order/vendors-photos-maps-dc.html

 

Access Restrictions: Unrestricted

Use Restrictions: Unrestricted

Photos from Lewis Litigation’s launch party. Photography by Paige Thompson.

Salome Molefe is a domestic worker and union organizer in a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. The Solidarity Center is conducting test litigation to remedy health and safety laws that do not cover domestic workers. Credit: Solidarity Center/Jemal Countess. 2014.

This image is excerpted from a U.S. GAO report:

www.gao.gov/products/GAO-16-667

 

FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT: Litigation Costs For Justice and Agencies Could Not Be Fully Determined

 

Tomb with life-sized effigy in stone to Sir William de Tyrington / Terrington 1409, clad in armour, his feet on a lion.

William was the son of Geoffrey Barkworth of Terrington, and changed his name to the village of his birth.

While still young he took part in various campaigns overseas, serving in the retinue of Humphrey, Earl of Hereford., first going abroad in July 1366 before which he obtained royal letters patent permitting him to appoint 2 attorneys to supervise his affairs at home. He fought under Hereford’s banner on 2 more expeditions, including a naval engagement with the French in 1371.

 

William m 1367 Joan widow of Robert Fitzwyth 1362 www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/9g356K of Wigginton & Bubbenhall & John de Gyse Lord of Aspley Guise 1363

Children

1. Ellen

 

He m2 pre 1408 Anne ……..

 

He owed his position in the Bedfordshire community (which returned him as MP to at least 11 Parliaments) to his first wife Joan, who brought him extensive and profitable estates both here and in Warwickshire and Oxfordshire.

However Joan does not appear to have been an heiress in her own right, and her landed income came almost entirely from dower settlements and other gifts of land made upon her by her 2 previous husbands, and after their marriage they were faced with the first of a series of lawsuits from rival claimants to this property. .

From her second husband (John Guise) Joan obtained a life interest in the manor of Aspley Guise, after his death becoming guardian of his grandson & heir Anselm who once he came of age, advanced a title to that part of the manor which had been held as dower by his late mother. By Michaelmas term of 1367 the dispute was heard before the court of common pleas. Anselm evidently lost his case as William & Joan made an enfeoffment of the whole manor in 1374, although they subsequently (informally ?) agreed to grant him the reversion after Joan’s death. (Anselm seems to have gained some property in 1375 , died 1412 and was succeeded by his son Reginald)

 

The problem of recovering the land which Joan had received as dower from her first husband, Robert Fitzwith, meanwhile proved far more serious. Her rightful third of the manors of Bubbenhall and Shotteswell in Warwickshire and Wigginton, Weston and Ardley in Oxfordshire had been seized in the early 1360s by her stepdaughter’s husband Sir John Beauchamp† of Holt, a powerful adversary who claimed she had forfeited her title to the estate by deserting Robert Fitzwith to live in adultery with Roger Careswelle at St. Thomas’s hospital in Southwark. Her counter story was that, on the day in question, Roger and others of his "covin" came armed , and wounded her husband Robert so severely that he died 3 days later. Joan had resisted Roger and the others, over the body of Robert, trying to rescue him, but they had assaulted wounded and maimed her, then had seized her against her will and by force, thrown her across a horse and abducted her to Southwark. As soon as she could Joan had escaped and within 4 days she had returned where she found Robert dead and buried. Immediately she had accused Roger and the others of Robert's death and they were outlawed.

Joan won her case against Beauchamp and obtained formal restitution of the property . Beauchamp later agreed to pay her an annuity of £20 in return for the land , and after he was executed , a victim to the Merciless Parliament of 1388, this arrangement was upheld.

Joan’s difficulties were not, however, over for before his death Beauchamp had granted a life tenancy of the manors of Shotteswell and Bubbenhall to his kinsman John Catesby who refused to honour his commitment to pay part of the pension. Once again William & Joan went to law, winning their suit against Catesby in 1391 after considerable delays and prevarications.

Much later, in April 1405, they were obliged to petition Henry IV for a special assize to be held after their eviction from the 3 Oxfordshire manors

 

After Joan's death Wiliam still styled himself ‘lord of Aspley Guise’, and continued to live here with his second wife,

 

William was sheriff of Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire in 1391, but he received very little in the way of royal patronage. After 1410 his last years were passed in retirement without incident.

William drew up his will on 22 December 1408, and died within 6 months. He asked to be buried in a side chapel here where his tomb stands. He left the residue of his goods to his widow Anne who together with family chaplain William Lawnsleyn was his executor.

 

www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/member...

www.geni.com/people/John-Catesby-Jr/6000000003087134335 www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/beds/vol3/pp338-343

The first Great Depression led to totalitarian dictatorships, war to consolidate power, and concentrations of capital in the hands of a financial elite.

 

The trigger was a default on the global reserve currency, in that case the pound sterling. The U.S. dollar is now the global reserve currency. The concern is that default could create the same sort of global panic today.

 

Dark visions are evoked of the president declaring a national emergency, FEMA plans locking into place, camps being readied for protesters, and the secret government taking over . . . .

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........*****All images are copyrighted by their respective authors ........

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.....item 1).... The Huffington Post ... www.huffingtonpost.com ... HUFFPOST BUSINESS ...

 

Japan Shows How to Defuse Debt Time-Bomb

 

Posted: 05/27/11 05:00 PM ET

 

Ellen Brown

Civil litigation attorney; author of "Web of Debt"

 

www.huffingtonpost.com/ellen-brown/inviting-chaos-the-per...

 

[T]hreatening to default should not be a partisan issue. In view of all the hazards it entails, one wonders why any responsible person would even flirt with the idea.

 

-- Alan S. Blinder, Princeton professor of economics, former vice chairman of the Federal Reserve

 

A game of Russian roulette is being played with the national debt ceiling. Fire the wrong chamber of the gun, and the result could be the second Great Depression.

 

The first Great Depression led to totalitarian dictatorships, war to consolidate power, and concentrations of capital in the hands of a financial elite. The trigger was a default on the global reserve currency, in that case the pound sterling. The U.S. dollar is now the global reserve currency. The concern is that default could create the same sort of global panic today. Dark visions are evoked of the president declaring a national emergency, FEMA plans locking into place, camps being readied for protesters, and the secret government taking over . . . .

 

This may all just be political theater, but do we really want to get close enough to the economic precipice to find out? The conservative ideologues toying with the debt ceiling are doing it to force cuts in the budget, a budget that was already approved by Congress. Congress is being held hostage by a radical minority pushing a risky agenda, one that is based on an economic model that is obsolete.

  

High-stakes Gambling

On May 16, the Wall Street Journal published an opinion piece titled "The Armaggedon Lobby," which claimed that a "technical default" on the federal debt was just "political melodrama" and not really a big deal:

 

[B]ond markets can figure out the difference between a genuine default when a country can't pay its bills and a technical default of a few days if it serves the purpose of fixing America's fiscal mess. Not so, said Saudi Prince Alwaleed bin Talal in a May 20 interview on CNBC. "That's gambling. This is the United States. You're leading the whole world. You cannot play games with that."

It is not just that the government could be brought to a standstill, with a third of its bills now being paid by borrowing or that interest rates would shoot up, forcing thousands of homeowners into foreclosure. Failure to pay on the national debt could trigger a default on the global reserve currency. As one commentator described what could go wrong:

 

[T]he consequences of a US default could spark yet another global financial crisis. The US could lose its triple-A rating, which could cause a sell-off in Treasury notes by institutional and foreign investors. This sell-off could lead to higher interest rates, and banks' balance sheets might be decimated by the decline in their bond portfolios. Thus, global banking and financial market liquidity could dry up. Lending between institutions and people or businesses could possibly cease altogether or become cost prohibitive.

 

A Rerun of 1931?

The sort of chaos that could ensue was seen when Great Britain reneged on its deal to redeem pound sterling banknotes in gold in 1931. The result was the worst global depression in history.

 

When the pound went off the gold standard, markets panicked. People rushed to exchange their paper money for gold, in any currencies in which that was still possible. The gold wound up hidden under mattresses and in safety deposit boxes, unspent and the banks from which it was pulled, having no reserves to back their loans, quit lending or closed their doors. Credit froze; business ground to a halt.

 

As other countries ran short of gold, they too were forced to take their currencies off the gold standard. The last holdouts suffered the most, including the United States, which kept its gold window open until 1933.

 

The 19th century had been plagued by bank runs, caused by banks having too little gold to back their outstanding loans. The Federal Reserve was instituted in 1913 ostensibly to prevent those runs, but its levee did not hold back the run of the 1930s. In 1933, the country suffered a massive banking collapse, forcing President Roosevelt to declare a banking holiday and take the U.S. dollar, too, off the gold standard.

 

Freed from the Bankers' "Cross of Gold"

 

The transition off the gold standard was a painful one but according to Beardsley Ruml, Chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, the country was the better for it. In a paper read before the American Bar Association in 1946, he said that going off the gold standard had finally allowed the country to be economically sovereign:

 

Final freedom from the domestic money market exists for every sovereign national state where there exists an institution which functions in the manner of a modern central bank, and whose currency is not convertible into gold or into some other commodity.

 

Freed from the strictures of gold, Roosevelt was able to jump-start the economy with deficit spending. As Marshall Auerback details, the next four years constituted the biggest cyclical boom in U.S. economic history. Real GDP grew at a 12% rate and nominal GDP grew at a 14% rate.

 

Then in 1937, Roosevelt listened to the deficit hawks of his day and slashed the deficit. The result was a surge in unemployment, and the economy slipped back into depression.

 

What lifted the country out of the doldrums was again deficit spending, liberally engaged in to fund World War II. In wartime, few people worry about the national debt. The debt grew to 120% of GDP -- twice what it is today -- and wound up sustaining another very productive period in U.S. history, one that set the country up to lead the world in manufacturing for the next half century.

  

On Inflation and Taxes

Ruml said federal taxes were no longer needed to fund the budget, which could be financed by issuing bonds. The principal purpose of taxes, he said, was "the maintenance of a dollar which has stable purchasing power over the years. Sometimes this purpose is stated as 'the avoidance of inflation.'"

 

The government could spend as needed to meet its budget, drawing on credit issued by its own central bank. It could do this until price inflation indicated a weakened purchasing power of the currency. Then, and only then, would the money supply need to be contracted with taxes.

 

"The dollars the government spends become purchasing power in the hands of the people who have received them," Ruml said. "The dollars the government takes by taxes cannot be spent by the people," so the money supply can be contracted with taxes as needed.

 

When the economy is in a recession, however -- as it is now -- the government needs to spend in order to get purchasing power into the hands of the people. Businesses cannot hire more workers until they have more customers demanding their products, and the customers won't come until they have money to spend. The money ("demand") must come first. Adding money will not drive up prices until the economy is at full employment. Before that, increasing "demand" will drive up "supply" by setting the engines of production in motion. When supply and demand rise together, prices remain stable.

 

We now know that a government can go quite far into debt without a dangerous level of price inflation occurring -- much farther than the U.S. has gone today. Besides World War II, when U.S. debt was 120% of GDP, there is the remarkable example of Japan. Japan has retained its status as the world's third largest economy, although it has a debt to GDP ratio of 226% -- and it is still fighting deflation.

 

Critics of the deflationary theory point to commodity prices, which are soaring today. But if those prices were due to the economy being awash with "too much money chasing too few goods," real estate prices would be soaring too. Instead, the real estate market has collapsed. What has actually happened is that the housing bubble has transmuted into the commodity bubble, as "hot money" has fled from one to the other. The overall money supply is still in decline.

 

The deficit hawks have been predicting for years that the federal debt would sink the dollar and the economy, and it hasn't happened yet. In fact the federal debt has not been paid off since 1835, and no disaster has resulted. The debt has not only been carried on the government's books but has continued to grow, and the economy has grown and flourished along with it.

 

This is not an economic anomaly. The economy has flourished because of the national debt. Nothing backs the currency today but "the full faith and credit of the United States." Money is no longer a metal; it is an inflow and outflow, credits and debits. The liabilities of the government are the assets of the private economy. The national debt is what backs the money supply.

 

Dealing with the Rising Cost of Debt Service

 

There is a potential time bomb in a growing federal debt, but it is one that can be defused. The debt has risen from $10 trillion to $14 trillion just since the banking crisis of 2008, not from "entitlements" but due to the Wall Street collapse and bailout. Just the interest on this growing debt could cripple the tax base if interest rates were at normal levels, so they have had to be pushed almost to zero. The result has been to create a dollar carry trade. This has facilitated speculation in commodities, a major cause of today's commodity bubbles.

 

There is, however, a solution to this problem, and it was discovered by Japan. The government can spend, not by issuing bonds at interest to the public, but simply by creating an overdraft at the central bank, as Beardsley Ruml recommended. The Bank of Japan now holds an amount of public debt equal to the country's GDP! As noted by the Center for Economic and Policy Research:

 

Interest on [Japanese] debt held by the central bank is refunded back to the treasury, leaving no net cost to the government on this debt. . . . Japan continues to experience deflation, in spite of the fact that its central bank holds an amount of debt that is roughly equal to its GDP. This would be equivalent to the Fed holding $15 trillion in debt.

Like the Bank of Japan, the Federal Reserve now returns the interest it receives to the government. With a rising interest tab on the federal debt no longer a problem, private interest rates could be allowed to rise to normal levels.

 

Today the Fed is not permitted to buy bonds directly from the Treasury but must go through middleman bond dealers. But that problem too could be fixed. In a supporting statement in 1947, Federal Reserve Chairman Marriner Eccles discussed a bill to eliminate the unnecessary cost of these middlemen. He said the Federal Reserve had been allowed to purchase securities directly from the government from its inception in 1914 until the Banking Act of 1935. Then:

A provision was inserted in that act requiring all purchases of government securities by Federal Reserve banks to be made in the open market, which means purchased chiefly from dealers in Government bonds. Those who inserted this proviso were motivated by the mistaken theory that it would help to prevent deficit financing. . . .

 

Nothing constructive would be accomplished by the proviso that the Reserve System must purchase Government securities exclusively in the open market. About all such a ban means is that in making such purchases a commission has to be paid to Government bond dealers.

 

The interest cost and the bond dealers' cut could both be eliminated by allowing the Treasury to borrow directly from its own central bank, interest free.

 

Nothing to Fear But Fear Itself

 

We have been frightened into believing that government debt is a bad thing, but nearly all money today originates as debt. As Marriner Eccles observed in the 1930s, "That is what our money system is. If there were no debts in our money system, there wouldn't be any money."

 

The public debt is the people's money, and today the people are coming up short. Shrinking the public debt means shrinking more than just the services the government is expected to provide. It means shrinking the money supply itself, along with the ability to provide the jobs, wages and purchasing power necessary for a thriving economy.

 

Originally posted on Asia Times.

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.....item 2).... intelligener.ca ... www.intelligencer.ca ...

 

LIFE HEALTH ... Study dubs breakfast sandwich a 'time bomb in a bun' ...QMI Agency

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Wednesday, October 31, 2012 2:38:01 EDT PM

 

www.intelligencer.ca/2012/10/31/study-dubs-breakfast-sand...

 

If you start your day with a breakfast sandwich, your blood vessels will start clogging before lunch, a new study has found.

 

Just one day of eating processed cheese, eggs and meat on a bun, and "your blood vessels become unhappy," said Dr. Todd Anderson of the University of Calgary, who is also director of the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta and a Heart and Stroke Foundation researcher.

 

Anderson and his colleagues tested the effects of breakfast sandwiches on normal, healthy university students. They studied the students twice — once on a day when they ate no breakfast, and once on a day when they ate two breakfast sandwiches, totalling 900 calories and 50 g of fat.

 

They checked up on the students by measuring their blood vessels' velocity time integral (VTI), which Anderson described as "how much blood flow you can get in your arm." The higher the VTI, the healthier the blood vessels.

 

Just two hours after eating the breakfast sandwiches, the students' VTI decreased by 15-20%.

 

Anderson said a one-day drop in VTI won't kill you, but if it happens regularly — say, if an Egg McMuffin is your go-to morning snack — the fat will build up in the walls of your arteries.

 

The effect was so swift, the study dubbed the meal "a time bomb in a bun."

 

"I won't say don't ever have a breakfast sandwich," Anderson said.

 

But the study says high-fat diets put people at risk of developing atherosclerosis, a narrowing of the arteries linked to heart disease, stroke and sometimes death.

 

"This study reminds us that our behaviours are the backbone of preventing heart disease," said Dr. Beth Abramson, spokeswoman for the Heart and Stroke Foundation.

 

"Remember that whether you eat at home or go to a restaurant, you're still in charge of what you eat. So consider all the choices, and try to cut down on saturated and trans fats, calories and sodium. That's one of the keys to decrease your risk of heart disease and stroke.

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www.redcarpetreporttv.com

 

Mingle Media TV and Red Carpet Report host Brogyn Gage were invited to cover GBK’s annual Gift Lounge in honor of the 2014 MTV Movie Awards at The SLS Hotel, a luxury hotel in Beverly Hills.

 

Get the Story from the Red Carpet Report Team, follow us on Twitter and Facebook at:

 

twitter.com/TheRedCarpetTV

www.facebook.com/RedCarpetReportTV

www.redcarpetreporttv.com

www.youtube.com/MingleMediaTVNetwork

The 2014 MTV Movie Awards Nominees and Presenters received goods and services from the GBK sponsors ranging from fashion and beauty products, to exotic travel destinations and the latest gourmet treats.

 

2014 MTV Movie Award Nominees Gift Bag Included...

 

...goods and services ranging from fashion and beauty products, to exotic travel destinations and the latest gourmet treats from Barry’s Gourmet Brownies, KOR Water, Jackson’s Honest Potato Chips, Deep Eddy Vodka, Ripped Cream, a natural protein coffee creamer, Sabra hummus dips and a reusable cooler bag full of single serve Sabra products and chips.

 

GBK’s lounge will feature must have luxurious products such as Keratin Complex’s Style Therapy line of keratin-infused styling products and styling tools; Fracassi Lashes' lashes, lash extensions, and waxing and Very Pretty Skin's various cosmetic gifts. At the lounge guests found fashion and accessories from Qupid for fashionable shoes for women, a gift suite favorite The Artisan Group® who brings the latest in trendy jewelry, spa and bath products, fine art photography, and other handcrafted gifts like the newly designed Surfrider watch from Pono Woodworks, Gummyz’ new silicon, mutli-shape bracelet and THURSDAY FRIDAY’s chic carryalls which are the go to canvas tote. Other unique gifts included Sandra Espinet's stylish coffee table book, electronic gifts from Onkoyo USA, VIP memberships from MillionaireMatch.com, Audiopark's Audiowrap – the first wearable designer headphone, BLOW e-Hookah's portable mini hookah and RufusWiena.com, Rufus Wiena is a world class magician who performs worldwide.

A true highlight of the lounge was from Millennium International Travel gifting nominees a gift certificate for 6 days and 5 nights at the Mayan Palace Resort.

Giving Good

 

GBK is best known for their passion of giving back and at the 2014 MTV Movie Awards gift suite they featured the following organizations:

Lambda Legal - For more than 40 years, Lambda Legal has led the fight for equal and fair treatment of lesbians, gay men, bisexuals, transgender people and those with HIV through impact litigation, education and public policy work.http://www.lambdalegal.com

Los Angeles Youth Network - The Los Angeles Youth Network’s mission is to empower abused, neglected and homeless adolescents to become self-sufficient. We do this by providing street outreach, food, emergency shelter, a transitional living program, and educational enrichment programs in a safe and nurturing environment.http://www.layn.org

Autism Speaks – Our goal is to change the future for all who struggle with autism spectrum disorders. We are dedicated to funding global biomedical research into the causes, prevention, treatments and a possible cure for autism. We strive to raise public awareness about autism and its effects on individuals, families, and a society: and we work to bring hope to all who deal with the hardships of this disorder. We are committed to raising funds necessary to support these goals. www.Autismspeaks.org

All guests were treated to snacks at the GBK Movie Awards Lounge from:

Monster Energy Drink; Guayaki Organic Yerba Mate; POPwater; Vita Coco; Open Road Snacks; GimMe; COMBOS® Baked Snacks; MARATHON Bar®; and Pasta Chips.

 

For more of Mingle Media TV’s Red Carpet Report coverage, please visit our website and follow us on Twitter and Facebook here:

www.minglemediatv.com

www.facebook.com/minglemediatvnetwork

www.flickr.com/MingleMediaTVNetwork

www.twitter.com/minglemediatv

Follow our Host, Brogyn on Twitter at twitter.com/BrogynMarie

 

About GBK

GBK, is a recipient of multiple BizBash Awards for “Best Gift Bag,” and is a luxury lifestyle gifting and special events company, specializing in entertainment marketing integration. Formed in 2000 by Gavin Keilly, the company’s Founder and CEO, GBK consists of five divisions: GBK Celebrity Gifting, GBK Special Events, GBK Weddings, GBK Charitable Consulting and GBK Marketing/Public Relations. Widely known in the entertainment industry for bringing that little extra something into the Gifting Lounge environment, GBK offers its clients a full range of marketing services. For more information on Gavin B. Keilly (CEO), Carla Domen (VP) or GBK, please go to gbkproductions.com.

 

A Closer Look Into The New York Civil Practice Law and Rules

After searching various sources, we have found many people have questions when it comes to legal matters. If you are served papers, would you know what to do? Written by Callagy Law’s litigation team, this blog will focus on many co...

 

callagylaw.com/what-to-do-when-the-party-you-are-suing-pa...

A glass of Collaboration Not Litigation, brewed at Avery Brewing Company in Boulder, Colorado, from draft at the Pizzeria Paradiso near Dupont Circle in Washington DC.

 

This beer is an 8,9% abv Belgian style ale. It poured a hazy, golden brown color with a nice white head. Aroma of Belgian hops and yeast. Sparkling mouthfeel. Flavor starts out with a malty sweetness before citrus fruity Belgian hops takes over. A deliciously fruity beer with a light bitter hop finish. A good session beer.

 

A few words on its history:

Some years ago the headbrewers at Avery Brewing Co and Russian River Brewing, Adam Avery and Vinnie Cilurzo, discovered that they both brewed a Belgian strong ale named Salvation. Instead of fighting each other in court, for the right to use that name, they decided to make a blend of the two beers! Thus, in November 2006 Vinnie Cilurzo flew in from California to brew his Salvation at Avery. This was then blended with Averys own Salvation to create a new beer they decided to name Collaboration Not Litigation :)

A 'Deuce Coupe' is a 1932 Ford Model B Coupe (deuce being for the year). This was the definitive hot-rod and featured an optional Ford flathead V8 engine when the car was introduced. The song cleverly only alludes to the car in question, and to date no known litigation in relation to copyright infringement has been pursued by the Ford Motor Company. A pink slip was the title to the car, named for the color of the paper used in Californian titles.

 

In the summer of 1963, Capitol Records compiled a "hot rod" compilation album called Shut Down, including The Beach Boys' "Shut Down" itself and "409" - without their approval or involvement. Brian Wilson promptly readied several songs he had already been working on (mainly with radio DJ Roger Christian) and the band zipped through recording sessions to put Little Deuce Coupe on the record shop racks, remarkably, one month after Surfer Girl had come out. Eight of the tracks were new, while "Little Deuce Coupe", "Our Car Club", "Shut Down" and "409" had all come out on their last three albums.

 

Although it was a gamble putting so much vinyl out at once, Little Deuce Coupe became a big hit, reaching #4 in the US, and eventually going platinum. Because it mostly deals with cars as a subject matter (save "Be True to Your School", although even that has a mention of cruising), some observers have retroactively called Little Deuce Coupe an early rock example of what would become known as the concept album.

 

The picture featured on the front cover of the album was supplied by Hot Rod magazine, and features the body (with his head cropped in the photo) of hod-rod owner Clarence 'Chili' Catallo and his own customized three-window 1932 Ford Coupe - known forevermore amongst hot rod enthusiasts as "the lil' deuce coupe". A full shot of Catallo and his car from the same photo shoot appeared on the front cover of the July 1961 edition of Hot Rod magazine, and whilst Catallo himself died in 1998 the car still tours the showrooms and exhibitions to this day.

 

Catallo bought the vehicle in 1956 for 75 dollars in Michigan when he was 15 years old. Catallo replaced the original stock Ford engine (unlike The Beach Boys song lyrics, which mention "a flathead mill") with a newer Oldsmobile V-8, as well as lowering the height of the coupe by six inches. Much of the original customizing work, including the stacked headlights, side trim, and front grille was done by an auto shop owned by Mike and Larry Alexander in the Detroit suburb of Southfield.

 

After Catallo moved to Southern California, additional work, including the 'chopping' or lowering of the roof, was done in 1960-61 at 'Kustom City', George Barris' noted North Hollywood auto customizing shop. This led to the magazine cover and two years later, the shot was featured as the cover for The Beach Boys' fourth album.

 

Catallo sold the coupe a few years later, but at the urging of his son Curt was able to buy it back in the late 90s for forty thousand dollars. The coupe had since been additionally modified but was restored by Curt Catallo with many of the original parts the coupe had in the early 1960s, so that it now is again virtually identical to the famous photo. In 2000, the hot rod won the 'People's Choice' award at the Meadow Brook Concours d'Elegance.

How many hours will a lawyer or law office employee sit in a chair over his or her career? 85,500 hours. That's more than 9 years! The fact is, using a cheap chair or buying a desk chair on sale is a recipe to enrich your chiropractor.

 

There are lots of chairs on the market, but there is only one that looks great, induces active sitting and thus prevents back problems - SpinaliS Pilot Series executive chairs for lawyers and law office employees:

www.spinalis-chairs.ca/spinalis-chairs/pilot/

 

Many types of lawyers have been using SpinaliS Pilot series chairs:

 

Personal Injury Lawyers

If youâve suffered injuries in an accidentâfor example, a car accidentâthe type of lawyer youâll want to see is a personal injury lawyer. These types of attorneys specialize in obtaining compensation in the form of damages for injuries caused by other parties.

 

Estate Planning Lawyers

The estate planning lawyer specializes in wills and trusts, and can help you to draw up a will to pass on your assets. Among other estate planning legal services, this type of lawyer can help you set up a trust which will help take care of your childrenâs financial needs.

 

Bankruptcy Lawyers

If youâre having financial difficulties and are contemplating bankruptcy proceedings, youâll want to consult with a bankruptcy attorney. This type of lawyer can advise you on your eligibility for bankruptcy, the types of bankruptcy youâll want to consider and which type would be best for your particular circumstances, as well as any potential alternatives to bankruptcy which you may want to explore.

 

Intellectual Property Lawyers

Also known as an IP attorney, an intellectual property lawyer can advise you with regard to issues relating to intellectual property, such as copyrights, trademarks, patents, industrial design and trade secrets.

 

Employment Lawyers

Whether youâre a company thatâs having a problem with an employee, or an individual whoâs having problems with the company you work for, an employment lawyer can generally provide advice about legal issues which arise from an employment contract or within an employment relationship.

 

Corporate Lawyers

If you own a corporation, youâll likely find yourself consulting with a corporate attorney on many different occasions. A corporate lawyer will be able to help you with issues related to the formation of your corporation, general corporate governance issues and corporate compliance issues.

 

Immigration Lawyers

When youâre dealing with immigration issues, youâll want to consult with an immigration lawyer. This type of lawyer should be well versed in dealing with immigration issues such as visas, citizenship, refugee or asylum and green cards.

 

Criminal Lawyers

If you or a loved one has been charged with a crime, a criminal lawyer is the type of lawyer you should turn to. A criminal lawyer will be knowledgeable in areas related to criminal law, including issues related to bail, arraignment, arrest, pleas and any issues relating to the criminal trial itself.

 

Medical Malpractice Lawyers

Doctors do occasionally make mistakes, and if youâre facing the consequences of a medical mistake such as a medical misdiagnosis or inaccurate treatment, a lawyer who specializes in medical malpractice issues can be particular helpful.

 

Tax Lawyers

Getting into trouble with the IRS is no fun. A tax attorney specializes in the many intricacies of federal, state and local tax laws, and should be able to provide advice on the particular tax issue you face.

 

Family Lawyers

Whether youâre in need of a prenuptial agreement, engaged in divorce proceedings or involved in a child custody or spousal support battle, a family lawyer is the type of lawyer whoâll be best equipped to guide you through the process which lies before you.

 

Workers Compensation Lawyers

If youâve been injured while on the job, or have had to face the death of a loved one as a result of a workplace accident or occupational disease, a lawyer who specializes in workers compensation law can help you navigate the issues you face, such as the extent of the employerâs fault and the amount of benefits to which you are entitled.

 

Contract Lawyers

A contract lawyer specializes in the handling of issues arising from contracts, and can be consulted for a wide range of contract-related issues. Whether youâre unsure if you should sign a particular contract, or if something has gone wrong with a contract youâve already signed, an attorney who specializes in contracts is the type of lawyer who should have the experience and expertise required to help you resolve your contractual issues.

 

Social Security Disability Lawyers

The Social Security Disability system can be a particularly complex system in which to navigate. An attorney who specializes in Social Security Disability issues can help you with any step in the Social Security Disability process, including assisting you with eligibility issues, launching an appeal of a decision to deny you benefits and dealing with the reduction or termination of your benefits.

 

Civil Litigation Lawyers

Suing someone, or responding to someoneâs lawsuit against you? An attorney who specializes in civil litigation will be your best legal option. You may also find that different attorneys will specialize in different litigation areas as well. For example, a corporate litigation lawyer should have the expertise to help you with commercial litigation issues.

 

General Practice Lawyers

Unlike lawyers who specialize in a particular area of law, a general practice lawyer has a practice that handles a wide range of legal issues. Different general practice attorneys will have different areas of law with which they are most comfortable, so if you consult with a general practice lawyer, itâs always prudent to discuss his or her experience in handling the type of legal issue youâre facing.

 

FREE Shipping Anywhere in Canada

Alberta AB, British Columbia BC, Manitoba MN, New Brunswick NB, Newfoundland and Labrador NL, Northwest Territories NT, Nova Scotia NS, Nunavut NU, Ontario ON, Prince Edward Island PEI, Quebec QC, Saskatchewan SK, Yukon YT (Alberta, Colombie-Britannique, Nouveau-Brunswick, Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador, Territoires du Nord-Ouest, Nouvelle-Ãcosse, Nunavut, Ontario, Ãle-du-Prince-Ãdouard, Québec, Saskatchewan, Yukon)

 

Class I Medical Device

Health Canada has certified SpinaliS chairs as a Class I Medical Device to prevent spinal problems and treat existing ones.

 

Abs and Back Workout

Work out while sitting on any of the SpinaliS chairs and performing your daily tasks at the office or home.

 

Back Pain Relief

SpinaliS Chairs will work out your core muscles for you. Just sit, do your thing and leave everything else up to SpinaliS. STRONG CORE MUSCLES = NO BACK PAIN

 

Stylish Office Chairs

Design of the SpinaliS Chairs is an eye candy â your customers will definitely notice them!

 

Yoga Ball Alternative

It is recommended not to sit longer than 2 hours on a yoga ball, but on the SpinaliS chairs you can sit all day long.

 

Standing Desk Alternative

SpinaliS chairs will actually make your body to work out and get you into a great shape without the hard task of standing or exercising.

 

Who does use SpinaliS?

Google, Dubai Airport, SONY, IBM, DELL, Skoda Auto, CSOB Bank, Unicredit Bank, Vodafone and many more.

 

SpinaliS Canada

ph: 778 989 0637

www.spinalis.ca

Chairs for Active Sitting to Eliminate Back Pain and Improve Posture - FREE SHIPPING in Canada

 

#SpinaliS #SpinaliSCanada #PersonalInjuryLawyers #lawyers #lawyer #chairsforlawyers #chairsforlawyer #chairforlawyer #chairsforlawyer #activesitting #Canada #healthysitting #EstatePlanningLawyers #BankruptcyLawyers #IntellectualPropertyLawyers #EmploymentLawyers #CorporateLawyers #ImmigrationLawyers #CriminalLawyers #MedicalMalpracticeLawyers #TaxLawyers #FamilyLawyers #ContractLawyers #CivilLitigationLawyers #GeneralPracticeLawyers

How many hours will a lawyer or law office employee sit in a chair over his or her career? 85,500 hours. That's more than 9 years! The fact is, using a cheap chair or buying a desk chair on sale is a recipe to enrich your chiropractor.

 

There are lots of chairs on the market, but there is only one that looks great, induces active sitting and thus prevents back problems - SpinaliS Pilot Series executive chairs for lawyers and law office employees:

www.spinalis-chairs.ca/spinalis-chairs/pilot/

 

Many types of lawyers have been using SpinaliS Pilot series chairs:

 

Personal Injury Lawyers

If youâve suffered injuries in an accidentâfor example, a car accidentâthe type of lawyer youâll want to see is a personal injury lawyer. These types of attorneys specialize in obtaining compensation in the form of damages for injuries caused by other parties.

 

Estate Planning Lawyers

The estate planning lawyer specializes in wills and trusts, and can help you to draw up a will to pass on your assets. Among other estate planning legal services, this type of lawyer can help you set up a trust which will help take care of your childrenâs financial needs.

 

Bankruptcy Lawyers

If youâre having financial difficulties and are contemplating bankruptcy proceedings, youâll want to consult with a bankruptcy attorney. This type of lawyer can advise you on your eligibility for bankruptcy, the types of bankruptcy youâll want to consider and which type would be best for your particular circumstances, as well as any potential alternatives to bankruptcy which you may want to explore.

 

Intellectual Property Lawyers

Also known as an IP attorney, an intellectual property lawyer can advise you with regard to issues relating to intellectual property, such as copyrights, trademarks, patents, industrial design and trade secrets.

 

Employment Lawyers

Whether youâre a company thatâs having a problem with an employee, or an individual whoâs having problems with the company you work for, an employment lawyer can generally provide advice about legal issues which arise from an employment contract or within an employment relationship.

 

Corporate Lawyers

If you own a corporation, youâll likely find yourself consulting with a corporate attorney on many different occasions. A corporate lawyer will be able to help you with issues related to the formation of your corporation, general corporate governance issues and corporate compliance issues.

 

Immigration Lawyers

When youâre dealing with immigration issues, youâll want to consult with an immigration lawyer. This type of lawyer should be well versed in dealing with immigration issues such as visas, citizenship, refugee or asylum and green cards.

 

Criminal Lawyers

If you or a loved one has been charged with a crime, a criminal lawyer is the type of lawyer you should turn to. A criminal lawyer will be knowledgeable in areas related to criminal law, including issues related to bail, arraignment, arrest, pleas and any issues relating to the criminal trial itself.

 

Medical Malpractice Lawyers

Doctors do occasionally make mistakes, and if youâre facing the consequences of a medical mistake such as a medical misdiagnosis or inaccurate treatment, a lawyer who specializes in medical malpractice issues can be particular helpful.

 

Tax Lawyers

Getting into trouble with the IRS is no fun. A tax attorney specializes in the many intricacies of federal, state and local tax laws, and should be able to provide advice on the particular tax issue you face.

 

Family Lawyers

Whether youâre in need of a prenuptial agreement, engaged in divorce proceedings or involved in a child custody or spousal support battle, a family lawyer is the type of lawyer whoâll be best equipped to guide you through the process which lies before you.

 

Workers Compensation Lawyers

If youâve been injured while on the job, or have had to face the death of a loved one as a result of a workplace accident or occupational disease, a lawyer who specializes in workers compensation law can help you navigate the issues you face, such as the extent of the employerâs fault and the amount of benefits to which you are entitled.

 

Contract Lawyers

A contract lawyer specializes in the handling of issues arising from contracts, and can be consulted for a wide range of contract-related issues. Whether youâre unsure if you should sign a particular contract, or if something has gone wrong with a contract youâve already signed, an attorney who specializes in contracts is the type of lawyer who should have the experience and expertise required to help you resolve your contractual issues.

 

Social Security Disability Lawyers

The Social Security Disability system can be a particularly complex system in which to navigate. An attorney who specializes in Social Security Disability issues can help you with any step in the Social Security Disability process, including assisting you with eligibility issues, launching an appeal of a decision to deny you benefits and dealing with the reduction or termination of your benefits.

 

Civil Litigation Lawyers

Suing someone, or responding to someoneâs lawsuit against you? An attorney who specializes in civil litigation will be your best legal option. You may also find that different attorneys will specialize in different litigation areas as well. For example, a corporate litigation lawyer should have the expertise to help you with commercial litigation issues.

 

General Practice Lawyers

Unlike lawyers who specialize in a particular area of law, a general practice lawyer has a practice that handles a wide range of legal issues. Different general practice attorneys will have different areas of law with which they are most comfortable, so if you consult with a general practice lawyer, itâs always prudent to discuss his or her experience in handling the type of legal issue youâre facing.

 

FREE Shipping Anywhere in Canada

Alberta AB, British Columbia BC, Manitoba MN, New Brunswick NB, Newfoundland and Labrador NL, Northwest Territories NT, Nova Scotia NS, Nunavut NU, Ontario ON, Prince Edward Island PEI, Quebec QC, Saskatchewan SK, Yukon YT (Alberta, Colombie-Britannique, Nouveau-Brunswick, Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador, Territoires du Nord-Ouest, Nouvelle-Ãcosse, Nunavut, Ontario, Ãle-du-Prince-Ãdouard, Québec, Saskatchewan, Yukon)

 

Class I Medical Device

Health Canada has certified SpinaliS chairs as a Class I Medical Device to prevent spinal problems and treat existing ones.

 

Abs and Back Workout

Work out while sitting on any of the SpinaliS chairs and performing your daily tasks at the office or home.

 

Back Pain Relief

SpinaliS Chairs will work out your core muscles for you. Just sit, do your thing and leave everything else up to SpinaliS. STRONG CORE MUSCLES = NO BACK PAIN

 

Stylish Office Chairs

Design of the SpinaliS Chairs is an eye candy â your customers will definitely notice them!

 

Yoga Ball Alternative

It is recommended not to sit longer than 2 hours on a yoga ball, but on the SpinaliS chairs you can sit all day long.

 

Standing Desk Alternative

SpinaliS chairs will actually make your body to work out and get you into a great shape without the hard task of standing or exercising.

 

Who does use SpinaliS?

Google, Dubai Airport, SONY, IBM, DELL, Skoda Auto, CSOB Bank, Unicredit Bank, Vodafone and many more.

 

SpinaliS Canada

ph: 778 989 0637

www.spinalis.ca

Chairs for Active Sitting to Eliminate Back Pain and Improve Posture - FREE SHIPPING in Canada

 

#SpinaliS #SpinaliSCanada #PersonalInjuryLawyers #lawyers #lawyer #chairsforlawyers #chairsforlawyer #chairforlawyer #chairsforlawyer #activesitting #Canada #healthysitting #EstatePlanningLawyers #BankruptcyLawyers #IntellectualPropertyLawyers #EmploymentLawyers #CorporateLawyers #ImmigrationLawyers #CriminalLawyers #MedicalMalpracticeLawyers #TaxLawyers #FamilyLawyers #ContractLawyers #CivilLitigationLawyers #GeneralPracticeLawyers

Original Caption: Litigation has suspended construction of the H-3 Freeway opponents claim construction would damage Moanalua Valley which should be declared a national historic landmark, October 1973

  

U.S. National Archives’ Local Identifier: 412-DA-11325

 

Photographer: O'Rear, Charles, 1941-

  

Subjects:

Kaneohe (Hawaii)

Environmental Protection Agency

Project DOCUMERICA

  

Persistent URL: research.archives.gov/description/553784

 

Repository: Still Picture Records Section, Special Media Archives Services Division (NWCS-S), National Archives at College Park, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD, 20740-6001.

 

For information about ordering reproductions of photographs held by the Still Picture Unit, visit: www.archives.gov/research/order/still-pictures.html

 

Reproductions may be ordered via an independent vendor. NARA maintains a list of vendors at www.archives.gov/research/order/vendors-photos-maps-dc.html

 

Access Restrictions: Unrestricted

Use Restrictions: Unrestricted

How many hours will a lawyer or law office employee sit in a chair over his or her career? 85,500 hours. That's more than 9 years! The fact is, using a cheap chair or buying a desk chair on sale is a recipe to enrich your chiropractor.

 

There are lots of chairs on the market, but there is only one that looks great, induces active sitting and thus prevents back problems - SpinaliS Pilot Series executive chairs for lawyers and law office employees:

www.spinalis-chairs.ca/spinalis-chairs/pilot/

 

Many types of lawyers have been using SpinaliS Pilot series chairs:

 

Personal Injury Lawyers

If youâve suffered injuries in an accidentâfor example, a car accidentâthe type of lawyer youâll want to see is a personal injury lawyer. These types of attorneys specialize in obtaining compensation in the form of damages for injuries caused by other parties.

 

Estate Planning Lawyers

The estate planning lawyer specializes in wills and trusts, and can help you to draw up a will to pass on your assets. Among other estate planning legal services, this type of lawyer can help you set up a trust which will help take care of your childrenâs financial needs.

 

Bankruptcy Lawyers

If youâre having financial difficulties and are contemplating bankruptcy proceedings, youâll want to consult with a bankruptcy attorney. This type of lawyer can advise you on your eligibility for bankruptcy, the types of bankruptcy youâll want to consider and which type would be best for your particular circumstances, as well as any potential alternatives to bankruptcy which you may want to explore.

 

Intellectual Property Lawyers

Also known as an IP attorney, an intellectual property lawyer can advise you with regard to issues relating to intellectual property, such as copyrights, trademarks, patents, industrial design and trade secrets.

 

Employment Lawyers

Whether youâre a company thatâs having a problem with an employee, or an individual whoâs having problems with the company you work for, an employment lawyer can generally provide advice about legal issues which arise from an employment contract or within an employment relationship.

 

Corporate Lawyers

If you own a corporation, youâll likely find yourself consulting with a corporate attorney on many different occasions. A corporate lawyer will be able to help you with issues related to the formation of your corporation, general corporate governance issues and corporate compliance issues.

 

Immigration Lawyers

When youâre dealing with immigration issues, youâll want to consult with an immigration lawyer. This type of lawyer should be well versed in dealing with immigration issues such as visas, citizenship, refugee or asylum and green cards.

 

Criminal Lawyers

If you or a loved one has been charged with a crime, a criminal lawyer is the type of lawyer you should turn to. A criminal lawyer will be knowledgeable in areas related to criminal law, including issues related to bail, arraignment, arrest, pleas and any issues relating to the criminal trial itself.

 

Medical Malpractice Lawyers

Doctors do occasionally make mistakes, and if youâre facing the consequences of a medical mistake such as a medical misdiagnosis or inaccurate treatment, a lawyer who specializes in medical malpractice issues can be particular helpful.

 

Tax Lawyers

Getting into trouble with the IRS is no fun. A tax attorney specializes in the many intricacies of federal, state and local tax laws, and should be able to provide advice on the particular tax issue you face.

 

Family Lawyers

Whether youâre in need of a prenuptial agreement, engaged in divorce proceedings or involved in a child custody or spousal support battle, a family lawyer is the type of lawyer whoâll be best equipped to guide you through the process which lies before you.

 

Workers Compensation Lawyers

If youâve been injured while on the job, or have had to face the death of a loved one as a result of a workplace accident or occupational disease, a lawyer who specializes in workers compensation law can help you navigate the issues you face, such as the extent of the employerâs fault and the amount of benefits to which you are entitled.

 

Contract Lawyers

A contract lawyer specializes in the handling of issues arising from contracts, and can be consulted for a wide range of contract-related issues. Whether youâre unsure if you should sign a particular contract, or if something has gone wrong with a contract youâve already signed, an attorney who specializes in contracts is the type of lawyer who should have the experience and expertise required to help you resolve your contractual issues.

 

Social Security Disability Lawyers

The Social Security Disability system can be a particularly complex system in which to navigate. An attorney who specializes in Social Security Disability issues can help you with any step in the Social Security Disability process, including assisting you with eligibility issues, launching an appeal of a decision to deny you benefits and dealing with the reduction or termination of your benefits.

 

Civil Litigation Lawyers

Suing someone, or responding to someoneâs lawsuit against you? An attorney who specializes in civil litigation will be your best legal option. You may also find that different attorneys will specialize in different litigation areas as well. For example, a corporate litigation lawyer should have the expertise to help you with commercial litigation issues.

 

General Practice Lawyers

Unlike lawyers who specialize in a particular area of law, a general practice lawyer has a practice that handles a wide range of legal issues. Different general practice attorneys will have different areas of law with which they are most comfortable, so if you consult with a general practice lawyer, itâs always prudent to discuss his or her experience in handling the type of legal issue youâre facing.

 

FREE Shipping Anywhere in Canada

Alberta AB, British Columbia BC, Manitoba MN, New Brunswick NB, Newfoundland and Labrador NL, Northwest Territories NT, Nova Scotia NS, Nunavut NU, Ontario ON, Prince Edward Island PEI, Quebec QC, Saskatchewan SK, Yukon YT (Alberta, Colombie-Britannique, Nouveau-Brunswick, Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador, Territoires du Nord-Ouest, Nouvelle-Ãcosse, Nunavut, Ontario, Ãle-du-Prince-Ãdouard, Québec, Saskatchewan, Yukon)

 

Class I Medical Device

Health Canada has certified SpinaliS chairs as a Class I Medical Device to prevent spinal problems and treat existing ones.

 

Abs and Back Workout

Work out while sitting on any of the SpinaliS chairs and performing your daily tasks at the office or home.

 

Back Pain Relief

SpinaliS Chairs will work out your core muscles for you. Just sit, do your thing and leave everything else up to SpinaliS. STRONG CORE MUSCLES = NO BACK PAIN

 

Stylish Office Chairs

Design of the SpinaliS Chairs is an eye candy â your customers will definitely notice them!

 

Yoga Ball Alternative

It is recommended not to sit longer than 2 hours on a yoga ball, but on the SpinaliS chairs you can sit all day long.

 

Standing Desk Alternative

SpinaliS chairs will actually make your body to work out and get you into a great shape without the hard task of standing or exercising.

 

Who does use SpinaliS?

Google, Dubai Airport, SONY, IBM, DELL, Skoda Auto, CSOB Bank, Unicredit Bank, Vodafone and many more.

 

SpinaliS Canada

ph: 778 989 0637

www.spinalis.ca

Chairs for Active Sitting to Eliminate Back Pain and Improve Posture - FREE SHIPPING in Canada

 

#SpinaliS #SpinaliSCanada #PersonalInjuryLawyers #lawyers #lawyer #chairsforlawyers #chairsforlawyer #chairforlawyer #chairsforlawyer #activesitting #Canada #healthysitting #EstatePlanningLawyers #BankruptcyLawyers #IntellectualPropertyLawyers #EmploymentLawyers #CorporateLawyers #ImmigrationLawyers #CriminalLawyers #MedicalMalpracticeLawyers #TaxLawyers #FamilyLawyers #ContractLawyers #CivilLitigationLawyers #GeneralPracticeLawyers

Photo by Irving Johnson III

El lago Acigami, Errázuriz o Roca es un cuerpo de agua binacional, ubicado en el sur de la isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego dividido entre las repúblicas de Argentina y Chile.

 

El lago, de origen glaciar, se encuentra en sentido longitudinal noroeste-sureste, entre los cordones montañosos del Guanaco y las Pirámides de la cordillera de los Andes. Su largo es de aproximadamente 11 km, con un ancho promedio de 1,5 km, ubicándose dos tercios de su extensión en territorio chileno. El lago es el resultado de un embalsamiento natural del río Lapataia, producto de una morrena glaciaria. La parte argentina de su cuenca se encuentra totalmente protegida por el Parque Nacional Tierra del Fuego.

 

En nombre de Roca corresponde al sector argentino del lago, mientras que el de Errázuriz corresponde al sector chileno. Estos dos nombres provienen de los apellidos de los presidentes Julio Argentino Roca (de Argentina) y Federico Errázuriz Echaurren (de Chile) que protagonizaron el Abrazo del Estrecho el 15 de febrero de 1899 a bordo del crucero O'Higgins, poniendo fin al Litigio de la Puna de Atacama.

 

El nombre aborigen del lago es Acigami, que en idioma yagán significa "cesto o bolso alargado", y ha sido restituido en 2008, en la parte argentina, por la Administración de Parques Nacionales de Argentina. No obstante se permite seguir utilizando también el nombre de "Roca".

 

)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

  

Lake Acigami, Errazuriz ou Roca é um organismo binacional de água, localizado no sul da Ilha Grande de Tierra del Fuego divididos entre as repúblicas da Argentina e do Chile.

 

O lago, glacial, é longitudinalmente noroeste-sudeste, entre as serras do Guanaco e as Pirâmides do Andes. Seu comprimento é de cerca de 11 km, com uma largura média de 1,5 km, atingindo dois terços do seu comprimento em território chileno. O lago é o resultado de um embalsamamento naturais do rio Lapataia, produto de uma morena glacial. A Argentina de sua bacia está totalmente protegido pelo Parque Nacional Tierra del Fuego.

 

Em nome do setor argentino corresponde Lago Roca, enquanto o chileno corresponde Errazuriz. Estes dois nomes vêm de os nomes dos presidentes Julio Argentino Roca (Argentina) e Federico Errázuriz Echaurren (Chile) que protagonizaram o Abraço do Estreito 15 de fevereiro de 1899 a bordo do cruzador O'Higgins, terminando Litigation Puna de Atacama.

 

O nome aborígene para o lago é Acigami, que língua Yagan significa "cesto ou saco alongado" e foi restaurado em 2008, Argentina, em parte, pela Administração de Parques Nacionais da Argentina. No entanto, também permite que você continue usando o nome de "Roca".

 

))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))

  

Lake Acigami, Errazuriz or Roca is a binational body of water, located in the south of the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego divided between the republics of Argentina and Chile.

 

The lake, glacial, is longitudinally northwest-southeast, between the mountain ranges of the Guanaco and the Pyramids of the Andes. Its length is about 11 km, with an average width of 1.5 km, reaching two-thirds of its length in Chilean territory. The lake is the result of a natural embalming the Lapataia river, product of a glacial moraine. The Argentina of its basin is fully protected by the National Park Tierra del Fuego.

 

On behalf of the Argentine sector corresponds Roca Lake, while the Chilean Errazuriz corresponds sector. These two names come from the names of the presidents Julio Argentino Roca (from Argentina) and Federico Errazuriz Echaurren (Chile) who staged the Embrace of the Strait February 15, 1899 aboard the cruiser O'Higgins, ending Litigation the Puna de Atacama.

 

The aboriginal name of the lake is Acigami, which Yagan language means "basket or elongated bag" and was restored in 2008, Argentina in part by the National Parks Administration of Argentina. However it also allows you to continue using the name "Roca".

 

Painted sign for the law firm Graybill, Ostrem and Crotty, seen on a wall in Great Falls, Montana. The firm was founded by Leo C. Graybill in 1921. Since 1974, the firm has been known as Graybill, Ostrem, Warner & Crotty, which may mean this sign predates 1974. The firm is generally business oriented, but is also extensively involved in litigation including business torts and personal injury.

The Postcard

 

A postcard bearing no publisher's name that was printed in Great Britain.

 

The card was posted in Bridgwater, Somerset on Thursday the 12th. June 1969 to:

 

Mr. & Mrs. Calder,

26, St. Nicholas Road,

Plumstead,

London S.E.18.

 

The message on the back of the card was as follows:

 

"Dear Charles & All,

Having a real (knees)

Bender.

Lovely weather".

 

Talcum Powder

 

Talc is a clay mineral, composed of hydrated magnesium silicate.

 

Suspicions have been raised that talc use contributes to certain types of disease, mainly cancers of the ovaries and lungs.

 

One particular issue is talc's frequent co-location in underground deposits with white asbestos ore. This can result in contamination of mined talc with white asbestos, which poses serious health risks when dispersed into the air and inhaled.

 

Stringent quality control since 1976 has largely eliminated this issue, but it remains a potential hazard requiring mitigation in the mining and processing of talc. A 2010 US FDA survey failed to find asbestos in a variety of talc-containing products.

 

A 2018 Reuters investigation asserted that pharmaceutical company Johnson & Johnson knew for decades that there was asbestos in its baby powder, and in 2020 the company stopped selling its baby powder in the US and Canada.

 

Litigation Relating to Talcum Powder

 

In 2006 the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified talcum powder as a possible human carcinogen if used in the female genital area. Yet no federal agency in the US acted to remove talcum powder from the market or add warnings.

 

In February 2016, as the result of a lawsuit against Johnson & Johnson (J&J), a St. Louis jury awarded $72 million to the family of an Alabama woman who died from ovarian cancer. The family claimed that the use of talcum powder was responsible for her cancer.

 

In May 2016, a South Dakota woman was awarded $55 million as the result of another lawsuit against J&J. The woman had used Johnson & Johnson's Baby Powder for more than 35 years before being diagnosed with ovarian cancer in 2011.

 

In October 2016, a St. Louis jury awarded $70 million to a Californian woman with ovarian cancer who had used Johnson's Baby Powder for 45 years.

 

In August 2017, a Los Angeles jury awarded $417 million to a Californian woman, Eva Echeverria, who developed ovarian cancer. Her lawsuit against J&J stated that she had contracted cancer:

 

"As a proximate result of the

unreasonably dangerous and

defective nature of talcum powder".

 

However on the 20th. October 2017, Los Angeles Superior Court judge Maren Nelson dismissed the verdict. The judge stated that Echeverria proved that:

 

"There is an ongoing debate in the

scientific and medical community

about whether talc more probably

than not causes ovarian cancer and

thus gives rise to a duty to warn".

 

However Judge Nelson concluded that this was not enough to sustain the jury's imposition of liability against Johnson & Johnson, and concluded that Echeverria did not adequately establish that talc causes ovarian cancer.

 

In July 2018, a court in St. Louis awarded a $4.7bn claim ($4.14bn in punitive damages and $550m in compensatory damages) against J&J to 22 claimant women, concluding that the company had suppressed evidence of asbestos in its products for more than four decades.

 

At least 1,200 other talcum powder-related lawsuits are currently (2020) pending.

 

'True Grit'

 

So what else happened on the day that the card was posted?

 

Well, on the 12th. June 1969, the film 'True Grit' premiered in Little Rock, Arkansas, and opened at the Chinese theatre in Los Angeles on the 13th. June 1969, where it grossed $38,000 in its first week.

 

'True Grit' is an American Western film starring John Wayne as U.S. Marshal Rooster Cogburn, Glen Campbell as La Boeuf and Kim Darby as Mattie Ross.

 

The cast also features Robert Duvall, Dennis Hopper, Jeff Corey and Strother Martin.

 

'True Grit' is 128 minutes long.

 

It is the first film adaptation of Charles Portis' 1968 novel of the same name. Wayne won his only Oscar for his performance in the film and reprised his role for the 1975 sequel Rooster Cogburn. Upon accepting his Oscar, Wayne said:

 

"Wow! If I'd known that, I'd have

put that eye-patch on 35 years

earlier!"

 

The title song, sung by Campbell, was also Oscar-nominated.

 

It is believed that Cogburn was based on Deputy U.S. Marshal Heck Thomas, who brought in some of the toughest outlaws.

 

'True Grit' was adapted again in 2010, starring Jeff Bridges, Matt Damon, Hailee Steinfeld, and Josh Brolin.

 

The Beatles

 

Also on that day, the Number One chart hit in the UK was 'The Ballad of John & Yoko' by The Beatles.

  

Title: Lawyers at least have plenty to be thankful for / Keppler.

Creator(s): Keppler, Udo J., 1872-1956, artist

Date Created/Published: N.Y. : Published by Keppler & Schwarzmann, Puck Building, 1913 November 19.

Medium: 1 photomechanical print : offset, color.

Summary: Illustration shows a horde of lawyers using various cutting implements to carve a large turkey labeled "Income Tax Litigation" and are hauling away pieces for themselves.

Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-ppmsca-28000 (digital file from original print)

Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication.

Call Number: Illus. in AP101.P7 1913 (Case X) [P&P]

Repository: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print

Notes:

Title from item.

Illus. in: Puck, v. 74, no. 1916 (1913 November 19), centerfold.

Copyright 1913 by Keppler & Schwarzmann.

Subjects:

Thanksgiving Day--1910-1920.

Turkeys--1910-1920.

Lawyers--1910-1920.

Income taxes--1910-1920.

Law & legal affairs--1910-1920.

Avarice--1910-1920.

Format:

Cartoons (Commentary)--1910-1920.

Offset photomechanical prints--Color--1910-1920.

Periodical illustrations--1910-1920.

Collections:

Miscellaneous Items in High Demand

Bookmark This Record:

www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2011649646/

 

View the MARC Record for this item.

 

Rights assessment is your responsibility.

 

How many hours will a lawyer or law office employee sit in a chair over his or her career? 85,500 hours. That's more than 9 years! The fact is, using a cheap chair or buying a desk chair on sale is a recipe to enrich your chiropractor.

 

There are lots of chairs on the market, but there is only one that looks great, induces active sitting and thus prevents back problems - SpinaliS Pilot Series executive chairs for lawyers and law office employees:

www.spinalis-chairs.ca/spinalis-chairs/pilot/

 

Many types of lawyers have been using SpinaliS Pilot series chairs:

 

Personal Injury Lawyers

If youâve suffered injuries in an accidentâfor example, a car accidentâthe type of lawyer youâll want to see is a personal injury lawyer. These types of attorneys specialize in obtaining compensation in the form of damages for injuries caused by other parties.

 

Estate Planning Lawyers

The estate planning lawyer specializes in wills and trusts, and can help you to draw up a will to pass on your assets. Among other estate planning legal services, this type of lawyer can help you set up a trust which will help take care of your childrenâs financial needs.

 

Bankruptcy Lawyers

If youâre having financial difficulties and are contemplating bankruptcy proceedings, youâll want to consult with a bankruptcy attorney. This type of lawyer can advise you on your eligibility for bankruptcy, the types of bankruptcy youâll want to consider and which type would be best for your particular circumstances, as well as any potential alternatives to bankruptcy which you may want to explore.

 

Intellectual Property Lawyers

Also known as an IP attorney, an intellectual property lawyer can advise you with regard to issues relating to intellectual property, such as copyrights, trademarks, patents, industrial design and trade secrets.

 

Employment Lawyers

Whether youâre a company thatâs having a problem with an employee, or an individual whoâs having problems with the company you work for, an employment lawyer can generally provide advice about legal issues which arise from an employment contract or within an employment relationship.

 

Corporate Lawyers

If you own a corporation, youâll likely find yourself consulting with a corporate attorney on many different occasions. A corporate lawyer will be able to help you with issues related to the formation of your corporation, general corporate governance issues and corporate compliance issues.

 

Immigration Lawyers

When youâre dealing with immigration issues, youâll want to consult with an immigration lawyer. This type of lawyer should be well versed in dealing with immigration issues such as visas, citizenship, refugee or asylum and green cards.

 

Criminal Lawyers

If you or a loved one has been charged with a crime, a criminal lawyer is the type of lawyer you should turn to. A criminal lawyer will be knowledgeable in areas related to criminal law, including issues related to bail, arraignment, arrest, pleas and any issues relating to the criminal trial itself.

 

Medical Malpractice Lawyers

Doctors do occasionally make mistakes, and if youâre facing the consequences of a medical mistake such as a medical misdiagnosis or inaccurate treatment, a lawyer who specializes in medical malpractice issues can be particular helpful.

 

Tax Lawyers

Getting into trouble with the IRS is no fun. A tax attorney specializes in the many intricacies of federal, state and local tax laws, and should be able to provide advice on the particular tax issue you face.

 

Family Lawyers

Whether youâre in need of a prenuptial agreement, engaged in divorce proceedings or involved in a child custody or spousal support battle, a family lawyer is the type of lawyer whoâll be best equipped to guide you through the process which lies before you.

 

Workers Compensation Lawyers

If youâve been injured while on the job, or have had to face the death of a loved one as a result of a workplace accident or occupational disease, a lawyer who specializes in workers compensation law can help you navigate the issues you face, such as the extent of the employerâs fault and the amount of benefits to which you are entitled.

 

Contract Lawyers

A contract lawyer specializes in the handling of issues arising from contracts, and can be consulted for a wide range of contract-related issues. Whether youâre unsure if you should sign a particular contract, or if something has gone wrong with a contract youâve already signed, an attorney who specializes in contracts is the type of lawyer who should have the experience and expertise required to help you resolve your contractual issues.

 

Social Security Disability Lawyers

The Social Security Disability system can be a particularly complex system in which to navigate. An attorney who specializes in Social Security Disability issues can help you with any step in the Social Security Disability process, including assisting you with eligibility issues, launching an appeal of a decision to deny you benefits and dealing with the reduction or termination of your benefits.

 

Civil Litigation Lawyers

Suing someone, or responding to someoneâs lawsuit against you? An attorney who specializes in civil litigation will be your best legal option. You may also find that different attorneys will specialize in different litigation areas as well. For example, a corporate litigation lawyer should have the expertise to help you with commercial litigation issues.

 

General Practice Lawyers

Unlike lawyers who specialize in a particular area of law, a general practice lawyer has a practice that handles a wide range of legal issues. Different general practice attorneys will have different areas of law with which they are most comfortable, so if you consult with a general practice lawyer, itâs always prudent to discuss his or her experience in handling the type of legal issue youâre facing.

 

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Abs and Back Workout

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Back Pain Relief

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Standing Desk Alternative

SpinaliS chairs will actually make your body to work out and get you into a great shape without the hard task of standing or exercising.

 

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#SpinaliS #SpinaliSCanada #PersonalInjuryLawyers #lawyers #lawyer #chairsforlawyers #chairsforlawyer #chairforlawyer #chairsforlawyer #activesitting #Canada #healthysitting #EstatePlanningLawyers #BankruptcyLawyers #IntellectualPropertyLawyers #EmploymentLawyers #CorporateLawyers #ImmigrationLawyers #CriminalLawyers #MedicalMalpracticeLawyers #TaxLawyers #FamilyLawyers #ContractLawyers #CivilLitigationLawyers #GeneralPracticeLawyers

After World War II and the division of Germany in Allied occupation zones, West and East Germany eventually emerged as sovereign nations. In 1955, both nations formed Deutsches Lufthansa, claiming the prewar Lufthansa name. Given that West Germany had the better claim to the name, the East German government realized it would likely lose any litigation over the name, though for five years two Lufthansas—wearing broadly similar liveries—operated on both sides of the Iron Curtain. In 1963, the East German government transferred its Lufthansa over to a charter company founded in 1958, Interflug, establishing the latter as its flag carrier.

 

Interflug took over East German Lufthansa’s Ilyushin Il-14s; like most Warsaw Pact nations, Interflug was forced to fly Soviet-built airliners. These were soon replaced by Il-18 turboprops, and a domestic route network was established in East Germany. The government hoped to operate its own home-grown jet airliners, the Baade 152, but after one of the prototypes crashed, the design was abandoned and Soviet Tupolev Tu-134s were bought instead. The addition of Ilyushin Il-62s in 1972 allowed Interflug to increase its international routes, and the domestic network was largely abandoned. It became second only to Aeroflot in serving Communist Bloc nations, and although relations between the two Germanies were tense, operated to West German airports as well. Given that Interflug, as a state-owned airline, did not worry overmuch about profit margins, it was able to offer very low-cost flights to Mediterranean destinations, placing Interflug in the thick of the European charter market. West Germans would fly into West Berlin, cross the Berlin Wall just opposite Interflug’s home airport at Berlin-Schonefeld, and fly Interflug to points south. This became Interflug’s primary source of income, and contributed to Pan American being undercut and driven out of the European market.

 

Reminders that East Germany was a closed, heavily-surveilled society were everywhere in Interflug, however. It was organized along the lines of Aeroflot, which meant its pilots were drawn from the East German Air Force, and Interflug operated as a branch of that service. Moreover, flight crews were instructed to never associate with foreign aircrews, its crews were not allowed to overnight at any non-Communist Bloc airports, and crews were screened by the Stasi secret police to ensure loyalty to the East German regime. Interflug was even the subject of East German government propaganda: a TV show was produced that showed fictional Interflug personnel constantly being barraged by foreigners (especially West Germans and Americans) to defect and give into the temptations of capitalism, though the characters heroically resisted such efforts and extolled the advantages of Marxism-Leninism.

 

As Mikhail Gorbachev began loosening restrictions on Warsaw Pact airlines in 1988, Interflug followed the example of LOT Polish Airlines and placed an order for Airbus A310s, the first Eastern Bloc nation to do so. This was done because Interflug’s Soviet aircraft violated Western noise abatement regulations, forcing them to pay higher landing fees. It proved to be a moot point, for a year later, the Berlin Wall fell and Germany was reunified. This left Interflug, with a fleet of older, less efficient Soviet types, to compete with the efficient monolith of Lufthansa. Though Lufthansa was blocked by monopoly laws from outright acquiring Interflug, no other airline wanted to take it on either, and Interflug was unceremoniously dissolved in 1991. Its Soviet aircraft were sold off (except the Il-18s, which became the core of Berline Air Cargo, formed by ex-Interflug employees) and the A310s were handed over to the German Luftwaffe air arm as executive transports.

 

Interflug (due to a Soviet-imposed embargo) never operated any Western equipment until it bought the Airbus A310s in 1988, but a Hawker-Siddeley Trident 2 is shown in Interflug colors here. At the time when Mr. Poletto built the aircraft in the late 1970s, however, there were no models available of Soviet bloc airliners available in the United States. The registration, DM-SEA, belonged to an Ilyushin Il-62; this particular aircraft was involved in the worst air crash in German history, when it crashed near Berlin in August 1972 with the death of all 156 aboard.

 

Exploring Howard Rheingold's cooperation talk. Separate research from commerce to hold healthy tension between litigation and cooperation.

www.redcarpetreporttv.com

 

Mingle Media TV and Red Carpet Report host Brogyn Gage were invited to cover GBK’s annual Gift Lounge in honor of the 2014 MTV Movie Awards at The SLS Hotel, a luxury hotel in Beverly Hills.

 

Get the Story from the Red Carpet Report Team, follow us on Twitter and Facebook at:

 

twitter.com/TheRedCarpetTV

www.facebook.com/RedCarpetReportTV

www.redcarpetreporttv.com

www.youtube.com/MingleMediaTVNetwork

The 2014 MTV Movie Awards Nominees and Presenters received goods and services from the GBK sponsors ranging from fashion and beauty products, to exotic travel destinations and the latest gourmet treats.

 

2014 MTV Movie Award Nominees Gift Bag Included...

 

...goods and services ranging from fashion and beauty products, to exotic travel destinations and the latest gourmet treats from Barry’s Gourmet Brownies, KOR Water, Jackson’s Honest Potato Chips, Deep Eddy Vodka, Ripped Cream, a natural protein coffee creamer, Sabra hummus dips and a reusable cooler bag full of single serve Sabra products and chips.

 

GBK’s lounge will feature must have luxurious products such as Keratin Complex’s Style Therapy line of keratin-infused styling products and styling tools; Fracassi Lashes' lashes, lash extensions, and waxing and Very Pretty Skin's various cosmetic gifts. At the lounge guests found fashion and accessories from Qupid for fashionable shoes for women, a gift suite favorite The Artisan Group® who brings the latest in trendy jewelry, spa and bath products, fine art photography, and other handcrafted gifts like the newly designed Surfrider watch from Pono Woodworks, Gummyz’ new silicon, mutli-shape bracelet and THURSDAY FRIDAY’s chic carryalls which are the go to canvas tote. Other unique gifts included Sandra Espinet's stylish coffee table book, electronic gifts from Onkoyo USA, VIP memberships from MillionaireMatch.com, Audiopark's Audiowrap – the first wearable designer headphone, BLOW e-Hookah's portable mini hookah and RufusWiena.com, Rufus Wiena is a world class magician who performs worldwide.

A true highlight of the lounge was from Millennium International Travel gifting nominees a gift certificate for 6 days and 5 nights at the Mayan Palace Resort.

Giving Good

 

GBK is best known for their passion of giving back and at the 2014 MTV Movie Awards gift suite they featured the following organizations:

Lambda Legal - For more than 40 years, Lambda Legal has led the fight for equal and fair treatment of lesbians, gay men, bisexuals, transgender people and those with HIV through impact litigation, education and public policy work.http://www.lambdalegal.com

Los Angeles Youth Network - The Los Angeles Youth Network’s mission is to empower abused, neglected and homeless adolescents to become self-sufficient. We do this by providing street outreach, food, emergency shelter, a transitional living program, and educational enrichment programs in a safe and nurturing environment.http://www.layn.org

Autism Speaks – Our goal is to change the future for all who struggle with autism spectrum disorders. We are dedicated to funding global biomedical research into the causes, prevention, treatments and a possible cure for autism. We strive to raise public awareness about autism and its effects on individuals, families, and a society: and we work to bring hope to all who deal with the hardships of this disorder. We are committed to raising funds necessary to support these goals. www.Autismspeaks.org

All guests were treated to snacks at the GBK Movie Awards Lounge from:

Monster Energy Drink; Guayaki Organic Yerba Mate; POPwater; Vita Coco; Open Road Snacks; GimMe; COMBOS® Baked Snacks; MARATHON Bar®; and Pasta Chips.

 

For more of Mingle Media TV’s Red Carpet Report coverage, please visit our website and follow us on Twitter and Facebook here:

www.minglemediatv.com

www.facebook.com/minglemediatvnetwork

www.flickr.com/MingleMediaTVNetwork

www.twitter.com/minglemediatv

Follow our Host, Brogyn on Twitter at twitter.com/BrogynMarie

 

About GBK

GBK, is a recipient of multiple BizBash Awards for “Best Gift Bag,” and is a luxury lifestyle gifting and special events company, specializing in entertainment marketing integration. Formed in 2000 by Gavin Keilly, the company’s Founder and CEO, GBK consists of five divisions: GBK Celebrity Gifting, GBK Special Events, GBK Weddings, GBK Charitable Consulting and GBK Marketing/Public Relations. Widely known in the entertainment industry for bringing that little extra something into the Gifting Lounge environment, GBK offers its clients a full range of marketing services. For more information on Gavin B. Keilly (CEO), Carla Domen (VP) or GBK, please go to gbkproductions.com.

 

A4 Laloran 120g sketchbook

 

On sketching, the international travel experience

I’ve taken a notebook with me overseas on previous occasions, for lists, notes and on-location sketches, but a recent trip to Bangkok was the first time I’ve consciously travelled overseas in order to sketch, with sketching gear (WalkStool, watercolours and pencils) in tow. I “travel” at home sketching nearly every day, either what I call “Deep Topography” or sketching in my local area (within a mile or two of home) or “Urban Sketching” when I travel to my different worksites or at formal sketching events. But travelling overseas and sketching, or what others call “Travel Sketching”, is quite a different experience.

I’ve discovered there are three distinct phases: Experience Anticipated, Experience Experienced and Experienced Recollected. The same dynamic operates for local sketching or sketching with other urban sketchers.

Experience Anticipated is all about preparation and warm-up, often from internet research or reco photographs. It helps to know where the sun will be, where the good angles are, where it’s possible physically to place oneself.

Experience Experienced is what happens when you get there. Suddenly gaps appear in your research. For example, I never draw motorbikes at home and didn’t associated Bangkok with motorcycles: but suddenly I was drawing motorcycle taxis, unique to Bangkok. Similarly, I’d not prepared enough sketches of mosques, Hindu temples and Chinese shrines. There is the harsh reality of the environment to contend with. Regardlress of where you are in the world, sketching on location is almost never “easy”; it’s an Extreme Sport.

Lastly, there is Experience Recollected. At home, this involves “twisting” the on-location sketch by adding colour, often adding emotions remembered. It’s never the same as the first two experiences. You put intellectual, emotional and spiritual overlays onto the sketch which weren’t there on location. Everything is mediated!

Whether conscious of it or not, you’re creating a Narrative for the viewer through a series of sketches, when presented either physically via the sketchbook or online via how you create a story through the sketches. It’s inevitable that it’s a confection, a framework that is “false” or “inauthentic” compared to the original sketch, but that’s okay because it’s inevitable. Some boost the narrative by exploiting the book format, which is linear and sequential. Others add dates and keep the sketches in chronological order. There’s all sorts of ways of creating for the viewer a “way of seeing”. There are censorship and privacy issues, especially when sketches are posted online.

 

I’m fascinated by all this because I’m running two “shows” at once currently. My sketching from daily, local trips continues (time present), alongside the slow process of scanning and uploading sketches from the international trip (time past). I know that international travel sketching is viewed as exotic and desirable, but I don’t place any primacy or importance or significance on it compared to my local sketching: it’s all the same to me. If anything, international travel sketching rings hollow because it’s simply not possible to capture the spirit of a place in any depth in a short trip: it remains elusive and superficial. But, heck, people in the global village created by the digital world love it, so who am I to rain on their parade?

 

Equally fascinating for me is how a temporary glimpse at a foreign city crystallizes the City Past, City Present and City Future. Seeing a place with “fresh eyes”, it’s a very powerful experience to city what has happened (Bangkok is as old as Sydney), how it operates currently with its mix of motorcycles/tuk-tuks/cars/skytrains (‘getting around’ is integral to the experience of any city) and what it will be like (surely, like Hua Hin, the Thai tourist resort, all the street vendors will be swept off pavements into safe malls). One can’t imagine a street vendor-less Bangkok, employing most of the 6.5m residents, but surely Bangkok one day will fall victim to the dictat of workplace safety, public security, threats of litigation and urban “productivity”, involving widespread changes to the current level of small business entrepreneurship and its unique expression here in Bangkok.

 

Bangkok, Sam Yan and Soi Na Wat Hualumphong

Today’s post is all about Sam Yan. I went to Bangkok never having heard of Wat Hualumphong (it’s not in any tourist guide book), but we had the privilege of staying in a hotel which overlooked it. There was always the possibility of scoring in Bangkok a hotel room without a window – many are like that. But we scored a huge picture window, five floors up! Our aerial view over what is ostensibly a back lane in Bangkok was so intriguing I could have never “left home”, there was so much to sketch! In fact, given the heat, humidity, noise and dangerous levels of air pollution, I could have captured Bangkok quite comprehensively simply by staying in my air-conditioned room and sketched the view through the picture window.

The first thing that struck me was the variety of architecture. Here I had very traditional (the Sam Yan wat), a species of ?post-WW2 concrete factory-like buildings with corrugated iron rooves very common as modern shophouses and residential “flats”, as well as the modernist contemporary high-rise commercial buildings which dominate downtown Bangkok. It was all there!

The second thing that struck me was the gold used in the roof-tiles of Sam Yan. Depending on the time of day, the temple rooves would temporarily start glittering as the sun past overhead.

The third thing was the eerie fluorescent lights which dotted the landscape at night.

 

There was a very strong “soundtrack” associated with this view, depending on the time of day. I’m used to a Dawn Chorus of birds where I live and my early morning sketches of Sam Yan and the soi or “lane” leading to it featured particular early morning birdcalls. At other times of day, large plumes of incense smoke would rise from the wat, along with monk recitations over their public announcement system. Except on the public holiday Mucha Bucha, a religious holiday in which no alcohol is served in Bangkok and street vendors decide to have the day off, there was always the rattle of cars and motorbikes associated with this soi, one of many “service roads”, the backscenes behind the commercial and residential high-rise of the main streets of Silom, Thalon Si Lom and Thalon Surawongse. Here the local workers would have their outdoor breakfast lunch and dinner, store their supplies and street vending equipment (no trucks to deliver the steel scaffolding!), rush the hotel laundry back and forth, take their smoke breaks, and so on.

 

For other sketches, plus reference photos, see gasp2011.wordpress.com

How many hours will a lawyer or law office employee sit in a chair over his or her career? 85,500 hours. That's more than 9 years! The fact is, using a cheap chair or buying a desk chair on sale is a recipe to enrich your chiropractor.

 

There are lots of chairs on the market, but there is only one that looks great, induces active sitting and thus prevents back problems - SpinaliS Pilot Series executive chairs for lawyers and law office employees:

www.spinalis-chairs.ca/spinalis-chairs/pilot/

 

Many types of lawyers have been using SpinaliS Pilot series chairs:

 

Personal Injury Lawyers

If youâve suffered injuries in an accidentâfor example, a car accidentâthe type of lawyer youâll want to see is a personal injury lawyer. These types of attorneys specialize in obtaining compensation in the form of damages for injuries caused by other parties.

 

Estate Planning Lawyers

The estate planning lawyer specializes in wills and trusts, and can help you to draw up a will to pass on your assets. Among other estate planning legal services, this type of lawyer can help you set up a trust which will help take care of your childrenâs financial needs.

 

Bankruptcy Lawyers

If youâre having financial difficulties and are contemplating bankruptcy proceedings, youâll want to consult with a bankruptcy attorney. This type of lawyer can advise you on your eligibility for bankruptcy, the types of bankruptcy youâll want to consider and which type would be best for your particular circumstances, as well as any potential alternatives to bankruptcy which you may want to explore.

 

Intellectual Property Lawyers

Also known as an IP attorney, an intellectual property lawyer can advise you with regard to issues relating to intellectual property, such as copyrights, trademarks, patents, industrial design and trade secrets.

 

Employment Lawyers

Whether youâre a company thatâs having a problem with an employee, or an individual whoâs having problems with the company you work for, an employment lawyer can generally provide advice about legal issues which arise from an employment contract or within an employment relationship.

 

Corporate Lawyers

If you own a corporation, youâll likely find yourself consulting with a corporate attorney on many different occasions. A corporate lawyer will be able to help you with issues related to the formation of your corporation, general corporate governance issues and corporate compliance issues.

 

Immigration Lawyers

When youâre dealing with immigration issues, youâll want to consult with an immigration lawyer. This type of lawyer should be well versed in dealing with immigration issues such as visas, citizenship, refugee or asylum and green cards.

 

Criminal Lawyers

If you or a loved one has been charged with a crime, a criminal lawyer is the type of lawyer you should turn to. A criminal lawyer will be knowledgeable in areas related to criminal law, including issues related to bail, arraignment, arrest, pleas and any issues relating to the criminal trial itself.

 

Medical Malpractice Lawyers

Doctors do occasionally make mistakes, and if youâre facing the consequences of a medical mistake such as a medical misdiagnosis or inaccurate treatment, a lawyer who specializes in medical malpractice issues can be particular helpful.

 

Tax Lawyers

Getting into trouble with the IRS is no fun. A tax attorney specializes in the many intricacies of federal, state and local tax laws, and should be able to provide advice on the particular tax issue you face.

 

Family Lawyers

Whether youâre in need of a prenuptial agreement, engaged in divorce proceedings or involved in a child custody or spousal support battle, a family lawyer is the type of lawyer whoâll be best equipped to guide you through the process which lies before you.

 

Workers Compensation Lawyers

If youâve been injured while on the job, or have had to face the death of a loved one as a result of a workplace accident or occupational disease, a lawyer who specializes in workers compensation law can help you navigate the issues you face, such as the extent of the employerâs fault and the amount of benefits to which you are entitled.

 

Contract Lawyers

A contract lawyer specializes in the handling of issues arising from contracts, and can be consulted for a wide range of contract-related issues. Whether youâre unsure if you should sign a particular contract, or if something has gone wrong with a contract youâve already signed, an attorney who specializes in contracts is the type of lawyer who should have the experience and expertise required to help you resolve your contractual issues.

 

Social Security Disability Lawyers

The Social Security Disability system can be a particularly complex system in which to navigate. An attorney who specializes in Social Security Disability issues can help you with any step in the Social Security Disability process, including assisting you with eligibility issues, launching an appeal of a decision to deny you benefits and dealing with the reduction or termination of your benefits.

 

Civil Litigation Lawyers

Suing someone, or responding to someoneâs lawsuit against you? An attorney who specializes in civil litigation will be your best legal option. You may also find that different attorneys will specialize in different litigation areas as well. For example, a corporate litigation lawyer should have the expertise to help you with commercial litigation issues.

 

General Practice Lawyers

Unlike lawyers who specialize in a particular area of law, a general practice lawyer has a practice that handles a wide range of legal issues. Different general practice attorneys will have different areas of law with which they are most comfortable, so if you consult with a general practice lawyer, itâs always prudent to discuss his or her experience in handling the type of legal issue youâre facing.

 

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Class I Medical Device

Health Canada has certified SpinaliS chairs as a Class I Medical Device to prevent spinal problems and treat existing ones.

 

Abs and Back Workout

Work out while sitting on any of the SpinaliS chairs and performing your daily tasks at the office or home.

 

Back Pain Relief

SpinaliS Chairs will work out your core muscles for you. Just sit, do your thing and leave everything else up to SpinaliS. STRONG CORE MUSCLES = NO BACK PAIN

 

Stylish Office Chairs

Design of the SpinaliS Chairs is an eye candy â your customers will definitely notice them!

 

Yoga Ball Alternative

It is recommended not to sit longer than 2 hours on a yoga ball, but on the SpinaliS chairs you can sit all day long.

 

Standing Desk Alternative

SpinaliS chairs will actually make your body to work out and get you into a great shape without the hard task of standing or exercising.

 

Who does use SpinaliS?

Google, Dubai Airport, SONY, IBM, DELL, Skoda Auto, CSOB Bank, Unicredit Bank, Vodafone and many more.

 

SpinaliS Canada

ph: 778 989 0637

www.spinalis.ca

Chairs for Active Sitting to Eliminate Back Pain and Improve Posture - FREE SHIPPING in Canada

 

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